Fungi & Fungal-Like Organisms

7/30/2019 Fungi & Fungal-Like Organisms

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The features that characterize fungi:

Have no chlorophyll.

Have typical true nuclei in their cells afeature which distinguishes them from thebacteria.

Reproduce by means of spores (some typeof sexual reproduction in addition to asexual

reproduction). Usually have thread-like bodies which

usually branch.

Have cellwalls.


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Hyphae (singular, hypha)

Cylindrical, branching filaments composedof a tubular cell wall filled with cytoplasmand organelles

Most fungal hyphae are 2-10 m diameter


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Importance of fungi: Fungi are both destructive and beneficial to agriculture.

Specifically, fungi are the agents responsible for much of thedisintegration of organic matter.

They cause the majority of known plant disease, and many

diseases of animals and man. They are the basis of a number of industrial processes involving

fermentation such as making (bread, wines and preparation ofsome cheeses).

They are responsible for the manufacture of a number of antibiotic

drugs. (Penicillin)

They increase the fertility of the soil by inducing various changeswhich eventually result in the release of plant nutrients in a formavailable to green plants.

They are research tools for chemists, geneticists and biologists.


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Classification of Fungi andFungal-like Organisms(Protists) (Circa, 2009)

1) Kingdom:Protozoa /Ambeoza

2) Kingdom:Chromista /

Stramenopiles

3) Kingdom:

Fungi


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The grouping or categories used in the

classification of fungi:

Categories endings

Kingdom no special endingsSubkingdom mycotera

Phylum mycota

Sub-phylum mycotina

Class mycetes

Sub-class mycetidae

Order ales

Family aceae

Genus Derived from Greek or

Latin

(No special endings)

Species

Mycologists have made efforts to classify these into nine categories or group:


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2. Kingdom: Chromista

Phylum: Oomycota

Class: Oomycetes


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A: SexualReproduction of

Class Oomycetes

B: Oospore


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Seedling damping off Pythium debaryanum


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The causal agent of whiterust of purslane is

Albugo portulacae


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Conidiophores and conidia

ofAlbugo portulacae

Club shaped

conidiophores

Chains of

conidia

Host

tissue

Asexual reproduction inAlbugo


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Sporangiophores and sporangia

ofAlbugo portulacae


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Thick walled oospores of

Albugo portulacae in plant tissue

Sexual reproduction in Albugo

oospores


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Late Blight of Potato and Tomato

Phytophthorainfestans


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Late Blight of Potato and Tomato

Phytophthorainfestans


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Soft Rot of Vegetables & Fruits

Rhiopusstolonifer


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Zygospores


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Kingdom: Fungi

3. Subkingdom: Eumycotera

It comprises 3 phyla as follows:

A. Phylum: Ascomycota (Ascus fungi)

B. Phylum: Basidiomycota (Basidial fungi)C. Phylum: Deuteromycota (Imperfect

fungi)


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Ascocarp Shapes


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Ascocarp Shapes


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Peach LeafCurl Taphrina deformans


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Taphrina deformans


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Blue cheese Penicillium

roqueforti


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P. roqueforti


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HEALTHY FRUIT

Blue rot

green rot

Penicillium

digitatum

Penicillium

italicum


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BLUEAND GREEN

MOULD ROTOF

ORANGE

Penicillium

Italicum(blue mould)

Fascicles

BLUE

GREEN


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Black Rot of Onion Aspergillusniger


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Black Rot of Onion Aspergillusniger


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Wh t St (Bl k) R t


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Wheat Stem (Black) Rust

Pucciniagraministritici

(Spermatia(+


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Puccinia graminis:Spermogonia andaecia on

Berberis vulgaris

(Spermatia(+

Receptive hyphae(-)


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Host tissue

Uredosorus ofPuccinia graminis

Stalked, echinulate

uredosporesHost epidermis

SEM

D k thi k ll d t ll d
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Clip_Leaf_Rust_wm7.wmv


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38Teleutosori ofPuccinia graministritici on wheat stem

Dark, thick walled , two-celled ,

stalked teliospores
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Clip_Leaf_Rust_wm7.wmv


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Loose Smut of Wheat Ustilagotritici


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Maize (Corn) Smut

Ustilagomaydis

M i (C ) S


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Maize (Corn) Smut

Ustilagomaydis


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Gray Rot of Strawberry


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Gray Rot of Strawberry

Botrytiscineria
http://images.google.com.sa/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mycolog.com/4b%20Botrytis%208.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mycolog.com/CHAP4b.htm&usg=__qijy3qUHwFxySPS4uYz0Dh_roUQ=&h=423&w=400&sz=37&hl=ar&start=44&um=1&tbnid=4BE9CxZYpqBs4M:&tbnh=126&tbnw=119&prev=/images?q=Botrytis+spore&ndsp=18&hl=ar&safe=active&sa=N&start=36&um=1


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Brown Rot (Bacteria Wilt) of

PotatoRalstoniasolanacearumStrict aerobic,Gram negative, non spore forming,

non capsulated and rod shaped bacterium

affecting a wide range of crops plant world wide.In Wet tropics, sub tropics and some warm

temperate regions and recently in cool temperateregions of northern and southern hemisphere.

Important plant hosts: potato, tomato,geranium, banana, tobacco, peanut, ginger,pepper.

Disease S mptoms


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Disease Symptoms

Wilting often without

Vascular discolorationDiagnostic

bacterial streaming

in water

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Fungi & Fungal-Like Organisms