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Fusarium oxysporum on lettuce
Meeting December 8th2016
• French partners presentation (Alpes-Maritimes agricultural extension
services – CA06, APREL, and existing links)
• Current situation in France
• Issues and Experiments
• Results of varietal trials
• Results of biochar application on contaminated soil
• Results of solarization on contaminated soil
• Results of soil solarisation and Serenade max application on lettuces
• Perspectives
Presentation agenda
Nice – December 8th 2016
A professional public facility
A unique expertise for farmers,
A support for fruit and vegetable sector and collectivities
A larger group at the national scale
110 public facilities with mutual expertise and experiences
The team of Alpes-Maritimes
45 representative elected
33 specialist employees
1 experimental unit (CREAT/CREAM)
CA06 works directly in the field on the ground for the development and
the long lasting performance of the companies , sectors and agricultural
land.
Agricultural extension services in Alpes
Maritimes
The Agricultural Chamber of Alpes Maritimes (CA06)
Our Missions
• Installation and transmission (diagnostic, economical
study, follow-up…)
• Farm management (legal, regulatory, and economical
advices, planning permission, training, service to
difficulties farmers…)
• Technical Advise and follow–up of agricultural
productions (planting, fertilization, crop rotation and
crops protection, input and effluent management…)
• Farm management (regulatory and environment,
organic conversion, marketing, diversification,
agroforestry, corporate strategy (costs, products…) to
built the projects and to make the good choices
• Formation of managers and agricultural employees
To advise farmers and companies from
agricultural sector
What is APREL ?
APREL
• Provençal => in the heart of the vegetable
production area in Provence
• Association => non profit organization
• Research et Experimentation : setting up
experiments in growers’ fields, in relation with
research and extension services
• Vegetables => all vegetable crops open field
and under shelter
Main objective:
Development and dissemination of
technical and economic references, to
the attention of growers and the entire
horticulture industry.Created in 1974
Current President : M. Gérard ROCHE
www.aprel.fr
Provençal Association for Research and
Experimentation on Vegetables
What is APREL ?
Main work themes:
1. Varietal innovation (resistance to pests and disease, grafting, post harvest, product quality)
2. Innovative techniques environmentally friendly (IPM, Fertirrigation management, nutrient recycling, green manures…)
3. Optimizing Crop management and business competitiveness (technical and economic analysis, expertise, advisory factsheets…)
Main species studied (glasshouse and open field):
Tomato, Melon, Lettuces and chicory, Strawberry, eggplant,
pepper, zucchini, cucumber, and other vegetable crops
(carrot, potato…)
Nice – December 8th 2016
APREL, a network of competences
Held office in
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
4 engineers in charge
of experimentations
1 technician
All experiments
located on growers’ farms
Network of growers in organic
or conventional farming
Advices and extension services
20 technicians and advisers
Experimentation Diffusion
COORDINATION
Experimentation
Fusarium wilt observed
2 cases in Rhône-Alpes area
4 cases in Alpes-Maritimes area
1 case in Corse area
1 case in Bouches du Rhône area
Spreading of fusarium wilt in France,
today
• ISSUES: Since 2015, 4 cases of lettuce fusarium wilt have
been detected in Alpes-Maritimes area
3 farms with a strong pressure
1 farm with a limited pressure
Mainly in open field but also in glasshouse (beginning of Autumn)
• EXERIMENTS: In 2016, implementation of 3 experimentations
with different objectives
Varietal trials on batavia resistant to fusarium wilt in
summer cropping.
Evaluation of biochar (active carbon) against fusarium
wilt in lettuce summer cropping.
Evaluation of solarization and application of Serenade
Max (late summer cropping)
Issues in lettuce crops and
experimentations implemented
• Experimental plot located at Gattières (06), on-farm site.
• Cultural Context: open field with a strong and homogeneous
pressure of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae- strains 1
(identificated by the Turino Institute)
• Experimental design:
22 varieties tested in different types : green oak leaf, green batavia,
green butterhead, red oak leaf and romaine lettuce
Density : 13 plants/m2
Sowing date : 8/06/2016
Planting date : 23/06/2016
Harvest : 26/07/2016
All marketable varieties, were weighed : 6 salads/repetition
Evaluation according the regional protocol (APREL) with a focus on
resistance to fusarium wilt.
Experimentations conducted in 2016
A/ Variety trial
Green Batavia Varieties with the best results in our trials compared to standard
Varieties Seed companyFusarium
susceptibility*
Weight
(g)
Note
1 to 10
SVLA3787
LoubressacSeminis
Belle présentation, feuilles frisotées d'un vert
moyen brillant, plante très compacte, sensible au
rhizoctonia1 439 9
J953 GautierVert blond terne développement correcte; bonne
homogénéité- fond plat à légèrement conique 1 414 8
Tourbillon
(standard)Rijk Zwaan Sensible à la fusariose 3 0 0
Experimentations conducted in 2016
A/ Variety trial
*From 1 resistant
to 3 susceptible
Green Batavia Varieties with less interest
Experimentations conducted in 2016
A/ Variety trial
*From 1 resistant to 3 susceptible
VarietiesSeed
company
Fusarium
susceptibility*Weight (g)
Note
1 to 10
BVP 15346 Vilmorin
différence entre les 2 répétitions : mieux
en B : variété fragile. Développement
régulier, cœur ouvert à large estampe,
fond très moyen
1 399 7
Model Gautier
Développement moyen sensible au
rhizoctonia- fond légèrement conique –
cycle tardif
1 367 7
J952 GautierVariété souple, pivot dur à couper, un
peu de rhizoctonia1 360 7
Rebelina Gautier
Développement moyen sensible au
rhizoctonia- fond légèrement conique –
cycle tardif
1 325 6
Green Batavia Susceptible varieties in the trial showing fusarium wilt symptoms :
• Tourbillon (Rijk Zwaan): standard, highly susceptible
• LS15732 (Syngenta): susceptible
• SVLA0534 (Seminis): some symptoms, limited growth
• SV6621LA (Seminis): some symptoms
Non recommended
LS15732 SVLA0534 Tourbillon
SV6621LA
Experimentations conducted in 2016
A/ Variety trial
Green butterheadAll tested varieties were highly susceptible, showing important
fusarium wilt symptoms.
All varieties were were non-marketable.
• Hungarina - RZ (standard)
• Analora - Enza
• LS15627 - Syngenta
• Radian - Syngenta
Hungarina
Analora LS15627 Radian
Experimentations conducted in 2016
A/ Variety trial
Red and green Oak leaf
All tested varieties were highly susceptible, showing important
fusarium wilt symptoms. Green oak leaf appeared more
susceptible red oak leaf.
All varieties were were non-marketable.
• Kirinia - RZ (standard – green oak leaf : very susceptible)
• Vitrai – RZ (standard – red oak leaf)
• SV1258LK – Seminis (red oak leaf)
• E01L.30313 - EZ (red oak leaf)
Kirinia
Vitrai SV1258LK EO1L.30313
Experimentations conducted in 2016
A/ Variety trial
Romaine lettuceOne variety tested and recomended:
• R376 - Gautier : high and open plant, , with a mean weight
of 588g. Good plant homogeneity. The variety didn’t show
any symptom of fusarium wilt.
R376
Experimentations conducted in 2016
A/ Variety trial
Experimentations conducted in 2016
B/ Evaluation of biochar
Product name : ESK’FertilCommercialized by Callegari-Distribution
Contact : Thomas UCEDA
IntroductionA 3 years experiment
Biochar, produced from pyrolysis of hard wood. Main interests :
• Fungistatic and sanitizing effects and may help to reduce soil born pathogen such as Fusarium oxysporum
• May improve soil water retention capacity and soil porosity (benefits for soil biological activity)
• May improve nutrient biodisponibility for the plant
• Reduce the impact of fusarium wilt on lettuce in summer production.• Improve soil biological activity
Main Goals
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
Material and MethodsA 3 years experiment
• Nice, plaine du Var
• Highly contaminated soil
• Low/poor crop rotation
• June 18th : biochar incorporation (1T/ha)
• June 20th : planting
• July 26th : harvesting
• Variety : green oak leaf : Kirinia (Rijk Zwaan)
• Tensiometer used to measure soil water status during crop cycle
• Soil solution analysis (Nitratest) to check nitrogen status in the soil (1/week)
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
Soil caracterizationA 3 years experiment
Distribution of elements in the solid phase
Clay
Sand
Silt
Limstone
OM
Stones
- Calcareous clayey soil
- pH 8,2
- Low aeration
- Poor biological activity
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
Soil caracterizationA 3 years experiment
• Earth worm analysis for biological activity
Analysis done on february 16th
Result = No earthworm
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
Material and MethodsA 3 years experiment
Soil preparation before planting (june 18th)- Fertilization : Angibio 4-6-10+2 Mg (C/N 4.4) 3t/ha
N: 120U ; P: 180U ; K: 300U
- Soil tillage: ripper and rotary tiller/cutter gear
Biochar application (june 20th)- Braodcast treatment of biochar at 1t/ha
- Incorporation in the soil with a rototiller
- Soil covering with biodegradable plastic mulching
30gr/m²
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
Material and MethodsA 3 years experiment
Biochar application in the soil
Lettuces observed for the experiment
Lettuce cropSix plots of 30
lettuces
No observation to avoid side-effect
30 letuces
30 lettuces
30 letuces
30 lettuces
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
Material and MethodsA 3 years experiment
Scale used to measure intensity of fusarium wilt attack
Dead plantAlmost no plant
development
Strong growth
reduction
Many yellow and
dead leaves
Significant growth
reduction
Yellow and dead
leaves at the basis
of the plant
Non-commercial
Slight growth redution
due to fusarium wilt
Some yellow leavesGood for
commercilzation
No symptom
543210
Good for
commercilzation
Many yellow and
dead leaves
Non-commercial Non-commercial
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
ResultsA 3 years experiment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
cbar
Suivi tensiométrique
moy temoin 20cm moy temoin 10cm moy charbon 20cm moy charbon 10cm
• Soil water status during the experiment for traeted and non treated plots
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
ResultsA 3 years experiment
• Nitrogen status in soil solution during the experiment
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
mg/l d
e N
-No3
Témoin
Charbon actif
Nitrogen Supply
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
ResultsA 3 years experiment
• Attack intensity of fusarium wilt
1
Global measurement of fusarium wilt
pressure on the lettuces
Mean notes on the 6 sites of
observation (0 to 5 scale) :
- Non treated : 4,79
- Biochar (treated) : 3,83
Distribution of observed lettuces
among class of symptoms for the 6
traeated and 6 non treated plots.
2
NOTENON
TREATEDBIOCHAR
0 0 0
1 0 0
2 0 1
3 0 9
4 2 12
5 11 10
DEAD 23 (64%) 4 (11%)
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
ResultsA 3 years experiment
• Attack intensity of fusarium wilt
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
Parcelle1
Parcelle2
Parcelle3
Parcelle4
Parcelle5
Parcelle6
Pla
nt w
eig
ht
(g)
témoin
charbonactif
Lettuce mean weight for 6 plants on each plots
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Plot 4 Plot 5 Plot 6
Evaluation of biochar against fusarium
wilt on lettuce.
Discussion and ConclusionA 3 years experiment
• Significantly less dead plants in biochar treated plots.
• Nonetheless, plant growth still strongly reduced by fusarium wilt
• Lettuces were non suitable for commercialization.
• Regarding biochar mode of action, time may be needed to improve
fusarium spores catching and to reduce pathogen pressure in the
soil.
Trial located at Gattières (06)
Solarization: 38 days set up on the 8th July - taking off the 15th August
Evaluation of sanitation effect on susceptibles lettuce crop:
SV1258LK (red oak leaf) 2 repetitions of 50 plants/elementary plot
Hungarina (green butterhead) 1 repetition of 100 plants
Sowing: 10/08/2016;
Planting: 29/08/2016 (13 pl/m²);
Harvest: 30/09/2016 and 3/10/2016
Planting-harvest cycle: 33 days - Climate: very hot at the beginning of September
Experimentations conducted in 2016
C/ Effect of soil solarization in open field
Introduction
• Soil Solarization is used against several soil desease and
weeds.
• Temperature increase sanitizes first cm of soil
Material and Methods
For the 2 varietes tested: 95% harvested, all harvested
plants were marketables.
We found only 5 plants with fusarium wilt symptoms, the
rest was marketable.
Experimentations conducted in 2016
C/ Effect of soil solarization in open field
Results
Encouraging signs on this plot !
Trial located at Gattières (06)
Soil solarization was conducted for 38 days before planting.
Serenade Max was applied in nursery at 4g/l, each 5 days from
sowing until planting - 4 applications. Spray on the plant and in
the soil.
Susceptible variety to Fusarium: SV1258LK (red oakleaf)
Observations of 2 rep. of non-treated vs. treated plants
Experimentations conducted in 2016
C/ Effect of Soil solarisation and Serenade
Max application
Introduction
Regarding experiments from Giovanna Gilardi, Serenade Max
may have help to reduce fusarium wilt symptoms on lettuce.
Material and Methods
There is a slight difference of volume between the treated
salads and standard (non treated) but the difference of
weight is not significant.
SV1258 LKWeight (g)
on 30th sept.
Weigtht (g)
on 3rd oct.
Treated 306 268
Non-treated 258 243
SV1258LK non-treated SV1258LK treated
Experimentations conducted in 2016
C/ Effect of Soil solarisation and Serenade
Max application
Results
On the farms followed by CA06, we observed a spread of the pathogens on
the farm with infected soil
At Gattières,
First observations of fusarium wilt under plastic tunnel in 2016. The same
plot non infected in 2015, was totally infected in 2016.
Planting date: 10 /09, variety: Curtis (Gautier) - fusarium susceptible the
totality of tunnel infected by fusarium wilt 10 days of planting date. All
plants were pulled out.
2nd planting date: 25/09, variety: Curtis (Gautier). About 50% of salads
were harvested
Preventive methods adopted by the grower to avoid spreading:
Careful cleaning of material (tractor…) with water after every rotation
At Saint Laurent du Var,
we detected the 1st case of fusarium wilt in 2015. First case under plastic
tunnel observed in 2016. Planting date: 22nd of September but the distribution
is by spot. It’s at 100 m to the infected plot observed in open field.
So, the situation is worrying and the propagation is very quick when the
pressure of the disease is strong.
Current situation in the Alpes-Maritimes
The program for experimentations next year:
On infected soil at Gattières
Variety trials in open field in summer
Variety trials under plastic tunnel in autumn
On the same plot of solarization - Green manure trial with a crucifer crop (a mixture
with mustard, radish and colza – sowing date : 2/11). Evaluation of effect on
susceptible summer lettuces
On infected soil at Saint Laurent du Var
Effect of biochar (active charcoal) in summer (following during 2 years).
Perspectives
Discussions
Nice – December 8th 2016