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Fylogenéza
oporných sústav
Mgr. Alžbeta Futáková
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Oporná sústava živočíchov = kostra
Funkcie:
• ochranná a oporná
• určuje tvar a rozmery tela
• miesto úponov orgánov svalovej sústavy
spolu tvoria oporno-pohybovú sústavu,
kde skelet vystupuje ako jej statická časť
• miesto uloženia a metabolizmu minerálov
• u stavovcov: krvotvorba
Kostra = skelet :
• hydroskelet
• vonkajšia – exoskelet
• vnútorná – endoskelet
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Hydroskelet
telová tekutina
vypĺňa pseudocel alebo druhotnú telovú dutinu = célom
nestlačiteľná
hlístovce, obrúčkavce
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typická pre jednobunkovce a bezstavovce:
• schránky - chitinózne (hydropolypy, prisadlé mnohoštetinavce )
- uhličitanové, kremičitanové (dierkavce, mäkkýše, koraly) - z
cudzorodých častíc (larvy potočníka)
• chitínová kutikula (článkonožce)
• chitínové panciere (raky, kraby...)
• plášť z tunicínu (plášťovce)
Vonkajšia kostra = EXOSKELET
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Článkonožce:
• chitínový pancier (kôrovce)
• chitínová kutikula (napr. pavúkovce, hmyz)
skutočná vonkajšia kostra – upínajú sa na ňu svaly (na rozdiel
od schránky makkýšov)
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Vnútorná kostra = ENDOSKELET
Ihlice hubiek
• v mezenchýme
Vápenaté platničky v koži ostnatokožcov
• pod povrchom tela
Chrbtová struna = chorda dorsalis
Chrupavčitá kostra a kostená kostra stavovcov
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• povrazec vakuolizovaných buniek prechádzajúci chrbtovou časťou
tela chordátov
• endodermálny pôvod os tela nižších chordátov
• u niektorých po celý život (vršovky, kopijovce), • u
niektorých len v larválnom štádiu (salpy, ascídie)
u vyšších stavovcov je len v embryonálnom štádiu
Chrbová struna = CHORDA DORSALIS
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Vo fylogenéze je chorda postupne zatláčaná chrbticou
mezodermálny pôvod
• chrupavkovitá (kruhoústnice, drsnokožce, jesetery)
• kostená (ryby, obojživelníky, plazy, vtáky, cicavce)
Kostra stavovcov
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Kostra stavovcov
3 funkčné celky:
1. kostra lebky
o rôzny tvar, špecifické časti (napr. zobák vtákov)
o tvárová a mozgová časť
2. kostra trupu
o tvorí ju chrbtica a kostra hrudníka
3. kostra končatín
o končatiny sú dobre vyvinuté pri suchozemských stavovcoch
o ich vývojové modifikácie: napr. plutvy alebo krídla
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Zvláštnosti oporných sústav stavovcov
Ryby lebka + chrbtica voľné rebrá plutvy: párové
– prsné, brušné nepárové
– chrbtová, análna, chvostová
Obojživelníky ešte voľné rebrá predné a zadné končatiny
prsty
mloky: chvost žaby: bezchvosté
urostyl
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Zvláštnosti oporných sústav stavovcov
Plazy hady:
bez končatín, voľná sánka, rebrá na väčšine stavcov
ostatné: 4 končatiny, chvost
hrudný kôš (okrem hadov a korytnačiek)
Vtáky zobák krídla + beháky pneumatizované kosti hrudná kosť s
hrebeňom zrastené kľúčne kosti krkavčia kosť
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Zloženie: 1. kosti, 2. ich spojenia:
• pevné: väzivo, chrupka, kostné tkanivo švy vklinenie
(zuby)
• pohyblivé: kĺb
Oporná sústava stavovcov
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Tvar kostí
• dlhé kosti (napr. ramenná kosť, stehenná kosť)
• krátke kosti (napr. zápästné a priehlavkové kosti)
• ploché kosti (napr. lopatka, kosti lebky)
• nepravidelné kosti (stavce)
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Stavba kostí
3 základné zložky:
• okostica (periosteum) = väzivový obal zabezpečuje výživu a
inerváciu kostí
• vlastné kostné tkanivo kompaktná kosť Haversov systém
hubovitá kosť trámčeky (epifýzy dlhých kostí a ploché kosti)
• kostná dreň v mladom veku červená (krvotvorba), neskôr žltá a
sivá (tuk)
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Rast kostí
• vznik kostí: kostnatenie (osifikácia) chrupky alebo väziva
osifikačné centrá
• dlhá kosť:
chrupavkovitá epifyzálna platnička = rastová chrupavka rast
kosti do dĺžky
okostica rast kosti do hrúbky
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Ďakujeme za pozornosť
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Zdroje:
Višňovská, J.: Biológia pre 2.ročník gymnázia a 6.ročník
gymnázia s osemročným štúdiom, ISBN 978-80-10-02286-1
Ušáková, K. a kol.: Biológia pre gymnáziá 3, ISBN 80-08-01967-0
Hančová, H.-Vlková, M.: Biológia II v kocke, ISBN 80-88879-70-1
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