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Functional Functional linkage of linkage of
watersheds and watersheds and streams: streams:
ArcGIS FLoWS ArcGIS FLoWS toolstoolsDavid Theobald, John Norman, David Theobald, John Norman,
Erin Poston, Silvio FerrazErin Poston, Silvio FerrazNatural Resource Ecology Lab, Dept of Natural Resource Ecology Lab, Dept of
Recreation & Tourism, Colorado State Recreation & Tourism, Colorado State UniversityUniversity
Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA 26 July 26 July 20052005
Project contextProject context
Challenges of STARMAP (EPA STAR):Challenges of STARMAP (EPA STAR): Addressing science needs Clean Water ActAddressing science needs Clean Water Act Integrate science with states/tribes needsIntegrate science with states/tribes needs
Assisting statisticians to test tenable Assisting statisticians to test tenable hypotheses generated using hypotheses generated using understanding of ecological processesunderstanding of ecological processes
Goal: to find measures that more closely represent our understanding of how ecological processes are operating
From From watersheds/catchments as watersheds/catchments as hierarchical, overlapping hierarchical, overlapping
regions…regions…River continuum concept (Vannote et al. 1980)
… … to network of to network of catchmentscatchments
Benda et al. BioScience 2004
SCALE: Grain
Substrate
Biotic Condition
OverhangingVegetation
Segment
River Network
Network Connectivity
Tributary Size DifferencesNetwork Geometry
Stream Network
ConnectivityFlow Direction Network Configuration
Drainage DensityConfluence Density
Cross Sectional AreaChannel Slope, Bed MaterialsLarge Woody Debris
Biotic Condition, Substrate Type, Overlapping VegetationDetritus, Macrophytes
Microhabitat
Segment Contributing Area
Riparian Vegetation Type & ConditionFloodplain / Valley Floor Width
Localized DisturbancesLand Use/ Land Cover
Landscape
ClimateAtmospheric depositionGeology
TopographySoil Type
Microhabitat
ShadingDetritus Inputs
Riparian Zone
Nested Watersheds
Land UseTopography
Vegetation TypeBasin Shape/Size
COARSE
FINE
Reach
USGSNHD,NED
FLoWS v1 tools for FLoWS v1 tools for ArcGIS v9.0…ArcGIS v9.0…
Will migrate to Will migrate to v9.1v9.1
Pre-processing segment Pre-processing segment contributing areas (SCAs)contributing areas (SCAs)
Automated delineationAutomated delineation Inputs: Inputs:
stream network (from stream network (from USGS NHD 1:100K)USGS NHD 1:100K)
topography (USGS topography (USGS NED, 30 m)NED, 30 m)
Process:Process: ““Grow” contributing Grow” contributing
area away from area away from segment until ridgelinesegment until ridgeline
Uses WATERSHED Uses WATERSHED commandcommand
“true” catchments
“adjoint”catchments
Segments
Segments are linked to Segments are linked to catchmentscatchments
1 to 1 1 to 1 relationshiprelationship
Properties of Properties of the the watershed watershed can be linked can be linked to network to network for for accumulation accumulation operation operation
Landscape networks with Landscape networks with PythonPython
Need to represent relationships between Need to represent relationships between featuresfeatures
Using graph theory, networksUsing graph theory, networks Retain tie to geometry of featuresRetain tie to geometry of features Flow relationships table (like NHD, but flow-Flow relationships table (like NHD, but flow-
sorted!)sorted!) Implementation in ArcGISImplementation in ArcGIS
Geometric Networks (ESRI – complicated, slow)Geometric Networks (ESRI – complicated, slow) Landscape Networks: Open, simple, fastLandscape Networks: Open, simple, fast
Began with VBA (1.5 years), moved to Began with VBA (1.5 years), moved to Python (2 months)Python (2 months)
SelectionsSelections
DownstreamDownstream
Example: Flow Example: Flow modificationmodification
Deynesius and Nilsson, Deynesius and Nilsson, ScienceScience (1994) – (1994) – 77% of upper 1/3 of northern 77% of upper 1/3 of northern hemisphere rivers are strongly or hemisphere rivers are strongly or moderately affectedmoderately affected- - F = regulated/total channel lengthF = regulated/total channel length- R = % of VMAD (cumulative reservoir live, - R = % of VMAD (cumulative reservoir live, gross capacity)gross capacity)
Network-based flow modificationNetwork-based flow modification1. Degree of modification to flow = cumulative 1. Degree of modification to flow = cumulative
annual flow – cum. dam max. storage:annual flow – cum. dam max. storage:Q’ = Q-SQ’ = Q-S
2. Proportion of modified to VMAD (“natural”) 2. Proportion of modified to VMAD (“natural”) flow:flow:
F = Q’/Q F = Q’/Q
Collaboration with Aquatic ecologists (Poff, Collaboration with Aquatic ecologists (Poff, Merritt)Merritt)
RCL
TCL
High
Dam “shadow”
Reservoirs
1. DEM1. DEM
2. Slope2. Slope
3. Flow dir.3. Flow dir.
4. Flow acc.4. Flow acc.
5. Hydro dist.5. Hydro dist.
Example: Example: Coho Coho
salmon salmon distancesdistances
Example: Example: Coho Coho
salmon salmon distancesdistances
Example: 2D stream in Example: 2D stream in VirginiaVirginia
Example: 2D stream in Example: 2D stream in VirginiaVirginia
Example: 2D stream in Example: 2D stream in VirginiaVirginia
Example: 2D stream in Example: 2D stream in VirginiaVirginia
Next stepsNext steps Increase range of applicationsIncrease range of applications Attach additional datasets to SCA Attach additional datasets to SCA
databasedatabase Land cover (urban, ag, “natural”)Land cover (urban, ag, “natural”) Historical, current, future housing densityHistorical, current, future housing density Indexing of National Inventory of Dams?Indexing of National Inventory of Dams?
From segments to geomorphological From segments to geomorphological reaches, gradientreaches, gradient
Project/tool website: Project/tool website: www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/starmapwww.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/starmap
Thanks!Thanks! Comments? Questions?Comments? Questions? Funding/Disclaimer: The work reported Funding/Disclaimer: The work reported
here was developed under the STAR here was developed under the STAR Research Assistance Agreement CR-Research Assistance Agreement CR-829095 awarded by the U.S. 829095 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to Colorado State University. This to Colorado State University. This presentation has not been formally presentation has not been formally reviewed by EPA. The views expressed reviewed by EPA. The views expressed here are solely those of the presenter here are solely those of the presenter and STARMAP, the Program (s)he and STARMAP, the Program (s)he represents. EPA does not endorse any represents. EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services products or commercial services mentioned in this presentation.mentioned in this presentation.
FLoWS: FLoWS: www.nrel.colostate.edu/pwww.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/starmaprojects/starmap
[email protected]@nrel.colostate.edu
CR - 829095