GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System

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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement

SECTION B

UNIT 1 - Information

• Muscles that are needed to create movement for exercise and sport are VOLUNTARY MUSCLES – GROSS and FINE MOTOR SKILLS.

• When muscles increase in size it is known as MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY

• When people lose muscle mass, it is known as ATROPHY.




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Moves the shoulder and draws the arm across the chest

Bends (flexes) the trunk or spine so that you can bend forward

Bends (flexes) the arm at the elbow joint

Straightens (extends) the leg at the knee joint

Raises the arm forwards, backwards and sideways at the shoulder

Maintains shoulder position, rotates the shoulder and moves the head

Straightens (extends) the arm at the elbow joint

Pulls the arm down, draws the arm behind the back

Pulls the leg back at the hip when standing and climbing

Bends (flexes) the leg at the knee

Straightens (extends) the ankle joint

Pectorals (Pecs)

Biceps

Rectus abdominis (abs)

Deltoid

Trapezius (traps)

Triceps

Latissimus dorsi (lats)

Gluteus maximus

Hamstring

Quadriceps (quads)

Gastrocnemius (calf)

Show/hide arrows

Show/hide names

Show/hide functions

Major Muscles




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SECTION B GCSE Physical Education


Voluntary muscle contains MUSCLE FIBRES, which, when stimulated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) contract or extend.

Muscle Fibres

Bicep muscle

A muscle fibre Slow twitch

(red)

Fast twitch (white)

Bundle of fibres

There are 2 main types of MUSCLE FIBRE1) SLOW TWITCH2) FAST TWITCH




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• All muscles have a mixture of fast and slow twitch fibres.

• The mix is inherited, but both types can be trained to function better.

• The type of muscle fibre can often determine performance in different physical activities.

• Muscle action in all physical activity/ sport requires a contribution from each muscle fibre type.

Muscle Fibres




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Characteristics of Muscle Fibres

FAST TWITCH SLOW TWITCH

SIZE LARGE SMALL

COLOUR WHITE RED

SPEED OF CONTRACTION

QUICK SLOW

FORCE GENERATED

LARGE SMALL

FATIGUEQUICK

(Work without O2 – anaerobically)

SLOW(Good O2 supply)

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

POWER, STRENGTH, EXPLOSIVE EVENTS

CV ENDURANCE ACTIVITIES




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The Major Muscles Used In The Leg For Extension And Flexion Of The Hips And Knee

Gluteus maximus contracts to extend hip

‘Hamstrings’ contract to extend hip and flex knee

‘Quadriceps’ relaxed

‘Hamstrings’ relaxed

‘Quadriceps’ contract to flex hip and extend knee




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The Major Muscles Used In The Extension And Flexion Of The Arm

EXTENSION

Right arm viewed from the side

Origin tendons

Biceps relaxed

Triceps contracted to extend elbow

Ulna

FLEXION

Right arm viewed from the side

Radius

Insertion tendon

Humerus

Scapula

Triceps relaxed

Humerus

Biceps contracted to flex elbow

Radius

Ulna




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• Muscles can PULL by CONTRACTION: they cannot push.

• Muscles NEVER work alone – they always work in pairs or groups.

• As one muscle contracts, another will relax.

• These pairs of muscles are called ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS.

• The muscles that bring the bones together are the PRIME MOVERS or AGONISTS (they cause the contraction).

• The opposite to this are the ANTAGONISTIC muscles – those which relax.

MUSCLES IN ACTION




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• Other muscles called SYNERGISTS contract at the same time as the AGONIST to help it work smoothly – stop unnecessary movement.

• FIXATORS are muscles which contract to steady parts of the body to allow the working muscles a firm base.

• Muscles have two ends and these are attached to bones by TENDONS.

1) The end that attaches to the FIXED bone is called the ORIGIN.

2) The other end is called the INSERTION and is attached to the MOVING bone.

MUSCLES IN ACTION




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Muscles contract in different ways to produce a range of movements:

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

ISOTONIC ISOMETRIC ISOKINETIC

Concentric contraction

Eccentric contraction

Muscle shortens as it contracts

Ends of muscle move closer together

Muscle lengthens but is still under tension

Ends of muscle move further apart

Muscle remains the same length

No movement as a result

Helps to improve posture and strength

These contractions occur when the speed of the contraction remains constant




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The LEVER SYSTEM in the body is formed wherever a MUSCLE is attached to a BONE.

The MUSCLES use the BONES as the LEVERS against which they work to cause movement.

MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS

FUNCTIONS OF A LEVERGenerates more force to move larger weights

Produces a greater range of movement

Increases speed at which the body moves




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All levers have the same characteristic:

P/F PIVOT or FULCRUM – the point of movement that takes the strain of one moving away from another.

L/R LOAD or RESISTANCE – Body weight or external weight.

E EFFORT – A muscular force to move the load.

In the body, these are the:-

P/F – Joints.

L/R – Body weight or external weight.

E – Muscles and Bones.





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There are 3 types of lever in the body, each of which is capable of producing different types and ranges of movements and forces.

Levers are classified according to the positions of:


E F L

EFFORT FULCRUM / PIVOT LOAD / RESISTANCE




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In the 3rd class lever, the effort E is between the fulcrum F and the load L.


In this type of lever the muscle is attached close to the joint allowing a long lever movement from a small muscular contraction.

Show/Hide armShow/Hide arm

F

E

LE

F

L LOAD / RESISTANCE

EFFORT

FULCRUM / PIVOT




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• The use of this lever is to gain SPEED of movement of the LOAD.

• The longer the lever, the greater is the turning force at the end of it e.g. tennis rackets, golf clubs, fully extended arm while bowling in cricket.






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• Regular training tones muscles and helps to create good posture (the way the body is held in position).

• Muscles will hypertrophy (increase in size).

• Muscles will develop better endurance.

MUSCLE TONE AND POSTURE

Sporting Performance Healthy Lifestyle

Muscle tone can be seen when muscles are in a state of slight tension and they are ready for action




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• Muscle tone developed by regular exercise makes daily tasks such as shopping and gardening easier. It also helps to prevent injury, as good posture reduces the strain on muscles; tendons and ligaments.

• Good posture helps with sporting performance as special positions are often crucial to success, e.g. the position throughout the golf swing. People with good posture also feel better about themselves. An upright body position is often a sign of self confidence. People who are less confident will sometimes show this in their body language, e.g. by adopting a slouched posture.


MUSCLE TONE AND POSTURE




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UNIT 1 – Practical Application

1. The third-order lever is the most common type of lever found in the human body.

Using the diagrams to help you, describe how a 3rd class lever works in the human body.

F

E

L

L LOAD / RESISTANCEE EFFORT F FULCRUM / PIVOT

E

F

L




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2. Try and identify where the Fulcrum, Load and Effort are in the following movements:

(i) Contraction of lower leg in readiness to kick a ball.

(ii) Squatting in readiness to forward roll: legs.




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3. Look at the labelled diagrams of the muscular system. Match each label with its corresponding function by dragging the number and dropping it next to the correct label.

Pectorals

Biceps

Abdominals

Deltoid

Triceps

Latissimus dorsi

Gluteals

Hamstring

Quadriceps

Gastrocnemius

Obliques

Flexes the knee and extends the hip

Extends the knee and flexes the hip

Extends the hip

Sideways flexion and rotation of spine

Extends and adducts the shoulders

Flexes, abducts and rotates the shoulders

Adducts and rotates the shoulders

Flexes the elbow

Extends the elbow

Flexes the spinePoints the foot

11

22

33

44

55

66

77

88

99

1010

1111

11

22

33

44

55

66

77

88

99

1010

1111




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UNIT 1 - Links

• Skeletal system• Respiratory system• Cardiovascular system• Aerobic / anaerobic systems• Energy continuum• Training zones• Intensity / duration of exercise• Short-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body• Long-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body• Body type




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UNIT 1 - Activity

1. What are the functions of levers in the body?

2. What role do the bones, joints and muscles play in the lever system of the body?

3. Where is a lever system formed in the body?

4. “The 3rd-class lever causes a small contraction of the biceps when bending your arm, which produces a large movement of the forearm.”

What other advantage does this type of lever system give?




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UNIT 1 – Key Facts/ Glossary

KEY FACTS

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

Optimal sporting performance

Healthy Lifestyles

Skeletal system

Functions

Bones – Appendicular/Axial

Joints

Type – Location – Movement allowed

Ligaments

Tendons

Cartilage

Muscular system

Functions

Types/Voluntary/ Involuntary/Cardiac

Fibre TypesSlow / Fast

Characteristics

Antagonistic Muscle Action

Origin / Insertion

3rd Order Levers

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GCSE Physical Education Information/Discussion Practical Application Links Diagram/Table Activity Revision MAIN MENU The Function Of The Muscular System