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November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow Changes and Challenges in Powertrain
and ADAS Development
Agenda
Two mega trends in the automotive industry:
1. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
• Connectivity
• Automated Driving
2. Future Powertrain
• Optimization of combustion engines
• Electrification of powertrain
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Figure: © Rinspeed
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
• Road traffic deaths 2013: 1.24 million per year (WHO) European Union: Vision Zero
• Safety
• Comfort
• Connectivity
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Figure: © Bosch
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)
Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB)
Lane Keeping Assist (LKA)
Pre-safe Brake/Collision Mitigation Brake System (CMBS)
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
State-of-the-art systems:
• Safety & security
• Infotainment
Connected Car
5
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Figure: © Serg Nvns | Fotolia
Risk: driver distraction
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Figure: © Bosch
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
• From ADAS to Automated Driving
• Requirements:
Figures: © Valeo
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
• Evolution of driving assistance from the perspective of the end customer
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
• More than a third of all Germans can imagine a future in which they will drive automatically.
Figures: © 1941: Ulysses William O. Field; 2004: Bruce F. Molnia | Glacier Photograph Collection, National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology
Starting Point for E-Mobility : Climate Change
Muir Glacier, Alaska (1941) Muir Glacier, Alaska (2004)
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Figure: © IPCC
Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector
Only integrated strategies will be successful!
Source: ICCT
Objectives for Passenger Cars
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Source: ICCT
Overall and annual CO2 reduction rates required for passenger cars
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Figure: © Daimler
Future Powertrain
• Technical portfolio of gasoline engines from Daimler
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Figure: © Daimler
Future Powertrain
• Technical portfolio of diesel engines from Daimler
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Future Powertrain
• Combustion engine
• Optimizing the overall system
• Optimizing the engine itself
• Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
• Downsizing or rightsizing (small-displacement engine, less cylinders, supercharging)
• Adjusting engine and transmission
• Lightweight
• Minimizing friction (material and lubricants)
• Alternative/synthetic fuels and lubricants
• Thermal management (charge exchange)
• Electrification
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Source: Federal-Mogul
Future Powertrain
• Optimizing the engine itself: minimizing friction
• Spreading of the total energy over individual consumer loads or places at which losses occur using the example of a gasoline engine GDI TC 2.0 l 14 in NEDC
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Share of each system in friction and auxiliary losses 2000 rpm Oil temperature 90 °C
Energy loss through heat and gas exchange
Mechanical work
Crankshaft group Mainly main bearing
Piston group Conrod bearing
Piston and piston pin
Ring lamination parcel
Mechanical work available on the output side of the engine
Friction and auxiliary losses
Other subsystems • Valve train
• Oil/water pump
• Spring balancers
• Timing belt
• V-ribbed belt
• Fuel system
Figure: Daimler
Future Powertrain
• Optimizing the engine itself: minimizing Friction
• Overview of relevant engine components and ways of reducing friction
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Source: Daimler
Future Powertrain
• Optimizing the engine itself: minimising friction
• Example: bearings
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Source: Mahle
Future Powertrain
• Optimizing the overall system: thermal management
• Example: integrated cascaded charge air cooling developed by Mahle for diesel engines
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Figure: © BMW
Future Powertrain = Electrified Powertrain?
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
ca. = approx. bis = up to
* in the case of regenerative power generation
• Battery cells and accumulators as cost factors
• Weight of vehicle (rises disproportionately in relation to performance)
• Interaction of powertrain components (electric powertrain, power electronics, heating/air conditioning, auxiliary electric consumers
• Range (management of range)
• Infrastructure
Challenges for BEV
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Figure: © Bosch
Figure: © APL Landau
Future Powertrain = Electrified Powertrain?
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Degree of Electrification
Electric range Electric engine
Combustion engine Electric support + boost
Potential to reduce CO2
Degree of electrification Pure electric drive
Figure: © Volkswagen
Future Powertrain = Electrified Powertrain?
• Strategy of Volkswagen
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Alternative / regenerative Combustion Alternative / regenerative
Gasoline
Fuel Cell
Battery Electric
Source: BDEW
Future Powertrain = Electrified Powertrain?
• CO2 emission data for power generation
• 2010: 530 g CO2/kWh
• 2011: 560 g CO2/kWh
• 2012: 576 g CO2/kWh
• 2013: increasing
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Hard coal Lignite coal Fuel oil, pump
storage and others
Natural gas Nuclear energy
Renewable energies
2014 19,4 25,5 5,1 10,6 15,4 24 2013 19,1 25,7 1,6 11,3 16,1 22,1
[%]
Gross electricity production by form of energy (Germany)
Figure: © Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Spicher, MOT GmbH
Combustion engine and electric drive: cost comparison • Comparison of VM Smart and e-Smart
Vehicle type: 1.0 l gasoline mhd 0.8 l diesel e-Smart Power output 52 kW 40 kW 35 kW (55kW) Consumption 4.2 l / 5.5 l 3.3 l / 4.3 l 15.1 kWh / 23.5 kWh (NEDC/real in liters/100km) CO2 emissions 108 g / 142 g 98 g / 128 g 0 g or 87 g / 135 g (NEFZ/Real in g/km) Purchase price € 10,825 € 12,095 € 18,910 without battery! Operating costs € 65 (43 l B) € 65 (47 l D) € 65 (rental fee for battery) (gasoline: € 1,50; diesel: € 1,37)
Range/€ 65 790 km 1,100 km 0 km Costs/month € 82 ( € 65 + € 17) € 59 € 138 (€ 73 for electricity) (at 1,000 km) (32 cents/kWh)
Total costs: € 15,745 € 15,635 € 27,190 (60,000 km in 5 years)
e-Smart
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Future Powertrain = Electrified Powertrain?
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Source: APL Landau
Fossil fuels and uranium Regenerative primary energy carriers
Crude oil Natural gas Coal Uranium Water Solar radiation Biomass
Combustion engine Electric motor Fuel Cells
LPG Liquefied gas CNG Compressed natural gas LNG Liquefied natural gas DME Dimethyl ester OME Oligomeric polyoxymethylene dimethyl ester CGH2 Compressed hydrogen LH2 Liquefied hydrogen PME Vegetable oil methyl ester PTG Power to gas PTL Powert to liquid
Gasoline Vegetable oil/PME
Future Powertrain = Electrified Powertrain?
• Several future powertrain technologies are available today. However, the question is: When will they achieve a sustainable market penetration?
• Today Combustion Engine
• Today - 5 years HEV, PHEV, RE, BEV
• 10-15 years FCEV
(Forecast: ATZ/MTZ)
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Kaleidoscope of Powertrains
• There is no "one-fits-all" powertrain
• Real CO2 reduction through electric driving is only possible if the energy is produced from renewable resources
• The age of the internal combustion engine is not over yet. This technology will remain the major source of global mobility for the next two decades at least
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Credits
• Daimler AG
• Volkswagen AG
• BMW AG
• Robert Bosch GmbH
• Mahle GmbH
• Federal-Mogul Corporation
• MOT GmbH
• APL Automobil-Prüftechnik Landau GmbH
• Rinspeed AG
• Valeo S.A.
Automotive Technology - Today and Tomorrow | November 2014 | Dr. Alexander Heintzel, Angelina Hofacker
Thank you for your attention!