G5_LR_2Y_5.5.5 the United States Goes West

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A New Nation

In 1776, thirteen American colonies declared theirindependence from Great Britain. They fought theAmerican Revolution against Great Britain, and in1780 Great Britain surrendered. A new nation wasborn—the United States of America.

In 1783 a treaty gave the United States the thirteencolonies—now states—and other territory west tothe Mississippi River. Great Britain kept its lands inCanada. Spain controlled most of the territory southand west of the United States. Part of the territorywest from the Mississippi was called Louisiana.

This 1784 map shows theborders of the new nation.



When Napoleon Bonapartetook control of Francein 1799, he wanted to

increase France’s strengthin North America. Taking

over Spanish territory theregave France control of

important ports.

4

When President Thomas Jefferson took office in1801, he had a great interest in exploring lands tothe west. He knew that the future of his countrydepended on control of this territory.

As long as Spain controlled the west, Jeffersonwas not worried. However, Spain’s hold on itscolonies seemed to be slowly slipping. Jefferson wassure that the United States could make a deal withSpain to gain Louisiana.

In 1802, Jefferson received shocking news. TheSpanish had handed Louisiana over to the French!This changed everything. At the time, France wasbecoming the strongest country inEurope. If the French had plans forNorth America, it would be very

hard for the United States togrow westward.

Thomas Jefferson was greatly concerned when Spainhanded Louisiana to the French. Suddenly, expandingwestward became more difficult.

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In 1803, James Monroe went to Paris to try to buyNew Orleans from the French. Jefferson told him,

“. . . all hopes are fixed upon you. . . .”

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The port of New Orleans in the early nineteenth centurywas an important trading and shipping center.

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The Louisiana Purchase

French control of Louisiana gave Jeffersonanother worry: the Mississippi River. The UnitedStates and Spain agreed that American settlerscould sell their goods in the important port of NewOrleans.

No one knew what the French would do now thatthey controlled Louisiana. Jefferson feared that theywould block American boats from using the port ofNew Orleans. This would cause damaging economic

results.With that in mind, Jefferson sent James Monroe

to Paris to make a deal with the French. Monroe wasto offer to buy New Orleans. The U.S. governmentwould offer to pay almost nine and a half milliondollars for the city.



The Louisiana Purchase doubled the sizeof the United States.

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When Monroe got to Paris on April 12, 1803,he was in for a surprise. Facing a possible war fromEngland and other concerns, France was losinginterest in controlling Louisiana. The day beforeMonroe arrived, the French government had madean offer to the U.S. agent in Paris. They said theUnited States could have all of Louisiana for theright price. Monroe and the agent signed a treatyagreeing to buy the entire Louisiana territory. Theterritory cost the United States only 15 milliondollars.

In 1793, Sir Alexander Mackenzie lefthis mark on a rock in Bella Coda, British

Columbia, on the Canadian coast.

Sir Alexander Mackenzie

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Exploring the New LandsJefferson had already

made plans to explore thewest. He wanted to findan easy water route to thePacific Ocean. He was inspired by the explorationsof Sir Alexander Mackenzie. In 1793, the Scottishfur trader had discovered a route through westernCanada to the Pacific. Mackenzie’s route wastraveled almost all the way by boat. Jefferson hopedto keep British traders from gaining control of thefur trade near the Pacific Coast. He also was curiousabout the plants and animals in the lands west ofthe Mississippi.



Members of the Corps of Discovery included skilledfrontiersmen, hunters, woodcutters, and interpreters.They met with many groups of Native Americans.

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Jefferson put together a small group named theCorps of Discovery. The group had about thirty men.The journey was to be led by two men who werealready known for their skills in the wilderness:Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.

Jefferson had planned for the trip to takeplace no matter who owned the territory. Now,the Louisiana Purchase gave the explorers a newpurpose. They would map out the country’s newlands and make contact with Native Americans whomade their homes there. Many of these people hadnever heard of the United States.

Meriwether Lewiswas a U.S. army captain.He worked closely withPresident Jefferson to plana westward expedition.

William Clark was aVirginia-born U.S. army captain.

He was recruited by Lewis tohelp lead the expedition.

Lewis and Clark led the journey west.

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The journey west spanned thousands of miles. It began inSt. Louis, on the Mississippi River, and led to the Pacific Oceanand back.

PA C I F I C

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AT L A N T I C

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Great Salt Lake

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St. Louis

New Orleans

St. Louis Expeditionsets out, May 1804.

Mandan villagesTravelers make wintercamp, 1804–1805.

Shoshone villagesSacagawea greets herbrother, August 1805

Near present-dayAstoria, OregonExpedition reachesPacific Ocean,November 1805

FLORIDA(SPAIN)

C A N A D A(BRITAIN)

M E X I C O(SPAIN)

Disputed betweenUnited States

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0 200 400 Kilometers

United States in 1803

Louisiana PurchaseWestward route of Lewisand Clark, 1804–1805Return route, 1806

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The explorers planned to follow the MissouriRiver as far west as they could and then find a wayto the Pacific Ocean. In the fall of 1803, the Corpsof Discovery arrived at St. Louis, on the MississippiRiver near the point where the Missouri andMississippi Rivers join. They spent the winter nearthere. They collected and sorted supplies and workedat becoming fit for the tough journey ahead. Thefollowing spring, the explorers ventured out.

The Corps of Discovery met with manyNative American leaders on their journey.

13

In early August, the explorers came acrossmembers of the Oto, a group of Native Americans.Lewis gave a speech explaining that the French andSpanish no longer ruled their land. They would nowbe part of the United States. The Oto leader thankedLewis for his speech, and Lewis gave him gifts. Thespeech was repeated each time the explorers meta new group of Native Americans.



The expedition spent the winter at the Mandan villagesalong the Missouri River.

Near the end of October, the explorers came toa group of villages that belonged to the Mandanpeople. The villages were on the Great Bend of theMissouri River in what is now North Dakota. Here,they suffered the long winter. In his diary, Clarkscrawled that the temperature was 45 degrees below

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zero on a bitter December day. The Mandan gavethe explorers a warm place to spend the winter.

The explorers made friendly contact with manyNative Americans in the west, including the Shoshone,the Nez Perce, and the Walla Walla. They tradedhorses, food, and other supplies with these people.

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In the summer of 1805, the explorers ran intoa huge barrier, the Rocky Mountains. It took twomonths to cross the mountains and find anotherriver to follow to the Pacific.

In November, they finally reached the PacificOcean. The team spent a cold, rainy winter in whatis now Oregon. On March 23, 1806, they turned eastand headed home.

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The Corps of Discovery had to cross the rugged BitterrootRange, which is part of the Rocky Mountains.

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The Louisiana Purchase was a big step towardmaking this country what it is today. It opened upnew lands and erased a foreign power from the mapof North America. The Lewis and Clark expeditioninspired Americans to look west for their future. Thesekey events in our history also came with problems.



Settlers traveled up and down riverson flatboats loaded with freight.

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Native Americans and the West

It didn’t take long for people in the East to beginmoving west. On their return trip down the MissouriRiver, Lewis and Clark met traders with boats loadedwith freight , hoping to trade with Native Americansin the new territory.

As it turned out, however, Native Americans hadan uneasy relationship with the settlers.

The U.S. government promisedland to Native Americans.

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The Native Americans packed up their homes.

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Many hoped that Native American tribes andsettlers would coexist peacefully. Unfortunately, bythe late 1820s, the government started a policy ofkeeping Native Americans separated from settlers.They did this by using land gained in the LouisianaPurchase.

Beginning in 1830, many tribes were forced offtheir homelands in the south. They were marchedwestward to a new “Indian Territory” west of theMississippi River, in what is now Oklahoma. Areassuch as this came to be called reservations.

This also affected the Native Americans alreadyliving in the territory. Settlers began moving into thearea, but this land was not vacant. Native Americanslived and hunted there. As new settlements grew,Native Americans were forced from their homes.

Native Americans, forced to leave their landsin the east, made their long and difficult

journey to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma.

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This situation caused fighting between the newsettlers and local Native Americans. To resolve theconflict, the government and Native Americannations signed treaties setting aside certain lands forthe settlers and other lands for the Native Americans.

The treaties promised that Native Americanswould have their lands forever. This didn’t happen.Instead, more settlers arrived to overrun the triballands, causing more conflict.

Within a hundred years of Lewis and Clark’sexpedition, the Native American groups these menhad met were all forced onto reservations.The reservations made up only a smallpart of the lands onwhich they oncelived. Jefferson’shopes for peace haddied. Lewis and Clarkunknowingly openedup the west for onegroup of people andclosed it for another.

The choices ThomasJefferson made in his firstyears as president foreverchanged the United States’shape, size, and history.

A pioneer family moves all of their

belongings in a wagon going west.

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Glossaryeconomic adj. relatedto money, business, andtrade

freight n. transportedgoods

independence n. thecondition of being freefrom the control ofanother country

overrun v. to spreadthrough quickly

scrawled v. wrote quicklyand sloppily

vacant adj. empty

ventured n. didsomething risky, oftenrelated to travel

Reader Response1. Based on Lewis and Clark’s travels, what do you think

early trips to the west were like?2. Describe three ways the Louisiana Purchase changed

the United States and Native Americans. Use thegraphic organizer below to organize your ideas andthen make one statement from your information.

3. On page 20, how can the prefix co- help you figureout the meaning of the word coexist ? List and definethree more words with the prefix co- . Use the wordsin sentences.

4. What do you think might have happened if Napoleondid not allow the United States to buy the LouisianaTerritory? Explain your answer.

Statement:

Change:Change: Change:

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G5_LR_2Y_5.5.5 the United States Goes West