G20 - IntroductionG20 - Introduction• Established in 1999, in the wake of the 1997 Asian Financial Established in 1999, in the wake of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, to bring together major advanced and emerging Crisis, to bring together major advanced and emerging economies to stabilize the global financial market. economies to stabilize the global financial market. • Bring together systemically important industrialized and Bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economyeconomy• Held annual Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors' Held annual Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors' meetingsmeetings• Discussed measures to promote the financial stability of the Discussed measures to promote the financial stability of the world and to achieve a sustainable economic growth and world and to achieve a sustainable economic growth and developmentdevelopment• G20 Summits have been held in Washington in 2008, in London G20 Summits have been held in Washington in 2008, in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, and in Toronto and Seoul in 2010and Pittsburgh in 2009, and in Toronto and Seoul in 2010• France is very honoured to chair the Group of Twenty in 2011France is very honoured to chair the Group of Twenty in 2011

Origin• proposed by former Canadian Finance Minister , Paul Martin• Prior to the G-20 creation, similar groupings to promote dialogue

and analysis had been established at the initiative of the G-7• G-22 met at Washington D.C. in April and October 1998. Its aim

was to involve non-G-7 countries in the resolution of global aspects of the financial crisis then affecting emerging-market countries.

• Two subsequent meetings comprising a larger group of participants (G-33) held in March and April 1999 discussed reforms of the global economy and the international financial system.

• The proposals made by the G-22 and the G-33 to reduce the world economy's susceptibility to crises showed the potential benefits of a regular international consultative forum embracing the emerging-market countries resulted in the creation of the G-20 in 1999.

Objective• Support growth and development across

globe • Strengthening of the international financial

architecture and providing opportunities for dialogue on national policies

• International co-operation, and international financial institutions

• Strengthen international cooperation.• Creation of the framework for a strong,

sustainable and balanced growth designed to enhance macroeconomic cooperation among the G20 members

Members

USCanada

FranceGermany

ItalyUK

Japan

Russia

Australia

Brazil

Mexico

Argentina

China

India

South Korea

Indonesia

Saudi Arabia

Turkey

South Africa

EU/ECB

IMF/World Bank

Permanent guest: Spain

Special guests

WEED - PeWa

Attendees - Forums and Institutions Represented by :• The Managing Director of International

Monetary Fund• The Chairman of the International Monetary

Fund• The President of the World Bank• International Monetary and Financial

Committee• The Chairman of the Development Committee

Attendees/Information• The European Union, who is represented by the rotating

Council presidency and the European Central Bank, is the 20th member of the G-20

• To ensure global economic fora and institutions work together, the Managing Director IMF and the President of the World Bank, plus the chairs of the International Monetary and Financial Committee and Development Committee of the IMF and World Bank, also participate in G-20 meetings on an ex-officio basis

• Together, member countries represent around 90 per cent of global GNP, 80 per cent of world trade (including EU intra-trade) as well as two-thirds of the world's population

• In addition, experts from private-sector institutions and non-government organisations are invited to G-20 meetings on an ad hoc basis in order to exploit synergies in analysing selected topics and avoid overlap.

Chair• The G-20 has no permanent staff of its own• The G-20 chair rotates between members, and is

selected from a different regional grouping of countries each year.

• The chair is part of a revolving three-member management Troika of past, present and future chairs.

• The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings.

• The role of the Troika is to ensure continuity in the G-20's work and management across host years.

• France G-20 chair in 2011 • In 2010, French President Nicolas Sarkozy proposed

permanent secretariat – suggested Seoul and Paris

Former G-20 Chairs

• 1999-2001 Canada• 2002 India• 2003 Mexico• 2004 Germany• 2005 China• 2006 Australia• 2007 South Africa• 2008 Brazil• 2009 United Kingdom• 2010 Republic of Korea• 2011 France• 2012 Mexico

Schedules of G-20 meetings

Date Host country Host city1stNov 2008 USA Washington, D.C.2nd April 2009 UK London3rd Sept 2009 USA Pittsburgh4th June 2010 Canada Toronto5th Nov 2010 South Korea Seoul6th Nov 2011 France Cannes

7th 2012 Mexico TBD

Achievements• Agreement about policies for growth• Reducing abuse of the financial system• Dealing with financial crises • Transparency of fiscal policy and combating money

laundering and financing of terrorism• Combat abuses of the financial system and illicit

activities including tax evasion• Develop a common view among members on issues

related to further development of the global economic and financial system

• Strengthen international cooperation• global governance dramatically improved to better

take into consideration the role and the needs of emerging of developing countries through the ambitious reforms of the governance of the IMF and the World Bank.

2006 – Discussion points• Building and Sustaining Prosperity • Domestic reforms to achieve sustained growth• Global energy • Resource commodity markets• ‘reform’ of the World Bank and IMF• Impact of demographic changes due to an

aging population

1st G20, Washington – Nov2008• Also Known as Bretton Woods II• Common understanding of the root causes of the global

economic crisis and finding solution to the crisis• Review of countries' past and future actions addressing the

immediate crisis and contributing to growth• Agreement on common principles for reforming

Financial markets• Action plan to implement those principles and to develop further

specific recommendations for later review• Reaffirmation of commitment to free market principles• Competition in Financial markets• Clean energy • Economic development • Fiscal elements of growth and development

2nd G-20 Summit – outcome (London, Apr2009)• Triple IMF’s capacity to $ 750 billion to assist

crisis-affected countries - by moving ahead with bilateral arrangements through bonds issued by the Fund - through an expansion of the New Arrangement to Borrow.• Concessional lending to poor countries by IMF• Mandated the IMF to make a new general allocation

of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) which will increase global liquidity by injecting $250 billion into the world economy which will provide a significant boost to the international reserves of African countries

2nd G-20 Summit – Outcome (London, Apr2009)-2• The G-20 also affirmed the need for coordinated

action on fiscal policy through fiscal stimulus programs and improve regulation in financial markets in order to avoid a new crisis of the same kind.

• Discussed the banking crisis and the need to clean up the balance sheet of the banks to achieve an economic recovery in early 2010.

• IMF to conduct regular assessments of the world economies and provide an enhanced early warning system to avoid a new crisis and commitment by world governments to listen to the warnings, as well as a pledge to confidentiality within the Fund

3rd G-20 Summit – Pittsburg (Sept 2009)

• Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth• Strengthening the International Financial Regulatory System• Modernizing Global Institutions to Reflect today's Global

economy• Reforming the Mandate, Mission, and Governance of the IMF• Reforming the Mission, Mandate, and Governance of

Development Banks• Energy Security and Climate Change• Strengthening Support for the Most Vulnerable• Putting Quality Jobs at the Heart of the Recovery• An Open Global Economy

4th G20 Summit – Toronto, Canada (Jun2010)• Prime issue of the summit was the recovery

from the ongoing global recession and the more recent European debt crisis

• International aid to Africa and other developing nations

• Key agreement made by developed nations to cut annual budget deficits in half by 2013 and reducing debt-to-GDP ratio in each economy by 2016

• Financial institutions to keep a higher amount of financial capital in case of future financial shocks

• Climate change and food security• Reiterated their commitment to “greener growth”

5th G-20 Summit – Seoul, Nov2009 - Agenda

Following up on previous G20 commitments like :• Enhance international cooperation to generate strong,

sustainable and balanced growth• Safeguarding the ongoing recovery and restoring fiscal sustainability• Building a stronger international financial regulatory

system• Ensuring Ongoing Global Economic Recovery• Strengthening the International Financial Regulatory

system• Modernizing the International Financial Institutions

6th G-20 Summit – Cannes (Nov2011)• 2011 will be the occasion to build on the

recent successes of the G20 • Ensure an active follow-up on processes

already underway. • To address other essential issues which are

crucial to global stability such as the reform of the international monetary system and the volatility of commodity prices

• Heads of the G-20 members at the London summit pledged to abstain from imposing any trade protectionist measures

Criticisms• Norwegian perspective - Even though one of the

major contributor of development programs in the World Bank and United Nations, it is not a member of the E.U. and thus not represented in the G-20 , characterized the G-20 as a "self-appointment group”, arguing that it undermines the legitimacy of organizations like the IMF, World Bank and United Nations, composition is determined by the major countries and powers

Criticisms.. Contd.• Singapore - refusing to acknowledge the G20's

legitimacy, or accepting that the G20 will be the premier forum for international economic cooperation. Singapore has taken a leading role in organizing an informal "Global Governance Group" of 28 non-G20 countries

• The G20's transparency has also been questioned by critics who call attention to the absence of a charter and the fact that the most important meetings are closed-door

Critics - Proposal

• Critics propose alternative such as an Economic Security Council within the United Nations , where members should be elected by the General Assembly based on their importance in the world economy and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development