Garden Vegetable Pests & Diseases How to Grow a Healthy ... · Care of your garden plants Yields Vigorous Growth and Maximum Resistance to Diseases and Tolerance for ... to pests

Presented by: Carolyn Kinnon

Garden Vegetable Pests & Diseases

How to Grow a Healthy Salsa Garden

© 2014 Regents of the University of California

The majority of contaminates entering San Diego

watersheds come from residential properties.

IntegratedPestManagement!© 2014 Regents of the University of California

The Solution?

IntegratedPestManagement

• Scien'ficallybased• Effec'veforthelongterm• Reducesoreveneliminatestheneedforpes'cides• Saves'meandmoney

U'lizesseveralstrategiesforpestmanagementratherthanrelyingononlyone!


Proper Planting & Cultural Care of your garden plants Yields Vigorous Growth and

Maximum Resistance to Diseases and Tolerance for

Insect Damage!

IPMBeginsWith…


BasicSalsaIngredientsFromGardentoTable

CilantroOnionsPeppersTomatoes © 2014 Regents of the University of California

PlanAheadforProperPlan'ng•  GardenSpace

– Sizeofgrowingbed•  PlantSize•  Numberofeachplant•  FullSun

–  Direc'onofSun

•  SoilPrepara'on–  In-groundorRaisedBed

•  Irriga'on•  Nutri'on

P

C

T

O


GardenSpace•  Sizeofgardenbeddeterminesnumberofeachplant– A4’x4’bedshouldaccommodate2dwarforonebush-typetomato,2peppers,6cilantro,and12onionand/orgarlicbulbs

•  Allplantsshouldbeinfullsun,6-8hoursperday– Avoidplan'ngnearwallsorfencesthatfacesunalldaytoavoidexcessiveheatreflec'ontoplants

•  Plantlargerplants“behind”smallerplantstoavoidshading


Room to Grow Largest Plants Tomatoes

Choose 1 or More fortheSIZEof your garden

•  DeterminateHabit–  “Bush”typesstopgrowthatabout3–5feetthensetfruit

•  IndeterminateHabit–  Needlargergardenarea

–  “Vine”typestendtosprawlandrequiremoreroom&support

•  ContainerorRaised-BedMidget,Pa'o,Dwarfarecompact–  Usuallyshortlived,quickfruitproduc'on

•  CherryTomatoes:Dwarftoover6feettall


SoilIn-GroundBedsorRaisedBeds

•  Medium-textured(sandy-loam),sod,well-drainedsoilisbestforthemixtureofplanttypesinthisgarden

•  Lightsandysoilsorheavyclaysoilsarehardertoworkwithbutcanbemadeeasierwithorganicamendments– Wellcompostedmaterialslowinsaltorbagged

•  Avoidareaswithrocks,highsalinity,orexcessivelydenseclay


SoilPrepara<onWater-Wait-Cul<vate

In-GroundBed•  Priortocul'va'on,make

surethesoilismoistbutnotthoroughlywet:

1.  Cul'vatethetop1to2inches,raketheareatoremoveweedsandoldcropdebris;digoutroots

2.  Irrigatetheplotdeeplytoencouragegermina'onofweedseeds;WAIT!

3.  Cul'vatetokillweedseedlings4.  AmendsoilwithOrganic

Maier

RaisedBed•  Aderprepara'onofground

soil:1.  Formsoilintoraisedbedand

plantwhilesoiliss'llmoist

•  OREmptypre-baggedsoilintoraisedbed,leavingenoughroomtoplant&waterwithoutspillingoversides

Be sure to break up the clods in the soil, as seeds planted in cloddy soil will germinate poorly, and roots nor seeds will live long because the soil dries too quickly!


Proper Planting for a Healthy Start Tomatoes

•  Home-grownorpurchasedseedlingsshouldbe6-8inchestall,hardenedoff,stocky,andwellcoveredwithhealthygreenleaves

•  Waterthoroughlyacoupleofhoursbeforeplan'ngoutandplantinadernoontominimizewaterlossduringcoolovernighthours

•  Vigorousseedlingscanbeplanted2inchesdeeperthantheyareinthepot

•  Avoiddamagingrootsandbruisingstems•  Waterthoroughlytoseilesoilandeliminateairpockets


Proper Planting for a Healthy Start Peppers

•  Arebestplantedinraisedbeds

•  DirectSeeding:–  Followdirec'onsonseedpacketforspacing,depth,'metogermina'on,and

thinningofgerminatedseedlings–  Keepsoilmoistduringthegermina'onperiod

•  Transplants:–  Waterthoroughlyacoupleofhoursbeforeplan'ngoutandplantinadernoonto

minimizewaterlossduringcoolovernighthours–  Vigorousseedlingsshouldbeplantedtothedepthofthefirstleafonthestem,

about18to24inchesapart

•  Ahighphosphorus,granularfer'lizershouldbeappliedtoPepperseedlingswhen4-6“trueleaves”arefullymature,ormixedwithback-fillsoilintheplan'ngholefortransplants–  Waterthoroughlyadertransplan'ngtoseilesoil,eliminateairpockets


Proper Planting for a Healthy Start Cilantro

•  Seed(Coriander)mayneedtobecrackedorscarifiedbeforeplan'ng

•  Plantseed1/2inchdeep(inrows12inchesapart)andthinseedlingsto6to8inchesbetweenplantsadergermina'on.

•  Cilantroplantsaresensi'vetoheat,andwillbolttoseedquicklyinwarmweather–  Canre-seedeverythreeweeksthroughtocoolseasonforcon'nuous

produc'onOR–  Cutstemsoneinchabovethegroundandallowplanttore-growfora

secondculng–  Harvesttheoutsideleavesandplantswillcon'nueproducingnewfoliage

un'lgonetoseed•  Plantcilantrotransplants6to8inchesapartatsamesoillevelas

incontainerCompiled by Claudia Myers, UC Small Farm Center, Keith Mayberry, farm advisor, Imperial County and Yvonne Savio, UC Master Gardener and Extension Secretary, UC Vegetable Crops Department. © 2014 Regents of the University of California

Onions

Proper Planting for a Healthy Start

•  Onionsproducebeierfromseedortransplantsratherthanfromonionsets

•  Plantseedabout0.25inchdeepandmaintaingoodsoilmoisture–  Plantmoreseedsthan

necessaryandthinseedlings,savingthestrongestseedlingstoproducebulbs,atabout4-5inchesapart

•  Soilshouldcoverthebaseofthedevelopingbulbjustenoughtoanchoritinplace

Garlic•  Mostgarlicisgrownfrom

“cloves”ratherthanfromseed.Planttheclovesdirectlyinthegarden

•  Donotbreakapartthemotherbulbun'lreadytoplant

•  Donotremovethepapery“tunic”fromthecloves

•  Plant2inchesdeep,4inchesapartintherow(with12inchesbetweenrows)

•  Thelargertheclove,thelargerthebulbofgarlicatharvest


ProperCulturalCareforCon'nuedHealthyGrowth

•  Con'nuewithproperculturalprac'cestopromotehealthyplantswithbeierresistancetopestsanddisease….– ProperWateringPrac<ces– Nutrients;Fer<lizingCorrectly

Healthy plants will have maximum resistance to diseases and greater

tolerance for insect damage! © 2014 Regents of the University of California

Water •  Watertransplantsimmediately&thoroughly

•  Maintainevensoilmoisture–  Donotfluctuatebetweenheavywateringanddryingoutperiods–  Coursemulch3-4inchesthickwillminimizefluctua'onsinsoil

moisture–  Donotover-water

•  Avoid“FixedSchedule”Watering-Waterasneeded!–  Donotstressplantsbyallowingthemtowilt–  Waterdeeplyfewer'mesperweek–  Determinesoilmoisturewitha“feeltest”

•  Ifwatercanbesqueezedfromahandfulofsoil–itstoowet!•  Ifsoildoesnotholdtogether(loosely)adersqueezing–itstoodry!

–  Useasoilprobeormoisturemetertodeterminemoistureatrootzoneoflargestplants


WaterProperly

•  Good&BadofSprinklerIrriga<on– GoodforseedlingsandLeachingsalts– Donotapplyfasterthancanbeabsorbedbysoil

•  UseWaterCycling– Badincoolweather

•  Contributestodiseasesonfruitandleafmolds– Avoidapplyingwaterinthismanneraderfruitbeginstoripen


IMPROPER WATERING IS THE #1

CAUSE OF POOR PLANT HEALTH!

Nutrients •  Primarynutrientsrequiredbyplants:

–  C,H,O(fromairandwater)–  Nitrogen(N),Phosphorous(P),Potassium(K)–  Calcium(Ca),Magnesium(Mg),Sulfur(S)

•  Nutrientsareabsorbedbyrootsalongwithwater•  Requirementsdifferforstagesofgrowth•  Organicsoilamendments•  Commercialsoilmixesmaycontainslowreleasefer'lizers•  Healthy,vigorousTomatotransplantsshouldnotrequire

addi'onalfer'lizerun'lfloweringandfruitsetarewellunderway.

•  Peppersmaythrivefromanapplica'onofhighphosphorousfer'lizersatplan'ng.


Fer'lizeCorrectly•  Direct-sownseedlingsmayneed½strengthwater-solublefer'lizerevery10-15days– DoNOTallowrunoffofthisfer'lizerwater!

•  Fortransplantsuseslow-releasefer'lizersintheplan'nghole

Ø UsuallyonlyN&P(andsome'mesK)needtobeaddedtomatureplantsingardensoilsaderfruitset

•  “Sidedress”andDon’tApplyExcess(FollowLabelDirec'ons)•  Indeterminate(Vining)typeTomatoesneedmoreNthanDeterminate(Bush)type

Ø Calcium(Ca)isusuallysufficientingardensoilsforTomatoes•  WaterdeeplytoLeachSaltsthatmay“'e-up”calciuminsoil•  Gypsumisgoodsourceifaddi'onalCaisneeded


TooMuchorTooLiileNutri'on?•  ExcessNitrogen:

–  Plantsmoresuscep'bletoinsectpests&disease

–  Willdelayflowering&fruitset

–  FlowerDropandFailuretoSetFruit

•  LackofCalcium:–  BlossomEndRot

•  Commononsandysoils,soilswithhighsalt

Phosphorus-deficient

Potassium-deficient

•  LackofNitrogen:-  Olderleavesareyellowish;newgrowth

sparse,undersized;plantsgrowslowlyandfoliagemaydrop


IPMMethodsforControllingPlantPests

• PreventPests&Disease• CorrectIden'fica'onofPestorDisease• ReducePopula'onNumbers

• ApplyAppropriateControlMeasures

• RecognizeNaturalEnemiesofPests• EncourageNaturalEnemies


Soil-borneDiseases&Nematodes

Iden'fica'on,Preven'on&ControlMeasures


PhytophthoraRootRot

•  Phytophthorarequireswarm,moistsoilsinordertocausediseaseofherbaceousplants.

•  FloodedandsaturatedsoilcanspreadPhytophthoratohealthyplants.

•  Symptoms–  LeavesofplantsaffectedbyPhytophthorarotappeardroughtstressed

–  Leavesmayturndullgreen,yellow,orinsomecasesredorpurplish

– WhenTomatoesandPeppersareaffected,rootsofallsizesdevelopwater-soakedspotsthatdryoutandturnachocolatebrown;outerroot'ssuemaycomeoff


Fusarium&Ver0cillumWiltDiseases•  Wiltsymptomsodenappearfirstononesideofaplant(aboveground)

•  ChooseVarie<esdevelopedforDiseaseResistance:–  Lookforthe“DiseaseIden'fica'onCodes”(V,F,FF)ontheplantlabelorseedpacket.

Fusarium - Tomato

Verti

cilli

um -

Pep

per


•  SoilsshouldbecleanaspossibletoavoidDiseasePathogens&Nematodes

•  CropRota'on

•  Cleansoilanddebrisfromtools,shoes

•  Makesuredebrisfrompreviouscropshasdecayedcompletelyifledinsoil

ControllingSoil-borneDiseases&Nematodes

Stem & Bulb Nematode on Onion and Galls on roots caused by Root

Knot Nematodes.

Look for Disease Code (N) on plant labels that indicates resistance to root nematode


ControllingSoil-borneDiseases&Nematodes

•  GoodWaterManagement– Avoidover-wateringandprovidegooddrainingsoil

– Don’tspreaddiseaseorNematodeswithwaterrun-off

•  Avoidapplyingexcessivefer<lizer

•  SoilSolariza<on


LeafFungi&Weeds

Iden'fica'on,Preven'on&ControlMeasures


PowderyMildewDisease•  Affects all plants in this garden except Onion/Garlic •  Look for resistant plant varieties •  To eradicate mild to moderate powdery mildew infections

•  Use a horticultural oil, or one of the plant-based oils such as Neem oil or Jojoba Moderate temperatures (60 - 80°F)

and shade encourage the disease!


ControllingPowderyMildew

Biological Fungicides are commercially available beneficial microorganisms formulated into a product that, when sprayed on the plant, inhibit or destroy fungal pathogens – Bacillus subtilis


•  Canquicklyshadeoutyoungcropplantsaswellasrobthesoilofnutrientsandwater–  Controlisessen'al,especiallywhenthecropsareyoung

•  Arehostsfordiseases&insectpests

Weeds

NeileleafgoosefoothostsBeetArmyworm

Blacknightshadehostsbacterialspot


ControllingWeeds

•  Exclusion&Preven'on– Neverletweedsgotoseedinyourgardenorinareassurroundingyourgarden.

•  Hand-weedingandHoeing– Themostimportantweedmanagementop'oninthehomegarden!

•  Mulching–  useacoarse-texturedmulchwithalowwater-holdingcapacity.

•  Solariza'on– Withclearplas'c

Theprimarymethodsforweedcontrolinvegetablegardensinclude:


InsectPests&SnailsandSlugs

Iden'fica'on,Preven'on

&ControlMeasures


•  Aphidsonnewterminalgrowth,Whiteflyunderleaves,Thrips,andSootymoldonleavesandfruit

•  Leafminer“mines”,Hornwormsinearlyseason,Snails&Slugsalways

BeontheLookout,BeaScout!


BugstoWatchForBagradaBug

http://www.ipm.ucanr.edu/EXOTIC/index.html http://cisr.ucr.edu/pdf/bagrada-bug-capca-handout-sept-19-2012.pdf

“Largest numbers are typically observed in organic farms, community gardens, and residential vegetable gardens… Causes feeding damage on the fruits of bell pepper, melon, papaya, tomato…”

These are NOT Ladybeetles!

CHECK PLANTS REGULARLY & HAND-PICK OR VACUUM OFF!


BugstoWatchForBrownMarmoratedS'nkBug

BMSB may reach very high numbers, and since one bug can feed on many fruit, losses can be severe. Adults and nymphs suck juices from fruit and seeds. BMSB damages fruits (citrus, fig, berries, grapes, beans, tomatoes, and other vegetables). Seeks winter shelter, and

large numbers may congregate on outside walls or invade homes by entering through small openings. Can also be hidden inside dense foliage layers or fruit clusters, and tend to hide or drop when startled.

Avoid damage with floating row covers Control Options: •  Handpick or brush off plants into soapy water. •  Use a hand-held vacuum regularly! •  Be sure to destroy the egg masses found on the

underside of leaves. © 2014 Regents of the University of California

Managing Insect Pests & Others Focus on the Long-Term Goal vs. Short-Term Satisfaction

• ManageWorms,Loopers,etc.,&BagradaBugsorBMSB

• Byhandpickingorvacuuminganddumpingintosoapywater

• MicrobialproductslikeBtforworms

• ModeratenumbersofLoopersandHornwormscanbebeneficialhostsforparasitesthataiackTomatoFruitworms

• DestroyeggmassesofBMSB

• TrapSnails&Slugs• Usecopperstripsaroundupperedgesofraised-bed&collectthemfordisposal.

• Puthollowed-outcantalouperindupsidedown,disposeofcollectedsnails/slugs

• ManageAphids,Leafminers,Whitefly,&Thrips

• Byiden'fyingandallowingtheirnaturalenemiestopreyonorparasi'zethem

• Aphidscanbepickedoff/squashedbyhandorknockAphidsandThripsoffwithsprayofwater

• Whiteflypopula'onscanbereducedbypruningtoallowgoodaircircula'on

• Clipoffandremoveolderleafminerinfestedleaves

• UseInsec<cidalSoapsandHor<culturalOils

• Othermoretoxicpes'cidesarenoteffec'veandmaycauseincreasedpopula'onsoftheseinsectpestsbykillingtheirnaturalenemies!


BeneficialNaturalEnemiesofVegetablePestsFocus on the Long-Term Goal vs. Short-Term Satisfaction

1/8 to 4/5 inch long

Dev

il’s

Coa

ch H

orse

&

Dec

olla

te S

nails

1/4 inch long

Lady Beetle Adult & Larva Green Lacewing Adult & Larva

Min

ute

Pira

te B

ug

Predators of Snails & Slugs

Conserve these organisms! Use non-chemical or least toxic pest control methods!


Short-Term Satisfaction costs everyone!

Besidesnotbeingeffec<veoverthelong-term:

1.  Pesticides are expensive.


2.If applied incorrectly, pesticides can have toxic

affects on non-target organisms.

• Children • Pets

• Plants

• Beneficial Natural Enemies


3. When pesticides are applied to our homes, gardens, and landscapes they may drift in the air or be washed into a storm drain

by irrigation or rain.


Our Watershed Provides Water Resources

•  Municipal&Domes'cWaterSupply

•  Recrea'on• WildlifeandEstuarineHabitat

hip://www.projectcleanw

ater.org/


SanDieguitoRiverWatershed

Use Pesticides Correctly and Safely

•  Usetheleasttoxicchemicalthatwillcontrolthepest–  Insec'cidalSoapsandHor'culturalOils

•  READTHELABELtomakesurethetargetpestiscontrolled

•  READTHELABELforpossibletoxicitytoplantsandeffectsonbeneficialorganisms

•  Spotspray•  AvoidDrid


ReadingaPes'cideLabel Active Ingredient

Azadirach'n............………..........................4.38% Inert Ingredients..........................................95.62%

NET CONTENTS 32 FL OZ (1QT) 946mL

See back panel for additional precautionary statements.

CAUTION

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

Azadirach'nisderivedfromthenaturaloilfoundinseedsoftheNeemtree.© 2014 Regents of the University of California

It’sTheWaterThatConnectsUs!

•  ReadPes'cideLabelsandFollowDirec'onstotheLeier!

•  StorePes'cidesinaSafeManner•  DisposeofUnusedPes'cidesProperly

hip://www.projectcleanwater.org © 2014 Regents of the University of California

UsefulPhoneNumbers:

•  UnusedPes'cideDisposal:1-800-CLEANUP•  MasterGardnerHotline: (858)822-6910

•  UCCoopera'veExtension: (858)822-7711

•  AgriculturalCommissioners’Office: (858)694-2739


Resourcesforthispresenta<oninclude:

IntegratedPestManagementforTomatoes.FourthEdi'on.Revised:Strand,LarryL.,UniversityofCalifornia,StatewideIntegratedPestManagementProject.Publica'on3274.RegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia. 1998.

GrowingTomatoesintheHomeGarden.Piienger,DennisR.,etal.UniversityofCaliforniaDivisionofAgricultureandNaturalResources.Publica'on8159.hip://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu

UCIPMPestManagementGuidelines:Tomato,Peppers,Onion/Garlic,Cilantro.hip://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/GARDEN/VEGES/tomato.htmlhip://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/GARDEN/VEGES/peppers.htmlhip://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/GARDEN/VEGES/onions.htmlhip://www.rain.org/greennet/docs/exo'cveggies/html/cilantro.htm

UCIPMOnline.StatewideIntegratedPestManagementProgram.UniversityofCalifornia.AgricultureandNaturalResources.hip://ipm.ucanr.edu/

hip://www.projectcleanwater.org

PhotographsandPicturesarethepropertyof:UniversityofCalifornia,AgricultureandNaturalResources(unlessotherwisenoted).


§  SalsaGardening§  April25–PineValleyBranchLibrary

§  HerbGardensforCooking§  May2–RanchoSanDiegoBranchLibrary

§  ControllingAntstheHealthyWay§  May16–4SRanchBranchLibrary

•  BeginningGardening§  June6–SpringValleyBranchLibrary

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Garden Vegetable Pests & Diseases How to Grow a Healthy ... · Care of your garden plants Yields Vigorous Growth and Maximum Resistance to Diseases and Tolerance for ... to pests