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X ESearchv. .

/ /Paul Isambert

zappathustra@free.fr

ContentsChangesIntroductory remarksLet’s searchWhat X ESearch looks for and how it finds it(A very blunt form of) regular expressionsSearch order(s). Strictly identical searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Affixes with identical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Different searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some TEXnical ma ersExamples. Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Word count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Syntax highlighting: TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Syntax highlighting: HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Implementation. First things first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Character classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Search lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Testing words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Search order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Miscellanea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A third party file for ConTEXt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Changes

/ / Corrected for new versions of the X ETEX executable (thanks to Yuri Robbers):The X ETEX executable now has an increased number of character classes to

. This has been accomodated by also increasing X ESearch’s upper boundfrom to . Not changing X ESearch would result in an error. For com-patibility with other versions of the executable, this solution has been imple-mented using system primitives rather than hard coded numbers.

/ / v. . Corrected for ConTEXt (thanks to Wolfgang Schuster):Now there’s a third party file, t-X ESearch.tex, so that X ESearch can be prop-erly loaded with \usemodule[X ESearch].The clash between ConTEXt’s \unexpanded macro and X ETEX’s (actually ε-TEX’s) \unexpanded primitive has been fixed.

/ / Initial version

X ESearch user guide • 2

Introductory remarks

. This set of macros requires the X ETEX engine.

. This set of macros is totally experimental.

. This set of macros is wri en with plain X ETEX, and so it should be compatible with allformats, at least if they implement such basic macros as \newcount or \newif, which isthe case at least for LATEX and ConTEXt.. As a consequence of the preceding remark, I’ve used in the examples of this documenta-tion control sequences that don’t exist in any format (as far as I know) but whosemeaningis transparent enough, like \blue or \italics, which typeset blue and italics. They arenot part of X ESearch.. This set of macros tweaks X ETEX’s character class mechanism badly. This mechanismwas not designed to do what it does here. Anyway, since it is used mainly for non-alphabetical writing systems, there’s li le chance of clashing with X ESearch. I have triedto make X ESearch compatible with François Chare e’s polyglossia for language with spe-cial punctuation pa ern, like French. I have not tried to patch babel German shorthandsin polyglossia, simply because I was not able to make them work.. X ESearch is local all the way down, that is, there’s not a single global command. So itcan be used in a controlled way.¹. To see what X ESearch does, see example on the right.. To load the package in LATEX, say

\usepackage{xesearch}

In ConTEXt:

\usemodule[xesearch]

In plain X ETEX:

\input xesearch.sty

¹If your knowledge of TEX is confined to LATEX, youmight not be very familiar with the notion of locality togroups, since in LATEXpre ymuch everything is global by default, whereas in plain TEX the contrary holds. Soto make things simple, just remember that if you use X ESearch inside a LATEX environment, even one you’vedefined yourself with \newenvironment, nothing will spread outside this environment. (I don’t know thesituation for ConTEXt, so I won’t say anything.)

\SearchList{color}{\csname#1\endcsname{#1}}{blue,red,green}This is blue and this is red and this is green,but apparently yellow was not defined.

This is blue and this is red and this is green, but apparently yellowwas notdefined.

E ₁: A S E

X ESearch user guide • 3

Let’s search

• \SearchList⟨*!⟩{⟨name⟩}{⟨replacement text⟩}{⟨list of words⟩}The star and exclamationmark are optional and their relative order does notma er. Stick-ing tomandatory arguments for themoment, here’s how thismacroworks: first, you givea ⟨name⟩ to this list, for further reference. Then you specify the ⟨replacement text⟩, whichwill be substituted for all of the words in ⟨list of words⟩ (separated by commas). In this⟨replacement text⟩, the substituted word is designed by #1, so just think about it as an ar-gument to a control sequence. If you forget #1, the word disappears (until we learn howto use the exclamation mark), as can be seen in example .

Note that there’s still a space between forgo en and the full stop. Where does it comefrom? Well, it is the space that was between forgo en and something. At the time whenX ESearch manipulates something, this space has already been read and typeset, so it doesnot disappear.

But there’s something much more interesting in this example. As you might havenoticed, the first line says:

\SearchList{list1}{\italics{#1}}{obviously}

and in the text to be searchedwe find ‘Obviously’, with an uppercase first le er. Nonethe-less, it is found and modified according to the replacement text. We thus discover onebasic principle of X ESearch: it isn’t case-sensitive by default. Hence the two following lists

\SearchList{list1}{}{word}\SearchList{list2}{}{Word}

will find exactly the same set of words, namely ‘word’ ‘Word’, ‘woRd’, ‘WORD’, etc. Howscary. This isn’t customary in good programming and in TEX in particular. Fortunately,this default se ing can be easily changed: the optional star just after \SearchList willmake the entire list case-sensitive. Besides, if a list is not case-sensitive, i.e. if it has nostar, a star before a word in that list will make the search for that particular word case-sensitive.² This is illustrated in example .

In this example we discover another macro, whose meaning is clear:• \StopList{⟨list of lists⟩}

The lists, separated by commas, are turned off.

²However, if \SearchList is suffixed with a star, all words in the list will be case-sensitive.

\SearchList{list1}{\italics{#1}}{obviously}\SearchList{list2}{}{something}Obviously, I have forgotten something.

Obviously, I have forgo en .

E ₂: W A A

\SearchList{Case insensitive}{\blue{#1}}{woRd}Word word woRd WORD\StopList{Case insensitive}

Word word woRd WORD

\SearchList*{Case sensitive}{\red{#1}}{word}Word word woRd WORD\StopList{Case sensitive}

Word word woRd WORD

\SearchList{Mixed}{\green{#1}}{word,*Worm}Word word woRd WORD\parWorm worm woRm WORM\par

Word word woRd WORDWorm worm woRmWORM

E ₃: I C -S

X ESearch user guide • 4

Let’s turn back to \SearchList again. It can also take an exclamation mark besidethe star (the order between the two of them is not important). In this case, the wordis not subsituted anymore; i.e. the replacement text will follow the word (still with #1standing for it). These concatenating replacements are very dangerous because they areexpanded after the search has started again. You see what I mean: if the word you’vefound does not endure some transformation that’ll make it different from itself as far astypese ing is concerned, ooops, here’s the loop. WORD expands to WORD\command{WORD}to WORD\command{WORD\command{WORD}}, etc., and there’s no way out of it.

So, what’s the point? The point is: the reason why those replacements are placedafter the no-search area has stopped is because they are meant to host argument-takingcommands to act on the rest of the streams. Such commands can’t be placed in normalreplacement texts without an exclamation mark, because they would stumble upon pre-cisely what starts the search again. So be careful. Either use !-marked searches withnon-typese ing macros, for instance to index the word, or make sure that you know ex-actly themany interactions youmight create. The exclamationmark says it all. Exampleis silly but I hope you can see the point.

Note the space at the beginning of the first and third replacement texts. Concatenatingreplacement texts (which replace nothing but whatever) stick to their targets. Besides, inthe third example, \greenwould have gobbled the subsequent space.

I hope you have noticed that the Hamlet list contains not a word but a phrase. Soyou know: X ESearch can find phrases. Now we can’t avoid going into a li le more detailconcerning the way X ESearch works. But before that, let’s see one simple macro:

• \AddToList⟨*!⟩{⟨name⟩}{⟨list of words⟩}This adds thewords to the ⟨name⟩ list, which of course should already exist. The presenceor absence of a star and/or an exclamation mark doesn’t depend at all on the original list.You can see that in example .

Finally, thewords in \SearchList and \AddToList should bemade of characters only,but these can be the product of expansion. For instance, if you have \def\word{a word},then you can say \AddToList{mylist}{\word}. If anything else shows up X ESearchwon’taccept the word (and you’ll probably have a good deal of errors beforehand).

\SearchList*!{Hamlet}%{ Or Not \StopSearching#1\StartSearching}%{To Be}

To Be...

To Be Or Not To Be...

\SearchList!{typo}{\red{!!!}}{tipo}There's a tipo here.

There’s a tipo!!! here.

\SearchList!{XeTeX}{ \green}{is}This is \XeTeX.\par

This is X ETEX.

E ₄: A S O

\SearchList{Stupid list}{\blue{#1}}{word}Word and beep.\AddToList*{Stupid list}{Beep}Or Beep and word and beep.

Word and beep. Or Beep and word and beep.

E ₅: A W T A E L₍A S O ₎

X ESearch user guide • 5

What X ESearch looks for and how it finds it

X ESearch can see only two things: le ers and non-le ers. Non-le ers it doesn’t like be-cause it’s then forced to spit the le ers it has gathered and form a word, and most timesit’s not allowed to take it away. (Un)fortunately, X ESearch is quite short-sighted: it con-siders le ers what you tell it are not non-le ers (X ESearch apparently has some formaleducation in philosophy).

More seriously (and clearly), X ESearch forms a word as long as there are le ers. Asyou can see in example , macros are expanded and if they yield le ers, X ESearch canrecognize a word. So when does it stop searching? There are two main cases:. It encounters a space, or any primitive control sequence. The former case is quite nat-ural: you want spaces to delimit words (including \skips and associates). But the la eris less obvious: as soon as TEX does something that is not typese ing le ers, X ESearchgives up. And this includes something as seemingly innocuous as a \relax, as you cansee in example . That’s the reason why, for instance, X ESearch will never find TeX in\TeX: the definition contains many operations that aren’t strictly speaking pu ing le ersin the stream. Fortunately, the bulk of a manuscript is made of le ers and spaces, andone seldom inserts \relaxes in the middle of words.. X ESearch encounters a character that you’ve declared as a non-le er, that is a wordboundary. This leads us to the following macro:

• \MakeBoundary{⟨characters⟩}• \UndoBoundary{⟨characters⟩}

The characters should be simply put one after the other, as in for instance\MakeBoundary{,;:!}

\UndoBoundary{?()\{\}}

The basic set of such characters is as follows³.,;:!?-`'()[]{}

Now, if X ESearch encounters a character that you’ve made into a boundary, it will stopforming a word and evaluate what it has gathered. Conversely, such characters cannotappear in the list of words in \SearchList; they wouldn’t be found anyway. This isillustrated in example .

³That is: full stop, comma, semi-colon, colon, exclamation mark, question mark, dash, inverted comma,apostrophe (i.e. left and right quote), parentheses, brackets, curly braces. This is rather arbitrary, despitesome basic sensible assumptions.

\SearchList{Will it find me?}{\blue{#1}}{word}\def\rd{rd}Here is a wo\rd.

Here is a word.

E ₆: M C ’ H L

\SearchList{This time I'm prepared}{\blue{#1}}{word}\def\rd{\relax rd}Here is a wo\rd.

Here is a word.

E ₇: B P C

\MakeBoundary{/}\SearchList{separated}{\ddag#1\ddag}{waka,jawaka}Waka/Jawaka

‡Waka‡/‡Jawaka‡

\UndoBoundary{/}\SearchList{united}{\ddag#1\ddag}{waka/jawaka}Waka/Jawaka

‡Waka/Jawaka‡

E ₈: W W S A S

X ESearch user guide • 6

There is one big difference between those two cases. Characters defined as boundariesare not only word boundaries but also phrase boundaries. If X ESearch smells a possiblephrase, spaces and primitive commands won’t stop it, whereas boundary characters will.You can see that in example . This example also illustrates one fact and one sad truth. Thefact is that words aren’t searched for inside phrases; so the first two you’s were not turnedto italics, since they belonged to you are what you is. The third one, one the other hand, wasrecognized since you are neither good nor badwasmissed because of the intervenig comma.

The sad truth is that the \kern disappeared. This is one shortcoming of X ESearch:primitives disappear when they’re in the middle of a possible phrase, even if that phraseis not recognized in the end. By ‘possible phrase’ I mean a string of words that form thebeginning of a phrase that you want identified, e.g. the kern in

\SearchList{H(a)unting primitives}{}%{xesearch feeds on kerns}

xesearch feeds on\kern1cm skips

will disappear, even though no string matches in the end. Hopefully such commands arerather rare in the bulk of a document. If some are unavoidable— and for other uses too—there exists a pair of commands, whose function I probably don’t need to explain (exceptthat \StartSearching doesn’t need to be issued at the beginning of your document, it isthere by default):

• \StartSearching• \StopSearching

(A very blunt form of) regular expressions

Words are cool, and phrases too. But life doesn’t always reach their level of achievement.Sometimes you don’t know what you want. Something beginning with a ‘B’, why not?or maybe something that ends in ‘et’? Then look at example .

There are several things to see in this example. First,X ESearchhas entered the \italicscommand and imposed its will.⁴ Next, affixes⁵ are also sensitive to case-sensitivity, so to

⁴Provided I’m using commands that don’t cancel each other, like plain TEX’s \bf and \it.⁵I use the word affixes to refer to both prefixes (like B?) and suffixes (like ?et). From a linguistic point of

view, prefixes and suffixes (and infixes, actually) are indeed affixes, but from the same point a view, whatwe’re talking about here has nothing to do with prefixes or suffixes, just with bits of words. I hope you don’tmind.

\SearchList{word}{\italics{#1}}{you}\SearchList{phrases}{\red{#1}}

{you are what you is,you are neither good nor bad}

You are what\kern1cm % What a kern!you is but you are neither good, nor bad.

You are what you is but you are neither good, nor bad.

E ₉: P A W

\SearchList{Affixes}{\red{#1}}{*B?,?et,?ET}

A \italics{Black Page} in B, actually some kind ofduet for Terry Bozzio and Chad Wackerman, layon the drumset beside the PET facility.

A Black Page in B, actually some kind of duet for Terry Bozzio and ChadWackerman, lay on the drumset beside the PET facility.

E ₁₀: P A S

X ESearch user guide • 7

speak, since beside was not identified (*B? being case-sensitive), whereas PET was found(?et not being case-sensitive). Note that a word matches an affix search if it is at least aslong as the specified part of the affix. Thus, B matches B?. So the question mark means‘from zero to any number of additional le ers,’ and not ‘at least one additional le er.’

Phrases can take only suffixes, and they affect the last word only. So

\SearchList{list}{}{some interesting wor?}

will find some interesting world, some interesting words, but not some interestingword thesaurus. An affix mark anywhere else will have no effect.

Marking the unspecified part of a word with ? is the only possibility for the questionmark to enter a \SearchList, and obviously it doesn’t stand for itself. So, unless of courseyou undo it as a string boundary, ? can appear only at the beginning or the end of aword.⁶In any other place, it will be recognized as a boundary that has no right to be there andyou’ll be blamed. This means that infixes don’t exist in X ESearch, i.e. you can’t say B?etto search for bullet, for instance. Also, you can’t say ?ull? to match bullet. One affixat a time.

Finally, don’t try to use a joker, i.e.

\SearchList{list}{}{?}

as an a empt to match all words. This won’t work.⁷

Search order(s)

Now we shall see what happens when a word is matched by several searches. There arethree different cases:. A word is matched by two or more strictly identical searches, e.g.:

\SearchList{list1}{}{word}\SearchList{list2}{}{word}... word ...

⁶And if a star is present, it should precede the question mark.⁷If you want to match all words

\SearchList{list}{}{a?,b?,...,z?}should do. Ok, now you’ve read it, you might have the impression that the title of this section verges ondishonesty. You might be right.

X ESearch user guide • 8

. A word is matched by two or more prefixes or two or more suffixes identical in case-sensitivity, e.g.:

\SearchList{list1}{}{*wor?}\SearchList{list2}{}{*wo?}... word ...

. A word is matched by two or more different searches, e.g.:

\SearchList{list1}{}{*wor?}\SearchList{list2}{}{word}\SearchList{list3}{}{?ord}... word ...

. Strictly identical searches

In this case, the word will execute all the replacement texts. Their interactions depend onthe way they are defined: the replacement texts that are defined without an exclamationmark take as arguments the replacement texts that are defined just before them and willthemselves become arguments to subsequent replacement texts. See example

If the replacement texts are defined with and exclamation mark, they are simply con-catenated, andmost importantly, their argument is the word itself alone, not the accumu-lation of previous remplacement texts. See example . Of course, if a word is matchedby both kinds of replacement texts, the same rules apply, as in example , where youcan also be entertained by some not-very-fun-but-you-can-hopefully-see-the-point-againfiddling with !-marked macros. If you want to knowwhat those three \expandafters aredoing here, see section .

. Affixes with identical characteristics

When a word is found by two or more affixes of the same kind (i.e. only prefixes oronly suf