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Gangs and Maras in Central America
Results from self-report surveys
Mauricio RubioUniversidad Externado de Colombia
Confronting Crime and Violence in Latin AmericaCrafting a Public Policy Agenda
July 2 - 3 2007
outline
the data
overview: gangs & youth violence
gangs & poverty
joining the gang
gangs & girls
public policy issues
the data
IADB financed
5 Self report surevys in Honduras (2), Nicaragua (2) & Panamá
n > 8500. 61.4% students
1st time (LA) “presence” “power” of gangs is measured
one of few with control group
• Main restrictions
IABD has an agenda in terms of prevention programs.
Not a globally planned exercise. From police records to victimization surveys to self-report
Learning by doing. Trial & error vs comparability. Adapting to local situation
Main (unsolvable) limitations
• “Remember if” is a risky simulation of cohort studies
• Out of school sample is not random (priority to anonymous questionnaire)
gangs & poverty
socioeconomic status (SES) perception
SES indexchecked by
respondent’sexpenditure
familyincome
potential
joining the gang
gangs & sex GANGS AND EARLY SEXUAL ACTIVITY% THAT IN EACH STEP REPORT SEX BEFORE 13
6 713
40
54
10
20
3134
47
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
no gangs inbarrio
gangs in barrio friend in gang novio(a) ingang
gang member
women men
FOR EACH STEP AVERAGE AGE OF FIRST SEXUAL RELATIONGANGS AND AGE OF SEXUAL INITIATION
14.4 14.3 14.3
13.8
13.5
14.3
13.6 13.5 13.413.2
12
13
14
15
no gangs inbarrio
gangs in barrio friend in gang novio(a) ingang
gang member
women men
* Among sexually active
GANGS AND SEXUAL TURNOVERFOR EACH STEP AVERAGE NUMBER OF SEXUAL PARTNERS IN LIFETIME *
1.9
3.95.0
5.8
14.4
3.9 4.0
5.7 5.4
11.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
no gangs inbarrio
gangs in barrio friend in gang novio(a) ingang
gang member
women men
GANGS AND ROMANCE% THAT IN EACH STEP REPORT BOY OR GIRL FRIEND
80
74
92
100
69 70
91
97
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
no gangs in barrio gangs in barrio friend in gang gang member
women men
similar incidence(students)
other similaritiesboth boys in gangs & girls in prostitution
high victimizationhigh drug usehigh self-report of offencesshare risk factors (sexual abuse, running away, dropping out)
need early prevention
gangs & girls
gangs & prostitution
public policy issues
who is the relevant policy maker?
global phenomena (gangs, drugs, migration)
LA: local problem & national institutions
coordinating NGOs and agencies (with a strong political agenda)
diagnostic must be local
with common data gathering methodologies
programs should be independently evaluated
poverty & violence is still the theory behind most prevention programs
not always fits the data
perverse incentives (hot barrios get more resources)
biased against girls
mating issues need more attention