Fundamentals of English Grammar in Hindi _ English

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What is Grammar? ( ?) , " " ,

, , , , , , ( ) ,

Magic with English by V.K. Patel

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Sentence ()

Generally, we use words in groups. "A group of words, which makes a complete sense, is called Sentence". Pattern of sentence: 1. + + Subject + + object + + verb

2. Pattern of sentence in English+ Subject + verb Jhankar + is eating

+ + +

object the food.

Subject: The subject answers the question: Who? Verb: Verb tells something about subject. Object: The object answers the question: What or Whom? Part of the Sentence: Each sentence has a subject to speak about and say or predicate something about that subject. So every sentence has two parts1. Subject: A person and thing about which something is said is known as subject. , 2. Predicate: Something which is said about the subject is called predicate. , Example: Jhankar + is eating the food (Subject) (predicate) Generally sentences are of five types. 1. Assertive sentence 2. Interrogative sentence 3. Imperative sentence 4. Optative sentence 5. Exclamatory sentence


31. Assertive sentence ( ) : A sentence that makes a statement or declaration is called Assertive sentence. , Assertive sentence are of two typesa. Affirmative sentence ( ): A sentence which, states something which shows affirmation is called affirmative sentence. , Example: Jhankar is an intelligent boy. b. Negative sentence ( ): A sentence which, states something which shows denial is called negative sentence. , Example: Sunil is not an intelligent boy.

2. Interrogative sentence ( ): A sentence which asks question or enquires about something is called interrogative sentence. , Interrogative sentences are of two typesa. Sentence starting with Helping verb: Example: ? Is Sunil an honest boy? ? Will Ram be reading?

b.

Sentence starting with Question word: Example: ? Who is your headmaster? ? What is your name?


43. Imperative sentence ( ): A sentence which shows order, advice, suggestion, prohibition and request is called imperative sentence. , , , , Example: Come here. ( Please, shut the door. Dont smoke. order) (request) (prohibition)

4. Optative sentence ( ): A sentence which shows a wish, a blessing or a prayer is known as optative sentence. , , Wish /May Example: Wish you happy journey. Wish him best of luck. May you live long! May God help you! May

(Blessing) (Blessing) (Wish)

(Prayer) (optative sentence)

(!)

5. Exclamatory sentence ( ): A sentence which shows mental passions, thoughts, sudden feelings of mind is known as exclamatory sentence. (!) Example: - ! Hurrah! Our team has won the match. ! Oh! Anil is here. ! Alas! Many people died in Orrisa.

(Exclamatory sentence)


5What How Example: ! What a good boy Jhankar is! ! How slowly they are walking! (!)

Parts of Speech ( ) -A word are spoken or written together in a specific manner to create meaningful sentences. The interpretation of the message can be changed in how the words are arranged or used. In order to get the proper sequence of words to deliver the correct message we must understand the different categories or parts of speech. Eight different parts of speech have been identified in the English language, on the basis of which one can create and deliver a sentence with the proper content and message. . . . 8 . English Parts of Speech - .


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8 Parts of Speech (-) ... 1. NOUN ()Generally, the purpose of a sentence is to provide information about or give instructions to a person, animal, place or thing. The word or words used in the sentence that refer to the name of the person, animal, place or thing are known as Noun. It is probably the most widely used part of speech. , . , Noun . .

. All words used in a sentence as a name for any person, place, animal, object etc come under the classification of noun. Noun , . . (Ram), (boy), (gulab), (house)

Nouns can be further sub-classified into various categories depending on the type of object they refer to. noun .

Kinds of Noun ( ) Nouns are classified as follows A. Proper noun B. Common noun (i) Collective noun (ii) Abstract noun A. Proper noun ( ):

A proper noun is a name of a person, place, or thing. The first letter of a proper noun is always represented by a capital letter. , : Magic with English by V.K. Patel

( Capital letter)

7Proper Nouns Name of the Month and Day Names of Company's Names of People Names of Places Names of Books, Newspapers, Plays etc. May, June, Sunday, and Monday. Microsoft, GAIL, NTPC. Ram, Navendu, Rahim. JLN Hospital, Town Hall, Jaipur. The Hindustan Times, Geetanjali, Hockey.

Proper noun sometime used as common noun. Example: 1. : ( ) Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare (the greatest dramatist) of India. B. Common noun ( ): A common noun is a name given to one of a class of persons, animals, or things. , Common nouns are-

o Simply refer to general objects, a non specific person, or people, or place. o Objects that do not have a specific name. o Common nouns are not written with a capital letter, unless they start a sentence. o Common nouns are represented in the singular and plural form. o Common nouns can be used with indefinite article. Example: King, girl, boy, town, city, country etc, are the name of common to person or place. Hence, these are the common noun. Common noun Girl Boy city Country Proper noun Sita Jhankar Beawar India

Common noun is further classified as follows. (I) Collective noun ( ):

Collective noun is the name of collection of person or things. Magic with English by V.K. Patel

8Crowd Army Fleet Flock Committee Herd Jury A collection of people. A collection of soldiers. A collection of ships. A group of birds or animals. A group of members. A group of animals. A body of men sworn to declare the truth in courts of justice.

Example: o A herd of cattle is passing. o - The police dispersed the crowd. o The jury found the prisoner guilty. (II) Abstract noun ( ):

Abstract nouns are names of qualities, conditions, or actions, considered abstractly, or apart from their natural connection. , , , , Abstract nouns are1. Nouns that can't be touched, tasted, seen, heard, smelt or felt. 2. Usually represent feeling, ideas, state, action and qualities. Quality Action State -

goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, wisdom, bravery theft, fight, movement, hatred, laughter, childhood, youth, sleep, death, poverty,

Name of art and science (grammar, music, physics etc) are also abstract noun. Noun can be further divided in to two parts. 1. Countable nouns ( ): Nouns that can be counted. Countable nouns Example: Our car is black.


9 The girls are tall.

There are three windows in the room.

2. Uncountable nouns ( ): Nouns that can't be counted. Uncountable nouns Example: I want some water. Please give me some sugar.

Noun: Gender (: ) 1. Masculine gender (): A noun that denotes a male animal is known as masculine gender. Example: Boy, Lion, Horse. 2. Feminine gender (): A noun that denotes a female animal is known as feminine gender. Example: Girl, Lioness, mare. 3. Neuter gender (): A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female is known as neuter gender. Example: Book, room, table, crowd, family, sun, summer, moon.

:

4. Common gender (): A noun that denotes either a male or a female animal is known as common gender. Example: Parent, child, friend, servant, infant, enemy, cousin.


10There are many ways of forming the feminine nouns1. By using entirely different word. Masculine Bachelor King Buck Dog Bull Ram Stag Hart (male deer) Drake (male duck) Wizard Drone Lord 2. By adding suffix (ess) Masculine Poet Author Heir Host Mayor Giant Manager Jew Patron Shepherd Peer Priest

Feminine Spinster Queen Doe Bitch Cow Eve Hind Roe (female deer) Duck Witch Bee lady

Feminine Poetess Authoress Heiress Hostess Mayoress Giantess Manageress Jewess Patroness Shepherdess Peeress Priestess

(-ess is added after dropping the vowel of masculine ending) Masculine Feminine Actor Actress Tiger Tigress Waiter Waitress Founder Foundress Hunter Huntress Traitor Traitress Master Mistress Prince Princess 3. By placing a word before or after, Masculine Feminine Bull-calf Cow-calf Cock-sparrow Hen-sparrow He-goat She-goatMagic with English by V.K. Patel

11He-beer She-beer Man-servant Maid-servant Jack-ass Jenny-ass Peacock Peahen Washer-man Washer-woman

Example: The sun shed his beams alike to all. The moon has hidden her face behind a cloud. - Spring has spread her mantle of green over the earth.

Noun: Number (: ) 1. Singular number (): A noun that denotes one person or thing is known as singular noun. , Example: Boy, girl, ox, tree, man. 2. Plural number ( ): A noun that denotes one person or thing is known as singular noun. , Example: Boys, girls, oxen, trees, men. There are many ways of forming the plural s Singular Boy Chair Cow Pen plural Boys Chairs Cows Pens Singular Table Car Desk House Plural Tables Cars Desks houses

1.


122. (-s, -sh, -ch, -x, -o) es Singular Bus Dish Branch Box Tomato plural Buses Dishes Branches Boxes Tomatoes Singular Glass Brush Match Tax Hero Plural Glasses Brushes Matches Taxes heroes s

3.

(-o)

Singular Dynamo Photo Kilo

plural Dynamos Photos Kilos

Singular Solo Ratio Logo

Plural Solos Ratios logos

4. (s) Singular Baby City Day Army

-y -y -i es -y vowel (a, e, i, o, or u)

plural Babies Cities Days Armies

Singular Story Lady Donkey Pony

Plural Stories Ladies donkeys Ponies

5. (-f, -fe) -f/ -fe -v s /-es Singular Thief Wife Loaf plural Thieves Wives Loaves Singular Calf Knife Wolf Plural Calves Knives Wolves

6. vowel Singular Man Tooth Mouse Goose plural Men Teeth Mice Geese Singular Gentleman Foot Louse Man-singer Plural gentlemen Feet Lice Men-singers


137. (-en) Singular Ox plural Oxen Singular Child Plural children

8. (-s) Singular MLA VIP plural MLAs VIPs Singular MP CM Plural MPs CMs

9. Aircraft Cod Score Deer Salmon Hundred Swine Pair million Sheep Dozen gross

10. Scissors Spectacles Billiards Alms Trousers Annals Jeans Measles Thanks Tongs Mumps breches

11. Physics Innings News Politics

12. Cattle People Gentry poultry

13. Singular Arm Colour Manner Custom Spectacle Pain Plural Arms colours Manners Customs Spaectales Pains , , , , , , Magic with English by V.K. Patel

14Letter Moral , Letters Morals , , ,

14. Singular Light Powder Practice , , Plural Lights Powders

, Practices

15. Example: Hope, charity, kindness, death Kindnesses Acts of kindness Provocations cases of provocation 16. Example: copper, tin, wood Woods forests, Coppers copper coin or rod, Irons - fetters 17. s Example: 1920 29 This school started in 20s. Add two 4s and three 5s. (apostrophe)


15 Noun: Case (: ) 1. 2. 3. Nominative case () Objective case () Possessive case ()

1. Nominative case (): When a noun or pronoun is used as the subject of a verb, it is known as Nominative case. ' ' Example: Navendu threw a ball. Jhankar kicked the ball.

, Navendu and Jhankar are the answer of word Who and a ball answers the word what and the ball answers the word whom 2. Objective case (): When a noun or pronoun is used as the object of a verb, it is known as Objective or Accusative case. ' ' Example: Navendu threw a ball. Jhankar kicked the ball. a ball answers the word what and the ball answers the word whom Magic with English by V.K. Patel

16Dative and Accusative case Navendu gave Jhankar a ball. In this sentence Jhankar is Indirect object of verb gave and known as Dative case. While ball, is Direct object of verb, and known as Accusative case. Example: Fetch the baby some milk = Fetch some milk for the baby. She made me a new dress = She made a new dress for me. Get me some water = Get some water for me.

3. Possessive case () When the form of noun or pronoun is used to show ownership or possession, it is known as Possessive or Genitive case. Example: This is Navendus pencil. These are Jhankars toys. ' ' ' ' Navendus and Jhankars are the answer of word Whose. , Ramas poem Brahmas temple Darvins theory The poem written by Rama, temple dedicated to brahma, theory developed by Darvin,


17Possessive case are used with Name of living things.

Ramas book, Elephants tusk, the leg of stool (not- the stools leg) Name of nouns showing time, distance, weight and space.

In a years time, a foots length, a kilos weight, Name of political parties, country and group of people.

Groups leader, Indias river Name of personified things and object.

Natures law, Indias hero, suns ray, worlds population Name of noun showing trade, profession or relationship in concern with the place of business.

I am educated at rurals; I am going to my uncles Apostrophe is not used for Possessive of pronoun.

Yours, ours, its, hers Nominative(Subject) Accusative (Object) Me Us You Him Her It Them Whom Navendu Girl Girls Possessive (possession) My, Mine Our, Ours Your, Yours His Her, Hers Its Their, Theirs Whose Navendus Girls Girls

I We You He She It They Who Navendu Girl Girls

When the noun is plural, and ends with s, the possessive case is formed by adding only an apostrophe.

Boys school, girls hostel


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2. Adjective () Adjective is a word that tells what kind of a person, place, animal or a thing is. In other words adjective tells something about the noun. The adjective usually stands before the noun as it is, related to the noun. Usually adjectives are of three categories: Character or Quality of person / things good, bad, claver, hot etc Color All colors. Taste sweet, sour, bitter etc. Example: Ram is honest boy (Quality of person). Tree is green (Color of tree). Fruits are sweet (Taste of fruit).

Adjectives are divided into following classes-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Adjective of Quality Adjective of Quantity Adjective of Numbers Demonstrative adjective Interrogative adjective Emphasizing adjective Exclamatory adjective

1. Adjective of Quality ( ): The words which show the quality or state of noun are called the adjective of quality. This adjective answer the question: Of what kind? , Example: Calcutta is a big city. Prakash is an honest boy. Mohan is a mischievous boy. Indian tea is exported all over the world. Suresh is a brave boy.


202. Adjective of Quantity ( ): The word which shows the quantity or degree of a noun is called adjective of quantity. This adjective answer the question: How much? , Example: There are some men in the street. There was a little water in the pot. The whole sum was expended. Take great care of your health. 3. Adjective of Numbers ( ): The words which show the number of things or person are called adjective of number (Numeral Adjective). This adjective answer the question: How many? , Example: i. Definite Numeral Adjective, Denotes an exact number. I read in class XII. Lata has two sisters. ii. Indefinite Numeral Adjective, Dont denote an exact number. Some boys are claver. All men must die. iii. Distributive Numeral Adjective, Refer to each one of a noun. Each boy must take his turn Every word of this statement is false. 4. Demonstrative adjective ( ): The word which point out the person, thing or place are called demonstrative pronoun. This adjective answer the question: Which? (, ) ,


21Example: These apples are rotten. Those boys are playing. Dont be in such a hurry. That man is industrialist. 5. Interrogative adjective ( ): When words like what, which and whose, are used with noun to ask questions are called interrogative adjective. , Example: When does he come home? What kind of man is he?

6. Emphasizing adjective ( ): The adjective which reflect emphasis on subject called emphasizing adjective. , Example: I saw it with my own eyes. That is the very thing we want.

7. Exclamatory adjective ( ): The word what is sometimes used as an exclamatory adjective. , Example: What an idea! What a piece of work is man! What genius!


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3. Pronoun ()Any word that used in the absence of the noun or is used instead of the noun is known as Pronoun. Example: Ramesh is absent. We can use "He" instead of Ramesh. If we don't want to refer any person, place or anything by name, then we use the words like "He", "it", "she", "they", etc. instead of naming anyone of them. The words that are used in the absence of the Nouns are termed as Pronouns. Pronouns are classified as follows 1. Personal pronoun 2. Reflective and Emphatic pronoun 3. Demonstrative pronoun 4. Indefinite pronoun 5. Distributive pronoun 6. Relative pronoun 7. Interrogative pronoun 8. Reciprocal pronoun 9. Exclamatory pronoun 10. Impersonal pronoun 1. Personal pronoun ( ): Pronoun which denotes the speaker, listener and the third person. , , Example: I, We, you, He, She, It, They etc. are personal pronoun because these are stands for three person. Person who speaks ( ) - First person Person spoken to ( ) Second person Third person Person spoken of ( ) Person Nominative(Subject) Accusative (Object) Me Us You Him Her It Them Whom

Possessive (possession) My, Mine Our, Ours Your, Yours His Her, Hers Its Their, Theirs Whose Magic with English by V.K. Patel

1st person 2nd person 3rd person

I We You He She It They Who

232. Reflexive and Emphatic pronoun ( ): A reflexive pronoun reflects again that the action done by the subject. Reflexive pronoun is used as the object of a verb. self Subject I We You He She They It One Reflexive pronoun Myself ourselves Yourself Himself herself Themselves Itself oneself

Example: Rajesh stitches the clothes himself. Reflexive pronouns are also used together with the preposition by to give meaning of alone or without help. by preposition ' ' Rajesh stitches the clothes by himself. Reflexive pronoun refers to the subject if it is used after noun or pronoun for the shake of emphasis, and is therefore known as Emphatic pronouns Rajesh himself stitches the clothes. 3. Demonstrative pronoun ( ): This pronoun is used to point out the object or noun to which they refer, and are, therefore, known as Demonstrative pronoun. , Example: This book is mine. ?Magic with English by V.K. Patel

24What was that noise? This is better then this. This is the fort of Chittorgarh. Those shoes are yours. 4. Indefinite pronoun ( ): A pronoun that refer to persons or things in a general way, but dont refer in particular are called Indefinite pronoun.(anybody, anyone, everybody, each, some, few, many, all, others and everyone are Indefinite pronoun) Example: Do well to others. Some milk was split.

Some are born great. Nobody was there to rescue the child. Few escaped unhurt. 5. Distributive pronoun ( ): These pronouns refer to persons or things one at a time, known Distributive pronoun. For this reason these are always singular.(Each, Either, Neither, Any, No one and None are Distributive pronoun) Example: Either of two students can go home. 6. Relative pronoun ( ): A pronoun which shows relation of a noun is known as relative pronoun. ,


25Forms of relative pronoun Noun Person Relative pronoun Who (Nominative) Whom (Accusative) Whose (Possessive/Genitive) Which, That When, On which (complex sentence) Where

Animal & things Time Place

Example: , You always scold the boy who is my cousin. , I teach the boy whom you know very well. , That is the girl whose father is a colonel. , I have found the pen which I had lost. , Here is the book that you lent me. The day when he came was Sunday. The day on which he came here was stormy. , This is the place where people come for picnic. , Ram was the only man who helped me. 7. Interrogative pronoun ( ): A pronoun which is used for asking a question, is, termed as interrogative pronoun. , Example: ? What is your name? (Nominative) ? What is the matter? (Nominative) ? Whom do you see? (Accusative) ? Who gave you this pen? (Nominative) ? Whose book is this? (Genitive/possessive)Magic with English by V.K. Patel

26 ? To whom it may concern?

(Nominative)

8. Reciprocal pronoun ( ): A pronoun which relates two or more person or thigh called reciprocal pronoun. Example: The students helped each other. Two boys gave gifts to one another.

9. Exclamatory pronoun ( ): a pronoun used as an exclamation is known exclamatory pronoun. Example: ! What! You dont know me? ! What! You are still here. 10. Impersonal pronoun ( ):

It , , Example: If you drive this bicycle, it will break. , He loves his dog and cannot live without it. When I saw the child it was crying. , , , it Example: It was very cold yesterday. It is 5 oclock now. It is Sunday today. 11 Magic with English by V.K. Patel

27It is eleventh of May today. it Example: It was I who first protested. (impersonal verbs) it Example: It is raining. It is darkening. it to be Example: It is easy to find fault. It is certain that you are wrong.

4. Verb () The verb is a word that tells about the action being done by the person, and animal. Example: He writes. She works. The words like writes, works are action words, as they tell the action being done by the noun, hence these are called verbs. A verb tells us (What a person or thing is); This pen is useless. He feels sorry.

(What is done to a person or thing); The stick is broken. Food is eaten.

(What a person or thing does); He writes. Navendu plays.


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Type of Verbs ( ) 1. Transitive verb ( ) 2. Intransitive verb ( )

1. Transitive verb ( ) , , i. Beat, contain, enjoy, hit, need kick

Example: Jhankar is eating food. a () , ii. , give, ask, offer, promise, and tell ,

Example: I gave Navendu a rupee. direct object) ,

, (

, (indirect object)

2. Intransitive verb ( ) , , (action), (state), (being)


29i. Come, go, fall, die, sleep, lie

Example: Jhankar ran a long distance. Jhankar is sleeping. Ram has lost his sight in an accident. (Action) (State) (Being)

The different forms of the verbs are: (a) 1st form (Also called present tense) (b) 2nd form (Past tense) (c) 3rd form (Deep past tense) (d) Present participle Forms of the verbs: 1st form ( present tense) Abuse Act Advise Agree Appear Arise Arrange Attack Bear Beat Become Beg Begin Believe Bleed Blow Borrow Bring Bring Build Buy Call 2nd form ( Past tense) Abused Acted Advised Agreed Appeared Arose Arranged Attacked Bore Beat Became Begged Began Believed Bled Blew Borrowed Brought Brought Built Bought Called 3rd form (Deep past tense) Abused Acted Advised Agreed Appeared Arisen Arranged Attacked Born Beaten Became Begged Begun Believed Bled Blown Borrowed Brought Brought Built Bought Called Present participle Abusing Acting Advising Agreeing Appearing Arising Arranging Attacking Bearing Beating Becoming Begging Beginning Believing Bleeding Blowing Borrowing Bringing Bringing Building Buying CallingMagic with English by V.K. Patel

30Carry Catch Change Choose Climb Collect Come Cook Cut Dare Decorate Defeat Die Dig Do Draw Dream Drink Drive Earn Eat Enjoy Enter Entertain Explain Face Fall Fill Find Finish Float Fly Get Give Go Grant Grow Happen Has/Have Hate Carried Caught Changed Chose Climbed Collected Came Cooked Cut Dared Decorated Defeated Died Dug Did Drew Dreamt Drank Drove Earned Ate Enjoyed Entered Entertained Explained Faced Fell Filled Found Finished Floated Flew Got Gave Went Granted Grew Happened Had Hated Carried Caught Changed Chosen Climbed Collected Come Cooked Cut Dared Decorated Defeated Died Dug Done Drawn Dreamt Drunk Driven Earned Eaten Enjoyed Entered Entertained Explained Faced Fallen Filled Found Finished Floated Flown Got Given Gone Granted Grown Happened Had Hated Carrying Catching Changing Choosing Climbing Collecting Coming Cooking Cutting Daring Decorating Defeating Dying Digging Doing Drawing Dreaming Drinking Driving Earning Eating Enjoying Entering Entertaining Explaining Facing Falling Filling Finding Finishing Floating Flying Getting Giving Going Granting Growing Happening Having Hating


31Hear Hide Hit Hunt Hurt Injure Invite Issue Join Jump Keep Kick Kill Know Land Lay Learn Leave Look Lose Make Meet Melt Miss Move Need Notice Obey Open Oppose Pay Plant Play Please Pray Promise Push Quarrel Rain Reach Heard Hid Hit Hunted Hurt Injured Invited Issued Joined Jumped Kept Kicked Killed Knew Lent Laid Learnt Left Looked Lost Made Met Melted Missed Moved Needed Noticed Obeyed Opened Opposed Paid Planted Played Pleased Prayed Promised Pushed Quarreled Rained Reached Heard Hidden Hit Hunted Hurt Injured Invited Issued Joined Jumped Kept Kicked Killed Known Lent Laid Learnt Left Looked Lost Made Met Melted Missed Moved Needed Noticed Obeyed Opened Opposed Paid Planted Played Pleased Prayed Promised Pushed Quarreled Rained Reached Hearing hiding Hitting Hunting Hurting Injuring Inviting Issuing Joining Jumping Keeping Kicking Killing Knowing Lending Laying Learning Leaving Looking Losing Making Meeting Melting Missing Moving Needing Noticing Obeying Opening Opposing Paying Planting Playing Pleasing Praying Promising Pushing Quarrelling Raining ReachingMagic with English by V.K. Patel

32Read Receive Refuse Request Resign Run Save Say See Shake Shoot Show Sit Sleep Spend Sweep Swim Swing Take Talk Teach Tear Tell Think Walk Write Read Received Refused Requested Resigned Ran Saved Said Saw Shook Shot Showed Sat Slept Spent Swept Swam Swung Took Talked Taught Tore Told Thought Walked Wrote Read Received Refused Requested Resigned Run Saved Said Seen Shaken Shot Shown Sat Slept Spent Swept Swum Swung Taken Talked Taught Torn Told Thought Walked Written Reading Receiving Refusing Requesting Resigning Running Saving Saying Seeing Shaking Shooting Showing Sitting Sleeping Spending Sweeping Swimming Swinging Taking Talking Teaching Tearing Telling Thinking` Walking Writing

Agreement of Verb with the Subject

Person 1st Person

Present tense am have

Past tense was had V-2nd did not

Future tense

shall

I

V-1st do not


33are We have V-1st do not are have You V-1st do not is has V-1st (s / es) does not is has V-1st (s / es) does not is It has V-1st (s / es) does not are have V-1st do not were had V-2nd did not were had V-2nd did not was had V-2nd did not was had V-2nd did not was had V-2nd did not were had V-2nd did not will will will will will shall

2 Person

nd

3 Person He and Singular noun

rd

She

They And Plural noun


341. Navendu is an innocent boy. They are innocent boys.

2. ( noun) (pronoun) and Navendu and Jhankar are innocent boys. Ram and Rahim are good friends. and

The controller and principle was there in the meeting. (both are same person) My brother and my guide are going with me. (both are different person)

3. noun and Milk and porridge is my favourite breakfast. Pen and paper is my daily life. Slow and steady wins the race.

4. or, nor, eitheror neither ..nor Either Ram or Rahim has completed it. Navendu or his friends are taking part in cultural event.

5. each, every, no one, none of, either of Each boy is doing his work. None of the boys has solved this question. Each boy and each girl was given a banana. each every and

6. Each of the brothers is honest. Neither of the students was sincere. The quantity of fruits is not much. Magic with English by V.K. Patel

357. many , Many boys were failed in math Many a boy was enjoying the picnic. many

8. (collective noun) , A herd of cattle is passing The committee was agreed on the matter. The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.

9. , , News, Physics, wages, means, alms, assets, innings politics The news is true. Physics is difficult to read.

10. , , cattle, people, vermin, dozen, police Many people were killed in riot. The police have arrested the terrorist.

11. as well as, along with, with, together with, in addition to A lady along with her children is sitting there on the seat. You as well as Ramesh are going there.

12. none None is / are waiting for you

13. most most most Most of the area has been covered by Indian army. Most of the students have completed their homework.


3614. It It is very funny. It is Ram who is my friend. there

15. there There is no good law college in my town. There are a large number of spectators in the stadium.

there

16. Nothing but , Nothing but players was seen there. Nothing but flowers is grown there.

17. Two kilometers is not a big distance. Hundred rupees is only I want for this.

18. A pair of, a couple of, a group of, a bunch of, a fleet of, a flock of , This pair of shoes is durable for me. A bunch of flowers was given to me.

19. Noun phrase noun clause What you told is not good for you. To take a morning walk is good habit.

20. a number of, a lot of, a great deal of, plenty of, both of ,several Lots of people were killed in riot.


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5. Adverbs ( ) Adverbs are connected with the verb. It adds to the meaning of the verb and tells us how a thing is done, when it is done or where it is done. Example: Manoj is a very claver boy. The sun shines, brightly. She walks slowly. You speak sweetly. Too, So, Very, Quite, Rather, Fairly ly (Honestly, Cleverly, Bravely, Slowly) Adverbs are classified as follows 1. Adverb of time (which show when) 2. Adverb of frequency (which show how often) 3. Adverb of place (which show where) 4. Adverb of manner (which show how or in what manner) 5. Adverb of degree / quantity (which show how much) 6. Adverb of sentence 1. Adverb of time (which shows when): An adverb shows the time of an action called adverb of time. '' - Yet, now, soon, yesterday, today, tomorrow, then, far, so, daily, before, late, since and everyday. Example: My father came home yesterday. He comes here daily. Magic with English by V.K. Patel

38 We shall now begin to work. I hurt my knee yesterday. He called here a few minutes ago. I dont get up too early in the morning.

2. Adverb of frequency (which shows how often): An adverb shows the frequency of an action called adverb of frequency. ' ' always Sometimes Usually Often Rarely Frequently Just Already Seldom Ever Never Occasionally - : - - - (helping verb) (main verb)

+ adverb + Example: Navendu always works hard. Ram can never learn anything. I have not seen him once. : He often makes mistakes.Magic with English by V.K. Patel

393. Adverb of place (which shows where): An adverb shows the place of an action called adverb of place. '' Away, Everywhere, Anywhere, Near, In, Out etc. Example: I saw an old man sitting there. He looked up. My brother is out. Stand here. Do you ever go there? object , Here, There, Up, Down, object

4. Adverb of manner (which shows how or in what manner): An adverb shows the manner of an action called adverb of manner. object , object ' ' - Quickly, fast, bravely, slowly, happily, badly, clearly, well, lazily and hard Example: He walks slowly. Navendu can write English well. Hari works hard. He ran fast. He answered the question quickly. - He gave me his pen happily.


405. Adverb of degree / quantity (which show how much): An adverb shows the state of an action called adverb of degree. adjective adverb adjective adverb '' - Very, So, Too, Quite, Fully, Rather, almost, pretty, Partly etc. Example: He was too careless. Navendu sings pretty well. He was very tired. Rajni is quite well.

6. Adverb of sentence: At the beginning of sentences, Adverb modifies the whole sentence rather than particular word. - certainly, luckily, possibly, probably, unfortunately etc. Example: Certainly Ram works with responsibility. : Probably he has sold his house. Unfortunately no one was present there.

7. Interrogative Adverb: When Adverb asks a question, it is termed as Interrogative Adverb.

Example: ? When will he come? ? Where are you going? ? How did you done it?

(Time) (Place) (Manner)Magic with English by V.K. Patel

41 ? How many injured in the riot? ? How are you?

(Number) (Degree)

Position of Adverb: 1. Adverb of manner : (object) , Example: It is raining heavily. He drives vehicle carefully.

2. Adverb of place and time : (object) , Example: He met me yesterday. I looked him everywhere.

3. : Sub +verb +obj +adv of manner +adv of place +adv of time Adverb of place (here, there, away, home, back, forward, backward) Adverb of manner

Example: Children were dancing earnestly on the stage last night. We should go there tomorrow evening. - He went home happily. I will come back quickly. Move forward carefully.Magic with English by V.K. Patel

424. Adverb of frequency : , (subject) (verb) (is, are, am, has, was)

Example: I never smoke cigarette. - Chitrangda has just gone to school. 5. Adverb : have to used to Example: I often have to go to market on foot. He always used to sleep late. 6. Adverb Adjective Adverb , Example: This book is very interesting. Rajesh is rich enough to buy a car. I have slept only two hours. enough only ,

7. Adverb preposition noun Example: He lives far from here. I have heard this before now.


43Formation of Adverb: 1. Adjective ly Adverb of manner Adjective Clever Wise Beautiful Kind Quick Earnest Foolish Careful Happy Ready Heavy Single Double Pretty Adverb Cleverly Wisely Beautifully Kindly quickly Earnestly foolishly Carefully Happily Readily Heavily Singly Doubly Prettily

2. a preposition Afoot, abed, asleep, aboard, away Besides, to-day, overboard, to-morrow 3. Adjective preposition Along, behind, beyond, below, ahead of, far from 4. Adverb preposition Within, without, before, thereby, hereafter, thereon 5. and - Again and again, far and away, now and then, on and off, over and over, to and fro, in and out, first and foremost. Example: - You are making same mistake again and again. - He meets me now and then.


446. Prepositions ( -)Preposition Noun Pronoun Noun Pronoun . The word or group of words that are used with a noun or pronoun to express its relation with some other work in the sentence is known as a Preposition.

Prepositions Time ()English on Usage days of the week months / seasons time of day in year after a certain period of time (when?) for night at for weekend a certain point of time (when?) from a certain point of time (past till now) over a certain period of time (past till now) a certain time in the past earlier than a certain point of time telling the time telling the time marking the beginning and end of a period of time in the sense of how long something is going to last in the sense of at the latest by up to a certain time on Monday in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour at night at the weekend at half past nine since 1980 for 2 years 2 years ago before 2004 ten to six (5:50) ten past six (6:10) from Monday to/till Friday He is on holiday until Friday. I will be back by 6 oclock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages. Example

since for ago before to past to / till / until till / until

Prepositions Place (Position and Direction) ()English Usage room, building, country street, town, Example in the kitchen, in London in the book Magic with English by V.K. Patel

in

45English Usage book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world meaning next to, by an object at the door, at the station for table at the table at for events at a concert, at the party place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) attached for a place with a river being on a surface on for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio by, next to, beside under below left or right of somebody or something on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else lower than something else but above ground covered by something else meaning more than over getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle higher than something else, but not directly over it getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side something with limits on top, at the cinema, at school, at work the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. the bag is under the table the fish are below the surface put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall a path above the lake walk across the bridge swim across the lake drive through the tunnel Magic with English by V.K. Patel Example in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world

above

across through

46English Usage bottom and the sides movement to person or building to movement to a place or country for bed enter a room / a building movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) movement to the top of something in the sense of where from Example

go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed go into the kitchen / the house go 5 steps towards the house jump onto the table a flower from the garden

into towards onto from

Other important PrepositionsEnglish from of by on in off out of by at about entering a public transport vehicle entering a car / Taxi leaving a public transport vehicle leaving a car / Taxi rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horseriding) for age for topics, meaning what about get on the bus get in the car get off the train get out of the taxi prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus she learned Russian at 45 we were talking about you what does it show who made it walking or riding on horseback the picture of a palace a book by Mark Twain on foot, on horseback Usage who gave it who/what does it belong to Example a present from Jane a page of the book


47

7. Conjunction (- )Conjunctions are the words we use to join two or more sentences together or two words within the same sentence. The most common conjunctions in English are: and, for, so, but, or, nor, for. - - (conjunctions) Conjunctions are

Joining words. Used to join together separate parts of a sentence.

Types of Conjunctions: Conjunctions link together two similar sentences, or link two clauses in a complex sentence. Conjunctions are categorized asA. Simple conjunction: Single word is used to joining words or sentences. - Example: and, but, because, although. B. Correlative Conjunctions (surrounding an adverb or adjective): These conjunctions are used in pairs are called Corrective conjunctions. - Corrective conjunctions Example: either....or, neither....nor, both....and, though....yet C. Compound conjunctions (often ending with as, if or that): Conjunctions which are used in compound expressions are called Compound conjunctions. - Compound conjunctions Example: provided that, as long as, in order that, as if, as well as Classes of Conjunction: Conjunctions have two basic functions 1. Coordinating Conjunction: Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two sentence of equal importance. The two parts may be single words or clauses. Coordinating conjunctions Example: and, but, for, also, either....or, neither....nor Coordinating conjunctions are of four kinds


481. Cumulative or copulative ( ): Such conjunction joins two statements. - - and, also, as well as Example - I like tea and coffee. 2. Adversative ( ): It joins words or statements that are opposite or contrast. - but, yet, still, however, while, only Example Though he is poor yet he is honest. 3. Alternative or disjunctive ( ): It expresses a choice between two alternatives. - or, either, else, nor, neither, whether.

Example Either she is laughing or weeping. 4. Illative or casual ( ): It expresses reason cause or conclusions. therefore, hence, then Example I cannot give you any money, for I have none. for,

2. Subordinating Conjunction: Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate or dependent clause to a main clause. Subordinating conjunctions

Example: after, because, if, that, though, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while, than


49Subordinating conjunctions are of following kinds 1. Conjunctions of time: when they introduce temporal clauses. - - when, before, after, since, as, until, whenever, while, ere, etc. Example: It was 1995 when he purchased this house. 2. Conjunctions of place: when they introduce spatial clauses. - - where, wherever, whither, whereto, whithersoever, whence, etc. Example: Do you know the house where I live.

3. Conjunctions of manner: when they introduce manner-specific clauses. How, As, However, Howsoever. Example: Everyone knows how a poor lives. 4. Conjunctions of cause and reason: when they introduce causative clauses. - Because, since, as, now, whereas, that, seeing, etc. Example: He does not go to office because he is unwell. 5. Conjunctions of purpose: when they introduce final-purpose clauses. - that, so, so that, in order that, lest, soas etc. Example: We eat that we may live. 6. Conjunction of concession: when they introduce concessive clauses. - - though, although, even if, provided, provided that, in case, on condition that, etc. Example: Though I scold him, yet he respects me. 7. Conditional conjunctions: when they introduce conditional clauses.Magic with English by V.K. Patel

50 - if, unless, so, except etc. Example: Grievances cannot be redressed unless they are known. 8. Conjunctions of comparison: used in comparative sentences. - than and as Example: Bhima was stronger than Duryodhan.

Some conjunctions and their uses

1. And Example: Two and two make four. He lost his balance and fell off the bicycle. Sita and geeta are my friends. The teacher came into the class and began to teach the students.

2. But Still, however, never the less , ,

, , Example: Deepak is weak, but he faces him.


51Deepak is weak, still he faces him. However weak Deepak is, he faces him. ( however ) Never the less Deepak is weak, he faces him. I ran fast, but I missed the train. , I am invited, but I shall not go there. , Sita is lazy, but completed her homework. , You may go, but I will stay here.

3. Though,Although Example: , Though Deepak is weak, he faces him. Although Deepak is weak, he faces him. Although Deepak is weak yet he faces him. , Although he never went to school, he can speak English. He can speak English, although he never went to school. , Although you are not ready, we must go there. Though he was experienced, he did not get that job. 4. That - that


52 Example: I am so tired that I cant even stand. I take regular exercise that I may stay healthy. Example: I bought this computer that I might learn computer.

Example: It is true that he had come here. Some people live that they may eat. There is no doubt that the earth is round. 5. Since - Since Example: I have never seen him since that unfortunate event happened.


53 , Example: Since he is unwell, he does not go to office. Since he asked, I told him. Since I am not feeling well, I wont go out tonight. 6. Or - Or Example: You may take this book or that one. You may study medicine or engineering. Example: Ripe mangoes are usually red or yellow. Example: We should leave now or we will be late. We should leave now otherwise we will be late. Write down the address or you will forget it.


547. If - If Example: If Ramesh is there, I shall see him. If it is possible, we will go there. (whenever) Example: If I feel any doubt, I inquire. Example: Ask him if he is ready.

8. So, Therefore Example: He is unwell so he does not go to office. He is unwell therefore he does not go to office. He asked so I told him. He asked therefore I told him. He was weak so he could not run. He was weak therefore he could not run.Magic with English by V.K. Patel

559. Because, For, As, Since Example: , He does not go to office because he is unwell. He does not go to office for he is unwell. He does not go to office as he is unwell. As he is unwell, he does not go to office. Since he is unwell, he does not go to office. I told him because he asked. I told him for he asked. I told him as he asked. As he asked, I told him. Since he asked, I told him. , He could not run because he was weak. He could not run for he was weak. He could not run as he was weak. As he was weak, he could not run. Since he was weak, he could not run. , As Navendu came late, I couldnt meet him. Since Navendu came late, I couldnt meet him. I couldnt meet him, as Navendu came late. I couldnt meet him, for Navendu came late. I couldnt meet him, because Navendu came late.

10. Because of, On account of, Due to,Owing to Example: Because of weakness he does not go to office. On account of weakness he does not go to office. Due to weakness he does not go to office. Owing to weakness he does not go to office. He does not go to office Because of weakness.


56 Because of asking I told him. On account of asking I told him. Due to asking I told him. Owing to asking I told him. Because of weakness He could not run. On account of weakness He could not run. Due to weakness He could not run. Owing to weakness He could not run.

11. As soon as., No sooner did..., than .., No sooner had.., than..., Hardly had., When., Scarcely had., When. ....., - , past tense Example: , As soon as the night comes (v1st, s/es), the birds become (v1st) silent. , As soon as the night comes, the birds will become silent. ,

As soon as., ..... present future tense

As soon as the night came (v2nd), the birds became (v2nd) silent. No sooner did the night come (v1st), than the birds became (v2nd) silent. No sooner had the night come (v3rd), than the birds became silent. Hardly had the night come (v3rd), when the birds became silent. Scarcely had the night come (v3rd), when the birds became silent. As soon as teacher comes, boys stand up. No sooner does teacher come, than boys stand up. As soon as teacher came, boys stood up. No sooner did teacher come, than boys stood up.


5712. Not only, but also.. ( ....), Not only but , butas well ( ...), As well as ( -), Both ., and (.....), Besides ( ) Example: He bought not only a pencil but also a pen. He bought not only a pencil but a pen as well - He bought a pencil as well as a pen. He bought both pencil and a pen. Besides a pencil he also bought a pen He can speak not only Hindi but also English. He can speak both Hindi and English. Not only students but also teachers had come. Both students and teachers had come.

13. Too.to (Too + adjective + to + verb), Too for + noun + to, So..that + pronoun +can not / could not , Notenough to ......... Example: He is too fat to run. He is so fat that he can not run. He is not thin enough to run. The fruits were too sour for me to eat. The fruits were so sour that I could not eat them. The fruits were not sweat enough for me to eat them. He is too poor to purchase a house. He is so poor that he can not purchase a house. He is not rich enough to purchase a house.Magic with English by V.K. Patel

58 The question was too difficult for them to solve it. The question was so difficult that they could not solve. The question was not easy enough for them to solve it.

14. Eitheror ( .........), Neithernor ( ......... ) Example: Ram is either going to Agra or to Jaipur. The teacher taught us neither tense nor grammar. Either you or I am wrong. Neither Puspa nor I am to blame. Eitheror neithernor

,

15. As if , As though (, ) Example: He behaves as if he were an officer. (Past)

(Present)

He behaves as though he were an officer. He behaved as if he had been an officer. (Past) (Past perfect)

He behaved as though he had been an officer.Magic with English by V.K. Patel

59 The child weeps as if mother beat him. (Past)

(Present)

The child wept as if mother had beaten him. The child wept as if mother had beaten him. (Past) (Had+v-3rd)

The child wept as though mother had beaten him.

She orders me as if I were her servant.

16. So that , in order to, so as to ,in order to ,

Example:

( ) He works hard so that he can earn money. He works hard in order that he can earn money. He works hard so as to he can earn money. He works hard in order to he can earn money. He works hard to earn money. He has bought a watch so that he can go to school on time. He bought a watch so that he could go to school on time. He studied hard so that he might pass.


6017. In case, Because it is/was possible that, So thatmay / might not, Lestshould Example: Walk slowly in case you fall down. Walk slowly because it is possible that you fall down. Walk slowly so that you may not fall down. Walk slowly lest you should fall down. He wrote down the address lest he should forget it. He wrote down the address in case he forgets it. He wrote down the address so that he might not forget lt. He wrote down the address because it was possible that he forget it.

18. Would rather.than ( ) Example: I would rather take rest than play the game. I prefer to take rest than play the game.

19. As well as -, , Example: - You are deaf as well as blind. - Hari is intelligent as well as hard working. Ram and his brother are honest. Ram as well as his brother is honest.Magic with English by V.K. Patel

6120. While - while Example: I sprained my wrist while I was exercising. I was writing while my friend was sleeping. Example: , You need not worry as long as you are doing your work properly. You need not worry while you are doing your work properly. While I was in school, I used to go swimming regularly. Example: , I earn 2000 rupees per month while you earn 10000 rupees. I earn 2000 rupees per month whereas you earn 10000 rupees. 15 , 9 When shri Ramakrishna got married, he was 15 whereas Maa Sharda was only 9. When shri Ramakrishna got married, he was 15 while Maa Sharda was only 9.

21. Unless , ,


62Example: Unless you study, you will fail. Except you study, you will fail. , Unless a man is born again, he cannot see the kingdom of god. Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of god. No dream comes true unless we wake up and go to work. No dream comes true except we wake up and go to work.

22. Why , (?) Example: There is no reason why we should go there. She did not know why Ram brought dress for her. I do not know why Puspa went from there.


637. PREPOSITIONS ()Preposition Noun Pronoun Noun Pronoun . The word or group of words that are used with a noun or pronoun to express its relation with some other work in the sentence is known as a Preposition.English Prepositions Prepositions inside the house outside the car with me without him under the table after tomorrow before sunset but I'm busy Hindi Prepositions - - - - - - - - - |

As you can see on the example above, the structure of the Prepositions in Hindi takes a logical pattern. Locate the Prepositions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hindi.


64List of Prepositions in Hindi English Prepositions beyond but by despite down during except for from in inside into near next of on opposite out outside Hindi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - or - - - -

Below is a list of the Time place and demonstrative pronouns in Hindi placed in table? Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hindi vocabulary.English Prepositions about above across after against among around as at before behind below beneath beside between Hindi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


65English Prepositions over per plus round since than through till to toward under unlike until up via with within without Hindi - - - - or - - - - - - - or - - - - - - - outside of prior to English Prepositions two words according to because of close to due to except for far from inside of instead of near to Hindi - - - - - - - - - - - or or - - - - - - -

next to

three words as far as as well as in addition to in front of


66English Prepositions in spite of on behalf of on top of Hindi - - - English Prepositions this that these those Hindi - - or - -

demonstratives

Basic Uses of PrepositionsA preposition shows a relationship between its object and other words in a sentence. The preposition may be in the form of one word (at, by, in, on, etc.) or in the form of a phrase that functions as a unit (in front of, by way of, etc.) Some of the relationships that prepositions express are place or position, time, manner, direction, and agent.The book is on the desk. (place or position)

The boy ran toward the house. (direction) The man arrived at ten o'clock. (time) He travels by train. The book was written by him. (manner) (agent)

A preposition + an object form a phrase. This kind of phrase usually functions as a modifier (adjective or adverb).The report of the meeting was read. We go to class at ten o'clock. (adjective) (adverb)


67

PREPOSITIONS of PLACE or POSITIONThe following sentences show some of the relationship of place or position expressed by various prepositions: on in by The paper is beside near against under the desk. Jack is in inside outside in front of in back of behind underneath on top of the car.

behind in back of in front of He is sitting beside near by They walked her. across the park. around the park. under the bridge. down the street. up the street. over the hill. through the park. on the sidewalk.


68Below is a list of some prepositions that indicate relationships of place or position: 1. at Elizabeth is at the store. Is Mary at home? 2. to Elizabeth went to the store. 7. in front of There is a car parked in front of the house. I saw Mr. Jones walking up the street. There is a service station about two miles down the road. They live across the street from us. Let's take a walk around the block. I took a walk through the park yesterday. Martha is sitting between George and jim. The letter is somewhere among these papers. These plants should be kept inside the house The chairs were left outside the house all night. Put a question mark after each question. In giving dates, we usually place the month before the day. This city is three thousand feet above sea level. This land is below sea level. in back of John is standing in back of Harry.

from

Mr. MacDonald Scotland.

is

from

up

3.

in on

Mr. Brown is sitting in the leather chair in the lobby. Put a stamp on the envelope. Please sit on the sofa. 8.

down

across

4.

by

The matches are over there by the cigarettes. The napkin is placed beside the plate. 9.

around

through beside

between

near against 5. over

They are sitting near the window. Don't lean against the stove. Our apartment is directly over yours. A plane flew over our house at noon. 10.

among

inside

outside

under beneath

The box is under the table. The closet is beneath the stairs.

11.

after

before

underneath Put a pad underneath the rug. on top of 6. behind The carpenter is on top of the house. The chair is behind the desk. Magic with English by V.K. Patel 12. above below

69Your grade is below averagae. 13. at the top Your name is at the top of the of waiting list. at the His mane is at the bottom of bottom of the list. at the head He is now at the head of his of class.

PREPOSITIONS of DIRECTIONThe prepositions listed in this section are those usually thought of as indicating direction. However, there is some overlapping of place and direction in such prepositions as from, to, through, up, down, over, under, etc.The following sentence shows some of the relationships of direction expressed by various prepositions: into The dog ran out of toward Below is a list of some prepositions that indicate relationships of direction: 1. into 2. out of 3. toward 4. by way of I walked into the room and sat down by the fireplace. They ran out of the burning building. He walked toward the City Hall. You can go by way of the Panama Canal. the building.

Compare in--into in the following situations: In ordinarily refers to place or position.

He is in his office now.

Into ordinarily refers to motion or action, although in is often used interchangeably with into in situations of this kind.

PREPOSITIONS

I saw him go into (in) the director's office a few minutes ago. They went into (in) the building an hour ago.


70PREPOSITIONS of TIMEThe following sentence shows some of the relationships of time expressed by various prepositions:at by Please arrive before after 10 o'clock.

Below is a list of some prepositions that indicate relationships of time:Note: At 2:30 p.m. = at exactly or precisely 2:30 p.m. By 2 o'clock = not later than 2 o'clock. The definite article is used as the expression in the morning, (afternoon, evening, but not in at noon, (night, midnight).(Also see Section 75b.) The baseball game will start at 2:30 p.m. This gate opens at noon and closes at midnignt. Try to be there by 2 o'clock. The train will arrive in an hour. I must leave in a few minutes. He goes to work early in the morning. 5. 4. since 3. Ray's birthday is on November 18. They stayed three weeks. for

1.

at

on

for

during by

We saw them often during the summer. We have been here since 1955. Call me again after 10 o'clock. He always gets home before 6 o'clock Why don't you stay

2.

in

after

before

until


71until (till) Sunday? I'll be here till (until) 5 o'clock. You will receive at the your check at the end of end of the month. Let's have lunch in the sometime in the middle of middle of the week.

(till)

6.

at the I'll call you at the beginning beginning of the of week.

8.

Interjection ()

... See the examples below... Hurrah! We have won. Alas! I miss him. Hurrah! Alas! interjections . . The words like Hurrah! Alas! etc are called interjections. These words are used to express very strong, sudden sentiments. Grammatically these words have no connection with the sentences they are used with. Interjection ... Below are some sentiments that are expressed with interjections... Joy / Grief / Surprise / Approval / Hurrah! Alas! Oh! Ah! What! Bravo!

. Grammar . Interjections

interjection , ... Sometimes some group of words are also used together to express strong sentinments, like... Ah me! For shame! Well done! Good gracious!


72The table below shows some interjections with examples. interjection meaning expressing pleasure ah expressing realization expressing resignation expressing surprise alas dear expressing grief or pity expressing pity expressing surprise asking for repetition eh expressing enquiry expressing surprise inviting agreement er hello, hullo expressing hesitation expressing greeting expressing surprise calling attention expressing surprise, joy etc expressing greeting example "Ah, that feels good." "Ah, now I understand." "Ah well, it can't be heped." "Ah! I've won!" "Alas, she's dead now." "Oh dear! Does it hurt?" "Dear me! That's a surprise!" "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today." "What do you think of that, eh?" "Eh! Really?" "Let's go, eh?" "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru." "Hello John. How are you today?" "Hello! My car's gone!" "Hey! look at that!" "Hey! What a good idea!" "Hi! What's new?"

hey hi hmm

expressing hesitation, doubt or "Hmm. I'm not so sure." disagreement expressing surprise "Oh! You're here!" "Oh! I've got a toothache." "Oh, please say 'yes'!" "Ouch! That hurts!" "Uh...I don't know the answer to that." "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh." "85 divided by 5 is...um...17." "Well I never!"Magic with English by V.K. Patel

oh, o

expressing pain expressing pleading

ouch uh uh-huh um, umm well

expressing pain expressing hesitation expressing agreement expressing hesitation expressing surprise

73

Tense ( ) ( ) No sentence can be complete without a verb. The verb gives information about the action being performed or information about the state of a noun or pronoun. To give a complete picture of the action or state, the proper form of a verb should be used so as to give an indication in relation to time. We should be able to make out whether the work has been completed, it is presently underway or it will be done after some time. verb () . verb . verb . verb . I walk I walked .

.

I will walk

. (I) to walk () - - walk, walked will walk. . walk (present - ) , walked (past - ) will walk (future - ) . verb () Tense () . Tense ... 1. 2. 3. Present Tense ( ) Past Tense ( ) Future Tense ( )


74Present Tense ( ) The form of verb that indicates a underway or just currently completed action is known as the present tense. Verb Present Tense . I walk. Past Tense ( ) The form of verb that indicates to an action that had occured in the past is known as the past tense. Verb Past Tense . I walked. Future Tense ( ) Similary, the form of verb that indicates an action that will occur after some time (in the future) is known as the future tense. Verb Future Tense . I will walk. Four sub-classes of each of the three tenses Tenses English 4 -

. - ... 1. 2. 3. 4. Simple or Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Verb . A verb is used in a sentence to describe an action or status. - . To complete this description it is important that it be described in relation to time - past, present or future.

tense . Tense is used to provide this information English tense () 12 . English language has 12 forms to elaborate the tense of the verb.


75 walk 12 . Below are the twelve forms of the verb walk.

Present Tense1. Present Indefinite Tense , , , , Present indefinite tense, verb , . indefinite , . I walk. .

For habitual actions. My father goes to library every evening. I read a story everyday.

: Lata often arrives late. For universal truth. The earth goes around the sun.

() The sun rises in the east. To express facts those are true at the time of speaking. , Suresh walks slowly, but he will soon gain speed.

, Ram does not work hard, but he will pass the examination. To express habits, customs and ability. My grandfather smokes ten cigarettes a day. We celebrate Dipawali in the month of Kartik. (Habit) (Custom) (Ability)

( -) Hari speaks English as well as his mother language. To express fixed program in future time. Our examination starts on Monday.

: The first bus leaves for Delhi at 5 a.m. To express quick action being done at the moment. Sachin hits the ball for a six. Dhyanchand takes the ball and hits it into the goal.


76Subject + am/is/are (only for ve verb) + Verb-I (s/es- only with thired person of subject - he/she/it etc or singular number of Subject) + Object + Others English Verb , am/is/are I learn my lesion. I take tea. am/is/are -ve Verb ( ) Verb Action - . I am a teacher I am a player. Subject Third Person (he/she/it ) Singular Number Verb s/es (Subject Singular Number ) Dog barks. (Subject Plural Number ) Dogs bark. (Subject Third Person ) She speaks the truth. (Subject Second Person ) You speak th truth. (Subject Singular Number ) Mr. Patel teaches us English. They teach us English (Subject Second Person ) Note First and second person I / We / You / They ..etc Third person He / She / It ..etc

Negative Sentences - ve Verb am/ is/ are not + ve Verb do / does (Third Person does - he ,she ,it etc .. First /Second Person do - I / we / you / they etc..


77Subject + am / is / are (For Ve Verb) / do / does (For + Ve Verb) + not + Verb-I +Object + Other I am not a Teacher. I am not a player. Dog does not bark. Dogs do not bark. She does not speak the truth. You do not speak the truth. Mr. Patel does not teach us English. They do not teach us English

Interogative Sentences

Am / is /are or do / does + Subject +Verb I + Object + Others -ve Verb am / is / are Subject +ve Verb do/ does ? Am I a Teacher? ? Am I a player? ? Does Dog bark? ? Do Dogs bark? ? Do you speak the truth? ? Does Mr. Patel teach us English? ? Do they teach us English? ? Does he speak the truth?

? ? ?

W/H am / is / are do / does W/H Subject W/H What - Why - Who - Whose - Whom - With Whom - To Whom - By Whom - How How much - (Uncountable) How many - (Countable) How often - -


78Which - / Where - When - How long - How for - How tall -

W/H + am / is / are or do / does + Subject +verb I +object +Other What is your name? Where are you leaving? Where is he go?

* Tenses W / H

Interogative with Negative W/H Subject not

W/H + am / is / are or do / does + Subject +verb I +object +Other ? Does he not come ? ? Do I not take tea ? ? Where he not go ?

2. Present Continuous Tense , , , ,

I am walking.

.

Verb , . To show an action is going on at the time of speaking, For this, adverb like now, at this moment are used with the sentences. English teacher is teaching me now. I am not talking with him at this moment.

Ram is taking a bath now. To show a temporary action which, is not in the action at the time of speaking, For this adverb like now a days is used. I am working with Mr. Ramesh now a day. (But I am not working at this moment.) For programs fixed in advance, For this adverb like next, later this morning, tonight and tomorrow


79are used with the sentences. I am leaving for Agra next Sunday. My uncle is going to cinema tonight.

Subject + am / is / are + Vreb- ing + Object + Other Tense Verb ing Form . I am learning English. . He is coming . You are confusing me. . Shesh is leaving now. . . He is doing an M.A. in Economics. . I am going to met you.

Negative Sentence

Subject + am / is / are + not + Verb-ing + Object + Others . I am not learning English. . He is not coming. . You are not cofusing me. . Shesh is not leaving now. . . He is not doing an M.A. in Economics. . I am not going to met you.

Interogative Sentence am / is / are

am / is / are + Subject + Verb-ing + Object + Others ? Am I learning English? ? Is he coming? ? Are you confusing me? ? Is shesh leaving now? . . ? Is he doing an M.A. in Economics? ? Am I going to met you?


80 am / is / are W/H

W/H + am / is / are + Subject + Verb-ing + Object + Others ? Where am I learning English? ? Where is he coming? ? Why are you confusing me? ? Where is shesh leaving now? . . ? To When is he doing an M.A. in Economics? ? When am I going to met you?

Interogative with negativeW/H + am / is / are + Subject + not + + Verb-ing + Object +Others ? Where am I not learning English? ? Where is he not coming? ? Why are you not confusing me? ? Where is shesh not leaving now? . . ? To when is he not doing an M.A. in Economics? ? When am I not going to met you?

3. Present Perfect Tense / , / , / , , ,

I have walked.

/

verb , . To show a completed action with an indefinite point of time in the immediate past, My mother has cooked the food. - Ram has just completed his homework.

Sachin has scored another century. To show a completed action in an unfinished period of time, My father has drunk two cup of coffee this morning.

I have never used liquor. To show an action which is continued up to the present time, I have lived here for ten years. (I am still living here.)


81 Ram has worked in this office for two years. To show a action Actions which happened in the past, but have an effect in the present, Ram has washed his bicycle. (Now it is clean.) My mother has prepared tea for you. (Now it is on the table.)

Subject + has / have + Verb III + Object +Others Amit has come I have sent a letter to Vinod. He has got a cold. He has got a fever. He has bathed. Pappu has gone.

Negative Sentence

Subject + has / have+ not + Verb III + Object +Others Amit has not come I have not sent a letter to Vinod. He has not got a cold. He has not got a fever. He has not bathed. Pappu has not gone.

Interogative Sentence

W/H + has / have+ Subject + Verb III + Object +Others ? When has Amit come? ? Have I sent a letter to Vinod? ? How has he got a cold? ? To when has he got a fever? ? Has He bathed? ? Has Pappu gone?


82

Interogative with Negative Sentence

W/H + has / have+ Subject + not + Verb III + Object +Others ? When has Amit not come? ? Have I not sent a letter to Vinod? ? How has he not got a cold? ? To when has not he got a fever? ? Has He not bathed? Has Pappu not gone? /

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense + .. , ,

I have been walking.

verb . Continuous Tense Verb ing Form Perfect Tense Verb 3 Perfect Continuous Tense Verb 3 Form been Continuous Verb ing Form To show an action that has just stopped or recently stopped, You dont understand because you havent been listening. , ? Why is the road wet, has it been raining? To show an action continuing up to now, I have been playing football for two hours. (I am still playing now.) My mother has been cooking food since 1 Oclock. (She is still cooking now)

Subject + has / have + been + Verb-ing + Object + since / for + TimeSince Point of Time 1,2,3, oclock Sun,mon,tue Jan, feb, march 1992, 93, 94, Morning, afternoon, evening last night .. For Period of time 2,3,4 .. hours 2,3,4 days 2,3,4, ..months 2,3,4, years For a long time


83

I have been waiting for him since morning. He has been studying hard recently. Boys have been playing since 7 oclock.

He has been working for 8 hour a day recently. I have been studying in the queue for hours.

Negatiove SentencePerfect continuous Tense ,

Subject + has / have + not + been + Verb-ing + Object + since / for + Time I have not been waiting for him since morning. He has not been studying hard recently. Boys have not been playing since 7 oclock. He has not been working for 8 hour a day recently. I have not been studying in the queue for hours.

Interogative SentenceW/H + has / have Subject + been + Verb-ing + Object + since / for + Time ? Have I been waiting for him since morning? ? Has He been studying hard recently? ? What have Boys been playing since 7 oclock? ? How has he been working for 8 hour a day recently? ? Have I been studying in the queue for hours?


84

Interogative With Negative SentanceW/H + has / have Subject + not + been + Verb-ing + Object + since / for + Time ? Have I not been waiting for him since morning? ? How has he not been working for 8 hour a day recently? ? Have I not been studying in the queue for hours?

? Has He not been studying hard recently? ? What have Boys not been playing since 7 oclock?

Past Tense1. Past Indefinite Tense , , , , ( , , ) I walked. .

. The rocks were stiff. His wrist watch was valuable. The child was innocent. They were claver. Pushpa was my friend. The weather was pleasant. His handwriting was attractive

To indicate an action completed in the past with the adverb phrases of past time. I ate my food at 10 Oclock. Ram went there yesterday. Ramesh left Agra last year.


85 I wrote two letters yesterday. To show an action which was completed in the past without the adverb phrases of past time, in such sentences time may be indicated by the context. I lived in Udaipur for one year. (I am not living now.) India defeated Pak in Kargil war. I owned that house for two year. (I dont own that house now.) To indicate an action in a finished period of time. I drank three cups of tea this morning. , When I was in Agra, I never went to see Tajmahal.

Subject + was / were (only for Negative Verb) + Verb-II + Object + Others . I was a teacher. . Saumya was a player. . He came. . I got up at 6 am. . Shesh put salt in the tea by mistake. . He knew everything about this. . She always wore pink clothes . Bharati asked Vinod.

Negatiove SentenceSubject + was / were + not (For Negative Verb) + Verb-I + Object + Others Negative Verb was / were not Verb . I was not a teacher. . Saumya was not a player. . Akabar was not a great king. . Mr. Atal Bihari Bajpeyi was not prime minister

Positive Verb Subject Did Not verb . . He did not come. . He did not know everything about


86 . I did not get up at 6 am. . Bharati did not ask Vinod. . Shesh did not put salt in the tea by mistake this. . She did not always were pink clothes.

Interogative SentenceW/H + Was / Were (For Negative Verb) Subject + Verb-I + Object + Others Negative Verb was / were Subject Verb W / H . ? Was I a teacher? . How was Saumya player? ? Was Akabar a great king? ? How was Mr. Atal Bihari Bajpeyi prime minister? Positive Verb did Subject Verb W / H .

W/H + Did + Subject + Verb-I + Object + Others ? Why did he come? ? Did I get up at 6 am? ? What did Bharati ask Vinod? ? Did Shesh put salt in the tea by mistake? ? How did he know everything about this? ? Why did she always were pink clothes?

Interogative with Negative Sentence Positive Verb did +not Subject Verb W / H .


87W/H + Did Subject + not (For Negative Verb) + Verb-I + Object + Others ? Why did he not come? ? Did I not get up at 6 am? ? What did Bharati not ask Vinod? ? Did Shesh not put salt in the tea by mistake? 2. Past Continuous Tense , , , , ? How did he not know everything about this?

? Why did she not always were pink clothes?

I was walking.

.

() .

To show an action is going on at some time in the past, , Navendu was completing his homework, when I was at home. My mother was preparing our breakfast. To indicate the continuous nature of the action, ? What were you doing yesterday? Jhankar was still sleeping after the sun had risen. It was raining all day yesterday. To indicate that an action was going on while something else was happening. In such cases we use while. , While Kamini was singing, Lata was dancing. , While I was writing a letter, my father called me.


88

Subject + was / were + Vreb- ing + Object + OtherWas - he,she,it,Singular number Were - I,we,you,they, Plural Number Tense Verb ing Form . He was taking tea. . They were going. . The wind was blowing. . She was looking at me. . He was praising you.

Negative Sentence Subject + was / were + not + Vreb- ing + Object + Other Not . He was not taking tea. . They were not going. . The wind was not blowing. . She was not looking at me. . He was not praising you.

Interogative Sentence was / were subject W / H was / were

W/H + was / were + Subject + Vreb- ing + Object + Other ? Why was he taking tea? ? Where they going? ? Was the wind blowing? ? Why was she looking at me? ? Was he praising you?


89Interogative with Negative Sentence was / were subject Not subject W / H was / were

W/H + was / were + Subject + not + Vreb- ing + Object + Other ? Why was he not taking tea? ? Were they not going? ? Was the wind not blowing? I had walked. ./ ? Why was she not looking at me? ? Was he not praising you?

3. Past Perfect Tense , , / , , , ,

tense . When I reached his house he had eaten his food. Father came after we had written letter. He had washed the hand before he ate the food. ? Why did Hari open the window after the rain had stopped? ? Had he left the home before 7 Oclock? We use past perfect tenseTo show one past event happened before another or before a stated time in past, 1947 In 1947, India had already been independent. 1900 In 1900, the motor had already been invented. To show one event happened before another, I opened the window after the rain had stopped. I had written the letter before he arrived.


90

Subject + had + Verb-III + Object + OthersPast Perfect Tense had Verb - III . He had come. . I had told him. . We had invited him. . . He had bathed. . Nivedita had taken tea. . He had forgotten me

Negative SentanceSubject + had + not + Verb-III + Object + OthersPast Perfect Tense had Not Verb - III . He had not come. . I had not told him. . We had not invited him . He had not bathed. . Nivedita had not taken tea. . He had not forgotten me.

.

Interogative Sentance Interogative Sentance W / H subject had

W / H + had +Subject + Verb-III + Object + Others ? Had he come? ? Had I told him? ? Why had we invited him? ? Had he bathed? ? Had Nivedita taken tea? ? How had he forgotten me?


91Interogative with Negative Sentance Interogative Sentance and Negative Sentence W / H subject had Not

W / H + had +Subject + not + Verb-III + Object + Others ? Had he not come? ? Had I not told him? ? Why had we not invited him? 4. Past Perfect Continous Tense ? Had he not bathed? ? Had Nivedita not taken tea? ? How had he not forgotten me?

I had been walking.

.

+ ......... , ,

.

Subject + had + been + verb ing + Object + Others Continuous Tense Verb ing Form Perfect Tense Verb 3 Perfect Continuous Tense Verb 3 Form been Continuous Verb ing Form

He had been living there for 10 year. The rain had been falling con

Documents

Fundamentals of English Grammar in Hindi _ English