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Muhammad Shamshad GadiInstitute of Geology
University of Punjab, Lahore
Presented in Schlumberger, Islamabad.
Gamma Ray Log
Shamshad
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ContentsSection 1 - Geophysical
logging⁻ Definition⁻ Use of well logs⁻ Information obtained
from logsSection 2 - Gamma Ray
logs⁻ Principle and theory⁻ Tools⁻ Log presentation⁻ Horizontal and
vertical resolutionShamshad
⁻ Factors affecting the log value
⁻ Log interpretation and applications
⁻ Conclusions
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⁻ Continuous recording of a geophysical parameters (density, temperature etc) along a borehole
⁻ -Wireline logs or simply Well logs.
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Geophysical Well Log
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⁻ Drilled cuttings leaves an imprecise record of formation drilled.
⁻ Cores are expensive & time consuming
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Use of geophysical well logs
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⁻Rock Types (Formation) Lithology⁻Resistivity.⁻Geometry of Bore Hole⁻Saturation (Water & Hydrocarbon)
⁻Porosity and Permeability.⁻Bulk Density⁻Temperature in hole
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Information we can obtain
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⁻ Method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole
⁻ Uranium, Thorium and Potassium
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Gamma ray log
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Figure1 : The radiations from rocks surrounding boreholeShamshad7
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⁻ Different types of rock emit different amounts and different spectra of natural gamma radiation.
⁻ Amongst sediments, shales emit strongest radiation.
Principle
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Occurrences of u, th and k
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⁻ Acidic rocks contain 4.65 ppm⁻ Soluble salts in uranyle form U⁻ Uranous form UO
Occurrence of u
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2+
6+
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From solution Uranium is deposited in three ways:1) chemical precipitation in acidic and reducing environment2)Adsorption on organic matter3) Chemical reaction in phosphorites
⁻ Primary source is acidic and intermediate igneous rocks
⁻ It is not soluble in water⁻ Transported as clay fraction detrital grains
so more common in terrestrial environment than marine
⁻ Heavy minerals such as thorite, monazite zircon contain thorium
Occurrence of t
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h
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⁻ Potassium is chemically active ⁻ Found in clay minerals, micas, feldspars and
k-salts such as KCl
Occurrence of
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Figure 2. Gamma rays from sandstone, shale and coal (schematic)
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⁻ The radiations from three elements (K,U,Th) in combination.
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Simple Gamma Ray Log
Spectral Gamma Ray Log⁻ The amount of each individual element
(K,U,Th) contributing to this radioactivity
⁻ By the wavelengths of their characteristic gamma emissions.
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Energies of gamma rays
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Figure 3 Energies of gamma rays . (Rider,1996)
⁻ Scintillation counter made up of a large sodium iodide crystal
⁻ Produces a flash of light⁻ Converted to an electric pulse by a
photoelectrical cell
GR Logging Tool
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Figure 4: Scheme of a gamma ray tool
(re-drawn from Serra, 1979 after a Lane Wells documents)
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Compton scattering
http://www.ndt-ed.org
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Figure 5. Compton scattering
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Log presentation (Simple gamma ray log)
Figure 6: Presentation of Gamma Ray Log.
From Dr. Paul Glover
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Log presentation (Spectral gamma ray log)
Figure 7: Presentation of Spectral Gamma Ray Log.
From Dr. Paul Glover
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1ppm U=8.09 API1ppm Th=3.93 API1% k=16.32 API
Figure 8: Volume Of Investigation.
(Rider, 1996)
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Logging speed ⁻ Radiations are counted by a tool over a fixed
period of time, say two seconds, called the time constant.
(Rider, 1996)
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Unwanted borehole effects
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Factor Effects on log
Figure 9: Effect of KCl mud on log value From Dr. Paul Glover
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⁻ Rocks of low radioactivity include primarily clean sandstones, limestones, and dolomites.
⁻ Anhydrite, halite, lignite and coal have also a low radioactivity. Their radioactivity increases when they are shaly.
⁻ Ordinary shales have a much higher radioactivity than the rocks listed above. The radioactivity of sandy shales is less than that of shales.
Interpretation of Gamma Ray Logs
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Figure 10. Effect of different lithologies on the gamma ray log.(schematic)
From Dr. Paul Glover26
Evaporites
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Figure:11 Potassium Salts giving very high peaks of radioactivity in a evaporate sequence. (Permian North sea)
( Rider, 1996)27
Figure 12. Gamma ray characteristics of coal.Shamshad
Coal And Source Rock Radioactivity
(Rider,1996)28
It is based on relationship between grain size and shale content.
Facies and grain size
Shamshad Figure 14. Facies from Gamma ray log
( Rider, 1996)29
Gamma ray shapes and facies sequences
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From Dr. Paul Glover
Figure 15. Gamma ray shapes and facies sequences
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⁻ Most frequently used for correlation because it is lithology indicator.
Correlation
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{
Figure 16. Correlation using the gamma ray log. Baronia field, sarawak,
(From Scherer, 1980)32
⁻ U has affinity for marine environment
⁻ Th has affinity for continental environment
⁻ Normal Th/U ratio of shales is 3-6⁻ Shales with higher
ratios=continental environment⁻ Shales with lower ratios show
more marine envionmwnts
Th/U ratio – Depositional environment of shale
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(From Rider,1996)
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Th/U ratio – Depositional environment of shale
Figure 18.Use of Th/U ratio to indicate environment of deposition
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Shale Volume
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= GR log – GR minGR max – GR min
𝑽=𝑻𝒉 ¿¿
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⁻ Clean sandstones, limestones, and dolomites give low value of gamma ray log
⁻ Anhydrite, halite and gypsum have low radioactivity.
⁻ lignite and coal show very low values on gamma ray log.
⁻ Gamma ray log is good shale indicator.⁻ Organic rich black shales give very
high value on log.
Conclusions
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