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47
Lesson IV
Latin Grammar Review Concepts: Imperatives, subjunctives, “possum” and “sum”, adverbs and interjections in Latin.
Grammar Workbook: Worksheet 4
Study the noun chart in this lesson (p. 49). This is the chart for third declension nouns. What are the differences between the masculine/feminine chart and the neuter chart? Think about it for a few minutes.
Did you notice the words “first form” and “second form”? These are two forms that each vocabulary word is listed under in the glossary. For example:
rex, regislaus, laudis
The first form is rex and the second form is regis. The first form is laus and the second form is laudis. The first form is the nominative singular. The second form is the genitive singular. The nominative singular of nouns vary quite a bit. But the second forms, the genitives, are all consistent. The second form all end in -ae, -i, -is, or -us.
Words that have their second form end in -ae are first declension. Words that have the second form end in -i are usually second declension. (They can be fifth declension as well, but not if the first form ends in -us or -um. If the first form ends in -us or -um, they are always second declension). Words whose second form ends in -is are third declension. Words whose second form ends in -us are fourth declension.
So any word on page 46 that will fit into the chart on page 49 will have a second form that ends in -is.
When you look in the glossary, you will always be able to tell which words are nouns because they will have two forms. The second will end in -ae, -i, -is, -us.
Look at the chart again. Do you see that there are two sets of columns, one for masculine and feminine words, and another chart for neuter words? Notice the rules to find the gender. They are summarized at the top of the chart. But here they are in more detail.
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
48
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
i-Stem Rules
Finally, notice the gray boxes in the chart. Those are for the i-stem words. Do you remember the i-stem rules?
Gender Rules for 3rd Declension
Rule 1: Feminine nouns usually end in s-o-x.
Rule 2: Neuter nouns usually end in l-a-n-c-e-t.
Rule 3: Masculine nouns end in er-r-or.
Rule 4: Words that clearly denote a person of a particular gender are in that gender. (E.g. Cicero is masculine.)
A noun is i-stem if it:
• Ends in -is or -es in the nominative first form and has the same number of syllables in the first and second form.
• Ends in -s or -x in the nominative first form and has a stem that ends in two consonants.
• Ends in -al, -ar, or -e in the nominative first form (neuter nouns).
49
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
MASCULINE & FEMININE GENDER☑ Nouns that clearly denote a person of a
particular gender are that gender☑ S-O-X are feminine
☑ ER-R-OR are masculine☑ EXCEPTIONS: noted in vocabulary
NEUTER GENDER☑ L-A-N-C-E-T are neuter
☑ EXCEPTIONS: noted in vocabulary
Singular
Nominative = Subject First Form Nominative = Subject First Form
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form Genitive = Possessive
(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + i Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + i
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Stem + emAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as nominative
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + e Ablative = Object of
some PrepositionsStem + e
Stem + i
Plural
Nominative = Subject Stem + es Nominative = SubjectStem + a
Stem + ia
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”)
Stem + um Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”)
Stem + um
Stem + ium Stem + ium
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + ibus Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + ibus
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as NominativeAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as Nominative
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + ibus Ablative = Object of
some Prepositions Stem + ibus
Third Declension Nouns
*Shaded endings are i-stem endings. Note shading in neuter column in abl. sing. and nom. pl. Note shading for all in gen. pl.
50
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
Exercise 1: Circle the gender of the words below (masculine, feminine or neuter) and the rule that makes it so. (See p. 48)
a. pastor, pastoris Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4
b. lex, legis Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4
c. urbs, urbis Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4 d. animal, animalis Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4
e. rex, regis Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4
f. mare, maris Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4
g. pater, patris Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4
h. clamor, clamoris Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4
Exercise 2: Write the declension for the following words.
a. fons, fontis ____________________
b. porta, portae ____________________
c. portus, portus ____________________
d. donum, doni ____________________
e. servus, servi ____________________
f. Deus, Dei ____________________
g. res, rei ____________________
h. laus, laudis ____________________
i. mons, montis ____________________
j. puella, puellae _________________
k. mater, matris _________________
l. tempus, temporis _________________
m. equitatus, equitatus _________________
n. eques, equitis _________________
o. filius, filii _________________
p. caput, capitis _________________
q. periculum, periculi _________________
r. gens, gentis _________________
51
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
Exercise 3: Circle all the words below that are i-stem.
mare, maris
animal, animalis
urbs, urbis
pastor, pastoris
corpus, corporis
rex, regis
salus, salutis
lux, lucis
civis, civis
pars, partis
caedes, caedis
mater, matris
Exercise 4: One of these words belongs in each box. Put each word in the right box.
nomen, nominis animal, animalis pars, partis lux, lucis imperator, imperatoris civis, civis (masculine/feminine)
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Regular
i-Stem
Exercise 5: Write the stems.
a. nomen, nominis Stem: ______________________________________
b. animal, animalis Stem: ______________________________________
c. pars, partis Stem: ______________________________________
d. lux, lucis Stem: ______________________________________
e. imperator, imperatoris Stem: ______________________________________
f. civis, civis (masculine/feminine) Stem: ______________________________________
52
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
Exercise 6: Decline each of the words from the last exercise. “Declining” means to list all the forms that fall away from the nominative. Make sure to decline the words in the right boxes!
a. Regular
Regular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular
Genitive Singular
Dative Singular
Accusative Singular
Ablative Singular
Nominative Plural
Genitive Plural
Dative Plural
Accusative Plural
Ablative Plural
53
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
i-Stem Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative Singular
Genitive Singular
Dative Singular
Accusative Singular
Ablative Singular
Nominative Plural
Genitive Plural
Dative Plural
Accusative Plural
Ablative Plural
a. i-Stem
54
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
Exercise 7: Write the cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative) of the following 3rd declension words. Sometimes there is more than one possibility, so list all possible answers. Also, write the number of each word (singular or plural).
a. laudis Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
b. corpora Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
c. panibus Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
d. civium Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
e. nominum Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
f. flumen Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
g. homini Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
h. pace Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
i. mari Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
55
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
j. mare Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
k. panem Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
l. reges Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
56
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
Exercise 8: Write the correct forms of the words in Latin.
a. Accusative singular of virtue ___________________________________________
b. Nominative singular of horseman ___________________________________________
c. Accusative singular of city ___________________________________________
d. Nominative singular of virgin ___________________________________________
e. Nominative plural of shepherds ___________________________________________
f. Accusative singular of safety ___________________________________________
g. Genitive singular of state ___________________________________________
h. Ablative plural of mountains ___________________________________________
i. Accusative singular of voice ___________________________________________
j. Accusative singular of time ___________________________________________
k. Accusative singular of name ___________________________________________
l. Genitive singular of legion ___________________________________________
m. Nominative singular of king ___________________________________________
n. Ablative singular of peace ___________________________________________
o. Accusative singular of death ___________________________________________
57
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
Exercise 9: Conjugate sum and possum in the charts below.
STEM: N/A Present Past Future
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
STEM: N/A Present Past Future
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
58
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
Conjugate sentire and vincere in the charts below.
STEM:Present Past Future
(Regular)
Subjunctive Present
(Future Possible)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
STEM:Present Past Future
(Regular)
Subjunctive Present
(Future Possible)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
59
Fundamentals II - Lesson IV
Exercise 10: Write the Latin case used for each English use.
Subject
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Object of “for” (for what purpose)
Possessive
Predicate Nominative
Objects of Prepositions
Objects of Prepositions
Exercise 11: Match the vocabulary.
a. out of
b. fountain
c. to eat
d. river
e. daughter
f. son
g. grain
h. horseman
i. brave
filius, filii
eques, equitis
flumen, fluminis
edere
filia, filiae
fons, fontis
e, ex (abl.)
fortis/forte, fortis
frumentum, frumenti
60
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Latin Grammar Review Concepts: Fourth and fifth declension noun endingsGrammar Workbook: Worksheet 5
Lesson V
I. Fourth & Fifth Declension Nouns.In the previous lesson, you learned that there are five declensions. You will be expected to memorize three of them. The other two can be written out on a note card that you may refer to when needed. Begin today by getting out a note card and writing down these forms. You will not be asked to memorize these but can keep this card on hand.
4th Declension (Masculine/Neuter)
Nom. Sing. portus/cornu Nom. Pl. portus/cornua
Gen. Sing. portus/cornus Gen. Pl. portuum/cornuum
Dat. Sing. portui/cornu Dat. Pl. portibus/cornibus
Acc. Sing. portum/cornu Acc. Pl. portus/cornua
Abl. Sing. portu/cornu Abl. Pl. portibus/cornibus
5th Declension (Generally Feminine)
Nom. Sing. res Nom. Pl. res
Gen. Sing. rei Gen. Pl. rerum
Dat. Sing. rei Dat. Pl. rebus
Acc. Sing. rem Acc. Pl. res
Abl. Sing. re Abl. Pl. rebus
61
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
II. Review. Begin today with a review of the concepts from the last lesson. Review the rules chart.
i-Stem Rules for 3rd Declension
A noun is i-stem if it:
• Ends in -is or -es in the nominative first form and has the same number of syllables in the first and second form.
• Ends in -s or -x in the nominative first form and has a stem that ends in two consonants.
• Ends in -al, -ar, or -e in the nominative first form (neuter nouns).
62
MASCULINE & FEMININE GENDER☑ Nouns that clearly denote a person of a
particular gender are that gender☑ S-O-X are feminine
☑ ER-R-OR are masculine☑ EXCEPTIONS: noted in vocabulary
NEUTER GENDER☑ L-A-N-C-E-T are neuter
☑ EXCEPTIONS: noted in vocabulary
Singular
Nominative = Subject First Form Nominative = Subject First Form
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form Genitive = Possessive
(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + i Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + i
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Stem + emAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as nominative
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + e Ablative = Object of
some PrepositionsStem + e
Stem + i
Plural
Nominative = Subject Stem + es Nominative = SubjectStem + a
Stem + ia
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”)
Stem + um Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”)
Stem + um
Stem + ium Stem + ium
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + ibus Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + ibus
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as NominativeAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as Nominative
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + ibus Ablative = Object of
some Prepositions Stem + ibus
Third Declension Nouns
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
*Shaded endings are i-stem endings. Note shading in neuter column in abl. sing. and nom. pl. Note shading for all in gen. pl.
63
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Now begin to learn the last two declensions. These you will need to memorize.
FEMININE GENDER☑ EXCEPTION: nouns that clearly denote a masculine person are
masculine
Singular
Nominative Form = Subject First Form (a)
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form = Stem + (ae)
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + ae
Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + am
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + a
Plural
Nominative Form = Subject Stem + ae
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + arum
Dative = IndirectObjects/Object of “for” Stem + is
Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + as
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + is
First Declension Nouns
64
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
MASCULINE GENDER☑ EXCEPTION: nouns with -um in the
first form
NEUTER GENDER☑ All nouns with -um in the first form
Singular
Nominative = Subject First Form Nominative = Subject First Form (um)
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form (i) Genitive = Possessive
(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form (i)
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + o Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + o
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Stem + umAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as Nominative (um)
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + o Ablative = Object of
some Prepositions Stem + o
Plural
Nominative = Subject Stem + i Nominative = Subject Stem + a
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + orum Genitive = Possessive
(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + orum
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + is Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + is
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Stem + osAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as Nominative
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + is Ablative = Object of
some Prepositions Stem + is
Second Declension Nouns
*Adjectives of the first and second declension are declined just like nouns of those declensions.
65
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Remember that it is the ending of the second form that makes a noun be in a declension. All words that end in:
-ae in the second form are 1st Declension
-i in the second form are 2nd Declension
-is in the second form are 3rd Declension
-us in the second form are 4th Declension
-(e)i in the second form are 5th Declension
Also, remember if you remove the second form ending, you have the stem of the word.
Exercise 1: Underline the stems.
a. fons, fontis
b. porta, portae
c. portus, portus
d. donum, doni
e. servus, servi
f. Deus, Dei
g. res, rei
h. laus, laudis
i. mons, montis
j. puella, puellae
k. mater, matris
l. tempus, temporis
m. equitatus, equitatus
n. eques, equitis
o. filius, filii
p. caput, capitis
q. periculum, periculi
r. gens, gentis
66
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
The ablative case was a later development. Greek does not have an ablative case. The Latin ablative case gives a clue that the declension of words is not arbitrary or random. Look at the ablative singular endings of all the different declensions. What are they?
1st -a 2nd -o 3rd -e or -i 4th -u 5th -e
How many of the vowels are included in this list? All five!
Exercise 2: Decline the following nouns by filling in what is missing.
a. b.
Singular Plural
animal animalia
animalis
animali animalibus
animal
animali
Singular Plural
portus portus
portuum
Singular Plural
dominus
domini
dominis
domino
c. d.
Singular Plural
gratia gratiae
gratiarum
gratiis
67
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Exercise 3: Write the names of the Latin cases that would be used for each of the underlined nouns.
Mary had a birthday party. For the party, many balloons were purchased. Mary’s mother got the birthday girl a cake made by a local bakery. Many of the friends brought presents. Though she liked them all, she was happiest that her friends could come to her house for this special occasion.
Mary ___________________________ party ___________________________
party ___________________________
Mary’s ___________________________
girl ___________________________
cake ___________________________
bakery ___________________________
friends ___________________________
presents ___________________________
friends ___________________________
house ___________________________
occasion ___________________________
Singular Plural
res res
rei
res
rebus
e. f.
Singular Plural
urbs
urbium
urbes
urbibus
68
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Exercise 4: Write the correct forms of these words in Latin.
a. Nominative singular of Christ ___________________________________________
b. Genitive plural of Christians ___________________________________________
c. Nominative singular of people ___________________________________________
d. Nominative singular of poet ___________________________________________
e. Genitive singular of people ___________________________________________
f. Ablative singular of forest ___________________________________________
g. Nominative singular of lack ___________________________________________
h. Genitive plural of supplies ___________________________________________
i. Dative plural of Romans ___________________________________________
69
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Exercise 5: Fill in the chart. N
umbe
r
Case3rd RegularMasculine/Feminine
3rd i-Stem Masculine/Feminine
3rd Regular Neuter
3rd i-Stem Neuter
Sing
ular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
homo
hominis
urbs
urbis
flumen
fluminis
mare
maris
Plur
al
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
70
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Exercise 6: Conjugate audire and edere in the charts below.
STEM:Present Past Future
(Regular)
Subjunctive Present
(Future Possible)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
STEM:Present Past Future
(Regular)
Subjunctive Present
(Future Possible)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
71
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Exercise 7: Write the cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative) of the following words. Sometimes there is more than one possibility, so give all possible answers. Also, write the number of each word (singular or plural).
a. laudibus Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
b. corporum Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
c. panes Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
d. civi Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
e. nomine Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
f. flumine Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
g. hominem Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
h. pacis Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
i. maria Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
72
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
j. marium Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
k. panium Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
l. fontis Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
m. Deus Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
n. domino Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
o. gloriarum Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
p. copias Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
73
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Exercise 8: Write a synopsis of the verbs below in all four tenses in the following person/number. Here is an example of a synopsis of munire in the second person, singular:
Present: munis Future: munies Past: muniebas Future Possible: munias
a. credere in the 3rd person singular
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
b. discere in the 1st person plural
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
c. audire in the 2nd person plural
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
74
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Exercise 9: Write the Latin case used for each English use.
Subject
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Object of “for” (for what purpose)
Possessive
Predicate Nominative
Objects of Prepositions
Objects of Prepositions
75
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
FEMININE GENDER☑ EXCEPTION: nouns that clearly denote a masculine person are
masculine
Singular
Nominative Form = Subject First Form (a)
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form = Stem + ae
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + _______
Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______
Plural
Nominative Form = Subject Stem + _______
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + _______
Dative = IndirectObjects/Object of “for” Stem + _______
Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______
First Declension Nouns
Exercise 10: Fill in these charts from memory.
76
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
MASCULINE GENDER☑ EXCEPTION: nouns with -um in the
first form
NEUTER GENDER☑ All nouns with -um in the first form
Singular
Nominative = Subject First Form Nominative = Subject First Form (um)
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form (i) Genitive = Possessive
(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form (i)
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + _______ Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + _______
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Stem + _______Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as Nominative (um)
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______ Ablative = Object of
some Prepositions Stem + _______
Plural
Nominative = Subject Stem + _______ Nominative = Subject Stem + _______
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + _______ Genitive = Possessive
(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + _______
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + _______ Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + _______
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Stem + _______Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as Nominative
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem +_______ Ablative = Object of
some Prepositions Stem + _______
Second Declension Nouns
77
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Exercise 11: Match the vocabulary.
a. tribe
b. a Frenchman
c. sword
d. France
e. enemy
f. glory
g. grace
h. man
i. to wage
Gallia, Galliae
Gallus, Galli
gens, gentis
gloria, gloriae
hostis, hostis
gerere
gratia, gratiae
homo, hominis
gladius, gladii
78
Fundamentals II - Lesson V
Exercise 12: Translate from English to Latin. Remember you do not translate “a” or “an” or “the.” Steps in translating are these: 1) Find the right vocabulary words. 2) Find the stems. 3) For nouns, find the right case, then add the correct case ending to the stem. 4) For a verb, think about the tense and number. Add the ending to the stem.
1. Frenchmen were eating bread in the city. _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. The state’s leader speaks to the men of the state. (“to” takes the dative here.)_____________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. God will lead the tribe. _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 13: Translate from Latin to English.
1. Gallus veniet. _____________________________________________________________
2. Gallus et canis edebant. _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Caritas Dei est gratia Dei.____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Homo panem petit. ________________________________________________________
79
Latin Grammar Review Concepts: Reviewing 3rd, 4th, and 5th declension nounsGrammar Workbook: Worksheet 6
Lesson VI
I. Review. Begin today with a review of Declensions 1-3.
FEMININE GENDER☑ EXCEPTION: nouns that clearly denote a masculine person are
masculine
Singular
Nominative Form = Subject First Form (a)
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form = Stem + ae
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + ae
Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + am
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + a
Plural
Nominative Form = Subject Stem + ae
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + arum
Dative = IndirectObjects/Object of “for” Stem + is
Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + as
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + is
First Declension Nouns
Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
MASCULINE GENDER☑ EXCEPTION: nouns with -um in the
first form
NEUTER GENDER☑ All nouns with -um in the first form
Singular
Nominative = Subject First Form Nominative = Subject First Form (um)
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form (i) Genitive = Possessive
(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form (i)
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + o Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + o
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Stem + umAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as Nominative (um)
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + o Ablative = Object of
some Prepositions Stem + o
Plural
Nominative = Subject Stem + i Nominative = Subject Stem + a
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + orum Genitive = Possessive
(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + orum
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + is Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + is
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Stem + osAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as Nominative
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + is Ablative = Object of
some Prepositions Stem + is
Second Declension Nouns
*Adjectives of the first and second declension are declined just like nouns of those declensions.
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
i-Stem Rules for 3rd Declension
A noun is i-stem if it:
• Ends in -is or -es in the nominative first form and has the same number of syllables in the first and second form.
• Ends in -s or -x in the nominative first form and has a stem that ends in two consonants.
• Ends in -al, -ar, or -e in the nominative first form (neuter nouns).
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
MASCULINE & FEMININE GENDER☑ Nouns that clearly denote a person of a
particular gender are that gender☑ S-O-X are feminine
☑ ER-R-OR are masculine☑ EXCEPTIONS: noted in vocabulary
NEUTER GENDER☑ L-A-N-C-E-T are neuter
☑ EXCEPTIONS: noted in vocabulary
Singular
Nominative = Subject First Form Nominative = Subject First Form
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form Genitive = Possessive
(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + i Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + i
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Stem + emAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as nominative
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + e Ablative = Object of
some PrepositionsStem + e
Stem + i
Plural
Nominative = Subject Stem + es Nominative = SubjectStem + a
Stem + ia
Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”)
Stem + um Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”)
Stem + um
Stem + ium Stem + ium
Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + ibus Dative = Indirect
Object/Object of “for” Stem + ibus
Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as NominativeAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions
Same as Nominative
Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + ibus Ablative = Object of
some Prepositions Stem + ibus
Third Declension Nouns
*Shaded endings are i-stem endings. Note shading in neuter column in abl. sing. and nom. pl. Note shading for all in gen. pl.
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
4th Declension (Masculine/Neuter)
Nom. Sing. portus/cornu Nom. Pl. portus/cornua
Gen. Sing. portus/cornus Gen. Pl. portuum/cornuum
Dat. Sing. portui/cornu Dat. Pl. portibus/cornibus
Acc. Sing. portum/cornu Acc. Pl. portus/cornua
Abl. Sing. portu/cornu Abl. Pl. portibus/cornibus
5th Declension (Generally Feminine)
Nom. Sing. res Nom. Pl. res
Gen. Sing. rei Gen. Pl. rerum
Dat. Sing. rei Dat. Pl. rebus
Acc. Sing. rem Acc. Pl. res
Abl. Sing. re Abl. Pl. rebus
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
Case Singular Plural
Nominative mare
Genitive maris
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Exercise 1: Decline the nouns.
Case Singular Plural
Nominative frumentum
Genitive frumenti
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
Case Singular Plural
Nominative servus
Genitive servi
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Case Singular Plural
Nominative puella
Genitive puellae
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
Case Singular Plural
Nominative portus
Genitive portus
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Case Singular Plural
Nominative pars
Genitive partis
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
Exercise 2: Identify the case and number of the following nouns.
a. silvarum Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
b. civis Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
c. frumentis Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
d. urbs Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
e. civitatem Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
f. portui Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
g. populos Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
h. poetas Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
Exercise 3: Write the names of the Latin cases that would be used for each of the underlined nouns.
Caesar fought many battles with the French. His countrymen did not appreciate his victory for their state. The Senate’s jealousy was very great. They commanded Caesar’s return to Rome. Caesar was loved by his men. Caesar conquered Rome.
Caesar __________________________
battles __________________________
French __________________________
countrymen __________________________
victory __________________________
state __________________________
Senate’s ___________________________
jealousy ___________________________
Caesar’s ___________________________
Rome ___________________________ men ___________________________
Rome ___________________________
Exercise 4: Conjugate audire and ponere in the charts below.
STEM:Present Past Future
(Regular)
Subjunctive Present
(Future Possible)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
STEM:Present Past Future
(Regular)
Subjunctive Present
(Future Possible)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
Exercise 5: Write a synopsis of the verbs below in all four tenses in the following person/number. Here is an example of a synopsis of munire in the second person, singular:
Present: munis Future: munies Past: muniebas Future Possible: munias
a. dicere in the 3rd person singular
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
b. edere in the 1st person plural
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
c. venire in the 2nd person plural
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
Exercise 6: Underline the stems of the following words. Circle the verbs.
a. Gallia, Galliae b. Gallus, Galli
c. homo, hominis
d. bibere
e. gerere
f. vincere
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
Exercise 7: Write the Latin case used for each English use.
Exercise 8: Translate these sentences.
a. I was eating. ______________________________________________________
b. You (sing.) will eat. ______________________________________________________
c. May he eat. ______________________________________________________ d. We eat. ______________________________________________________
e. Editis. ______________________________________________________
f. Edebas. ______________________________________________________
Subject
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Object of “for” (for what purpose)
Possessive
Predicate Nominative
Objects of Prepositions
Objects of Prepositions
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
Exercise 9: Work on memorizing these new irregular verbs.
What letter follows the “v” in “volo, volumus, volunt” in which the “non” is contracted into this word (as opposed to “vis, vult, and vultis” where it is not contracted into but stays apart: “non vis, non vult, non vultis”)?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt (I am willing, you are willing, he is willing,
we are willing, you are willing, they are willing)
nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt (I am not willing, you are not willing, he is not willing,
we are not willing, you are not willing, they are not willing)
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
Exercise 10: Match the vocabulary.
a. long
b. general, emperor
c. legion
d. lack, scarcity
e. journey
f. huge
g. into, onto
h. to praise
i. law
j. in, on
k. command, power, empire
l. light
imperator, imperatoris
imperium, imperii
in (acc.)
in (abl.)
legio, legionis
longus, -i/longa, -ae/ longum, -i
ingens, ingentis
inopia, inopiae
iter, itineris
lex, legis
laudare
lux, lucis
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
Exercise 11: Translate from English to Latin. Remember: do not translate “a,” “an,” or “the.”
Step 1: Write the stem of the words (that need the stem form) in the box.
Step 2: Box the verb and put the person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (sing./pl.), and tense (present, past, future, pres. subjunctive) above it.
Step 3: Underline the nouns and write the case (nom., gen., dat., acc., abl.) and number above each word.
Step. 4: Cross out the words: “a,” “an,” “the,” “of,” and “for.” There are no Latin words for these.
Step 5: Put the correct endings on the stems.
Step 6: If your verb is not the verb “to be,” move it to the end of the sentence.
WORD BOX
(Sanctus is the word to use for “holy” in sentence 4.)
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VI
1. Christ defends the virtue of the Christians. ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. The horseman was defending the city. __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. The virgin and the shepherds seek safety in the state’s mountains. _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. A holy people hears a voice across time. ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. The poet writes the name of the legion on the sign. ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
6. The people’s king will live in peace in the forest. __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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Latin Grammar Review Concepts: Personal pronounsGrammar Workbook: Worksheet 7
Lesson VII
I. Personal Pronouns.The endings added to verbs include pronouns. Sometimes there is a noun to replace the pronoun, and sometimes there isn’t.
Regit. He rules.Rex regit. The king rules.
The noun king replaces the “he” given in the ending “-t.” The king is a “he,” which is why the ending is “-t.” For the most part, the ending for which the pronoun is replaced by a noun is the third person ending. That makes sense because you can talk about a “he” or a “they”, “a king” or “kings.” In direct address, when your subject is “you,” the statement is directed towards a particular person. It is not really that you are talking about the subject but rather of the subject. (“You, come here!”)
While you do not replace 1st person (I, we) and 2nd person (you) pronouns with nouns, in statements, a pronoun form is often added to give emphasis:
You rule. Tu regis. (emphasizing you) Regis (emphasizing rule)I rule. Ego rego (emphasizing I) Rego (emphasizing rule)You (pl.) rule. Vos regitis. (emphasizing you) Regitis (emphasizing rule)We rule. Nos regimus (emphasizing we) Regimus (emphasizing rule)He rules. Is regit (emphasizing he) Regit (emphasizing rule)She rules. Ea regit (emphasizing she) Regit (emphasizing rule)It rules. Id regit (emphasizing it) Regit (emphasizing rule)They rule. Ei/Eae/Ea regunt (emphasizing they.)* Regunt (emphasizing rule)
*Ei is masculine, Eae is feminine, Ea is neuter.
Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Case 1st Person Pronoun
2nd Person Pronoun
3rd Person Pronoun
MASC. | FEM. | NEUT.
Nom. Sing.Gen. Sing.Dat. Sing.Acc. Sing.Abl. Sing.
egomeimihimeme
tutuitibitete
isejusei
eumeo
eaejusei
eamea
idejuseiideo
Nom. Pl.Gen. Pl.Dat. Pl.Acc. Pl.Abl. Pl.
nosnostrum1
nobisnos
nobis
vosvestrum
vobisvos
vobis
ei eorum
eiseoseis
eaeearum
eiseaseis
eaeorum
eisaeeis
When you use a pronoun in the subject case, it is a matter of preference. When you use a pronoun in any another case, it is not a matter of preference. For example:
The king rules you. (singular) You is in the accusative case here because it is the direct object.Rex regit te. In Latin, the accusative is te.
The king leads the soldiers for them. Them is in the dative case here because it is the object of “for”/indirect object.Rex ducit milites eis. In Latin, the dative of them is eis.
The king rules by it. It is in the ablative case because it is the object of the preposition by.Rex regit ab eo. In Latin, the ablative of it is eo.
His king rules. In Latin, the genitive case of the 3rd person personal pronoun is used to indicate possession. Genitives of the first and second person personal pronoun are not commonly used in Latin translations. An adjective form is used instead.2
Ejus rex regit. Ejus indicates possession.
1 In place of nostrum and vestrum, occasionally nostri and vestri are used, although not in the constructions in this course. Nostrum is a shortened form of nostrorum and vestrum of vestrorum. 2 You use the genitive of the first and second person personal pronouns in constructions like: part of you, love of me, many of us, etc.
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Begin to memorize the Latin forms. It is best to memorize them this way:
1st Person - ego, mei, mihi, me, me nos...2nd Person - tu, tui, tibi, te, te, vos...3rd Person - is, ea, id, ejus, ejus, ejus, ei, ei, ei, eum, eam, id, eo, ea, eo, ei, eae, ea...
It should not be surprising that this new pronoun is called the personal pronoun. (It gives the person about which something is being asserted.) Work on memorizing it.
ego = I/nos = we(genitive = of me/of myself/of us/of ourselves; dative, ablative and accusative = me/us)
tu = you (sing.)/vos = you (pl.)(genitive = of you)/of yourself (yourselves); dative, ablative and accusative = you/you)
is, ea, id = he, she, it/ei, eae, ea = they(genitive = of him, her, it/his, her(s), its/of them, their(s); dative, ablative and accusative = him, her, it/them)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative animal
Genitive animalis
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Exercise 1: Decline the nouns.
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Case Singular Plural
Nominative puer
Genitive pueri
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Case Singular Plural
Nominative servus
Genitive servi
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Case Singular Plural
Nominative gloria
Genitive gloriae
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Case Singular Plural
Nominative tempus
Genitive temporis
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Case Singular Plural
Nominative caritas
Genitive caritatis
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Exercise 2: Identify the case and number of the following nouns. (Some may have more than one option.)
a. glorias Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
b. civem Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
c. servo Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________
d. urbe Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
e. animali Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
f. rem Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
g. servis Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
h. tempus Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
Exercise 3: Translate.
a. Ego rego. ______________________________________________________
b. Tu regis. ______________________________________________________
c. Canis bibet. ______________________________________________________
d. Id bibet. ______________________________________________________
e. Ego rego te. ______________________________________________________
f. Tu regis me. ______________________________________________________
g. Vos regitis civitatem. ______________________________________________________
h. Ego munio ea. ______________________________________________________
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Exercise 4: Conjugate possum and credere in the charts below.
STEM:Present Past Future
(Regular)
Subjunctive Present
(Future Possible)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
STEM: N/A Present Past Future (Regular)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Exercise 5: Write a synopsis of the verbs below in all four tenses in the following person/number. Here is an example of a synopsis of munire in the second person, singular:
Present: munis Future: munies Past: muniebas Future Possible: munias
a. sentire in the 3rd person plural
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
b. scribere in the 1st person plural
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
c. munire in the 2nd person singular
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Exercise 6: Underline the stems of the following words. Circle the verbs.
a. sentire b. panis, panis
c. mater, matris
d. gloria, gloriae
e. mundus, mundi
f. scribere
Exercise 7: Write the Latin case used for each English use.
Subject
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Object of “for” (for what purpose)
Possessive
Predicate Nominative
Objects of Prepositions
Objects of Prepositions
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Exercise 8: Translate these sentences two ways. Use a Latin pronoun for the subject on the first line and then on the second line translate without using a pronoun for the subject.
a. I was eating. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
b. You (sing.) will eat. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
c. May he eat. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
d. We eat. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
e. They rule us. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
f. I am willing. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Exercise 9: Identify the case and number of the following pronouns.
a. is Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
b. eam Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Exercise 9 (cont.): c. nos Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
d. nostrum Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
e. tibi Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
f. mihi Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
g. vobis Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
h. me Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
i. tui Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
j. eo Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
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Exercise 10: Match the vocabulary.
a. great, large
b. Mary
c. soldier
d. mother
e. evil
f. mountain
g. to send
h. sea
i. now
j. sailor
k. name
l. number
m. world
n. wall
o. not
p. to fortify, build
malus, -i/mala, -ae/malum, -i
mater, matris
nomen, nominis
mundus, mundi
non
munire
nauta, nautae
magnus, -i/magna, -ae/magnum, -i
murus, muri
numerus, numeri
nunc
miles, militis
mare, maris
mons, montis (m.)
Maria, Mariae
mittere
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
Exercise 11: Translate.
Steps for translating from Latin to English.
Step 1: Find the meanings of all words.
Step 2: Translate the verb independently, being careful to find its tense, number, and person.
Step 3: Identify the case and number of each noun. Make sure to use each word in English in a way that is appropriate to its case.
Nominative - Subject, Predicate NominativeGenitive - Possessive/Object of “of ”Dative - Indirect Object/Object of “for”Accusative - Direct Object/Objects of some PrepositionsAblative - Object of some Prepositions
Steps for translating from English to Latin.
Step 1: Write the stem of the words (that need the stem form) in the box.
Step 2: Box the verb and put the person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (sing./pl.), and tense (present, past, future, pres. subjunctive) above it.
Step 3: Underline the nouns and write the case (nom., gen., dat., acc., abl.) and number above each word.
Step. 4: Cross out the words: “a,” “an,” “the,” “of,” and “for.” There are no Latin words for these.
Step 5: Put the correct endings on the stems.
Step 6: If your verb is not the verb “to be,” move it to the end of the sentence.
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VII
1. Christ is light for me. _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Their state was defending him. _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Canis vult edere ejus panem. _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Vos munietis muros mihi. ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Canis currebat mecum. (mecum = cum me) _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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New Concepts: Review lessonGrammar Workbook: Worksheet 8
Lesson VIII
I. Review of Personal Pronouns. It should not be surprising that this new pronoun is called the personal pronoun. (It gives the person about which something is being asserted.) Continue to work on memorizing it.
Case1st Person Pronoun
2nd Person Pronoun
3rd Person Pronoun →
MASC. | FEM. | NEUT.
Sing
ular
NominativeGenitiveDative
AccusativeAblative
ego - Imei - of memihi - meme - meme - me
tu - youtui - of youtibi - youte - youte - you
is - heejus - his/of him
ei - himeum - himeo - him
ea - sheejus - her, hers/
of herei - her
eam - herea - her
id - itejus - its/of it
ei - itid - iteo - it
Plur
al
NominativeGenitiveDative
AccusativeAblative
nos - usnostrum - of us
nobis - usnos - us
nobis - us
vos - youvestrum - of you
vobis - youvos - you
vobis - you
ei - theyeorum - their, theirs/of them
eis - themeos - themeis - them
eae - theyearum - their, theirs/of them
eis - themeas - themeis - them
ea - theyeorum - their, theirs/of them
eis - themea - themeis - them
Did you know that Rome was built on seven hills? The names of the hills were Aventine Hill, Caelian Hill, Esquiline Hill, Viminal Hill, Quirinal Hill, Capitoline Hill, and Palatine Hill. Palatine Hill was where the emperors resided. The word “palace” comes from “Palatine.” Capitoline Hill was the site of the first Roman citadel. The word “capitol” is derived from the name of the hill of great importance. Caelian hill was named after a famous Etruscan who aided Romulus, the founder of Rome, in his fight against the Sabines. Wealthy people lived on this hill. Quirinal Hill had different things on it at different times. First it had a Sabine settlement, then later it had a Temple to Mars and finally it became the site of the baths of Constantine. The Servian Wall surrounded the Seven Hills of Rome and a wooden bridge crossed the Tiber.
Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
→ →
Aventine Hill
Palatine Hill
Caelian Hill
Esquiline Hill
Viminal HillQuirinal Hill
Capitoline Hill
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
Case Singular Plural
Nominative flumen
Genitive fluminis
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Exercise 1: Decline the nouns.
Case Singular Plural
Nominative victoria
Genitive victoriae
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
Case Singular Plural
Nominative iter
Genitive itineris
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Case Singular Plural
Nominative periculum
Genitive periculi
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
Case Singular Plural
Nominative hostis
Genitive hostis
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Case Singular Plural
Nominative pons
Genitive pontis
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
Exercise 2: Identify the case and number of the following nouns. (Some may have more than one option.)
a. canibus Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
b. hostium Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
c. ponte Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
d. itineri Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
e. silvas Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
f. portuum Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
g. pericula Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
h. animal Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
Exercise 3: Write the correct forms.
a. Dative singular of man ___________________________________________
b. Genitive plural of danger ___________________________________________
c. Accusative plural of poet ___________________________________________
d. Nominative singular of king ___________________________________________
e. Accusative singular of forest ___________________________________________
f. Dative singular of dog ___________________________________________
g. Ablative singular of sea ___________________________________________
h. Genitive singular of journey ___________________________________________
Exercise 4: Conjugate sum and sentire in the following charts.
STEM: N/A Present Past Future (Regular)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
STEM:Present Past Future
(Regular)
Subjunctive Present
(Future Possible)
1st Singular
2nd Singular
3rd Singular
1st Plural
2nd Plural
3rd Plural
Exercise 5: Write a synopsis of the verbs below in all four tenses in the following person/number. Here is an example of a synopsis of munire in the second person, singular:
Present: munis Future: munies Past: muniebas Future Possible: munias
a. credere in the 3rd person singular
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
b. venire in the 2nd person plural
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
c. gerere in the 2nd person singular
Present: Past:
Future: Future Possible:
Exercise 6: Underline the stems of the following words. Circle the verbs.
a. discere b. praemium, praemii
c. pecunia, pecuniae
d. pars, partis
e. oratio, orationis
f. ponere
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
Exercise 7: Write the Latin case used for each English use.
Subject
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Object of “for” (for what purpose)
Possessive
Predicate Nominative
Objects of Prepositions
Objects of Prepositions
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Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII
Exercise 8: Change the following present tense verbs to past tense. Make sure to keep the same number and person. The first one is done for you.
a. regis regibas b. sentis __________________________
c. editis __________________________
d. edit ___________________________
e. munimus ___________________________
f. sum ___________________________
Exercise 9: Use a Latin pronoun for the subject on the first line and then on the second line translate without using a pronoun for the subject.
a. We were eating. ______________________________________________________
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b. You (sing.) will write. ______________________________________________________
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c. I believe. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
d. You (pl.) will learn. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
e. They were ruling. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
f. He puts. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
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Exercise 10: Answer the questions.
1. What are the four Latin personal pronouns that mean “them”?
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2. How do you say “of me” in Latin?
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3. What are two pronouns that mean “me” in Latin?
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4. How would you say “for you” in Latin?
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5. What pronouns would you use for the underlined words? I taught him. I taught them.
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Exercise 11: Match the vocabulary.
a. to seize
b. prayer
c. peace
d. shepherd
e. to pray
f. to seek
g. to put, place
h. money
i. danger
j. bread
k. through
l. poet
m. chief, leading man
n. after
o. reward
p. people
q. bridge
r. part
pecunia, pecuniae
periculum, periculi
per (acc.)
orare
poeta, poetae
post (acc.)
pars, partis
pax, pacis
pastor, pastoris
petere
occupare
panis, panis (m.)
ponere
oratio, orationis
populus, populi
praemium, praemii
pons, pontis (m.)
princeps, principis
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Exercise 12: Translate.
Steps for translating from Latin to English.
Step 1: Find the meanings of all words.
Step 2: Translate the verb independently, being careful to find its tense, number, and person.
Step 3: Identify the case and number of each noun. Make sure to use each word in English in a way that is appropriate to its case.
Nominative - Subject, Predicate NominativeGenitive - Possessive/Object of “of ”Dative - Indirect Object/Object of “for”Accusative - Direct Object/Objects of some PrepositionsAblative - Object of some Prepositions
Steps for translating from English to Latin.
Step 1: Write the stem of the words (that need the stem form) in the box.
Step 2: Box the verb and put the person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (sing./pl.), and tense (present, past, future, pres. subjunctive) above it.
Step 3: Underline the nouns and write the case (nom., gen., dat., acc., abl.) and number above each word.
Step. 4: Cross out the words: “a,” “an,” “the,” “of,” and “for.” There are no Latin words for these.
Step 5: Put the correct endings on the stems.
Step 6: If your verb is not the verb “to be,” move it to the end of the sentence.
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1. Vocem Dei audiamus._______________________________________________________
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2. The soldiers are eating her bread. ______________________________________________
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3. Caesar est amicus Ciceronis canis._____________________________________________
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4. Canis currere trans eorum pontem discebat. _____________________________________
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5. The general seeks peace with you (pl). (vobiscum = cum vobis)______________________
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