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Session 1: From the War on Terror to the New Musl im Dialog

DR. S IMON A. MOULD - 1 - WWW.NATIONREBUILDERS .COM

FROM THE WAR ON TERROR TO THE NEW MUSLIM DIALOG LECTURE

Overview of the Bush administration’s post 9/11 foreign policy

9/11 as the defining moment for the Bush administration

On 9/11, an intentional attempt to destroy the ultimate icons of American economic power, military might, along with

the very symbol of democratic freedom led terrorists to target the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and possibly

Congress. Victor Davis Hanson refers to them as “Icons…the manifest symbols of global capitalism and American

military power, and centering their destruction on the largest Jewish city in the world.”1 Rumors of further attacks that

might target the White House, Camp David, the Capitol, and the State Department sent many in government running

for cover. The President was flown from one undisclosed location to another.

These targets selected by Al Qaeda were carefully chosen as part of a broader strategy to undermine the U.S. economic

and political strength. Having waged a series of successful attacks since the first bombing of the World Trade Center

in 1993, through to their attacks on U.S. military installations in the Middle East and the bombings of U.S. embassy in

Tanzania and Kenya, the American response had up till then been minimal. President Clinton had responded by

launching of a few cruise missiles to destroy a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan and a training camp in Afghanistan. Al

Qaeda called the U.S. response ineffective. “The raid proved that the American army is going downhill in its morale. Its

members are too cowardly and too fearful to meet the young people of Islam face-to-face.”2 Al Qaeda’s assessment of

the U.S. was that it was now a fading world power. The debacle of U.S. Marines being dragged around the streets of

Somalia followed by a humiliating withdraw all provided additional confirmation of Bin Laden’s assumption that the U.S.

had not the stomach for real combat engagement.

The response of the new Bush administration was decidedly different to that of its predecessor, calling the attacks an

act of war that justified not just retaliation, but a whole new approach to foreign policy that would be structured

according to the new post-9/11 era that was emerging. Gathered alongside his National Security team, President Bush

said, “The deliberate and deadly attacks which were carried out yesterday against our country were more than acts of

terror. They were acts of war. This will require our country to unite in steadfast determination and resolve. Freedom

and democracy are under attack. The American people need to know that we're facing a different enemy than we have

ever faced. This enemy hides in shadows, and has no regard for human life. This is an enemy who preys on innocent

and unsuspecting people, then runs for cover. This will be a monumental struggle of good versus evil. But good will

prevail.”3

After a long week of strategic planning both at the White House and Camp David, the President addressed Congress

and the nation on September 20th explaining that all the evidence for the attacks pointed to Al-Qaeda, a global network

of terrorist cells and organizations that had been given sanctuary in Afghanistan under the extremist Islamic regime of

1 Hanson, Victor Davis. Between War and Peace: Lessons From Afghanistan to Iraq. New York: Random House, 2004. Print. 3. 2 Statement released through an interview with Time Magazine. (Jan. 1999). Cited in Ibrahim, R. Ed. The Al Qaeda Reader. New York: Doubleday,

2007. Print. 261. 3 Bush, George W. “Remarks by the President in Photo Opportunity with the National Security Team.” 12 Sept. 2001. 15 Mar. 2009.

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Session 1: From the War on Terror to the New Musl im Dialog

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QUESTIONS TO PREPARE FOR & PONDER QUESTIONS

1. Has the dialog of the Obama administration toward Muslim countries really worked in terms of building

relationships we can now count on in dealing with the current problems we are trying to solve?

2. Compare the extent to what President Bush and President Obama adopted or rejected a sense of grand

strategy that was applied to their foreign policy. What lessons can we learn from these administrations in terms

of how having a strategy or not having a strategy aided or undermined U.S. foreign policy objectives?

3. Is it important to identify how the failure of foreign policy of the past created a fertile environment for ISIS to

gain momentum as an organization, militarily, economically, and politically?

4. Did Obama’s agreement to carry out airstrikes against ISIS represent enough change in his administration’s

foreign policy to produce a significant and sufficient degrading capability of the ISIS agenda?

5. Is the U.S. relationship with Israel repairable within the last two years of the Obama administration, if so, what

will help improve relations? If not, how will the tense relationship undermine recent talk among the

international community to encourage the finalizing of the two state solution with Israel and Palestine?

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THE FUTURE OF POWER IN THE MIDDLE EAST

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RECOMMENDED FURTHER RESEARCH & READING RESEARCH

Key speeches and policy papers from the Bush administration

The following documents are available as PDFs on the Resource DVD.

Bush, George W. The State of the Union Address. “The Axis of Evil.” The White House January 29 2002.

Rumsfeld, Donald. Remarks to The National Defense University. “On Fighting Modern War.” January 31 2002.

Retrieved online from the Department of Defense website.

“The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The White House.” September 17, 2002.

Bush, George W. “President's Remarks on Iraq at the United Nations General Assembly.” September 12, 2002.

“National Strategy for Combating Terrorism.” The White House. February, 2003.

Rice, Condoleezza. “Transforming the Middle East.” The Washington Post, Page A21. Thursday, August 7, 2003.

Bush, George W. “President Bush Discusses Iraq Policy at Whitehall Palace in London.” November 19, 2003.

“Report on the U.S. intelligence community's pre-war intelligence assessments on Iraq – Conclusions.” Select

Committee on Intelligence – U.S. Senate. July 9, 2004.

“The National Security Strategy of the United States of America.” The White House. March, 2006.

The Baker-Hamilton Commission. “The Iraq Study Group Report.” December 6, 2006.

Key speeches and policy papers from the Obama administration

The following documents are available as PDFs on the Resource DVD.

Biddle, Stephen. “Afghanistan, Iraq, and US Strategy in 2009. Statement Before the House Armed Services Committee.”

Council on Foreign Relations 12 Feb. 2009.

Obama, Barak. “Responsibly Ending the War in Iraq.” Remarks of President Barack Obama. February 27, 2009.

“White Paper of the Interagency Policy Group's Report on U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan and Pakistan.” The White

House 27 Mar. 2009.

Obama, Barak. “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning.” June 4, 2009.

Obama, Barak. “Moment of Opportunity. American Diplomacy in the Middle East & North Africa.” Delivered at the

State Department. May 19 2011.

Obama, Barak. “Remarks of President Barack Obama” Delivered to the National Defense University. May 23 2013.

“The Joint Plan of Action agreed to by the P5+1 and Iran in Geneva, Switzerland 2013.” The White House. Nov 24,

2013.

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THE FUTURE OF POWER IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Prepared for the NCFCA 2015 U.S. Foreign Policy Debate - 20 - WWW.NATIONREBUILDERS .COM

RECOMMENDED FURTHER RESEARCH & READING RESEARCH

The Resource DVD provides the following resources as web links to the articles.

Key:

CFR Council on Foreign Relations

FPRI Foreign Policy Research Institute

MEF Middle East Forum

MEI Middle East Institute

MEPC Middle East Policy Council

WINEP Washington Institute for Near East Peace

Arab Spring General Resources:

Guardian – Arab Spring Interactive Timeline

Brookings - The Arab Awakening and Middle East Unrest

Middle East Institute – Arab Awakening

Aljazeera - The Arab Awakening (A series of documentaries)

BBC – Arab Uprisings

Washington Post - Middle East and North Africa in turmoil (Maps and Timeline)

Arab Spring Analysis:

WP 01/01/2011 After the Hope of the Arab Spring, the Chill of an Arab Winter

FPRI January 2012 Life Begins After 25: Demography and the Societal Timing of the Arab Spring

National Journal 02/21/2011 The Whole World Is Watching – The Middle East Youth Bulge

Brookings 02/28/2011 A New Arab World Is Coming, with or without U.S.

MEPC Summer/2014 The International Relations of the Arab Spring

Egypt:

Statements by President Obama:

Feb. 1, 2011. “Remarks by the President on the Situation in Egypt.”

Feb. 11, 2011. “Remarks by the President on Egypt.”

Expert analysis on Egyptian protests:

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Session 2 - The Regression from Arab Spring to Winter

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Satoff, Robert. “From Caution to Boldness: U.S. Policy toward Egypt.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Feb. 3, 2011.

Guirguis, Dina. “Seeking to Protect Egypt's Democratic Transition.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Feb. 4, 2011.

Hamid, Shadi. “Is Caution the Right U.S. Strategy?” The Brookings Institute. Feb. 7, 2011. Originally published in the

New York Times forum.

Makovsky, David. “Is Caution the Right U.S. Strategy?” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Feb. 7, 2011.

Originally published in the New York Times forum.

Satoff, Robert. “Ideas for U.S. Middle East Policy in the Wake of the Egypt Crisis.” Feb. 7, 2011.

Libya:

BBC Guide: The Libya Crisis

Hamid, Shadi. “It's Time To Intervene.” Brookings. Feb 23, 2011.

Byman, Daniel L. “Qaddafi’s Legacy.” Brookings. Feb 24, 2011.

Pollack, Kenneth M. “The Real Military Options in Libya.” Brookings. March 9 2011.

O’Hanlon, Michael. “Winning Ugly in Libya.” Brookings. March 30 2011.

Cordesman, Anthony. “Libya: Will the Farce Stay With US (And France and Britain)?” CSIS. April 20 2011.

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Session 5: Building an Informed Perspective of Middle East Pol it ics

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The Middle East Institute

The Middle East Institute was

founded in 1946 with the primary

goal of fostering understanding of

the Middle East among Americans.

The Institute publishes The Middle

East Journal and hosts lectures and

conferences featuring regional

experts from around the world.

www.mei.edu

@MiddleEastInst

Weekly newsletter

middleastinstitute

Washington Institute for

Near East Policy

The Washington Institute for Near

East Policy was established to

advance a balanced and realistic

understanding of American interests

in the Middle East. The Institute

promotes an American engagement

in the Middle East committed to

strengthening alliances, nurturing

friendships, and promoting security,

peace, prosperity, and democracy

for the people of the region.

www.washingtoninstitute.org

@washinstitute

Weekly briefs and analysis

The Washington Institute Podcast

WashingtonInstitute

The Brookings Institute

Brookings brings together the most

experienced policy minds working

on the region, and provides

policymakers and the public with

objective, in-depth and timely

research and analysis. The mission is

to chart the path—political,

economic and social—to a Middle

East at peace with itself and the

world.

www.brookings.edu

@BrookingsInst

Brookings highlights and analysis

Brookings Events

Brookings Institution

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S O C I A L S T U D I E S C U R R I C U L U M

F O R S T R A T E G I C

M O V E M E N T S I N H I S T O R Y

Raising Christian statesmen • History of power •

Substance of Christian statesmanship • Post Cold war

era • International relations • Shifts in hegemony •

Philosophical and cultural trends • Postmodern

warfare • Principles and convictions • Power move-

ments • International governance • International Affairs •

Intelligence gathering and analysis • Collaborative

decision making • Foreign policy analysis • Government

accountability • Power of communication • Values and

worldview • Post 9/11 era • Middle East studies •

Economic recession • Militant Islam • Globalization •

Decline of the West • Disciple the nations • Internation-

al development • Al Qaeda network • Persecution of

the church • The Great Commission • The Palestinian

crisis • Shock and awe • Pan Arab nationalism

• Moderate Islam • The rise of China • The clash of

civilizations • The end of history • Bush doctrine •

National security • Counter terrorism strategy • Coun-

ter insurgency strategy • Weapons of Mass Destruc-

tion • Nation rebuilding • Arab spring • Mass social me-

dia networks • Iraq war • NATO partners • US-UK

special relations • Arab dictators • Euro crisis • Trade •

Afghanistan mission • Rising oil prices • Vision • Iranian

power • Human trafficking • Justice • Reconciliation •

Bui ld ing Inte l l igence for Strateg ic Movements in Histor y

W W W. N AT I O N R E B U I L D E R S . C O M

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