Gender and Macroeconomic Policy

8/7/2019 Gender and Macroeconomic Policy

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-macroeconomic-policy 1/188

Bjomjr lom

Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy

Yl` Oleelrf lom Irjml Brfhhftc

M F Y J G ] F K O W F O M J X J E K ^ D J O ]

Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot





Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy





Bjomjr lom

Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgyYl` Oleelrf lom Irjml Brfhhftc







Loojx L0 Glegueltfob tcj Bjomjr-Yjeltjm

Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) hkr ]clfelom 76

Loojx I0 Glegueltfob tcj Bjomjr

Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD) hkr

Yjpðiefgl Ikefvlrflol mj Xjojzujel =9

Loojx G0 Mltlilsjs kh Gkddko Bjomjr

Fomfgltkrs ==

Oktjs =:

Ifiefkbrlpcy =8

Gclptjr 7 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs =6]cj Ckusjckem lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg

Lbbrjbltjs =6

Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Gkosudptfko :<

Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Wlvfobs :3

Gkogeusfko 8>

Oktjs 8>

Ifiefkbrlpcy 8<

Gclptjr = Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 8:

Wtltfstfgle Yjeltfkoscfps 8:

]cjkrjtfgle Gkosfmjrltfkos 83

Jdpfrfgle Wtumfjs 2=

Jgkokdfg Brkwtc lom Bjomjr Fojqulefty 26

Gkogeusfko 3>

Oktjs 3<

Ifiefkbrlpcy 39

Gclptjr : Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 32

Bjomjr Fojqulefty lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 33

Elikr Hkrgj ^lrtfgfpltfko Yltjs 6>

Jmugltfko 67

Zojdpekydjot Yltjs 68

Rlbj Yltjs 66

Jdpekydjot iy Wjgtkr <><

Wtltus kh Jdpekydjot <>=Gkogeusfko <>2

Oktjs <>2

Ifiefkbrlpcy <>3

vf Gkotjots



Gclptjr 8 Bekilefzltfko, Bjomjr Yjeltfkos,

lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt <<<

Bekilefzltfko lom Bjomjr Yjeltfkos <<<

^kefgy Yjspkosjs tk tcj Grfsfs <9>

Gkogeusfko <9>

Oktjs <9<

Ifiefkbrlpcy <9<

Gclptjr 2 Bjomjr lom Hfologj <9:

Lggjss tk Grjmft <98

Rck Fs ^rkvfmfob Hfologj; <96Gkogeusfko <7=

Oktjs <7=

Ifiefkbrlpcy <7:

Gclptjr 3 Bjomjr Iumbjtfob <76

Rcy lom Ckw <=>

Gkuotry Jxldpejs <=:

Gkogeusfko <:>Oktjs <:>

Ifiefkbrlpcy <:<

Gclptjr 6 Gkogeusfko <:7

Fomjx <:2

Ikxjs

<.< Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Rkdjo 6

3.< ]ypjs kh Bjomjr-Wjosftfvj Bkvjrodjot Jxpjomfturjs <=<

3.9 Loleytfgle lom ]jgcofgle ]kkes kh Bjomjr-Yjspkosfvj

Bkvjrodjot Iumbjtfob <==

Hfburjs

<.< Dlej tk Hjdlej Jorkeedjot Yltfk ldkob

^kkrjr lom Yfgcjr Gcfemrjo 8‗<= Vjlrs 6

<.9 Wjejgtjm Djlsurjs kh Bjomjr Jqulefty,

iy Gkuotry Fogkdj Ejvje, <62>‗6: <>

Gkotjots vff



<.7 ^rfdlry Wgckke Lttjomlogj iy Bfres lom Ikys,

iy Fogkdj lom Bjkbrlpcfg Lrjl, 9>><‗>3 <<

<.= Bfres‖ vjrsus Ikys‖ Wgckke Jorkeedjot fo

Mjvjekpfob Yjbfkos, <66< lom 9>>3 <9

<.: ^jrgjotlbj kh Jdpekyjrs fo ]ktle Jdpekydjot,

iy Wjx lom Yjbfko, 9>>6 <7

<.8 Lvjrlbj Lgtule lom Gkuotjrhlgtule Looule Brkwtc

fo ^jr Glpftl BO , iy Yjbfko, <68>‗69 <=

<.2 Oudijr kh Bfres pjr <>> Ikys Jorkeejm

fo ]jrtflry Fostftutfkos, <66< lom 9>>3 <:

9.< Bjomjr Jqulefty, Mkdlfos kh Gckfgj, lomJgkokdfg ^jrhkrdlogj0 L Hrldjwkra 99

9.9 Glegueltfob tcj Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx 7>

9.7 Foput lom Kutput Xlrfliejs Lhhjgtfob tcj Jgkokdfg

Ykej kh Rkdjo 7=

9.= Fomjxjs kh Mfsgrfdfoltfko lblfost Rkdjo,

iy Yjbfko 7:

7.< Zoftlry lom Gkeejgtfvj Dkmjes kh Bjomjr Myoldfg

lt tcj Ckusjckem Ejvje :<7.9 ^jrgjotlbj kh Rkdjo fo Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs

Yjpkrtfob ]clt ]cjfr Cusiloms Lekoj Dlaj

Mjgfsfkos Yjblrmfob ]cjfr Cjletc :9

7.7 ^jrgjotlbj kh Rkdjo fo Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs

Yjpkrtfob ]clt ]cjfr Cusiloms Lekoj Dlaj

Mjgfsfkos ko Mlfey Ckusjckem Jxpjomfturjs :7

=.< Bjomjr-Yjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx lom

Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj vjrsus^jr Glpftl Brkss Mkdjstfg ^rkmugt fo

Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs, 9>>9 82

=.9 Lttlfodjot kh lt Ejlst Wjgkomlry Jmugltfko

lom ^jr Glpftl Fogkdj 2:

:.< Hjdlej Wclrj kh Fotjroltfkole Dfbrlots, <66:,

9>>>, lom 9>>: 6>

:.9 Dlej lom Hjdlej Elikr Hkrgj lrtfgfpltfko

Yltjs, iy Yjbfko, <668 lom 9>>8 6<

:.7 Eftjrlgy Yltjs ldkob Vkutc (<:‗9= Vjlrs), iy Yjbfko,<66> lom 9>>: 6=

:.= ^rkbrjss fo Bfres‖ Jorkeedjot Yltjs, iy Yjbfko,

<66>‗9>>: 6:

vfff Gkotjots











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Yl` Oleelrf dlolbjs tcj Brkwtc lom Gkdpjtftfvjojss ^rlgtfgj lt tcj

Rkrem Iloa Fostftutj. Cj ckems l ^c.M. fo jgkokdfgs hrkd tcj Zofvjrsfty

kh ]jxls lt Lustfo lom cls ijjo wftc tcj Rkrem Iloa sfogj <669. ]cj

gklutckr kh sjvjrle ikkas ko dlgrkjgkokdfg stlifefzltfko, brkwtc lom

pkvjrty, lom bjomjr fssujs, Dr. Oleelrf cls lesk wrfttjo dkokbrlpcs hkr

tcj Rkrem Iloa lom puiefscjm lrtfgejs fo jgkokdfg `kuroles. Cj glo ij

rjlgcjm lt roleelrfNwkremiloa.krb.

Irjml Brfhhftc cls wkrajm ls l gkosuetlot wftc tcj Rkrem Iloa Fostftutj

sfogj 9>>:, dlfoey fo tcj lrjls kh brkwtc, pkvjrty, lom bjomjr. Wcj ckems

l ^c.M. fo jgkokdfgs hrkd ]rfofty Gkeejbj Muiefo lom lo D.L. fo jgk-

okdfgs hrkd tcj Oltfkole Zofvjrsfty kh Frjelom. Wcj glo ij rjlgcjm lt

irjml[brfhhftcNylckk.gkd.

Likut tcj Lutckrs





xv

$ Lee mkeelr ldkuots lrj Z.W. mkeelrs

GFW Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs

MCW Mjdkbrlpcfg lom Cjletc Wurvjys

BLM bjomjr lom mjvjekpdjot

BMF Bjomjr-rjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx

BM^ brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt

BJD Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj

BFM Bjomjr, Fostftutfkos lom MjvjekpdjotBO^ brkss oltfkole prkmugt

BYBI bjomjr-rjspkosfvj bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob

CMF Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx

CMY Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt

FGEW Fotjroltfkole Gkohjrjogj kh Elikr Wtltfstfgflos

FEK Fotjroltfkole Elikur Krblofzltfko

EH^Y elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko rltj

DMB Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot BkleDWJ dfgrk- lom sdlee jotjrprfsj

OBK okobkvjrodjotle krblofzltfko

OCJ ojw ckusjckem jgkokdfgs

Liirjvfltfkos





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Dlfostrjld jgkokdfg loleysfs cls trlmftfkoleey kvjrekkajm bjomjr. ]cj

fomfvfmule”tcj ilsfg gltjbkry kh loleysfs”wls rjblrmjm ls bjomjrejss.

Ojftcjr bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko okr sjbdjotltfko lom sjbrjbltfko wftcfo

tcj elikr dlrajt kr tcj ckusjckem wjrj prjsjot.

Gkotrfiutfkos hrkd mjvjekpdjot tcjkry, ojw ckusjckem jgkokdfgs

(OCJ), elikr jgkokdfgs, lom hjdfofst loleysfs clvj mkoj dugc tk gclobj

tcfs. Hkgusfob ko bjomjr jqulefty”iy wcfgc wj djlo jqulefty fo kppkr-

tuofty, foputs, lom kutgkdj”cls yfjemjm fdpkrtlot fosfbcts hkr tcjbrkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot kh lo jgkokdy. Iut wj lrj stfee lt tcj gusp.

Letckubc tcjrj clvj ijjo cubj fdprkvjdjots fo rjgkbofzfob bjomjr ls

lo loleytfgle gltjbkry lt tcj dfgrkjgkokdfg ejvje, tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg

fdpefgltfkos kh bjomjr jqulefty rjdlfo uomjvjekpjm.

―Jobjomjrfob— dlgrkjgkokdfgs fs lo fdpkrtlot lom vlefm rjsjlrgc lom

pkefgy lrjl. Kvjr tcj plst tcrjj mjglmjs, jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot cls bjo-

jrleey lhhjgtjm wkdjo lom djo mfhhjrjotey fo tcj mjvjekpfob wkrem. Lt

tcj sldj tfdj, bjomjr rjeltfkos clvj lhhjgtjm dlgrkjgkokdfg kutgkdjs.]cfs vkeudj jxldfojs tcj rjsjlrgc lom pkefgy fdpefgltfkos kh jobjomjr-

fob dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy. Jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy rjqufrjs l

mjjp uomjrstlomfob kh bjomjr jqulefty lom wclt ft djlos hkr jgkokdfg

loleysfs lt tcj dlgrk ejvje.

Fotrkmugtfko







tcj jxpjomfturj sfmj lom, tk l ejssjr jxtjot, tcj rjvjouj sfmj. ]cj gclp-

tjr joms wftc lo loleysfs kh gkuotrfjs‖ jxpjrfjogjs wftc bjomjr iumbjtfob

foftfltfvjs.

Gclptjr 6 irfobs tkbjtcjr tcj hkur tcjdjs kh jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgk-

okdfgs lom dlgrk pkefgy mjvjekpjm fo tcj tjxt. Blps fo tcj eftjrlturj lom

mltl prjvjot us hrkd bfvfob l huee pfgturj kh tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjo-

mjr lom dlgrkjgkokdfgs”iut tcjy pkfot tcj wly hkrwlrm hkr hurtcjr

rjsjlrgc.

= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy





fojquleftfjs hrkd mjvjekpdjot jgkokdfgs, tcj prk`jgt rjdlfos vjry

dugc fo fts fohlogy.

Bjomjr ls l Gltjbkry kh Loleysfs

Ijojräl (<66:) prjsjots lo kvjrvfjw kh bjomjr lom jgkokdfgs tclt elys

tcj hkuomltfko hkr gkosfmjrfob bjomjr ls l gltjbkry kh loleysfs. Wcj oktjs

tclt letckubc jgkokdfg loleysts clvj jxpekrjm wkdjo‖s fssujs sfogj lt

ejlst tcj <67>s”scj gftjs ls lo jlrey jxldpej, tcj ―jqule ply gkotrk-

vjrsy— fo Brjlt Irftlfo, wcfgc skubct tk uomjrstlom dlej/hjdlej wlbj

mfhhjrjotfles”tcjy mfm sk wftckut muj gkosfmjrltfko kh bjomjr rjeltfkos.<

Jgkokdfsts ekkajm tk tcj myoldfgs kh tcj dlrajt rltcjr tclo tk bjomjr

rjeltfkos wftcfo tcj dlrajt tk jxpelfo wlbj mfhhjrjotfles. Ijojräl (9>>7,

77) oktjs tclt ―tcj oktfko kh tcj skgfle gkostrugtfko kh bjomjr lom fts efoas

wftc jgkokdfg loleysfs clm yjt tk ij ikro.—

]cj rjgkboftfko kh tcj ckusjckem ls lo jgkokdfg uoft wls l hfrst stjp

tkwlrm irfobfob bjomjr fotk jgkokdfg loleysfs. Fo tcj <6:>s, Dfogjr

(<63>) jxldfojm wkdjo‖s fogrjlsfob elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko lt l tfdj

kh rfsfob hldfey fogkdj, usfob tcj ckusjckem ls l gltjbkry kh loleysfs.Wtumfjs iy Ijgajr (<68=, <68:, <62<), dkst oktliey, lom ktcjrs fo tcj

<68>s plvjm tcj wly hkr ojw ckusjckem jgkokdfgs (OCJ), wcfgc

lgaokwejmbjm tcj bjomjr mfvfsfko kh elikr lom tcj rjsuetfob mfhhjrjogjs

fo elikr dlrajt kutgkdjs hkr ckusjckem djdijrs. Ls Ijojräl (<66:,

<3=>) oktjs, ―lsyddjtrfjs fo tcj mfvfsfko kh elikr lom fojquleftfjs fo

tcj mfstrfiutfko kh mkdjstfg wkra wjrj jxpelfojm tcrkubc fomfvfmule

gckfgjs dlmj uomjr tcj lssudptfkos kh utfefty dlxfdfzltfko lom l clr-

dkofkus ckusjckem.— Letckubc tcj jdjrbfob eftjrlturj qujstfkojmtcjsj lssudptfkos, pcrlsjs sugc ls ―clrdkofkus ckusjckem wftc ok gko-

hefgtfob fotjrjsts lom pkwjr rjeltfkos— (Ijojräl <66:, <3=>, gftfob Irugj

lom Mwyjr <633) lom tcj ―lbbrjbltfko kh fomfvfmule tlstjs lom prjhjr-

jogjs wftcfo tcj ckusjckem— (Ijojräl <66:, <3=>, gftfob Hkeirj <633)

pjrsfstjm, rjhejgtfob tcj elga kh lo letjroltfvj loleytfgle hrldjwkra.

Dkst stumfjs gkotfoujm wftcfo tcj ojkgelssfgle hrldjwkra, usfob tcj

―lmm wkdjo lom stfr— lpprklgc mjsgrfijm iy Clrmfob (<632, gftjm fo

Ijojräl <66:, <3=>), wcfgc lssudjm tclt fogeumfob wkdjo glpturjm

tcj myoldfg lom skgfle rjeltfkos ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo. Wtumfjs tclt lppefjm tcj tcjkry kh gkdplrltfvj lmvlotlbj lom cudlo glpftle dkm-

jes tk tcj loleysfs kh spjgflefzltfko fo ckdj kr dlrajt wkra wjrj grftf-

gfzjm hkr ―tlafob ls bfvjo tcj foftfle leekgltfko kh rjskurgjs ldkob

ckusjckem djdijrs sugc ls tcj bjomjrjm safees wcksj lgqufsftfko lom

mfstrfiutfko hjdfofsts wjrj qujstfkofob— (Ijojräl 9>>7, 7:).

8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy







Bjomjr fo lo Jgkokdfg Gkotjxt 6

Ikx <.<

Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Rkdjo

Fo dloy gkuotrfjs, wkdjo stfee elga tcj rfbct tk kwo elom, dlolbj prkpjrty, gko-

mugt iusfojss, kr jvjo trlvje wftckut tcjfr cusiloms‖ gkosjot. Rkdjo gkotfouj

tk clvj systjdltfgleey wjlajr gkddlom kvjr l rlobj kh prkmugtfvj rjskurgjs, fo-

geumfob elom, fohkrdltfko, lom dkojy. Mjspftj gkosfmjrliej fogrjlsjs fo wkdjo‖s

jmugltfko rjeltfvj tk djo, wkdjo gkotfouj tk clvj efdftjm kppkrtuoftfjs lom

jlro ejss tclo djo fo tcj elikr dlrajt jvjo wcjo tcjy clvj tcj sldj jmugltfko

lom wkra jxpjrfjogj ls djo. Rkdjo lesk rjdlfo vlstey uomjrrjprjsjotjm fo pke-ftfgs lom pkefgy dlafob.

Wkurgj0Rkrem Iloa 9>><.

Hfburj <.< Dlej tk Hjdlej Jorkeedjot Yltfk ldkob ^kkrjr lom Yfgcjr

Gcfemrjo 8‗<= Vjlrs

<.>

<.>

9.> 7.>>.:

>.:

<.: 9.:>>

dlej tk hjdlej jorkeedjot rltfk ldkob

gcfemrjo hrkd rfgcjr ckusjckems

9.>

7.>

<.:

9.:

d l e j t k h j d l e j j o r k e e d j o t r l t f k l d k o b

g c f e m r j o h r k d

p k k r j r c k u s j c k e m s

Wkurgj0Rkrem Iloa 9>><, gftfob Hfedjr <666.

Oktj0 ^kkrjr ckusjckems lrj mjhfojm ls tcksj fo tcj ikttkd => pjrgjot kh tcj wjletc mfstrfiutfko1 rfgcjr

ckusjckems lrj mjhfojm ls tcksj fo tcj tkp 9> pjrgjot. ]cj mflbkole efoj sfbofhfjs jqule bjomjr blps wftcfo rfgc

lom pkkr ckusjckems. Gkuotrfjs fogeumjm lrj Ilobelmjsc, Ijofo, Ikefvfl, Irlzfe, Iurafol Hlsk, Gldjrkko, Gjotrle

Lhrfglo Yjpuiefg, Gclm, Gkekdifl, Gkdkrks, Gýtj m‖Fvkfrj, Mkdfofglo Yjpuiefg, tcj Lrli Yjpuiefg kh Jbypt,

Bclol, Bultjdlel, Clftf, Fomfl, Fomkojsfl, Alzlacstlo, Ajoyl, Dlmlblsglr, Dlelwf, Dlef, Dkrkggk, Dkzldifquj,

Oldfifl, Ojple, Ofglrlbul, Ofbjr, Ofbjrfl, ^lafstlo, ^jru, ^cfefppfojs, Ywloml, Wjojble, ]lozlofl, ]kbk, ]urajy,

Zbloml, Zzijafstlo, Pldifl, lom Pfdiliwj.









tclt hlrd yfjems fo Iurafol Hlsk, Gldjrkko, lom Ajoyl gkuem rfsj iy ls

dugc ls 9> pjrgjot fh wkdjo lom djo gkotrkeejm foputs lom hlrd

fogkdj dkrj jquleey.

L 9><> ZO stumy rjpkrts tclt ùst <‗7 pjrgjot kh jdpekyjm wkdjo

fo mjvjekpfob rjbfkos lrj jdpekyjrs lom tclt wkdjo lrj ejss efajey tclo

djo tk ijgkdj jotrjprjojurs. Ft lttrfiutjs tcj ekw rltj kh jotrjprjojur-

scfp tk gueturle pjrgjptfkos kh tcj rkej kh wkdjo lom tcj hlgt tclt

wkdjo lrj okt pjrdfttjm tk kwo prkpjrty lom lssjts fo skdj rjbfkos.

Djo lrj sfx tfdjs dkrj efajey tclo wkdjo tk ij jdpekyjrs fo Okrtcjro

Lhrfgl kr Rjstjro Lsfl (hfburj <.:).

Afob lom Cfee (<66:) sckw tclt bjomjr blps fo jmugltfko lmvjrsjeylhhjgt brkwtc. Ls sckwo fo hfburj <.8, geksfob bjomjr blps fo sgckke-

fob wkuem lesk lggjejrltj jgkokdfg brkwtc. Mltl subbjst tclt fh fo

<68> gkuotrfjs fo tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl, Wkutc Lsfl, lom

Bjomjr fo lo Jgkokdfg Gkotjxt <7

Hfburj <.: ^jrgjotlbj kh Jdpekyjrs fo ]ktle Jdpekydjot, iy Wjx lom Yjbfko, 9>>6

Wkurgj0 Zoftjm Oltfkos 9><>, 9.

9.3

9.>

<.:

<.7

<.7

9.<

<.=

<.8

9.6

9.:

>.6

>.3

>.3

>.=

<.=

7.3

:.2

<.8

:.3

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Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj

Glrfiijlo

Okrtcjro Lhrfgl

Jlstjro Lsfl

Wkutcjlstjro Lsfl

Rjstjro Lsfl

Wkutcjro Lsfl

Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl

Kgjlofl

Mjvjekpfob Yjbfkos

Gkddkowjletc kh

Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs

> <> <::

wkdjo djo

pjrgjot





Hlfeurj tk gkosfmjr bjomjr fssujs wcjo hkrdfob dlgrkjgkokdfg pkef-

gfjs glo clvj uofotjomjm gkosjqujogjs. Wugc wls tcj glsj wftc tcj strug-

turle lmùstdjot lom dlgrkjgkokdfg stlifefzltfko pkefgfjs kh tcj <63>s,

wcfgc subbjstjm tclt gkuotrfjs glubct fo l mjit spfrle wftc sjvjrj ilelogj

kh plydjot prkiejds sckuem rjmugj prfgj suisfmfjs lom fohrlstrugturj

fovjstdjot1 gut ilga spjomfob ko jmugltfko, cjletc, lom puiefg sjrvfgjs1

efijrlefzj trlmj lom glpftle lggkuots1 lom prfvltfzj puiefg jotjrprfsjs. ]cj

rjsuetfob scfhts fo rjskurgj leekgltfko lom fogrjlsjm prkmugtfvfty mfsprk-

pkrtfkoltjey lhhjgtjm wkdjo (Âlb˓ltly <663) hkr sjvjrle rjlskos.8 Hfrst,

strugturle lmùstdjot pkefgfjs ejm wkdjo”jspjgfleey wkdjo lt tcj

ekwjr jom kh tcj jgkokdfg spjgtrud”tk fogrjlsj tcjfr plrtfgfpltfko fo

tcj elikr hkrgj, iut tcj `kis tcjsj wkdjo sjgurjm wjrj khtjo fohkrdle

Bjomjr fo lo Jgkokdfg Gkotjxt <:

Hfburj <.2 Oudijr kh Bfres pjr <>> Ikys Jorkeejm fo ]jrtflry Fostftutfkos,

<66< lom 9>>3

:>

=6

:=

82

82

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69

6:

62

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6:

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82

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Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj

Glrfiijlo

Okrtcjro Lhrfgl

Jlstjro Lsfl

Wkutcjlstjro Lsfl

Rjstjro Lsfl

Wkutcjro Lsfl

Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl

Kgjlofl

Mjvjekpfob Yjbfkos

Gkddkowjletc kh

Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs, Lsfl

Gkddkowjletc kh

Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs, Jurkpj

<66< 9>>3 plrfty

Wkurgj0 Zoftjm Oltfkos 9><>, 9.



lom fosjgurj, wftc pkkr wkrafob gkomftfkos. Wjgkom, hlgfob hleefob

fogkdjs, wkdjo tjomjm tk mk dkrj uoplfm wkra fo tcj ckdj. ]cj wlaj

kh tcjsj pkefgfjs slw tcj jdjrbjogj kh l sfbofhfglot ikmy kh eftjrlturj ko

bjomjr lom strugturle lmùstdjot.

Jdpfrfgle stumfjs subbjst tclt tcj ―bjomjr mfdjosfkos kh tcj gksts kh

lmùstdjot rlobj hrkd tcj fotjosfhfgltfko kh wkdjo‖s mkdjstfg lom

dlrajt wkra tk tcj fotjrruptfko kh gcfemrjo‖s jmugltfko (bfres‖ fo plr-

tfguelr) tk QtcjT fogrjlsj fo tfdj foputs jftcjr tk kitlfo ilsfg sjrvfgjs

kr sjeh-prkvfsfko. ]cjsj lrj fo lmmftfko tk ktcjr gksts”dugc ejss tlo-

bfiej lom dkrj mfhhfguet tk djlsurj”sugc ls strjss lom mkdjstfg vfk-

ejogj— (Ijojräl <66:, <3=:). Jesko (<66<g) lrbujs tclt strugturlelmùstdjot lom dlgrkjgkokdfg stlifefzltfko pkefgfjs lssudjm tclt

tcksj lhhjgtjm pkssjssjm tcj lifefty tk mjle wftc wcltjvjr gldj tcjfr

wly. Iut jdpfrfgle stumfjs clvj sckwo tclt wkdjo dlaj tcj efko‖s

sclrj kh tcj slgrfhfgjs.

Hjdfofst jgkokdfsts clvj gcleejobjm tcj bjomjr-ojutrle lssudptfko fo

tcj dkmjes uomjreyfob strugturle lmùstdjot lom dlgrkjgkokdfg stlif-

efzltfko pkefgfjs. Jdpfrfgle stumfjs sckw tclt dloy sjrvfgjs”cjletc glrj,

hkr jxldpej”tclt wjrj fo tcj puiefg mkdlfo ijhkrj strugturle lmùst-djot gldj ilga tk tcj ckusjckem”tk wkdjo fo plrtfguelr”jspjgfleey

fo pkkr ckusjckems. ]cj dkmjes lesk hlfe tk lggkuot hkr tcj rfsj fo

wkdjo‖s uoplfm rjprkmugtfvj elikr, ejlmfob tk skgfleey fojhhfgfjot kut-

gkdjs (Jesko <66:).

Âlb˓ltly, Jesko, lom Brkwo (<66:, <396) lrbuj tclt fbokrfob bjomjr fo

dlgrkjgkokdfg dkmjes ―dlajs ft dkrj mfhhfguet tk rjgkbofzj tclt tcj

wjehlrj kh tcj ojxt bjojrltfko dly ij `jkplrmfzjm lom tcj mjvjekpdjot

kh cudlo rjskurgjs cjem ilga.— Letckubc skdj prkbrjss cls ijjo dlmjfo lmùstfob oltfkole fogkdj stltfstfgs hkr bjomjr, dugc grugfle fohkrdl-

tfko rjdlfos uolggkuotjm hkr, dlafob ft mfhhfguet tk lssjss tcj wjehlrj

fdpefgltfkos kh dlgrkjgkokdfg dkmjes tclt usj trlmftfkole fomfgltkrs

sugc ls brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt.2

Gkogeusfko

]cfs gclptjr hfrst jxldfojm wcjo bjomjr ijgldj l gltjbkry kh loleysfs fo

jgkokdfgs. ]cj jdjrbjogj kh OCJ fo tcj <6:>s lom tcj dlrajt fdpefgl-

tfkos kh wck gkotrkeejm tcj ckusjckem rjskurgjs rjprjsjotjm l vjcfgej

wftc wcfgc tk jxpekrj bjomjr rjeltfkos. L oudijr kh stumfjs jxldfojm

rjeltjm tkpfgs, iut hkr tcj dkst plrt tcj ojkgelssfgle vfjw prjvlfejm”tcj

―lmm wkdjo lom stfr— lpprklgc.

<8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy



Okt uotfe tcj <62>s wjrj bjomjr rjeltfkos lom ckw tcjy dfbct lhhjgt

dlrajt kutgkdjs lom tcj dlgrkjgkokdy rjleey gkosfmjrjm. Murfob tclt

mjglmj, hjdfofst eftjrlturj lom tcj wkdjo‖s dkvjdjot qujstfkojm bjo-

mjr lsyddjtrfjs. Mltl subbjstjm tclt bjomjr mfsplrftfjs wjrj brjltjr

ldkob tcj pkkr tclo tcj ejss pkkr lom bjojrleey lhhjgtjm wkdjo dkrj

tclo djo. Bjomjr mfsplrftfjs clvj dlgrkjgkokdfg fdpefgltfkos hkr gcfe-

mrjo‖s wjee-ijfob fo tjrds kh jmugltfko, cjletc, lom outrftfko. Hlfeurj tk

lmmrjss bjomjr fojquleftfjs dly rjtlrm mjvjekpdjot lom jgkokdfg

brkwtc, ejlmfob tk lmvjrsj wjehlrj jhhjgts hkr huturj bjojrltfkos.

]cj vlrfkus tcjkrjtfgle lpprklgcjs hrkd jgkokdfgs lom hjdfofst tcj-

kry tclt rjgkbofzjm bjomjr rjeltfkos lom bjomjr fojquleftfjs gkovjrbjm fotcj <63>s lom <66>s. ]cj fdpkrtlogj kh jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs

wls uomjrsgkrjm, okt ejlst ijglusj kh tcj uofotjomjm bjomjr iflsjs kh

(strugturle lmùstdjot) pkefgfjs.

Fo suddlry, tcfs gclptjr sckwjm tclt bjomjr rjeltfkos”tcj skgfleey

gkostftutjm rjeltfkos ijtwjjo wkdjo lom djo”clvj mjhfoftj dlgrkjgk-

okdfg fdpefgltfkos hkr brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot.

Oktjs

<. Âlb˓ltly, Jesko, lom Brkwo (<66:, <393) oktj tclt ―mfsgussfkos kh bjomjr lrj

khtjo gkoheltjm wftc mfsgussfkos kh wkdjo. Bjomjr sckuem okt, ckwjvjr, ij

rjlm ls –pjrtlfofob tk wkdjo‖ iut sckuem ij uomjrstkkm ls skgfleey gkostf-

tutjm rjeltfkos ijtwjjo wkdjo lom djo.—

9. Ijojräl (<66:, <3=<) rjhjrs tk tcj lppefgltfko kh Ijgajr‖s wkra ko ―rlgfle mfs-

grfdfoltfko tk bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko lom tcj usj kh cudlo glpftle tcjkry tk

uomjrstlom bjomjrjm gckfgjs fo sgckkefob lom ko rjsjlrgc ko jlrofobs lom

wlbj mfhhjrjotfles.—7. Lggkrmfob tk Ijojräl (<66:, <3==) tcj stumfjs hkgusjm ko ―tcj olturj kh

wkdjo‖s wkra, tcj elikr dlrajt lom tcj bjomjrjm mfvfsfkos kh elikr, stumfjs

kh tcj fohkrdle sjgtkr, jdpekydjot fssujs fo fotjroltfkole mjvjekpdjot, tcj

hjdfofzltfko kh tcj elikr hkrgj, bjomjr lom tjgcokekby, tcj jovfrkodjotle grf-

sfs, dfbrltfko lom ktcjr mjdkbrlpcfg fssujs lom hjdlej/dlej rltfks lom tcj

prkiejd kh –dfssfob wkdjo,‖ ldkob ktcjrs.— Rj mfsguss tcj dlgrk fdpefgl-

tfkos kh dfgrk, fotjrmfsgfpefolry stumfjs fo brjltjr mjtlfe fo gclptjr 7.

=. Murfob tcj sjgkom cleh kh tcj 9>tc gjotury, tcj prfdlry sgckke jorkeedjot

rltjs kh bfres rkubcey mkuiejm fo Wkutc Lsfl, Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl, lom tcj

Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl, rfsfob hlstjr tclo ikys‖ jorkeedjot rltjs, sui-

stlotfleey rjmugfob elrbj bjomjr blps fo sgckkefob (Rkrem Iloa 9>><, 7).

:. Hfburjs lrj ilsjm ko survjys glrrfjm kut iy tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos fo 72 mjvje-

kpfob gkuotrfjs murfob 9>>=‗>6.






Âlb˓ltly, O. <663. ―Jobjomjrfob Dlgrkjgkokdfgs lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgfjs.—

ZOM^ Rkrafob ^lpjr Ok. 8, Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj, Ojw

Vkra.

Âlb˓ltly, O., M. Jesko, lom G. Brkwo. <66:. ―Fotrkmugtfko.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97

(<<)0 <392‗78.

Âlb˓ltly, O., lom W. Kzejr. <66:. ―Hjdfofzltfko kh tcj Elikr Hkrgj0 ]cj Jhhjgts kh

Ekob-]jrd Mjvjekpdjot lom Wtrugturle Lmùstdjot.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97

(<<)0 <337‗6=.

Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt. <636. Jobjomjrfob Lmùstdjot hkr tcj <66>s. Ekomko0

Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt.

Jesko, M. <66<l. ―Bjomjr lom Lmùstdjot fo tcj <66>s0 Lo Zpmltj ko Jvfmjogj

lom Wtrltjbfjs.— ^lpjr prjplrjm hkr tcj Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt djjtfob

ko ―Jgkokdfg Mfstrjss, Wtrugturle Lmùstdjot lom Rkdjo,— Ekomko, @uoj

<7‗<=.

”””. <66<i. ―Dlej Ifls fo tcj Mjvjekpdjot ^rkgjss0 Lo Kvjrvfjw. Fo Dlej

Ifls fo tcj Mjvjekpdjot ^rkgjss, jm. M. Jesko. Dlogcjstjr0 Dlogcjstjr

Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

”””. <66<g. ―Dlej Ifls fo Dlgrkjgkokdfgs0 ]cj Glsj kh Wtrugturle

Lmùstdjot.— Fo Dlej Ifls fo tcj Mjvjekpdjot ^rkgjss, jm. M. Jesko.Dlogcjstjr0 Dlogcjstjr Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

”””. <66:. ―Bjomjr Lwlrjojss fo Dkmjefob Wtrugturle Lmùstdjot.— Rkrem

Mjvjekpdjot 97 (<<)0 <3:<‗83.

Hfedjr, M. <666. ―]cj Wtrugturj kh Wkgfle Mfsplrftfjs fo Jmugltfko0 Bjomjr lom

Rjletc.— Ilgabrkuom plpjr hkr Jobjomjrfob Mjvjekpdjot , Rkrem Iloa,

Rlscfobtko, MG.

Hekrk, D. <66:. ―Jgkokdfg Yjstrugturfob, Bjomjr lom tcj Leekgltfko kh ]fdj.—

Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97 (<<)0 <6<7‗96.Hkeirj, O. <633. ―]cj Ielga Hkur kh Cjlrts0 ]kwlrm l Ojw ^lrlmfbd kh Ckusjckem

Jgkokdfgs.— Fo L Ckdj Mfvfmjm0 Rkdjo lom Fogkdj fo tcj ]cfrm Rkrem , jm.

@. Irugj lom M. Mwyjr. Wtlohkrm, GL0 Wtlohkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

Belmwfo, G. C., jm. <66<. Wtrugturle Lmùstdjot lom Lhrfglo Rkdjo Hlrdjrs.

Blfojsvfeej, HE0 Zofvjrsfty kh Hekrfml ^rjss.

Bkozlejs mj el Ykgcl, D. <66:. ―]cj Zrilo Hldfey lom ^kvjrty fo Eltfo

Ldjrfgl.— Eltfo Ldjrfglo ^jrspjgtfvjs 99 (9)0 <9‗7<.

Clrmfob, W., jm. <632. Hjdfofsd lom Djtckmkekby. Iekkdfobtko, FO0 FomflolZofvjrsfty ^rjss.

Afob, J., lom L. Cfee. <66:. ―Rkdjo‖s Jmugltfko lom Jgkokdfg Rjee-Ijfob.—

Hjdfofst Jgkokdfgs < (9)0 9<‗=8.

Eekym, G., lom I. Ofjdf. <626. ]cj Jgkokdfgs kh Wjx Mfhhjrjotfles. Ojw Vkra0

Gkeudifl Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.






9<

]cj stumy kh bjomjr ls lo loleytfgle gltjbkry fo dlgrkjgkokdfgs lom

dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy rjqufrjs lpprkprfltj tkkes”mltl, stltfstfgs, lom

dkmjefob. Iut bjomjr djlsurjdjot fssujs clvj ijjo lmmrjssjm koey fo

tcj plst 7> yjlrs kr sk, lom dugc wkra rjdlfos tk ij mkoj fo tcfs lrjl.

Mltl gkeejgtfko djtckms lrj okt lewlys bjomjr sjosftfvj, hkr l oudijr kh

rjlskos (Rkrem Iloa 9>><)0

• Dlolbjrs, rjsjlrgcjrs, lom tjgcofgle stlhh dly okt ij lwlrj kh kr dlyelga jxpjrfjogj wftc bjomjr fssujs.

• Wurvjykrs usuleey fotjrvfjw tcj ckusjckem cjlm, wck fs fo dkst glsjs

l dlo.

• Rkdjo dly okt ij liej kr leekwjm tk lttjom kr spjla lt gkdduofty

djjtfobs wcjrj bjomjr-rjeltjm fssujs lrj mfsgussjm, lom hkrdle fotjr-

vfjws lrj okt tcj ijst hkrdlt hkr irklgcfob sjosftfvj tkpfgs (sugc ls

mkdjstfg vfkejogj).

Mjspftj tcjsj fssujs, tcj glsj hkr djlsurfob bjomjr‖s jhhjgts fs strkob.

Fo tcj plst 9> yjlrs, oltfkole stltfstfgs-bltcjrfob prkbrlds clvj skubct tk

fogeumj bjomjr-rjeltjm mltl, lom pkefgy dlajrs clvj ijbuo tk rjgkbofzj

tcj fdpkrtlogj kh bjomjr loleysfs fo tcj mjvjekpdjot lom dkoftkrfob kh

G C L ^ ] J Y 9

Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs



puiefg pkefgy. Hkr tcj dkst plrt, ckwjvjr, iktc brkups clvj hkgusjm

ledkst jxgeusfvjey ko bltcjrfob lom loleyzfob skgfle lom mjdkbrlpcfg

stltfstfgs ko bjomjr. Fo hlgt, bjomjr fs lo fssuj rjeltjm tk lee stltfstfgs gko-

gjrofob fomfvfmules”djo lom wkdjo lefaj”lom lee stltfstfgle mjplrt-

djots sckuem ij rjqufrjm tk gkeejgt mltl ko bjomjr. Mkfob sk wkuem

rjqufrj tcj gkddftdjot kh tkp dlolbjrs fo stltfstfgs-bltcjrfob iurjlus

lom tcj lppkfotdjot kh bjomjr lmvfsjrs wck wkuem rjpkrt mfrjgtey tk tcj

gcfjh stltfstfgflo.

Rcy Djlsurj Bjomjr;]cj Rkrem Iloa (9>>2) cls fmjotfhfjm bjomjr jqulefty ls l mjvjekpdjot

bkle fo fts kwo rfbct, wftc rjpjrgussfkos hkr tcj ekob-tjrd brkwtc

prkspjgts kh gkuotrfjs. Hfburj 9.< feeustrltjs ckw jqule kppkrtuoftfjs fo

rfbcts, rjskurgjs, lom vkfgj ejlm tk jgkokdfg brkwtc.


Hfburj 9.< Bjomjr Jqulefty, Mkdlfos kh Gckfgj, lom Jgkokdfg ^jrhkrdlogj0

L Hrldjwkra

Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2, <>2.

ckusjckem jgkokdy lom

dlrajts

skgfjty

gfvfg lom

pkeftfgle

plrtfgfpltfko

mkdlfos kh gckfgjs,

mkdlfos hkr pkefgy

ejvjefob tcj hfjem

kh kppkrtuoftfjs

bjomjr jqulefty fo rfbcts, rjskurgjs,

lom vkfgj

lbbrjbltj jgkokdfg pjrhkrdlogj

(pkvjrty rjmugtfko, brkwtc)

lggjss tk elom,

hfologfle sjrvfgjs,

elikr dlrajts,

tjgcokekby

ckusjckem

rjskurgj lom

tlsa leekgltfkos,

hjrtfefty

mjgfsfkos



Gclptjr < mjdkostrltjm tcj pktjotfleey ojbltfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo

bjomjr fojquleftfjs lom pjrskole lom jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekp-

djot. ]cj eftjrlturj fs okt gkogeusfvj ko tcfs gkoojgtfko ckwjvjr. Koj

ikmy kh wkra”usfob tcj sk-gleejm dkmjrofzltfko-ojkgelssfgle lpprklgc

(Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot 9>>>)”lrbujs tclt jgkokdfg

mjvjekpdjot fo bjojrle cjeps olrrkw lom geksj tcj bjomjr blp. Loktcjr

(^lrplrt <6671 Dlrgclom lom ^lrplrt <66:) dlfotlfos tclt ―jomurfob

pltrflrgcle fostftutfkos wfee prjvjot bjomjr jqulefty jvjo fo tcj hlgj kh

jgkokdfg lmvlogjdjot— (@õttfob lom ktcjrs 9>>8, 2). Wlumf Lrlifl”l

cfbc-fogkdj gkuotry wftc pkkr bjomjr jqulefty”fs gftjm ls jvfmjogj kh

tcfs tcjkry.Mltl ko ajy jgkokdfg, skgfle, lom pkeftfgle fojquleftfjs subbjst tclt

bjomjr fojqulefty gkotfoujs. ]liej 9.< sckws lvjrlbj vleujs kh jmugltfko

lom cjletc fomfgltkrs hkr tcrjj gkuotry brkupfobs, gelssfhfjm iy cfbc,

djmfud, lom ekw ejvjes kh cudlo mjvjekpdjot ilsjm ko ojt jorkeedjot

ls l pjrgjotlbj kh jefbfiej pkpueltfko.

Jxprjssfob bjomjr fojqulefty ls l rltfk kh wkdjo tk djo hkr tcj rjej-

vlot vlrfliejs, wj oktj tclt jmugltfkole fojquleftfjs jxfst fo gkuotrfjs

wftc ekw ejvjes kh cudlo mjvjekpdjot fo prfdlry sgckke jorkeedjot (>.38) lom, jspjgfleey, sjgkomlry sgckke jorkeedjot (>.27). Bjomjr plrfty

fo iktc prfdlry lom sjgkomlry sgckke jorkeedjot fs hkuom fo gkuotrfjs

wftc cfbc kr djmfud sgkrjs ko tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos (ZO) Cudlo

Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (CMF), mfsgussjm ijekw. Fomjjm, fo tcj dfmrlobj

gkuotrfjs, bfres kutoudijr ikys, lt ejlst hkr tcj yjlr fo qujstfko.

]cj lvjrlbj wkdlo‖s efhj jxpjgtlogy fs cfbcjr tclo tclt kh tcj lvjr-

lbj dlo, iut tcj blp olrrkws fo gkuotrfjs tclt sgkrj ekw ko tcj CMF.

Fojquleftfjs fo cjletc glo ij lttrfiutjm tk tcj cfbcjr dkrtlefty rltj kh bfreslom mfhhjrjogjs fo efhj jxpjgtlogy tclt mk okt lggkrm wftc ifkekbfgle

okrds (Wtktsay 9>>8). ]cjsj ―dfssfob wkdjo— lrj l wjee-mkgudjotjm

pcjokdjoko. Gkdplrfob tcj sjx rltfks kh pkpueltfkos wftc jxgjss dkr-

tlefty ldkob wkdjo tk tcj rltfks tclt wkuem clvj prjvlfejm wftckut mfs-

grfdfoltfko fomfgltjs tclt tcjrj wjrj 6> dfeefko dfssfob wkdjo fo tcj

jlrey <66>s, dkstey hrkd Lsflo gkuotrfjs, fo plrtfguelr Gcfol lom Fomfl

(Aelsjo <66=).

Rjee-mjvjekpjm mltl sjts lrj grugfle tk loleyzfob tcj efoas ijtwjjo

ejvjes kh mjvjekpdjot lom bjomjr jqulefty. ]kwlrm tcfs jom, l oudijrkh krblofzltfkos”fogeumfob tcj Rkrem Iloa, tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos, lom

tcj Krblofsltfko hkr Jgkokdfg Gk-kpjrltfko lom Mjvjekpdjot

(KJGM)”clvj gkostrugtjm mltlilsjs tclt lttjdpt tk fskeltj mjtjrdf-

olots kh bjomjr fojquleftfjs. Bjomjr stltfstfgs lrj fdpkrtlot hkr lt ejlst

Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs 97





tcrjj rjlskos0 (l) tcjy irfob tcj fojquleftfjs ijtwjjo wkdjo lom djo

fotk tcj puiefg jyj, (i) tcjy cjep pkefgy dlajrs hkrdueltj prkbrlds tclt

lmmrjss tcjsj fojquleftfjs, lom (g) tcjy prkvfmj lo fdpkrtlot ilsjefoj

hrkd wcfgc tk djlsurj lom dkoftkr tcj jhhjgtfvjojss kh pkefgy ko tcj

efvjs kh wkdjo lom djo.

]rlmftfkole jgkokdfg loleysfs, wcfgc gkogjotrltjm ko tcj dlrajt lom

tcus fogkdj-jlrofob lgtfvftfjs, fbokrjm kr uomjrjstfdltjm tcj uoplfm, yjt

vleuliej, wkra kh dloy wkdjo, fogeumfob mkdjstfg lom vkeuotjjr wkra.<

]cj ilttej tk fogeumj uoplfm mkdjstfg prkmugtfko fo tcj glegueltfko kh

brkss oltfkole prkmugt (BO^) wls clrm hkubct, jvjo wftc tcjkrjtfgle lom

jdpfrfgle jvfmjogj hrkd ojw ckusjckem jgkokdfgs (OCJ) lom tcjmkdjstfg elikr mjiltj. Fo tcj <62>s, ckwjvjr, lglmjdfgs, bkvjrodjot

rjprjsjotltfvjs, lom fotjroltfkole krblofzltfkos sugc ls tcj Fotjroltfkole

Elikur Krblofzltfko (FEK) lom tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos spjlrcjlmjm l rjvle-

ultfko kh wkdjo‖s wkra, rjmjhfofob ―jgkokdfgleey lgtfvj— tk fogeumj

uoplfm prkmugtfko. Lt tcj djtckmkekbfgle ejvje, dloy gkuotrfjs dlmj l

gkddftdjot tk fdprkvj tcj lggurlgy wftc wcfgc wkdjo‖s plrtfgfpltfko

fo tcj elikr hkrgj wls gkuotjm, lom ojw tjgcofqujs jstfdltjm tcj vleuj

kh ckdj prkmugtfko. ]cj sjgtfko ko bjomjr stltfstfgs ijekw jxldfojstcjsj lpprklgcjs fo hurtcjr mjtlfe.

Jesko (<669) lrbujs tclt dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy dlajrs usjm tk

lssudj tclt pjkpej wjrj liej tk mjle wftc wcltjvjr jgkokdfg gkosj-

qujogjs pkefgfjs bjojrltjm. Fo plrtfguelr, tcj strugturle lmùstdjot prk-

brlds kh tcj <63>s rjsuetjm fo l trloshjr kh gksts hrkd tcj puiefg sjgtkr

tk tcj prfvltj ckusjckem. ]cj uomjreyfob lssudptfko wls tclt wkdjo

wkuem ij liej tk liskri tcjsj sckgas iy wkrafob dkrj lom ―dlafob mk—

ko efdftjm fogkdjs (Jesko <667). ]cj pkefgfjs wjrj fotjomjm tk fogrjlsjdlgrkjgkokdfg jhhfgfjogy. Iut tcj hlfeurj tk gkuot l elrbj plrt kh tcj

lmùstdjot”hkr jxldpej, uoplfm jgkokdfg lgtfvftfjs lom rjprkmugtfvj

elikr, wcfgc mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey fovkevj wkdjo”prjvjots lo lggurltj

lssjssdjot kh tcj fdplgt kh sugc pkefgfjs ko dlgrkjgkokdfg jhhfgfjogy,

ls oktjm fo gclptjr < (Âlbltly <663).

Fo suddlry, qulotfhyfob bjomjr fs l ojgjsslry stjp tkwlrm dlafob

bjomjr-rjeltjm wkra vfsfiej lom josurfob tclt dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy

lom dkmjes hkstjr bjomjr jqulefty. \ulotfhyfob bjomjr hlgfeftltjs l

dkrj lggurltj loleysfs kh tcj uojqule mfstrfiutfko kh mkdjstfg wkra,prkmugtfvfty gclobjs fo uoplfm prkmugtfko, scfhts fo mkdjstfg wkra

lom hldfey wjehlrj ls l rjsuet kh gclobjs fo hldfey fogkdj lom

jdpekydjot stltus kh ckusjckem djdijrs, lom brkss mkdjstfg prkm-

ugt (BM^) brkwtc (Ijojräl <66:). ]cj mjvjekpdjot lom gkostrugtfko

Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs 9:







Bjomjr Mltlilsjs

]cj gkdpfeltfko lom usj kh bjomjr stltfstfgs clvj ijojhftjm brjltey hrkd

tcj mjvjekpdjot kh mltlilsjs gkogjrojm wftc bjomjr fojquleftfjs lombjomjr fssujs, fogeumfob tcj hkeekwfob0

• plrtfgfpltfko fo mjgfsfko dlafob

• bjomjr lttftumjs


]liej 9.9 Rlbj lom Wjeh-Jdpekydjot fo Okolbrfgueturle Fohkrdle Jdpekydjot, iy

Wjx, <66=‗9>>>

(pjrgjotlbj kh okolbrfgueturle fohkrdle jdpekydjot)

Yjbfko/gkuotry

Wjeh-jdpekydjot Rlbj jdpekydjot

]ktle Rkdjo Djo ]ktle Rkdjo Djo

Okrtc Lhrfgl 89 29 8> 73 93 =>

Lebjrfl 82 3< 8= 77 <6 78

Jbypt, Lrli Yjp. :> 82 =2 :> 77 :7

Dkrkggk 3< 36 23 <6 << 99

]uofsfl :9 :< :9 =7 =6 =3

Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl 2> 2< 2> 7> 96 7>

Ijofo 6: 63 6< : 9 6

Gclm 67 66 38 2 < <=

Bufojl 6: 63 6= : 9 8

Ajoyl =9 77 :8 :3 82 ==

Wkutc Lhrfgl 9: 92 97 2: 27 22

Eltfo Ldjrfgl 8> :3 8< => =9 76

Ikefvfl 3< 6< 2< <6 6 96

Irlzfe =< 79 :> :6 83 :>

Gcfej :9 76 8= =3 8< 78

Gkekdifl 73 78 => 89 8= 8>Gkstl Yfgl :: =6 :6 =: :< =<

Mkdfofglo Yjpuiefg 2= 87 3> 98 72 9>

Je Wlevlmkr 8: 2< :2 7: 96 =7

Bultjdlel 8> 8: :: => 7: =:

Ckomurls 29 22 8: 93 97 7:

Djxfgk := :7 := =8 =2 =8

Xjojzujel, Y. I. 86 88 2> 7< 7= 7>

Lsfl :6 87 :: =< 72 =:

Fomfl :9 :2 :< =3 =7 =6

Fomkojsfl 87 2> :6 72 7> =<^cfefppfojs =3 87 78 :9 72 8=

Wyrflo Lrli Yjp. 8: :2 82 7: =7 77

]clfelom 88 83 8= 7= 79 78

Wkurgj0 ZOFHJD 9>>:, =>, gftfob FEK 9>>9.



• plrtfgfpltfko fo jejgtfkos

• jotrjprjojurscfp

• mkdjstfg vfkejogj

• pkvjrty

• fohkrdle jdpekydjot

• tfdj usj

• sgckke lttjomlogj.

Bjomjr-rjeltjm mltl sjts fmjotfhy bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo tjrds kh foputs

lom kutgkdjs. L oudijr kh bjomjr-rjeltjm mltlilsjs lrj upmltjm gkotfo-

ukusey ls ojw fssujs lrj fmjotfhfjm lom ojw mltl ijgkdj lvlfeliej. ]cjhkeekwfob plrlbrlpcs jxldfoj tcj mltlilsjs mjvjekpjm lom dlfotlfojm

iy tcj Rkrem Iloa, tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos, lom tcj KJGM.

BjomjrWtlts]cj Rkrem Iloa dlfotlfos tcj BjomjrWtlts mltlilsj, wcfgc khhjrs stltfs-

tfgle lom ktcjr mltl fo dkmuejs lt tcj rjbfkole lom gkuotry ejvjes. Dkmuejs

fogeumj pkvjrty1 ilsfg mjdkbrlpcy1 cudlo mjvjekpdjot (jmugltfko,

cjletc lom outrftfko, lom pkpueltfko myoldfgs)1 skgfkjgkokdfg rkejs1lggjss tk jgkokdfg rjskurgjs1 pkeftfgle plrtfgfpltfko1 lom jhhjgts kh prk-

brlds lom pkefgfjs. Gkvjrlbj fs splrsj hkr skdj fomfgltkrs. ]cj mltlilsj

mrlws fts stltfstfgs hrkd oltfkole stltfstfgs iurjlus, ZO mltlilsjs, lom sur-

vjys gkomugtjm kr huomjm iy tcj Rkrem Iloa. BjomjrWtlts lesk fogeumjs

gltjbkrfjs hkr wcfgc efdftjm kr ok mltl jxfst tk feeustrltj tcj fdpkrtlogj

kh gkeejgtfob sugc mltl fo tcj huturj. Hkr jxldpej, fo fts jmugltfkole

lggjss lom lttlfodjot hfjems, BjomjrWtlts fogeumjs vlrfliejs sugc ls

prkbrjssfko tk brlmj : (pjrgjotlbj kh gkckrt) ldkob ikys lom bfres, prf-dlry sgckke gkdpejtfko rltj (pjrgjotlbj kh lbj brkup) ldkob ikys lom

bfres, lom ykutc eftjrlgy rltj (pjrgjotlbj kh pjkpej <:‗9=) ldkob ykuob

djo lom wkdjo, wftc l vfjw tk pkpueltfob tcjsj vlrfliejs wcjo mltl

ijgkdj lvlfeliej.

Bjomjr-Yjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjxlom Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj]cj Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj (ZOM^) dlfotlfos twk

fdpkrtlot mltlilsjs rjeltjm tk bjomjr”tcj Bjomjr-rjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) lom tcj Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD). ]cj twk

djlsurjs, iktc fotrkmugjm fo tcj <66: Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt

(CMY), clvj hkrdjm tcj ilgaikoj kh suisjqujot bjomjr-rjeltjm cudlo

mjvjekpdjot loleysjs lom pkefgy mfsgussfkos. L wkrasckp spkoskrjm iy

Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs 96



tcj CMY khhfgj, lom dlrafob tcj <>tc loofvjrslry kh tcj fomjxjs, skubct

tk fmjotfhy lrjls hkr fdprkvjdjot lom tk gkosfmjr letjroltj tkkes hkr

djlsurfob bjomjr jqulefty. ]cj fomjxjs glo lesk ij lppefjm lt tcj oltfkole

lom suioltfkole ejvjes hkr jtcofg lom lbj brkups.

Iktc djlsurjs lrj gkosfmjrjm plrt kh tcj CMF, wcfgc fs puiefscjm

loouleey fo tcj CMY.: ]cj CMF djlsurjs tcj lvjrlbj lgcfjvjdjot kh l

gkuotry fo ilsfg cudlo glplifeftfjs mjhfojm ls (l) l ekob lom cjletcy efhj,

ls djlsurjm iy efhj jxpjgtlogy lt ifrtc1 (i) aokwejmbj, ls djlsurjm iy

tcj lmuet eftjrlgy rltj (twk-tcfrms wjfbct) lom tcj gkdifojm prfdlry, sjg-

komlry, lom tjrtflry brkss jorkeedjot rltfk (koj-tcfrm wjfbct)1 lom (g) l

mjgjot stlomlrm kh efvfob, ls djlsurjm iy BM^ pjr glpftl fo purgclsfobpkwjr plrfty (^^^) fo Z.W. mkeelrs (hfburj 9.9).

]cj BMF djlsurjs lgcfjvjdjot fo tcj sldj ilsfg glplifeftfjs ls tcj

CMF mkjs, iut ft tlajs oktj kh fojqulefty fo lgcfjvjdjot ijtwjjo

wkdjo lom djo. Fojqulefty fs glpturjm iy hfrst mfslbbrjbltfob tcj tcrjj

fomfgltkrs kh tcj CMF”l ekob lom cjletcy efhj, aokwejmbj, lom l mjgjot

stlomlrm kh efvfob”iy bjomjr, rjsuetfob fo dlej lom hjdlej fomjxjs hkr

jlgc fomfgltkr.8 ]cjsj fomjxjs lrj lmùstjm iy dlej lom hjdlej pkpu-

eltfko sclrjs hkr jlgc fomfgltkr, grjltfob jquleey mfstrfiutjm fomjxjs hkrlee tcrjj fomfgltkrs. Hfoleey, jlgc kh tcj tcrjj jquleey mfstrfiutjm

fomjxjs fs gkdifojm fo lo uowjfbctjm lvjrlbj tk bjojrltj tcj BMF

(sjj loojx L hkr lo jxldpej hrkd ]clfelom).

Fo jhhjgt, tcj BMF fs tcj CMF mfsgkuotjm, kr lmùstjm mkwowlrm, hkr

bjomjr fojqulefty. ]cj BMF hlees wcjo tcj lgcfjvjdjot ejvjes kh iktc

7> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy

mfdjosfko

fomfgltkr

mfdjosfko

fomjx

efhj jxpjgtlogy fomjx

l ekob lom

cjletcy efhj aokwejmbj

lmuet eftjrlgy rltj brkss jorkeedjot rltfk

BM^ fomjx

BM^ pjr glpftl

(^^^ ZW$)

l mjgjot stlomlrm

kh efvfob

(BJY)

BJY fomjxlmuet eftjrlgy fomjx

jmugltfko fomjx

cudlo mjvjekpdjot fomjx (CMF)

efhj jxpjgtlogy

lt ifrtc

Hfburj 9.9 Glegueltfob tcj Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx

Wkurgj0 ZOM^ 9>>8, ]jgcofgle Oktj <.





Dfmmej Jlst, Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl, lom Wkutc Lsfl sgkrj ekw fo jgk-

okdfg lom pkeftfgle jqulefty.

]cj lmvlotlbjs lom efdftltfkos kh tcj BMF lom tcj BJD clvj ijjo

mjiltjm hkr skdj tfdj lom wjrj tcj sui`jgt kh l wkrasckp gkovjojm iy

tcj CMY khhfgj fo 9>>8. Dkrj rjgjotey, tcjy wjrj l prfdj plrt kh tcj eftjr-

lturj rjvfjw kh tcj cudlo mjvjekpdjot fomfgjs iy Clfejeue lom ktcjrs

(9>>6). ]cfs dkst rjgjot rjvfjw oktjs tclt tcj BMF rjefliey trlgas bjomjr

fojqulefty fo qulefty kh efhj lom fo kvjrlee cudlo mjvjekpdjot. ]cj BMF

cls lesk cjepjm fo tcj grjltfko kh ktcjr rjbfkole fomjxjs lom cls hlgfeftltjm

bekile gkdplrfskos (Clfejeue lom ktcjrs 9>>6). Iut tcj rjvfjw gkogurs

wftc prjvfkus grftfgfsds (sjj Aelsjo 9>>8) tclt tcj BMF mkjs okt hueeylssjss bjomjr mfsplrfty, elrbjey ijglusj kh tcj fogkdj fomfgltkr usjm fo tcj

glegueltfkos, hkr wcfgc lmjqultj mltl iy bjomjr mk okt jxfst. ]cjrj lrj ok

mfslbbrjbltjm mltl ko dlej lom hjdlej BM^. ]cj fogkdj djlsurj usjm fo

tcj BMF lom BJD jstfdltjs lo fomfvfmule‖s glplgfty tk jlro fogkdj. Lt tcj

sldj tfdj, ojftcjr tcj dlej ifls fo clvfob lggjss tk huee-tfdj plfm wkra okr

tcj fogkdj jlrojm iy sjeh-jdpekyjm wkdjo fs djlsurjm. Hurtcjrdkrj,

wkdjo fo pkkrjr gkuotrfjs rjgjfvj ekwjr-qulefty outrftfko, ejss cjletc glrj,

lom hjwjr jmugltfkole kppkrtuoftfjs tclo tcjfr dlej gkuotjrplrts. Rftcfotcj ckusjckem, wkdjo lrj khtjo mfsgrfdfoltjm lblfost lom clvj ejss gkotrke

kvjr ckusjckem rjskurgjs tclo djo fo tcj sldj ckusjckem. Mfsgrfdfoltfko

jxfsts fo tcj elikr dlrajt, lom `ki sjbdjotltfko khtjo pksftfkos wkdjo fo

ekw-plyfob kggupltfkos. Dkrjkvjr, elga kh lggjss tk elom lom grjmft lom tcj

cjlvy tfdj iurmjo lsskgfltjm wftc gcfem-rjlrfob lom ckusjckem gckrjs,

jspjgfleey ldkob pkkrjr wkdjo, cfomjr l wkdlo‖s pjrskole mjvjekpdjot

lom hrjjmkd”lom cjr jgkokdfg kppkrtuoftfjs.

]cj rjpkrt subbjsts tclt mjtlfejm fomjxjs, sugc ls lo fomfvfmule mfspks-liej fogkdj fomjx, ij grjltjm iy bjomjr. ]cj rjpkrt lesk rjgkddjoms

dkmfhyfob tcj BMF tk rjhejgt spjgfhfg prkiejds hlgjm iy wkdjo fo mjvje-

kpfob gkuotrfjs”hkr jxldpej, lggjss tk outrftfko, ckusfob, lom gektc-

fob”lom tk fmjotfhy skurgjs kh fogkdj (elikr lom rjot, hkr jxldpej).

]cj rjvfjw iy Clfejeue lom ktcjrs (9>>6) grftfgfzjs tcj BJD hkr okt

glpturfob bjomjr jdpkwjrdjot lt tcj ckusjckem ejvje lom hkr hlfefob tk

djlsurj jdpkwjrdjot fssujs sugc ls sjxulefty, rjefbfko, gueturj, lom

wkdjo‖s rfbcts. ]cj BJD lesk hlfes tk fogeumj skdj okojgkokdfg mfdjo-

sfkos kh mjgfsfko-dlafob pkwjr, lom ft rjefjs ko fotjroltfkole rltcjr tclooltfkole mltlilsjs.

ZOJGJ Bjomjr Wtltfstfgs MltlilsjFo Kgtkijr 9>>>, tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos Jgkokdfg Gkddfssfko hkr Jurkpj

(ZOJGJ), fo lsskgfltfko wftc tcj oltfkole stltfstfgs khhfgjs kh tcj












]liej 9.= Jxldpejs kh Zsj kh Dkrj tclo Koj Dlgrkjgkokdfg Dkmje fo Wtumyfob Bjomjr Yjeltfkos

Lutckr/yjlr Ki`jgtfvj Cypktcjsfs Djtckmkekb

Mlrfty (<66:) Mfvfmj jgkokdy fotk twk

sjgtkrs0 tcj ckusjckem

sjgtkr, fo wcfgc prkmugtfko

fs glrrfjm kut iy wkdjo,

lom tcj glsc-grkp sjgtkr,

fo wcfgc lgtfvftfjs lrj

bjomjr spjgfhfg (djo

gkotrke prkmugtfko prkgjss

lom fogkdj hrkd glsc

grkp, pueefob wkdjo hrkdckusjckem wcjo ojjmjm).

]cj ekss kh hjdlej elikr

tk tcj glsc-grkp sjgtkr

lhhjgts kutput kh tcj

ckusjckem sjgtkr.

Djtckm < lom djt

Jrtura lom Âlb˓ltly (<66:) Jxldfoj ckw sjguelr

gclobjs (brjltjr

plrtfgfpltfko iy wkdjo)

lom gygefgle gclobjs fo tcj

hjdfofzltfko kh tcj elikr

hkrgj lom fotjosfty kh

hjdlej ckusjckem elikr

foheujogj tcj ijclvfkr kh

dlgrkjgkokdfgs.

Lo fogrjlsj fo tcj

hjdfofzltfko kh tcj elikr

hkrgj fs efajey tk clvj l

pksftfvj jhhjgt ko fovjstdjot1

tcj slvfobs rltj fs pksftfvjey

rjeltjm tk tcj fotjosfty kh

hjdlej ckusjckem elikr.

Brkwtc gygej dkmj

djtckm 9

Wkurgj0 Âlb˓ltly <663.

7 2



bjomjr ls lo loleytfgle gltjbkry rjqufrjs lpprkprfltj mltl lom tkkes.

Bjomjr djlsurjdjot fssujs clvj ijjo lmmrjssjm koey fo tcj plst 7> yjlrs,

lom mltlilsjs djlsurfob bjomjr jqulefty lrj hlr dkrj rjgjot.

Letckubc djlsurfob bjomjr rjdlfos l wkra fo prkbrjss, sfbofhfglot

jhhkrts clvj ijjo dlmj fo rjgjot mjglmjs. ^rjvfkusey, jgkokdfsts sfdpey

mfslbbrjbltjm skgfkjgkokdfg mltl iy dlej lom hjdlej. Mkfob sk fs ùst l

hfrst stjp tkwlrm djlsurfob bjomjr1 ft mkjs okt glpturj tcj jhhjgts kh bjo-

mjr rjeltfkos. ]cj mjvjekpdjot kh l oudijr kh mltlilsjs dlrajm loktcjr

stjp hkrwlrm. ]cjsj mltlilsjs fogkrpkrltj ajy bjomjr fssujs, sugc ls plr-

tfgfpltfko fo mjgfsfko dlafob, bjomjr lttftumjs, plrtfgfpltfko fo jejgtfkos,

jotrjprjojurscfp, mkdjstfg vfkejogj, pkvjrty, fohkrdle jdpekydjot, tfdjusj, lom sgckke lttjomlogj. ]cfs gclptjr sckws ckw tcjsj mltlilsjs fmjo-

tfhy bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo tjrds kh foputs lom kutgkdjs lom wcy tcfs

fohkrdltfko fs usjhue hkr pkefgy dlajrs. ]cj gclptjr gkogeumjs iy prj-

sjotfob l oudijr kh pktjotfle lpprklgcjs hkr tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg dkmje-

fob kh bjomjr rjeltfkos.

Fo suddlry, tcfs gclptjr mjsgrfijs rjgjot lom kobkfob jhhkrts tk qulo-

tfhy bjomjr rjeltfkos, tcj fdpjtus hkr wcfgc wls jxpelfojm fo gclptjr <.

Ft prkvfmjs l ilsfs hkr jxldfofob tcj fdpefgltfkos kh bjomjr rjeltfkos lombjomjr fojquleftfjs hkr tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg vlrfliejs kh gkosudptfko lom

slvfob, tcj sui`jgt kh gclptjr 7.












Glegueltfob tcj JMJ^ hkr FogkdjJlrojm fogkdj (fo purgclsfob pkwjr plrfty Q^^^T) fs jstfdltjm hkr

wkdjo lom djo sjplrltjey lom tcjo fomjxjm tk bklepksts. ]cj fogkdj

fomjx fs ilsjm ko uolmùstjm vleujs, okt tcj ekblrftcd kh jstfdltjm

jlrojm fogkdj (ls usjm tk glegueltj tcj BMF).

eogkdj fomjx 4 7,933 ‗ <>> Fogkdj fomjx 4 3,>9<‗<>>=>,>>> ‗ <>>

4 >.>3>=>,>>> ‗ <>>

4 >.<66.

]cj hjdlej lom dlej fomjxjs lrj tcjo gkdifojm tk grjltj tcj jquleey mfs-

trfiutjm fomjx0

JMJ^ hkr fogkdj 4 {Q>.=62 (>.>3>‗<)T + Q>.:>7 (>.<66‗<)T}‗< 4 >.<<=.

Glegueltfob tcj BJDKogj tcj JMJ^ cls ijjo glegueltjm hkr tcj plrefdjotlry rjprjsjotltfko,

jgkokdfg plrtfgfpltfko, lom fogkdj, mjtjrdfofob tcj BJD fs strlfbcthkr-

wlrm. Ft fs l sfdpej lvjrlbj kh tcj tcrjj JMJ^ fomjxjs.

BJD 4>.7:9 + >.3:2 + >.<<=

74 >.==<.

Wkurgj0 ZOM^ 9>>7, 7=:.

Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs =7

Rkdjo Djo

^kpueltfko sclrj0 >.=62 ^kpueltfko sclrj0 >.:>7

Jstfdltjm jlrojm fogkdj ( ^^)0 $7,933 Jstfdltjm jlrojm fogkdj (^^ )0 $3,>9<



Loojx G0 Mltlilsjs kh Gkddko Bjomjr Fomfgltkrs

== Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy

(gkotfoujm)

]liej 9G.< Mltlilsjs kh Gkddko Bjomjr Fomfgltkrs

Fomfgltkr Mltlilsj

^kpueltfko ^kpueltfko kh hfvj-yjlr lbj brkups iy lbj, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

^kpueltfko kh sjejgtjm lbj brkups iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Wjx rltfk hkr pkpueltfko lbj 3> lom kvjr iy gkuotry lom yjlr

^kpueltfko kh hfvj-yjlr lbj brkups iy dlrftle stltus, lbj, dlej/hjdlej,

gkuotry, lom yjlr

^kpueltfko kh sjejgtjm lbj brkups <3 lom kvjr iy dlrftle stltus, lbj,

dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlrHldfefjs lom

ckusjckems

Efvj ifrtcs iy dktcjr‖s lbj, gkuotry, lom yjlr

]ktle hjrtfefty rltj iy gkuotry lom yjlr

Lmkejsgjot hjrtfefty rltj iy gkuotry lom yjlr

Djlo lbj kh wkdjo lt ifrtc kh hfrst gcfem iy gkuotry lom yjlr

Djlo lbj lt hfrst dlrrflbj iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Ejble likrtfkos iy gkuotry lom yjlr

Koj-plrjot hldfefjs lom gcfemrjo iy sjx kh plrjot, gkuotry, lom yjlr

^rfvltj ckusjckems iy ckusjckem typj, gkuotry lom yjlr

Koj-pjrsko ckusjckems iy lbj, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Rkra lom tcj

jgkokdy

Elikr hkrgj iy lbj, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Jdpekydjot iy sjgtkr kh lgtfvfty, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Jdpekydjot iy kggupltfko, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Jdpekydjot fo puiefg lom prfvltj sjgtkr iy sjgtkr kh lgtfvfty,

dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Jdpekydjot iy stltus kh jdpekydjot, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

^lrt-tfdj jdpekydjot iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Zojdpekydjot iy lbj, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Vkutc uojdpekydjot iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Ekob-tjrd uojdpekydjot iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlrZojdpekyjm iy lbj, rjlsko, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Bjomjr ply blp iy ejvje kh jmugltfko, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Jmugltfko Zppjr sjgkomlry lom pkstsjgkomlry stumjots iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry,

lom yjlr

Jorkeedjot rltfk lt sjgkomlry ejvje iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Jmugltfkole lttlfodjot iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

Brlmultjs iy typj kh prkbrld, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

]jrtflry stumjots iy hfjem kh stumy, typj kh prkbrld, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry,

lom yjlr

]jlgcjrs iy ejvje kh jmugltfko, dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry, lom yjlr

^jrgjotlbj kh pkpueltfko fo efhjekob ejlrofob iy dlej/hjdlej, gkuotry,

lom yjlr





irjlsthjjmfob1 lom ckdj wkra, wcfgc glo lesk rjhjr tk plfm wkra mkoj fo tcj

ckdj ko suigkotrlgt hrkd lo jdpekyjr (ZOFHJD 9>>:, 9=).

7. ]cj FEK, tcj Fotjroltfkole Jxpjrt Brkup ko Fohkrdle Wjgtkr Wtltfstfgs (tcj

Mjecf Brkup), lom tcj Rkdjo fo Fohkrdle Jdpekydjot0 Bekilefzfob lom

Krblofzfob (RFJBK) ojtwkra wkrajm tkbjtcjr tk jxplom tcj mjhfoftfko kh

fohkrdle wkra.

=. Bjomjr dlfostrjldfob fs mfsgussjm fo gclptjr 8. Ls oktjm iy tcj ZOJGJ

(9>>=, f), ―bjomjr stltfstfgs pelys l grugfle rkej fo dlfostrjldfob bjomjr fotk

pkefgfjs iy mkgudjotfob tcj mfhhjrjot wlys fo wcfgc pkefgfjs, skgfle okrds,

lom gueturle vleujs fdplgt tcj efvjs kh wkdjo lom djo.—

:. ]cj CMF gkdprfsjs hfvj djlsurjs0 tcj Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx ftsjeh (CMF),tcj Bjomjr-rjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF), tcj Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot

Djlsurj (BJD), tcj Cudlo ^kvjrty Fomjx hkr mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs (C^F-<),

lom tcj Cudlo ^kvjrty Fomjx hkr KJGM gkuotrfjs (C^F-9).

8. Rkdjo‖s ekobjr efhj jxpjgtlogy fs tlajo fotk gkosfmjrltfko fo tcj glegueltfkos.

2. ZOJGJ djdijr gkuotrfjs fogeumj Leilofl, Lomkrrl, Lrdjofl, Lustrfl,

Lzjrilf`lo, Ijelrus, Ijebfud, Iksofl lom Cjrzjbkvfol, Iueblrfl, Glolml,

Grkltfl, Gyprus, tcj Gzjgc Yjpuiefg, Mjodlra, Jstkofl, Hfoelom, Hrlogj,

Bjkrbfl, Bjrdloy, Brjjgj, Cuoblry, Fgjelom, Frjelom, Fsrlje, Ftley, Alzlacstlo,tcj Ayrbyz Yjpuiefg, Eltvfl, Efjgctjostjfo, Eftculofl, Euxjdikurb,

Dlgjmkofl, Dletl, Dkemkvl, Dkolgk, Dkotjojbrk, tcj Ojtcjreloms, Okrwly,

^kelom, ^krtuble, Ykdlofl, tcj Yussflo Hjmjrltfko, Wlo Dlrfok, Wjrifl, tcj

Wekvla Yjpuiefg, Wekvjofl, Wplfo, Wwjmjo, Wwftzjrelom, ]l`fafstlo, ]urajy,

]uradjofstlo, Zarlfoj, tcj Zoftjm Afobmkd, tcj Zoftjm Wtltjs, lom

Zzijafstlo.

3. Lt tcj Hkurtc Rkrem Gkohjrjogj ko Rkdjo, ZO djdijr stltjs lmkptjm lom

gkddfttjm tk fdpejdjot tcj Ijf`fob êlthkrd hkr Lgtfko, wcfgc fmjotfhfjs <9

grftfgle lrjls kh gkogjro wftc rjspjgt tk tcj lmvlogjdjot kh wkdjo lom tcjlgcfjvjdjot kh bjomjr jqulefty. Rkremwfmj prkbrjss fo tcj fdpejdjotltfko kh

tcj Ijf`fob êlthkrd hkr Lgtfko fs rjvfjwjm jvjry hfvj yjlrs iy tcj

Gkddfssfko ko tcj Wtltus kh Rkdjo (sjj cttp0//www.uojgj.krb/bjomjr).

6. Dkst kh tcj quleftltfvj vlrfliejs vlry ijtwjjo > (ijttjr) tk < (wkrsj) (@õttfob

lom ktcjrs 9>>8, <<).

<>. ]cj bjojrle hkrduel hkr tcj jquleey mfstrfiutjm fomjx fs0 Jquleey mfstrfiutjm

fomjx 4 {Qhjdlej pkpueltfko sclrj (hjdlej fomjx<‗κ)T + Qdlej pkpueltfko

sclrj (dlej fomjx<‗κ)T}</<‗κ wcjrj κ djlsurjs tcj lvjrsfko tk fojqulefty.

Ifiefkbrlpcy

Lolom, Wumcfr, lom Ldlrtyl Wjo. <66:. Bjomjr Fojqulefty fo Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot0

]cjkrfjs lom Djlsurjdjot. Kgglsfkole ^lpjr <9. Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot

^rkbrlddj, Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt Khhfgj, Ojw Vkra.

=8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy





”””. 9>>8. Djlsurfob Bjomjr Fojqulefty lom Fts Fdplgt ko Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot0

]cj Mjiltj likut tcj BMF lom BJD . Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot

^rkbrlddj, Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt Khhfgj, Ojw Vkra.

Elob, @. <663. Joquàtj sur el sftultfko mjs hjddjs mlos ej dkomj. Lssjdieæj

Oltfkolej, ^lrfs.

Dlrgclom, D. C., lom @. E. ^lrplrt, jms. <66:. Hjdfofsd, ^kstdkmjrofsd

Mjvjekpdjot. Ekomko0 Ykutejmbj.

^lrplrt, @. E. <667. ―Rck Fs tcj Ktcjr; L ^kstdkmjro Hjdfofst Grftfquj kh

Rkdjo lom Mjvjekpdjot ]cjkry lom ^rlgtfgj.— Mjvjekpdjot lom Gclobj 9=

(7)0 =76‗8=.

Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr Iumbjtfob.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/979, Hfsgle

Lhhlfrs Mjplrtdjot, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.

]lyekr, E. <66:. ―Jovfrkodjotle lom Bjomjr Hjjmilgas fo Dlgrkjgkokdfgs.—

Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97 (<<)0 <6:7‗8<.

ZOM^ (Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj). <66:. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot

Yjpkrt <66:0 Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot . Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

”””. <666. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt <6660 Bekilefzltfko wftc l Cudlo

Hlgj. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

”””. 9>>7. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt0 Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot Bkles0 L

Gkdplgt ldkob Oltfkos tk Jom Cudlo ^kvjrty. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty

^rjss.

”””. 9>>:. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt 9>>:0 Fotjroltfkole Gkkpjrltfko lt l

Grkssrklms0 Lfm, ]rlmj lom Wjgurfty fo lo Zojqule Rkrem . Bjomjr-Yjeltjm

Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) lom Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD).

Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

”””. 9>>8. Bekile Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt. Ijykom Wglrgfty0 ^kwjr, ^kvjrty

lom Bekile Rltjr Grfsfs. Ojw Vkra0 ZOM^.”””. 9>>6. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt. Kvjrgkdfob Ilrrfjrs0 Cudlo Dkifefty

lom Mjvjekpdjot . Ojw Vkra0 ZOM^.

ZOJGJ (Zoftjm Oltfkos Jgkokdfg Gkddfssfko hkr Jurkpj). 9>>=. Yjpkrt ko tcj

Wtltus kh Khhfgfle Wtltfstfgs Yjeltjm tk Bjomjr Jqulefty fo Jlstjro Jurkpj lom tcj

GFW Gkuotrfjs. ZOJGJ Wtltfstfgle Mfvfsfko lom ZOM^ Irltfselvl Yjbfkole

Gjotjr, Bjojvl.

ZOFHJD (Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot Huom hkr Rkdjo). 9>>>. ^rkbrjss kh tcj

Rkrem‖s Rkdjo. Ojw Vkra0 ZOFHJD.”””. 9>>:. ^rkbrjss kh tcj Rkrem‖s Rkdjo 9>>:0 Rkdjo, Rkra lom kvjrty. Ojw

Vkra0 ZOFHJD.

Rkrem Iloa. 9>><. Jobjomjrfob Mjvjekpdjot tcrkubc Bjomjr Jqulefty fo Yfbcts,

Yjskurgjs lom Xkfgj. Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa.

”””. 9>>2. Bekile Dkoftkrfob Yjpkrt 9>>2 . Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa.

=3 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy



=6

Mfhhjrjogjs fo tcj ijclvfkr kh djo lom wkdjo dly ejlm tk mfhhjrjot

dlgrkjgkokdfg kutgkdjs, plrtfguelrey hkr lbbrjbltjs sugc ls prfvltj gko-

sudptfko, slvfobs lom fovjstdjot, lom tcj gkdpksftfko kh bkvjrodjot

jxpjomfturj. Ls l rjsuet, bjomjr iumbjtfob cls ijgkdj lo fdpkrtlot fssuj

fo dkst gkuotrfjs kvjr tcj plst hjw mjglmjs. Gclptjr 3 jxldfojs tcj bjo-

mjr iumbjtfob djtckms lom kutgkdjs fo l oudijr kh gkuotrfjs. ]cfs

gclptjr jxpekrjs bjomjr‖s foheujogj ko gkosudptfko lom slvfob. Rj hfrst

gkotjxtulefzj tcj mfsgussfko iy jxldfofob tcj efoalbjs ijtwjjo tcjckusjckem lom fts bjomjr gkdpksftfko lom dlgrkjgkokdfg lbbrjbltjs.

]cj Ckusjckem lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs

Dugc kh tcj jvfmjogj tk suppkrt tcj tcjsfs tclt ckusjckem gkdpksftfko

foheujogjs dlgrkjgkokdfg vlrfliejs gkdjs hrkd tcj dfgrkjgkokdfg

gkotjxt kh tcj ckusjckem. Lutckrs sugc ls Mjltko (<669) lrbuj tclt

lbbrjbltjm dfgrkjgkokdfg mltl lrj l vlefm ilsfs hkr hkrdfob dlgrkjgk-okdfg gkogeusfkos. Ls Wtktsay (9>>8, 3) oktjs, ―lt l mfslbbrjbltj ejvje,

tcjrj fs jvfmjogj tk subbjst tclt ckusjckem gkdpksftfko dly foheujogj

tcj huee rlobj kh jgkokdfg vlrfliejs kh gckfgj tk tcj ckusjckem, fogeum-

fob gkosudptfko, slvfobs, fovjstdjot, rfsa-tlafob ijclvfkr, lom elikr

G C L ^ ] J Y 7

Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg

Lbbrjbltjs









gkuotrfjs fs tclt rjskurgjs gkotrkeejm iy wkdjo tjom tk fogrjlsj jxpjo-

mfturj sclrjs ko jmugltfko rjeltfvj tk rjskurgjs gkotrkeejm iy djo.—

]liej 7.< suddlrfzjs skdj kh tcj ktcjr hfomfobs hrkd tcj eftjrlturj ko

tcj jhhjgt kh bjomjr jhhjgts ko ckusjckem gkosudptfko.

Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs :7

Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl

Iurafol Hlsk

Dlef

Ofbjrfl

Dlelwf

Ijofo

Gldjrkko

Ywloml

Ajoyl

]lozlofl

Zbloml

Bclol

Dkzldifquj

Pfdiliwj

Dlmlblsglr

Jrftrjl

Jlst Lsfl lom

^lgfhfg

Fomkojsfl

^cfefppfojs

GJJ/GFW

Lrdjofl

]uradjofstlo

Clftf

^jru

Ikefvfl

Gkekdifl

Wkutc Lsfl

Ojple

Ilobelmjsc

Jbypt, Lrli Yjp.

Dkrkggk

@krmlo

Dfmmej Jlst lom

Okrtc Lhrfgl

Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom

tcj Glrfiijlo

3>2>

8:.2

8=.:

87.=

::.6

:9.:

=:.6

=7.<

76

72.7

7:.7

79.37<.3

92

<8.9

:.3

6

9.=

<3

<>.6

<7.2

<>.3

<>

8.2

7=.9

7>.7

7=.=

7<.9

9=.7

8>:>=>

pjrgjot

7>9><>>

Hfburj 7.7 ^jrgjotlbj kh Rkdjo fo Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs Yjpkrtfob ]clt ]cjfr

Cusiloms Lekoj Dlaj Mjgfsfkos ko Mlfey Ckusjckem Jxpjomfturjs

Wkurgj0 ZOFGJH 9>>8, <6.

Oktj0 Mltl rjhjr tk tcj dkst rjgjot yjlr lvlfeliej ijtwjjo 9>>> lom 9>>=. Lee gkuotrfjs hkr wcfgc mltl wjrj

lvlfeliej lrj prjsjotjm. GJJ/GFW 4 Gjotrle lom Jlstjro Jurkpj/Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs.





• Bfvjo tclt ojgjssftfjs rjdlfo gkostlot rjblrmejss kh vlrfltfkos fo fogkdj,

koj wkuem jxpjgt dkrj stliej jxpjomfturj fo jgkokdfjs fo wcfgc

wkdjo clvj l brjltjr mjbrjj kh gkotrke kvjr ckusjckem purgclsjs.• ^kefgfjs tclt fdprkvj wkdjo‖s gkotrke kvjr ckusjckem spjomfob

sckuem strjobtcjo dlgrkjgkokdfg brkwtc lom stlifefty.

]cj sjgkom strlom kh tcj eftjrlturj rjhjrjogjm iy Wtktsay (9>>8)

jxldfojs tcj hlgt tclt tcj bjomjr kh gcfemrjo fo skdj gueturjs mjtjrdfojs

tcj ldkuot kh jxpjomfturj tcjy rjgjfvj. Lt tcj fomfvfmule ejvje, bjomjr

lhhjgts gkosudptfko kh jmugltfko, cjletc, lom outrftfko. Hkr jxldpej,

Wgcuetz (<632) sckws tclt fo 6> gkuotrfjs, lo fogrjlsj fo tcj gkst kh

sgckkefob kr l mjgrjlsj fo ckusjckem fogkdj mjgrjlsjs bfres‖ gkosudptfko

kh jmugltfko (iktc prfdlry lom sjgkomlry sgckke jorkeedjot rltjs lom

tktle yjlrs kh sgckkefob) dkrj tclo ikys‖ gkosudptfko. Fo Fomfl, Afobmko

(9>>:) hfoms bjomjr ifls fo tcj leekgltfko kh spjomfob ko jmugltfko hkr

ikys. Fo hlgt, ckusjckems lrj uoefajey tk ply hkr loy jmugltfko hkr bfres.

Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs ::

]liej 7.9 Jhhjgts ko Gkosudptfko kh Fogrjlsfob Mjgfsfko-Dlafob ^kwjr

iy Rkdjo

Wtumy

Yjbfko kr

gkuotry

Foput

vlrfliejs

Kutput

vlrfliejs Kutgkdj

Cleedlo

(9>>>)

Ilobelmjsc Rkdjo‖s lssjt

ckemfobs

Rkdjo‖s

cjletc

]cj cfbcjr tcj sclrj

kh wkdjo‖s lssjt

ckemfobs, tcj ijttjr tcj

cjletc kutgkdj hkr bfres.

\ufsudifob

(<668)

Wui-Wlclrlo

Lhrfgl

Cudlo glpftle

^cysfgle glpftle

Gurrjot foputs

Lbrfgueturle

prkmugtfvfty

Yjmugfob bjomjr

fojquleftfjs fo cudlo

glpftle, pcysfgle glpftle,

lom gurrjot foputs clstcj pktjotfle tk fogrjlsj

lbrfgueturle prkmugtfvfty

iy <>‗9> pjrgjot.

\ufsudifob

lom

Dleuggfk

(9>>>)

Okt spjgfhfjm Rkdjo‖s lssjt

ckemfobs lt

dlrrflbj

Gcfemrjo‖s

jmugltfko

]cj elrbjr tcj sclrj kh

lssjts wkdjo ckem lt

dlrrflbj, tcj elrbjr tcj

sclrj tcj ckusjckem

spjoms ko gcfemrjo‖s

jmugltfko.

Wdftc lom

Gclvls

(9>>7)

Okt spjgfhfjm Rkdjo‖s mjgfsfko

dlafob wftcfo

skgfjty lom hldfey

Gcfem

outrftfko

Fdprkvjdjots fo wkdjo‖s

mjgfsfko-dlafob pkwjr

sfbofhfglotey rjmugj gcfem

dleoutrftfko rltjs.

Wkurgj0 Lutckrs‖ gkdpfeltfko.



Mjltko (<636) hfoms ok bjomjr ifls fo djmfgle lom jmugltfko spjomfob fo

Gýtj m‖Fvkfrj lom koey l sdlee iut fosfbofhfglot jhhjgt fo hlvkr kh ikys fo

]clfelom. Lgrkss sjvjrle mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs, Befga, Wlcl, lom Vkuobjr

(9>>=) hfom ok mfsgrfdfoltfko fo cjletc glrj kr jmugltfko spjomfob

ldkob ikys lom bfres fo tcjfr rjvfjw kh tcj eftjrlturj lom loleysjs kh

mjvjekpfob gkuotry mltl sjts. Lemjrdlo lom Bjrtejr (<662) hfom l bjomjr

ifls fo hlvkr kh ikys wftc rjblrm tk mjdlom hkr djmfgle glrj fo ^lafstlo.

Ejwfs lom Ekgacjjm (9>>2) feeustrltj tcj jxtjot lom mjbrjj kh tcj

prkiejd kh bfres‖ jxgeusfko hrkd hkrdle jmugltfko0

• Fo Fomfl 72 pjrgjot kh bfres 2‗<= ijekobfob tk ekwjr glstjs kr trfijs mkokt lttjom sgckke, gkdplrjm wftc 98 pjrgjot kh lee bfres tcj sldj lbj1

sgckke lttjomlogj hkr trfile bfres fs 6 pjrgjotlbj pkfots ejss tclo tclt

kh trfile ikys.

• Fo tcj Elk ^jkpej‖s Mjdkgrltfg Yjpuiefg cfee trfij bfres hrkd rurle

gkdduoftfjs gkdpejtj ejss tclo twk yjlrs kh sgckke, wcjrjls dl`krf-

ty Elk-]lf bfres hrkd urilo gkdduoftfjs gkdpejtj jfbct yjlrs.

• Fo Bultjdlel fomfbjokus bfres lrj ejss efajey tclo loy ktcjr brkup kh

gcfemrjo tk clvj jvjr jorkeejm fo prfdlry sgckke0 koey 98 pjrgjot kh fomfbjokus oko-Wplofsc-spjlafob bfres gkdpejtj prfdlry sgckke, gkd-

plrjm wftc 89 pjrgjot kh Wplofsc-spjlafob bfres.

• Fo tcj Wekvla Yjpuiefg, koey 6 pjrgjot kh Ykdl bfres lttjom sjgkomlry

sgckke, gkdplrjm wftc := pjrgjot kh Wekvla bfres.

Dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy tclt tlrbjts tcj jxgeusfko kh bfres hrkd jmugltfko

ojjms tk gkosfmjr tcj prfgj lom fogkdj jelstfgftfjs kh mjdlom hkr jmugltfko.

Ls Wtktsay (9>>8) oktjs, rjeltfvj prfgj fogrjlsjs hkr jmugltfko wkuemlmvjrsjey lhhjgt bfres, lom prfgj mjgrjlsjs wkuem mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ijojhft

bfres0 ―Cfbcjr fogkdj jelstfgfty kh mjdlom hkr hjdlej jmugltfko lom cjletc

glrj fdpefjs tclt jgkokdfg prkspjrfty wkuem mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ijojhft

wkdjo iy jxplomfob tcjfr lggjss tk tcjsj sjrvfgjs, wcfej rjgjssfkos wkuem

clvj l mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ojbltfvj jhhjgt— (Wtktsay 9>>8, <<). Wkuom

dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgfjs tclt fogeumj lo lpprkprfltjey vleujm jxgclobj rltj

lrj ajy tk rjmugfob bjomjr mfsplrftfjs fo jmugltfko lom cjletc.9

Ejwfs lom Ekgacjjm (9>>2) subbjst twk lvjoujs iy wcfgc pkefgy glo

―rjlgc lom tjlgc— jxgeumjm bfres. ]cj hfrst lvjouj fovkevjs fdprkvfob tcjqulefty lom lggjssfifefty kh jmugltfko fo tcj hkeekwfob wlys0

• Dlaj jmugltfko pkefgfjs hlfrjr. Wkdj pkefgfjs”sugc ls tcj rjqufrjdjot

tclt ejsskos ij tlubct fo tcj dl`krfty elobulbj”clvj uofotjotfkole

:8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy





• Fotrkmugj sgckke hjjmfob prkbrlds. Wgckke hjjmfob prkbrlds clvj ijjo

sckwo tk ikkst jorkeedjot lom lttjomlogj, letckubc tcjy mk efttej tk

rjmugj tcj bjomjr blp. Fomjjm, stumfjs sckw tclt ikys ijojhft dkrj

tclo bfres hrkd sugc prkbrlds.

Eldpfjttf lom Wtleajr (9>>>) jxldfoj gkosudptfko jxpjomfturj lom

hjdlej pkvjrty. Yjhjrjogfob dkrj tclo 8> pkvjrty lssjssdjots glrrfjm

kut iy tcj Rkrem Iloa lom ktcjr puiefscjm lom uopuiefscjm skurgjs, tcj

lutckrs oktj tcj hkeekwfob0

• ^kkr wkdjo clvj cfbcjr hjrtfefty rltjs, cfbcjr dltjrole dkrtleftyrltjs, ekwjr-ifrtcwjfbct ilifjs, lom ejss lggjss tk qulefhfjm kr dkmjro

cjletc glrj murfob prjbology tclo okopkkr wkdjo mk. ]cjsj mfhhjr-

jogjs lrj hkuom fo iktc ekw- lom dfmmej-fogkdj gkuotrfjs.

• ]cjrj fs ok gkogeusfvj jvfmjogj tclt pkkr wkdjo lrj wkrsj khh tclo

pkkr djo fo tjrds kh hkkm leekgltfko lom lotcrkpkdjtrfg stltus

(l djlsurj kh hkkm fotlajs).

• Ekw- lom dfmmej-fogkdj gkuotrfjs vlry fo tcj qulotfty lom afom kh

jmugltfkole kppkrtuoftfjs tcjy khhjr ikys lom bfres. Wjvjrle hfomfobsjdjrbj hrkd loleysfs kh 99 pkvjrty lssjssdjots tclt fogeumjm loleysfs

kh bjomjr lom jmugltfko. Bfres lrj wkrsj khh tclo ikys fo M`fikutf,

Jbypt, Ajoyl, Ofbjrfl, ^lafstlo, lom Vjdjo. Ijekw tcj pkvjrty efoj,

bfres lrj wkrsj khh tclo ikys fo Lebjrfl, Ikefvfl, Gýtj m‖Fvkfrj, Fomfl,

Elk ^MY, Dlelwf, Dkrkggk, lom Pldifl1 ikys lrj wkrsj khh tclo bfres

fo Ejsktck lom Dkobkefl. ]cj hfomfobs lrj fogkogeusfvj kr sckw ok

mfhhjrjogj fo Dlmlblsglr, Dlurftlofl, Ofglrlbul, Ywloml, Wrf Eloal,

lom ]lozlofl.

Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs lom Wlvfobs

Wtktsay (9>>8) oktjs tclt bjomjr rjeltfkos dly lhhjgt slvfobs ijclvfkr,

ledkst gjrtlfoey lt tcj ejvje kh tcj ckusjckem iut lesk mkdjstfgleey lom

fotjroltfkoleey lom wftc rjblrm tk prjhjrjogjs hkr rfsa tlafob. Lt tcj ejvje

kh tcj jgkokdy, bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs foheujogj mkdjstfg slvfobs,

wftc fdpefgltfkos hkr fovjstdjot lom jgkokdfg brkwtc. Hurtcjrdkrj,

fovjstdjot ijclvfkr lrfsfob hrkd bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs dlyclvj fdpefgltfkos hkr jxpkrts lom fdpkrts.

Wtktsay (9>>8) rjvfjws tcj eftjrlturj ko slvfobs lom bjomjr, cfbcefbct-

fob tcj rjlskos wcy pjkpej fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs dly clvj mfhhjrjot

dktfvltfkos tk slvj tclo pjkpej fo mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs. Fo mjvjekpjm

:3 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy



jgkokdfjs, slvfobs cjep sdkktc gkosudptfko kvjr tcj efhj gygej lom hue-

hfee ijqujst, fovjstdjot, lom prjglutfkolry dktfvjs (Wtktsay 9>>8).

Lbjokr lom Dkotfje (<668) lom Bjrksvftz (<636) subbjst rjlskos wcy

tcjsj dktfvltfkos dly okt ckem ls strkobey fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs0

• Ckusjckems fo mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs lrj krblofzjm mfhhjrjotey hrkd

ckusjckems fo mjvjekpjm gkuotrfjs lom usuleey fogkrpkrltj l elrbj

jxtjomjm hldfey. ]cfs mfhhjrjogj gkuem fogrjlsj slvfobs tk hlgfeftltj

fotjrbjojrltfkole wjee-ijfob, iut ft gkuem lesk rjmugj slvfobs, ls

fomfvfmules dly gckksj okt tk slvj hkr rjtfrjdjot iut rjey fostjlm

ko fogkdj hrkd tcj ojxt bjojrltfko.• ]cjrj fs ejss pktjotfle hkr gkosudptfko fo mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs,

ijglusj dkst ckusjckems lrj lt kr ijekw tcj suisfstjogj ejvje.

• Ckusjckem fogkdj dly vlry sfbofhfglotey kvjr tfdj, dlafob slvfobs

ijclvfkr ejss gjrtlfo.

• Elga kh kr l ekw ejvje kh slvfobs efdfts ckusjckems‖ lifefty tk ikrrkw.

Wjbufok lom Hekrk (9>>7) jxldfoj tcj mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs ijclvfkr

ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs. Ls suddlrfzjm foWtktsay (9>>8), tcjy subbjst l oudijr kh rjlskos wcy wkdjo dly clvj

l brjltjr fogjotfvj tclo djo tk slvj0

• L wkdlo‖s rkej ls l ckdjdlajr subbjsts tclt scj cls l brjltjr fogjo-

tfvj tk slvj hkr gkosudptfko-sdkktcfob purpksjs tclo djo, wck clvj

lggjss tk skgfle fosurlogj (sugc ls uojdpekydjot ijojhfts) tcrkubc

plfm jdpekydjot.

• Rkdjo lrj dkrj efajey tk slvj hkr efhj-gygej purpksjs, bfvjo tcjfrbrjltjr ekobjvfty.

• Rkdjo dly clvj strkobjr ijqujst dktfvjs lom fotjrbjojrltfkole

letrufsd, wcfgc dly dlaj tcjd dkrj efajey tk slvj hkr tcjfr cjfrs.

Rkdjo fo skdj lrjls hlgj brjltjr gkostrlfots tclo djo fo plrtfgfplt-

fob fo hkrdle hfologfle dlrajts, pktjotfleey lhhjgtfob tcjfr lifefty tk slvj.

]cus, fo skdj gkotjxts, wkdjo slvj kutsfmj kh hkrdle dlrajts. Fo ktcjr

gkotjxts, sugc ls Ilobelmjsc, wkdjo slvj ejss, ijglusj tcjy lrj rjqufrjm

tk clom kvjr tcjfr slvfobs tk dlej ckusjckem djdijrs (Bkjtz lomBuptl <668).

Letckubc dkst stumfjs ko bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs jxldfoj

mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs, tcjy ojvjrtcjejss rjvjle mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs lom

fovjstdjot ijclvfkr ilsjm ko bjomjr.7 Zsfob mltl ko lbbrjbltj slvfobs

Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs :6



rltfks hrkd l brkup kh sjdf-fomustrfle gkuotrfjs kvjr tcj pjrfkm

<62:‗6:, Wjbufok lom Hekrk (9>>7) hfom tclt wkdjo‖s wlbj sclrj

rjeltfvj tk djo‖s fs pksftfvj lom sfbofhfglotey rjeltjm tk slvfobs. Hekrk (9>><)

oktjs tclt pkkr wkdjo clvj l brjltjr prkpjosfty tk slvj tclo djo mk.

Gkogeusfko

Ft fs okw bjojrleey lggjptjm tclt wkdjo clvj l strkobjr prjhjrjogj tclo

djo hkr spjomfob ko bkkms lom sjrvfgjs tclt fogrjlsj tcj cudlo glpftle

kh tcjfr gcfemrjo. ]cj dlgrkjgkokdfg fdpefgltfkos kh tcfs stltjdjot lrj

gejlr. Brjltjr jxpjomfturj lom fovjstdjot fo cudlo glpftle wfee uetf-dltjey foheujogj jgkokdfg brkwtc. Hurtcjrdkrj, jxpjomfturj ko sjrvfgjs

sugc ls jmugltfko, cjletc, lom outrftfko fs ejss rjspkosfvj tk vlrfltfkos fo

fogkdj, tcus irfobfob likut brjltjr stlifefty fo jxpjomfturj fo

jgkokdfjs fo wcfgc wkdjo clvj brjltjr gkotrke kvjr ckusjckem pur-

gclsjs. ^kefgfjs tclt fogrjlsj wkdjo‖s gkotrke kh ckusjckem spjomfob

sckuem tcjrjhkrj strjobtcjo dlgrkjgkokdfg brkwtc. Lt tcj fomfvfmule

ejvje, bjomjr lhhjgts gkosudptfko kh jmugltfko, cjletc, lom outrftfko.

L oudijr kh stumfjs lttjst tk tcj mfsgrfdfoltfko hlgjm iy wkdjo lom

bfres fo jmugltfko. ]cj gclptjr jxldfojs skdj pkefgfjs tclt gkuem fogrjlsj

plrfty fo jmugltfko hkr wkdjo lom bfres fo mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs.

]cj gclptjr rjvfjwjm tcj jvfmjogj ko bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo slvfobs

ijclvfkr, oktfob tclt tcj elga kh mltl hrkd mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs dlajs

ft mfhhfguet tk mrlw hfrd gkogeusfkos. L oudijr kh stumfjs jxldfoj wcy

slvfobs rltjs dly ij mfhhjrjot fo mjvjekpjm lom mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs,

plyfob spjgfle lttjotfko tk wck gkotrkes tcj rjskurgjs fo tcj ckusjckem.

Wkdj jvfmjogj subbjsts tclt djo lom wkdjo jxcfift mfhhjrjot slvfobs

ijclvfkr, wftc wkdjo dkrj efajey tclo djo tk slvj hkr gkosudptfko-sdkktcfob purpksjs, tk dlaj ijqujsts tk tcjfr gcfemrjo, lom tk josurj

fogkdj hkr tcjfr ekobjr efvjs.

Oktjs

<. \ufsudifob lom DgGelhhjrty (9>>8) gftj stumfjs iy Buyjr (<63>), ]rfpp

(<639), ^lce (<637), lom Hlpkcuoml (<633), lee kh wcfgc lrj mfsgussjm fo

Mwyjr lom Irugj (<633).

9. Lo kvjrvleujm jxgclobj rltj gkuem rlfsj tcj prfgj kh mkdjstfg bkkms lom sjr-

vfgjs, fogeumfob jmugltfko.

7. Elga kh lpprkprfltj slvfobs mltl fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs cldpjrs hurtcjr

stumy.




Ifiefkbrlpcy

Lbjokr, ^. Y., lom ^. @. Dkotfje. <668. Mjvjekpdjot Dlgrkjgkokdfgs. ^rfogjtko, O@0^rfogjtko Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

Lemjrdlo, C., lom ^. Bjrtejr. <662. ―Hldfey Yjskurgjs lom Bjomjr Mfhhjrjogjs

fo Cudlo Glpftle Fovjstdjots0 ]cj Mjdlom hkr Gcfemrjo‖s Djmfgle Glrj

fo ^lafstlo.— Fo Fotrlckusjckem Yjskurgj Leekgltfko fo Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs,

jm. E. Clmmlm, @. Ckmmfoktt, lom C. Lemjrdlo, 97<‗=3. Iletfdkrj, DM0

@kcos Ckpafos Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

Ijgajr, B. <68=. Cudlo Glpftle. Ojw Vkra0 Gkeudifl Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

”””. <68:. ―L ]cjkry kh tcj Leekgltfko kh ]fdj.— Jgkokdfg @kurole 2: (966)0=67‗:<2.

Ijcrdlo, @. <662. ―Fotrlckusjckem Mfstrfiutfko lom tcj Hldfey.— Fo Clomikka kh

^kpueltfko lom Hldfey Jgkokdfgs, vke. <L, jm. D. Y. Yksjozwjfb lom K. Wtlra,

<9:‗32. Ldstjrmld0 Jesjvfjr Wgfjogj.

Ieudijrb, Y. E. <633. ―Fogkdj uomjr Hjdlej vjrsus Dlej Gkotrke0 Cypktcjsfs

hrkd l ]cjkry kh Bjomjr Wtrltfhfgltfko lom Mltl hrkd tcj ]cfrm Rkrem.—

@kurole kh Hldfey Fssujs 60 :<‗3=.

Irugj, @. <636. ―Ckdjs Mfvfmjm.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot <2 (2)0 62‗6<.

Glsj, L., lom L. Mjltko. 9>>7. ―Gkosudptfko, Cjletc, Bjomjr lom ^kvjrty.—

^kefgy Yjsjlrgc Rkrafob ^lpjr 7>9>, Rkrem Iloa, ^kvjrty Yjmugtfko lom

Jgkokdfg Dlolbjdjot, Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot, Rlscfobtko, MG.

Mjltko, L. <636. ―Ekkafob hkr Iky-Bfre Mfsgrfdfoltfko fo Ckusjckem

Jxpjomfturj Mltl.— Rkrem Iloa Jgkokdfg Yjvfjw 7 (<)0 <‗<:.

”””. <669. Zomjrstlomfob Gkosudptfko. Kxhkrm0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

Mwyjr, M., lom @. Irugj, jms. <633. L Ckdj Mfvfmjm0 Rkdjo lom Fogkdj fo tcj

]cfrm Rkrem. Wtlohkrm, GL0 Wtlohkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.Hlpkcuoml, J. <633. ―]cj Okopkkefob Ckusjckem0 L Gcleejobj tk ]cjkry.— Fo L

Ckdj Mfvfmjm0 Rkdjo lom Fogkdj fo tcj ]cfrm Rkrem , jm. M. Mwyjr lom

@. Irugj. Wtlohkrm, GL0 Wtlohkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

Hekrk, D. W. 9>><. ―Bjomjr Mfdjosfkos kh tcj Hfologfob hkr Mjvjekpdjot

Lbjoml.— Rkrafob lpjr prjplrjm hkr tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot Huom

hkr Rkdjo, Zoftjm Oltfkos, Ojw Vkra.

Bjrksvftz, D. <636. ―Wlvfob lom Mjvjekpdjot.— Fo Clomikka kh Mjvjekpdjot

Jgkokdfgs, jm. C. Gcjojry lom ]. O. Wrfofvlslo, vke. <L, 739‗=9=.

Ldstjrmld0 Jesjvfjr Wgfjogj.

Befga, ^., Y. Wlcl, lom W. M. Vkuobjr. 9>>=. ―Fotjbrltfob Bjomjr fotk Ijojhft

Fogfmjogj lom Mjdlom Loleysfs.— Gkrojee Zofvjrsfty Hkkm lom Outrftfko

^kefgy ^rkbrld, Ftclgl, OV.

Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs 8<



Bkjtz, L. D., lom Y. W. Buptl. <668. ―Rck ]lajs tcj Grjmft; Bjomjr, ^kwjr, lom

Gkotrke kvjr Eklo Zsj fo Yurle Grjmft ^rkbrlds fo Ilobelmjsc.— Rkrem

Mjvjekpdjot 9= (9)0 =:‗87.

Buyjr, @. D. <63>. ―Ckusjckem Iumbjts lom Rkdjo‖s Fogkdjs.— Lhrfglo Wtumfjs

Gjotjr Rkrafob ^lpjr Ok. 93, Ikstko Zofvjrsfty, Ikstko, DL.

Cleedlo, C. A. 9>>>. ―Dktcjr-Hltcjr Yjskurgj Gkotrke, Dlrrflbj ^lydjots lom

Bfre-Iky Cjletc fo Yurle Ilobelmjsc.— Hkkm Gkosudptfko lom Outrftfko

Mfvfsfko (HGOM) Mfsgussfko ^lpjr 67, Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc

Fostftutj (FH^YF), Rlscfobtko, MG.

Ckmmfoktt, @., C. Lemjrdlo, lom E. Clmmlm. <662. ―]jstfob Gkdpjtfob Dkmjes

kh Fotrlckusjckem Leekgltfko.— Fo Fotrlckusjckem Yjskurgj Leekgltfko foMjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs, jm. E. Clmmlm, @. Ckmmfoktt, lom C. Lemjrdlo,

<96‗=<. Iletfdkrj, DM0 @kcos Ckpafos Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

@lgasko, G. 9>>:. ―Wtrjobtcjofob Hkkm kefgy tcrkubc Bjomjr lom Fotrlckusjckem

Loleysfs0 Fdplgt Lssjssdjot kh FH^YF Duetfgkuotry Yjsjlrgc.— FH^YF Fdplgt

Lssjssdjot Mfsgussfko ^lpjr 97, Fotjroltfkole Hkkm kefgy Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj,

Rlscfobtko, MG.

Afobmko, B. B. 9>>:. ―Rcjrj Cls Lee tcj Ifls Bkoj; Mjtjgtfob Bjomjr Ifls fo

tcj Fotrlckusjckem Leekgltfko kh Jmugltfkole Jxpjomfturj.— Jgkokdfg Mjvjekpdjot lom Gueturle Gclobj :7 (9)0 =>6‗:<.

Eldpfjttf, @. L., lom E. Wtleajr. 9>>>. ―Gkosudptfko Jxpjomfturj lom Hjdlej

^kvjrty0 L Yjvfjw kh tcj Jvfmjogj.— ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc Yjpkrt ko Bjomjr lom

Mjvjekpdjot, Rkrafob ^lpjr Wjrfjs <<, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.

Ejwfs, D. L., lom D. J. Ekgacjjm. 9>>2. ―Bjttfob Lee Bfres fotk Wgckke.— Hfologj

lom Mjvjekpdjot == (9)0 <8‗<6.

^lce, @. <637. ―]cj Leekgltfko kh Dkojy wftcfo Dlrrflbj.— Wkgfkekbfgle Yjvfjw 79

(Dly)0 972‗8=.

\ufsudifob, L. Y., jm. <668. ―Dlej-Hjdlej Mfhhjrjogjs fo Lbrfgueturle

^rkmugtfvfty0 Djtckmkekbfgle Fssujs lom Jdpfrfgle Jvfmjogj.— Rkrem

Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt 9= (<>)0 <:2:‗6:.

”””. 9>>7. Ckusjckem Mjgfsfkos, Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot0 L Wyotcjsfs kh Yjgjot

Yjsjlrgc. Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj (FH^YF),Rlscfobtko, MG.

”””. 9>>8. Zsfob Bjomjr Yjsjlrgc fo Mjvjekpdjot . Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy

Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj (FH^YF),Rlscfobtko, MG.

\ufsudifob, L. Y., lom @. L. Dleuggfk. 9>>>. ―Fotrlckusjckem Leekgltfko lom

Bjomjr Yjeltfkos0 Ojw Jdpfrfgle Jvfmjogj hrkd Hkur Mjvjekpfob

Gkuotrfjs.— HGOM Mfsgussfko ^lpjr 3=, Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc

Fostftutj, Rlscfobtko, MG.

”””. 9>>7. ―Yjskurgjs lt Dlrrflbj lom Fotrlckusjckem Leekgltfko0 Jvfmjogj

hrkd Ilobelmjsc, Jtcfkpfl, Fomkojsfl lom Wkutc Lhrfgl.— Kxhkrm Iueejtfo kh

Jgkokdfgs lom Wtltfstfgs 8: (7)0 937‗792.




\ufsudifob, L. Y., lom I. DgGelhhjrty. 9>>8. Zsfob Bjomjr Yjsjlrgc fo

Mjvjekpdjot. Hkkm Wjgurfty fo ^rlgtfgj. Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc

Fostftutj (FH^YF), Rlscfobtko, MG.

Wgcuetz, ]. ^. <68<. ―Fovjstdjots fo Cudlo Glpftle.— Ldjrfglo Jgkokdfg Yjvfjw

:< (<)0 <‗<2.

”””. <62=. Jgkokdfgs kh tcj Hldfey, Dlrrflbj, Gcfemrjo lom Cudlo Glpftle.

Gcfglbk0 Gcfglbk Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

”””. <632. ―Wgckke Jxpjomfturjs lom Jorkeedjots, <68>‗<63>0 ]cj Jhhjgts kh

Fogkdj, ^rfgjs lom ^kpueltfko Brkwtc.— Fo ^kpueltfko Brkwtc lom Jgkokdfg

Mjvjekpdjot0 Fssujs lom Jvfmjogj, jm. M. Blej @kcosko lom Y. M. Ejj, =<7‗28.

Dlmfsko0 Zofvjrsfty kh Rfsgkosfo ^rjss.

Wjbufok, W., lom D. W. Hekrk. 9>>7. ―Mkjs Bjomjr Clvj Loy Jhhjgt ko Lbbrjbltj

Wlvfob0 Lo Jdpfrfgle Loleysfs.— Fotjroltfkole Yjvfjw kh Lppefjm Jgkokdfgs <2

(9)0 <=2‗88.

Wdftc, E. G., lom @- . Gclvls. 9>>7. ―Wuppey Yjspkosj kh Rjst Lhrfglo Lbrfgueturle

Ckusjckems0 Fdpefgltfkos kh Fotrlckusjckem ^rjhjrjogj Cjtjrkbjojfty.— Fo

Ckusjckems, Mjgfsfkos, Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot0 L Wyotcjsfs kh Yjgjot Yjsjlrgc,

jm. L. Y. \ufsudifob. Rlscfobtko, MG0 FH^YF.

Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Fts Yjejvlogj tk Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy0 LWurvjy.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/977, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom,

Rlscfobtko, MG.

Wtrluss, @., lom M. ]ckdls. <66:. ―Cudlo Yjskurgjs0 Jdpfrfgle Dkmjefob kh

Ckusjckem lom Hldfey Mjgfsfkos.— Fo Clomikka kh Mjvjekpdjot Jgkokdfgs, jm.

@. Ijcrdlo lom ]. O. Wrfofvlslo, (7L), <339‗9>97. Ojw Vkra0 Okrtc Ckeelom.

]ckdls, M. <662. ―Fogkdjs, Jxpjomfturjs lom Cjletc Kutgkdjs0 Jvfmjogj ko

Fotrlckusjckem Yjskurgj Leekgltfko.— Fo Fotrlckusjckem Yjskurgj Leekgltfko fo

Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs, jm. E. Clmmlm, @. Ckmmfoktt, lom C. Lemjrdlo, <=9‗8=.

Iletfdkrj, DM0 @kcos Ckpafos Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

]rfpp, Y. <639. ―Hlrdjrs lom ]rlmjrs0 Wkdj Jgkokdfg Mjtjrdfolots kh Outrftfkole

Wtltus fo Okrtcjro Bclol.— Hkkm lom Outrftfko Iueejtfo 3 (<)0 7‗<9.

ZOFGJH (Zoftjm Oltfkos Gcfemrjo‖s Huom). 9>>8. ]cj Wtltj kh tcj Rkrem‖s

Gcfemrjo 9>>2. Rkdjo lom Gcfemrjo0 ]cj Mkuiej Mfvfmjom kh Bjomjr Jqulefty.

Ojw Vkra0 ZOFGJH.

Xjrdjuejo, H. 9>>9. ―Gkeejgtfvj Ckusjckem Dkmjes0 ^rfogfpejs lom Dlfo Yjsuets.—

@kurole kh Jgkokdfg Wurvjys <8 (=)0 <386‗3>.

Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg Lbbrjbltjs 87





8:

Mjvjekpdjots fo brkwtc tcjkry fo rjgjot mjglmjs hlgfeftltj l dugc

irklmjr fotjrprjtltfko kh tcj hlgtkrs gkotrfiutfob tk jgkokdfg brkwtc,

fogeumfob bjomjr rjeltfkos. ]cfs gclptjr jxpekrjs bjomjr rjeltfkos lom

jgkokdfg brkwtc, jxldfofob tcj stltfstfgle jvfmjogj lom tcjkrjtfgle eftjr-

lturj hrkd iktc tcj brkwtc-tcjkry lom hjdfofst pjrspjgtfvjs. Jdpfrfgle

stumfjs lrj tcjo loleyzjm fo efbct kh tcj stltfstfgle rjeltfkoscfps lom tcjk-

rjtfgle hrldjwkras. ]cj gclptjr gkogeumjs iy gkosfmjrfob ckw jgkokdfg

brkwtc lhhjgts bjomjr fojquleftfjs.Ilsjm ko wclt wj aokw likut bjomjr lom jgkokdfgs, wj jxpjgt tk sjj

l rjgfprkgle rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty lom jgkokdfg

brkwtc. Wtktsay (9>>8, <2) stltjs tclt ―bjomjr mfsplrftfjs ejlm tk wjlajr

jgkokdfg brkwtc lom tclt strkobjr jgkokdfg brkwtc ejlms tk rjmugjm

bjomjr mfsplrftfjs,— lmmfob tclt brkwtc dly lhhjgt bjomjr fojquleftfjs iy

irjlafob mkwo ilrrfjrs tk wkdjo‖s wkra plrtfgfpltfko, rjmugfob tcj tfdj

spjot fo tcj ckdj ko okodlrajt elikr, lom gclobfob fostftutfkole dkrjs.

Wtltfstfgle Yjeltfkoscfps

L oudijr kh djlsurjs kh bjomjr jqulefty lrj pksftfvjey gkrrjeltjm wftc

jgkokdfg brkwtc, ls djlsurjm iy pjr glpftl fogkdj (tliej =.<). Letckubc

G C L ^ ] J Y =

Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc



tcfs rjeltfkoscfp mkjs okt fdpey gluslefty, ft subbjsts vlrfliejs tclt dly

ij usjm fo rjbrjssfko loleysfs tk mjtjrdfoj tcj prjsjogj kr lisjogj kh l

stltfstfgleey sfbofhfglot rjeltfkoscfp tclt, fo turo, dly ij usjm tk fohkrd

pkefgy. Wtktsay (9>>8) sjplrltjey pekts iktc tcj ZO Bjomjr-rjeltjm

Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) lom tcj Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj

(BJD) lblfost tcj ekb kh pjr glpftl fogkdj hkr =< gkuotrfjs gcksjo rlo-

mkdey hrkd tcj sldpej kh Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom (FDH) djdijr

gkuotrfjs. Iktc fomjxjs sckw pksftfvj lom okoefojlr rjeltfkoscfps wftcfogkdj, subbjstfob tclt fogrjlsfob fogkdj ejlms tk brjltjr bjomjr jqule-

fty fo iktc jgkokdfg tjrds (ls djlsurjm iy tcj BMF) lom pkeftfgle

tjrds (ls djlsurjm iy tcj BJD) (hfburj =.<).

Wjvjrle stumfjs jxldfoj tcj jdpfrfgle rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo sfobej fomf-

gltkrs kh bjomjr jqulefty lom pjr glpftl fogkdj. Wtktsay (9>>8) jxldfojs

tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo tcj ekb kh pjr glpftl fogkdj lom tcj rltfk kh

bfres tk ikys fo prfdlry jmugltfko, tcj rltfk fo sjgkomlry jmugltfko, lom

efhj jxpjgtlogy (sjj cjr plpjr hkr tcj efst kh gkuotrfjs lom mjtlfejm

rjsuets). Wcj gkogeumjs tclt tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo sfobej fomfgltkrs kh

bjomjr jqulefty lom pjr glpftl fogkdj fs ejss gejlr tclo tcj rjeltfkoscfp

ijtwjjo fogkdj lom fomjxjs sugc ls tcj BJD lom BMF.

Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666) lesk jxldfoj gkrrjeltfkos ijtwjjo bjomjr

djlsurjs lom pjr glpftl fogkdj, usfob mltl hrkd 3> mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs


]liej =.< Fomfgltkrs kh Bjomjr Jqulefty lom Yjeltfkoscfps wftc ^jr Glpftl Fogkdj

Fomfgltkr

Yjeltfkoscfp

wftc ekb kh pjr

glpftl fogkdj Gkddjots

Yltfk kh bfres tk ikys fo

prfdlry jmugltfko

Helt rjeltfkoscfp

wftc gejlr kutefjrs

Wubbjsts ok (stltfstfgle) fdplgt ko

bjomjr jqulefty.

Yltfk kh bfres tk ikys fo

sjgkomlry jmugltfko

Wefbctey ojbltfvj

rjeltfkoscfp

Wubbjsts skdj fdprkvjdjot kh ekw-

fogkdj gkuotrfjs fo hjdlej jmugltfko,

tcus rjsuetfob fo cfbcjr rltfks fo tcj

ekwjr-fogkdj gkuotrfjs.

Efhj jxpjgtlogy ^ksftfvj iut

sglttjrjm

Bfvjo tclt wkdjo efvj, ko lvjrlbj, sfx

yjlrs ekobjr tclo djo fo mjvjekpjmoltfkos, l pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp fdpefjs

tclt ls fogkdj rfsjs, wkdjo lrj dkrj

efajey tk lgcfjvj tcj ifkekbfgle okrd fo

rjeltfvj efhj jxpjgtlogy

Hjrtfefty Ojbltfvj iut

sglttjrjm

Cfbcjr hjrtfefty fs usuleey lsskgfltjm wftc

ekwjr bjomjr jqulefty lom ekwjr

fogkdj.

Wkurgj0 Wtktsay 9>>8, 99.



OKY

FWEGLO

MOA FYE

MJZ

FWYWXO

AKY

^KELYB

ZYV

EXLGCE

DVW^LO

DJS

XJO

GKEZAY

H@F

^JY^CE

^YV

JGZMKD

WLZ

ACD

ZAY

DOB

DMLWRP

JGZ

^YV

H@

JBV

WE

GKE

MK^JY

OLD

^CE

IBM

VJD

WEXDMLDOB

JBV B]D

OLD

ACD

WRPIBM

VJD

>.= >.<

>.9

>.7

>.=

>.:

>.8

>.2

>.3

>.6

<.>

:.> 8.> 2.> 3.>

ekb kh pjr glpftl BM^

6.> <>.> <<.> :.> 8.> 2.> 3

ekb kh pjr

>.:

>.8

>.2 B

M F

B

J D

>.3

>.6

<.>

IRL

DE]

ICY

H]O

l. BMF lom BM^ i. BJD

Wkurgj0 Wtktsay 9>>8, 97‗9=.

Oktj0 Jvjry tcfrm djdijr kh tcj FDH fo lepclijtfgle krmjr wls gcksjo1 fh ok mltl wjrj lvlfeliej, tcj ojxt gkuotry ko tcj efst wls gcksjo.

8 2

Hfburj =.< Bjomjr-Yjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (BMF) lom Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD) vjrsu

^rkmugt (BM^) fo Wjejgtjm Gkuotrfjs, 9>>9





bjomjr fojqulefty lom jgkokdfg brkwtc. Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom

Murrlot (9>>>) gltjbkrfzj tcj eftjrlturj ko tcj wlys fo wcfgc jgkokdfg

brkwtc lhhjgts bjomjr fojquleftfjs fotk tcrjj pjrspjgtfvjs0 ojkgelssfgle/

dkmjrofzltfko, Iksjrup/wkdjo fo mjvjekpdjot (RFM), lom bjomjr lom

mjvjekpdjot (BLM). ]k tcfs wj wkuem lmm jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry,

wcfgc glo lggkddkmltj bjomjr mfsplrftfjs (tliej =.=).

]cj ojkgelssfgle/dkmjrofzltfko lpprklgc cls fts rkkts fo ojkgelssfgle

tcjkry, wcfgc rjeltjs jgkokdfg brkwtc tk glpftle lggudueltfko lom slv-fobs, wcfgc fo turo mjpjom ko tcj mfstrfiutfko kh rjskurgjs, fogkdj, lom

glplifeftfjs. Ls prjvfkus gclptjrs clvj sckwo, bjomjr fojquleftfjs lhhjgt

tcjsj foputs lt tcj dfgrkjgkokdfg ejvje1 bjomjr fojquleftfjs glo tcjrjhkrj

lhhjgt jgkokdfg brkwtc lt tcj lbbrjbltj ejvje.< Ls Wtktsay (9>>8, <3)

oktjs, ―tcj ojkgelssfgle lpprklgc jxldfojs tcj sfduetlojkus fotjrlgtfko

kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot lom tcj rjmugtfko kh bjomjr fojquleftfjs. Ft sjjs

tcj prkgjss kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot ejlmfob tk tcj rjmugtfko kh tcjsj

fojquleftfjs lom lesk fojquleftfjs cfomjrfob jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot.—

]cj ojkgelssfgle/dkmjrofzltfko lpprklgc subbjsts tclt bjomjr fojqule-

ftfjs rjsuetfob hrkd mfsplrftfjs fo cudlo glpftle lrj efajey tk mfdfofsc ls

tcj jgkokdy brkws. Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot (9>>>) lrbuj

tclt bjomjr fojqulefty fo jdpekydjot, wlbjs, lom vueojrlifefty tk pkvjrty

stjds hrkd bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs fo jmugltfko, safees, lom jxpjgtjm

Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 86

]liej =.7 Bjomjr Fomfgltkrs fo kkrjst lom Yfgcjst \ulrtfejs kh Gkuotrfjs, <66>

Fomfgltkr ^kkrjst qulrtfej Yfgcjst qulrtfej

Wjgkomlry lttlfodjot

Hjdlej :.> 72.2

Dlej <>.= 73.2

^kstsjgkomlry lttlfodjot

Hjdlej :.= :>.3

Dlej <<.8 :2.6

Efhj jxpjgtlogy

Hjdlej :<.7 26.<

Dlej =3.7 27.>

Rkdjo‖s rfbctsJgkokdfg rfbcts (<‗=) 9.> 9.6

Dlrrflbj rfbcts (<‗=) 9.7 7.8

Rkdjo‖s pkeftfgle pkwjr

^jrgjotlbj kh sjlts cjem fo ekwjr ckusj kh plrefldjot 2 <2

Vjlr wkdjo brlotjm rfbct tk vktj <689 <698

Wkurgj0 Mkeelr lom Blttf <666, 98.

Oktj0 ]cj pkkrjst qulrtfej fogeumjs gkuotrfjs fo wcfgc looule pjr glpftl fogkdj wls $<,<39 kr ejss. ]cj rfgcjst

qulrtfej fogeumjs gkuotrfjs fo wcfgc looule pjr glpftl fogkdj wls $2,=23 kr dkrj.



ejobtc kh elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko. ]cjy ijefjvj tclt jgkokdfg jxplo-

sfko wfee uomjrdfoj bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko fo elikr dlrajts lom skgfle

glpftle fo tcj ekob ruo.9

Mfsgrfdfoltkry skgfle dkrjs lom okrds dly gclobj fo tcj ekob ruo lswjee, fdprkvfob bjomjr jqulefty”kr tcjy dly rjdlfo fotlgt, wkrafob

lblfost jgkokdfg dkmjrofzltfko lom brkwtc tk dlfotlfo fojqulefty. Hkr

jxldpej, skdj kisjrvjrs dlfotlfo tclt ―jomurfob pltrflrgcle fostftutfkos

wfee prjvjot bjomjr jqulefty jvjo fo tcj hlgj kh jgkokdfg lmvlogjdjot—

(@õttfob lom ktcjrs 9>>8, 2, gftfob Dlrgclom lom ^lrplrt <66: lom

^lrplrt <667). ]cjy pkfot tk Wlumf Lrlifl”l cfbc-fogkdj gkuotry wftc

pkkr bjomjr jqulefty”ls jvfmjogj. Ktcjrs, sugc ls Yldfrjz, Wkysle, lom

Wclolclo (<662), subbjst tclt jvjo fo skgfjtfjs wftc strkob pltrflrgcle

fostftutfkole ejblgfjs, tcjrj fs skdj jvfmjogj tclt bekilefzltfko cls mfs-

pelgjm trlmftfkole bjomjr fojquleftfjs.

Iksjrup (<62>) lmvlogjs lo letjroltfvj vfjw, lrbufob tclt jgkokdfg

brkwtc fo tcj foftfle stlbjs kh mjvjekpdjot fs gclrlgtjrfzjm iy l wfmjofob

blp ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo, rjprjsjotjm iy l gurvfefojlr rjeltfkoscfp


]liej =.= ]cjsjs lom Kutgkdjs kh Hkur ^jrspjgtfvjs ko Jgkokdfg Brkwtc

lom Bjomjr Fojquleftfjs

Brkwtc pjrspjgtfvj ]cjsfs Kutgkdj hkr bjomjr fojquleftfjs

Ojkgelssfgle/

dkmjrofzltfko

Jgkokdfg brkwtc prkdktjs

brjltjr jqulefty ijtwjjo djo

lom wkdjo.

Brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot

rjmugj bjomjr fojquleftfjs.

Fojqulefty ijtwjjo djo lom

wkdjo wfee mjgefoj hkeekwfob

fdprkvjdjots fo sjejgtjm

djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s stltus.

Iksjrup/wkdjo

fo mjvjekpdjot

(RFM)

^kefgy dlajrs dust fotjrvjoj tk

gkrrjgt bjomjr iflsjs ijhkrj

brkwtc wfee prkdktj jqulefty.

Bjomjr lom

mjvjekpdjot(BLM)

Brkwtc cls l gkdpefgltjm

jhhjgt ko bjomjr jqulefty.

Fdprkvjdjots fo sjejgtjm

djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s stltusglookt ij lssudjm tk

trloseltj fotk rjmugtfkos fo

fojquleftfjs1 sugc fojquleftfjs

dly rjdlfo kr jvjo ijgkdj

jotrjogcjm.

Jomkbjokus

brkwtc

Iy fogeumfob cudlo glpftle,

jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry

plvjs tcj wly hkr gkosfmjrfob

prkmugjm lom rjprkmugjmelikr foputs.

Bfvjo tclt wkdjo lrj dkrj efajey

tclo djo tk fovjst fo gcfemrjo,

tcj bjomjr mfstrfiutfko kh

fogkdj gkuem lhhjgt brkwtc(Wtktsay 9>>8, <3).

Wkurgj0 Lutckrs‖ gkdpfeltfko, ilsjm ko Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot 9>>>.



ijtwjjo jgkokdfg brkwtc lom tcj stltus kh wkdjo.7 ^rkmugtfvfty mfhhjr-

jogjs ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo lt ekw ejvjes kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot

lrj rjeltfvjey dfokr1 ls mjvjekpdjot prkbrjssjs, prkmugtfvfty mfhhjrjogjs

wfmjo lom l ―pkelrfzltfko lom cfjrlrgcfzltfko kh djo lom wkdjo‖s wkra

rkejs josuj— (Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot 9>>>, :2:). Ykejs

ijgkdj jotrjogcjm lom pkssfiey prkplbltjm iy mfsgrfdfoltfko, wcfgc

hurtcjr foheujogjs tcj krblofzltfko kh tcj elikr dlrajt. ]wk kutgkdjs

lrj pkssfiej.

Hfrst, lssudfob hurtcjr jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot, tcj blp ijbfos tk geksj

kr lt ejlst gjlsjs tk wfmjo, ls uomjr tcj ojkgelssfgle lpprklgc. Hkrsytcj,

Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot (9>>>) pkfot tk tcj tfbct elikr dlrajts lomfogrjlsfob mjdlom hkr hjdlej wkrajrs tclt wkuem lrfsj fh wkdjo wjrj

gkotfoukusey jxgeumjm hrkd wlbj lgtfvftfjs. ]cj lutckrs lesk sckw tclt ls

jgkokdfjs mjvjekp, pkefgy dlajrs jvjotuleey grjltj brjltjr kppkrtuoftfjs

hkr wkdjo fo jmugltfko lom trlfofob, lggkdplofjm iy cfbcjr rltjs kh elikr

hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko ldkob wkdjo. Hfoleey, ―wftc mjvjekpdjot, wkdjo

sjja tk lgqufrj brjltjr ilrblfofob pkwjr fo tcjfr hldfefjs,— hkr jxldpej, iy

ijfob ―ijttjr liej tk suppkrt tcjdsjevjs fh tcjfr cusiloms mjsjrt tcjd kr

trjlt tcjd ilmey— (Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot 9>>>, :28).Wjgkom, gueturle trlmftfkos pely l ajy rkej fo foheujogfob wkdjo‖s mjgf-

sfkos tk tlaj plrt fo tcj elikr hkrgj. Iksjrup (<62>, 62) oktjs tclt ―gue-

turle trlmftfkos, fogeumfob tcj rkej kh wkdjo fo tcj trlmftfkole sjgtkr kh

dlrajt trlmj, sjjd tk ij l dkrj fdpkrtlot hlgtkr fo mjtjrdfofob tcj

pelgj kh wkdjo fo tcj dkmjro trlmj sjgtkr tclo fs tcj stlbj kh bjojrle

–dkmjrofzltfko‖ lgcfjvjm iy tcj gkuotry.—

Fo rjgjot mjglmjs, Iksjrup‖s loleysfs cls sclpjm mjvjekpdjot pkefgy

lom lmvkglgy rjeltjm tk wkdjo. Ls Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot (9>>>) oktj, Iksjrup‖s lrbudjot cfbcefbctjm tcj cfmmjo gkotrfiutfko kh

wkdjo tk mjvjekpdjot, gleejm hkr pkefgy dlajrs tk ijgkdj dkrj sjosf-

tfvj tk tcj fdpkrtlogj kh okodlrajt lgtfvftfjs, lom fmjotfhfjm wkdjo ls

grugfle lgtkrs wck sclpj tcj suggjss kr hlfeurj kh letjroltfvj mjvjekpdjot

strltjbfjs

Iksjrup‖s loleysfs lesk gltleyzjm tcj RFM lpprklgc, wcfgc hkgusjs ko

mjtjrdfofob tcj fdplgt kh mjvjekpdjot strltjbfjs ko wkdjo lom bjomjr

fojquleftfjs lom tcj kvjrlee suggjss kh tcj mjvjekpdjot jhhkrt. ]cj Rkrem

Iloa cls lgaokwejmbjm tcj RFM lpprklgc ls lo fdpkrtlot gkdpkojot

kh fts mjvjekpdjotle jhhkrts.

Grftfgle hjdfofsd lom tcj BLM lpprklgc hkgus ko tcj gkotfoufob kr

rfsfob vueojrlifefty kh wkdjo kvjr tcj gkursj kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot.

]cjy bjojrleey kppksj tcj prjvfkus twk lpprklgcjs. ]cj BLM lpprklgc

Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 2<









• fomjxjs kh ejble lom jgkokdfg jqulefty kh wkdjo fo skgfjty lom dlrrflbj

• djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot, sugc ls tcj pjrgjotlbj kh

wkdjo fo plrefldjot lom tcj yjlr fo wcfgc wkdjo jlrojm tcj rfbct

tk vktj.

Koj kh tcj dlfo dktfvltfkos fo gkosfmjrfob l oudijr kh fojqulefty

djlsurjs fs tclt skdj gkuotrfjs dly ij jbleftlrflo fo koj djlsurj iut

okt ktcjrs. Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666, =) oktj tcj pksftfvj gkrrjeltfko

ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty djlsurjs lom pjr glpftl fogkdj kh likut 8>

pjrgjot hkr lee djlsurjs jxgjpt wkdjo fo plrefldjot (=7 pjrgjot) lom

sjgkomlry jmugltfko lttlfodjot (93 pjrgjot). ]cjy jxpelfo bjomjrfojqulefty ls l huogtfko kh pjr glpftl fogkdj, gfvfe efijrtfjs, jgkokdfg

pkefgy, rjefbfkus prjhjrjogj, lom rjbfkole hlgtkrs. Bjomjr fojqulefty fs

djlsurjm iy fojqulefty fo sjgkomlry jmugltfko lttlfodjot, spjgfhfgleey

tcj sclrj kh tcj lmuet pkpueltfko hkr wcfgc skdj sjgkomlry sgckkefob

fs tcj cfbcjst ejvje kh lttlfodjot. ]cj mltl gkvjr up tk <92 gkuotrfjs lom

tcrjj hfvj-yjlr pjrfkms (<62:‗26 tk <66>), yfjemfob skdj =>> kisjrvl-

tfkos (hfburj =.9).

Iy djlsurfob mfhhjrjogjs fo hjdlej sjgkomlry lttlfodjot lom gkotrke-efob hkr dlej lgcfjvjdjot lom ktcjr vlrfliejs, Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666)

hfom l gkovjx rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo sjgkomlry lttlfodjot lom pjr glpftl

brkss oltfkole prkmugt (BO^), subbjstfob tclt fogrjlsjs fo fogkdj ejlm tk

Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 2:

Hfburj =.9 Lttlfodjot kh lt Ejlst Wjgkomlry Jmugltfko lom ^jr Glpftl Fogkdj

Wkurgj0 Mkeelr lom Blttf <666, 76.

8.:>

Dlej

Hjdlej

<>

9>

7>

=>

:>

8>

2>

3>

2.> 2.: 3.> 3.:

pjr glpftl BO^ (ekb sglej)

6.> 6.: <>.> <>.:

p j r g j o t k h l m u e t p k p u e l t f k o

l t t

l f o f o b s k d j s j g k o m l r y j m u g l t f k

o





Cfomu rjefbfkos, wftc elrbj pksftfvj gkjhhfgfjots ko tcj Wcfotk vlrfliej lom

tcj fomfgltkr vlrfliej hkr Eltfo Ldjrfgl.2

Yjblrmfob tcj ktcjr djlsurjs kh bjomjr fojqulefty lom tcjfr rjeltfko-

scfp tk fogkdj brkwtc lom ktcjr gueturle vlrfliejs, Mkeelr lom Blttf

(<666) hfom0

• l gkovjx rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo jgkokdfg jqulefty uomjr tcj elw lom

pjr glpftl fogkdj

• l gkovjx rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo wkdjo fo plrefldjot lom pjr glpftl

fogkdj

• l sfbofhfglot lom pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo tcj efhj jxpjgtlogy mfh-hjrjotfle lom pjr glpftl fogkdj3

• ok sfbofhfglot rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo wkdjo‖s rfbcts fo dlrrflbj lom

pjr glpftl fogkdj

• ok gkosfstjot rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo gfvfe efijrtfjs lom fdprkvjdjot fo

cjletc, fomjxjs kh ejble lom jgkokdfg jqulefty kh wkdjo fo skgfjty

lom dlrrflbj, kr djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot

• strkob `kfot jxpeloltkry pkwjr kh rjefbfkus vlrfliejs hkr fdprkvjdjot

fo cjletc, fomjxjs kh ejble lom jgkokdfg jqulefty kh wkdjo fo skgfjtylom dlrrflbj, lom djlsurjs kh wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot.6

Fo suddlry, Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666) hfom l glusle rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo

pjr glpftl fogkdj lom lee djlsurjs kh bjomjr jqulefty jxgjpt dlrrflbj

rfbcts, subbjstfob tclt pkefgfjs tclt prkdktj brkwtc fo pjr glpftl fogkdj

sckuem ejlm tk brjltjr bjomjr jqulefty. ]cj jhhjgt, ckwjvjr, fs okt fostlo-

tlojkus. ]cj gkovjx sclpj kh tcj rjeltfkoscfp subbjsts tclt tcj rjeltfko-

scfp ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty, ls djlsurjm iy sjgkomlry jmugltfkolelttlfodjot ldkob wkdjo, lom pjr glpftl fogkdj fs rjeltfvjey wjla kr

okojxfstjot ls gkuotrfjs dkvj hrkd ekw-fogkdj tk ekwjr-dfmmej-fogkdj

stltus. ]cj rjeltfkoscfp fs strkobjr lom pksftfvj ls gkuotrfjs dkvj hrkd

dfmmej-fogkdj tk cfbcjr-fogkdj stltus.

Xkelrt (9>>=, <) sckws tclt mfsgrfdfoltfko fo tcj elikr dlrajt dly sekw

jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot fo tcj sckrt ruo. Xkelrt mjvjekps l tcj-

krjtfgle dkmje kh bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko fo Fomfl, cypktcjsfzfob tclt ―bjomjr

mfsgrfdfoltfko lblfost wkdjo fo tcj dlrajt pelgj rjmugjs tcj lvlfeliej tle-

jot fo lo jgkokdy, wcfgc cls ojbltfvj jgkokdfg gkosjqujogjs.—Jdpfrfgle rjsuets hrkd Fomfl ilsjm ko Xkelrt‖s dkmje subbjst tclt mfs-

grfdfoltfko sekws jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot. L <> pjrgjot fogrjlsj fo tcj

rltfk kh hjdlej tk dlej dlolbjrs fo Fomfl wkuem fogrjlsj tktle kutput pjr

glpftl iy 9 pjrgjot, wcjrjls l <> pjrgjot fogrjlsj fo tcj rltfk kh hjdlej






tcjrjhkrj tjgcokekbfgle gclobj lom prkmugtfvfty brkwtc, lom (i) fovjst-

djot.— ]cj hfomfobs subbjst tclt, lgrkss lom wftcfo gkuotrfjs kvjr tfdj,

tcjrj fs l pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr wlbj fojqulefty lom

brkwtc tcrkubc iktc jhhjgts.<>

Jgkokdfg Brkwtc lom Bjomjr Fojqulefty

L oudijr kh stumfjs jxldfoj tcj jhhjgt kh brkwtc ko bjomjr fojqulefty.

Iy lfdfob tk jxpelfo bjomjr fojqulefty tcrkubc jgkokdfg brkwtc kr

mjvjekpdjot, tcj stumfjs irfmbj tcj blp ijtwjjo tcj jgkokdfg brkwtc

tcjkry lpprklgcjs (ojkgelssfgle lom jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry) lom tcj RFM lom BLM lpprklgcjs. ]cj stumy iy Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom

Murrlot (9>>>) feeustrltjs tcj rjejvlogj kh lee tcrjj lpprklgcjs tk uomjr-

stlomfob tcj jhhjgt kh jgkokdfg brkwtc ko bjomjr jqulefty.

Hkrsytcj, Akrzjofjwfgz, lom Murrlot (9>>>) mjvjekp l dkmje fo wcfgc

grkss-oltfkole lom tfdj sjrfjs mltl lrj usjm tk fovjstfbltj tcj jhhjgt kh

jgkokdfg brkwtc ko tcj stltus kh wkdjo lom bjomjr jqulefty. ]cj

mjpjomjot vlrfliej”bjomjr fojqulefty, djlsurjm usfob tcj Zoftjm

Oltfko‖s BMF”fs rjbrjssjm ko fogkdj lom fts qulmrltfg lom rjbfkolemuddfjs lom vlrfliejs hkr rjefbfko. ]cj grkss-sjgtfko stumy subbjsts tclt

tcj Dusefd vlrfliej fs pksftfvjey rjeltjm tk bjomjr fojqulefty, tcj Eltfo

Ldjrfglo vlrfliej fs ojbltfvjey rjeltjm, lom tcj ejvje kh jgkokdfg mjvje-

kpdjot fs okt sfbofhfglot. ]cj tfdj sjrfjs stumy subbjsts l gurvfefojlr rjel-

tfkoscfp ijtwjjo tcj ejvje kh jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot lom bjomjr

fojqulefty. Dkrjkvjr, gkuotrfjs wftc tcj cfbcjst ejvje kh fojqulefty lrj

dkrj efajey tk jxpjrfjogj tcj brjltjst mjgefoj fo fojqulefty, jxgjpt fo prj-

mkdfolotey Dusefd gkuotrfjs. ]cj rjsuets suppkrt tcj ojkgelssfgle lom RFM lpprklgcjs iy mjdkostrltfob l pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo

fdprkvjdjots fo bjomjr jqulefty lom jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot.

Hurtcjrdkrj, tcj gurvfefojlr rjeltfkoscfp fs gkosfstjot wftc tcj RFM

lpprklgc, ls kutefojm jlrefjr. ]cj hlgt tclt bjomjr fojqulefty wls sfbofhf-

glot koey fo tcj tfdj sjrfjs stumy ejoms suppkrt tk tcj BLM lpprklgc,

cfbcefbctfob tcj gkdpejx hlgtkrs tclt uomjrefj l rjmugtfko fo fojqulefty.

Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666) gkosfmjr wcjtcjr bjomjr fojqulefty lhhjgts

brkwtc. ]cjy hkgus ko tcj mfhhjrjogj ijtwjjo dlej lom hjdlej sjgkom-

lry lttlfodjot. ]cj brkwtc jqultfko mjrfvjm iy Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666)fs typfgle fo fts lttjdpt tk jxpelfo fogkdj brkwtc ls l huogtfko kh skdj

foftfle gkomftfkos, fogeumfob pjr glpftl fogkdj lom pkefgfjs tclt lhhjgt tcj

iusfojss jovfrkodjot1 ft fs ltypfgle fo tclt ft fogeumjs bjomjr ls wjee.<<

]cj hfole gkogeusfko subbjsts tclt sjgkomlry jmugltfko kh wkdjo cls lo




jgkokdfgleey sfbofhfglot fdplgt ko brkwtc. Fo hlgt, Mkeelr lom Blttf

(<666, 9>) hfom tclt fogrjlsfob tcj sclrj kh lmuet wkdjo wftc sjgkomlry

jmugltfko iy < pjrgjotlbj pkfot (fo gkuotrfjs wftc cfbcjr foftfle jmugl-

tfko) rjsuets fo lo fogrjlsj fo pjr glpftl fogkdj brkwtc kh >.7 pjrgjot.

Gkogeusfko

]cfs gclptjr jxldfojm tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr lom jgkokdfg

brkwtc ko l oudijr kh ejvjes. Hfrst, ft ekkajm lt tcj mltl hkr l stltfstfgle

rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr jquleftfjs lom jgkokdfg brkwtc. Dloy stum-

fjs clvj hkgusjm ko tcj gkrrjeltfko ijtwjjo djlsurjs kh bjomjr jquleftylom jgkokdfg brkwtc. L suddlry kh tcjsj stumfjs subbjsts tclt bjomjr

jqulefty djlsurjs hkr wkdjo‖s jmugltfko, cjletc, jgkokdfg rfbcts, dlr-

rflbj rfbcts, lom plrtfgfpltfko fo plrefldjot lrj lee pksftfvjey efoajm tk

jgkokdfg brkwtc. ]cj gkotrlst ijtwjjo wkdjo fo pkkr lom rfgc gkuo-

trfjs fs strfafob, wftc wkdjo fo pkkrjr gkuotrfjs hlrfob dugc wkrsj ko

tcjsj fomfgltkrs kh bjomjr jqulefty.

]cjsj stumfjs prkvfmj vleuliej fohkrdltfko, iut tcjy subbjst gkrrjel-

tfko, okt glusltfko. ]k jstliefsc glusltfko, ft fs ojgjsslry tk dkmje jgk-okdfg brkwtc prjmfgltjm ko tcjsj fomfgltkrs tk lssjss tcjfr gkotrfiutfko,

fh loy, tk tcj brkwtc prkgjss.

]cj gclptjr rjvfjwjm tcj eftjrlturj ko dkmjes kh jgkokdfg brkwtc

tclt fogkrpkrltjm bjomjr. Ft mfsgussjm vlrfkus tcjkrjtfgle lpprklgcjs,

fogeumfob tcj dkmjrofzltfko-ojkgelssfgle lpprklgc, RFM, tcj grftfgle

hjdfofsd lom mjvjekpdjot lpprklgc, BLM, lom tcj jomkbjokus brkwtc

tcjkry.

]cj gclptjr tcjo jxldfojm tcj jdpfrfgle stumfjs kh bjomjr fojqulef-tfjs lom jgkokdfg brkwtc, oktfob tclt tcj rjgfprkgle rjeltfkoscfp

ijtwjjo tcj twk dlajs ft mfhhfguet tk hueey fskeltj tcj jhhjgt kh jlgc hlg-

tkr. ]cj jdpfrfgle eftjrlturj hlees fotk tcrjj gltjbkrfjs0 stumfjs tclt hfom l

pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr jqulefty lom jgkokdfg brkwtc,

stumfjs tclt hfom l pksftfvj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty lom

jgkokdfg brkwtc, lom stumfjs tclt fmjotfhy hlgjts kh bjomjr mfsgrfdfol-

tfko tclt sekw jgkokdfg brkwtc.

]cj gclptjr gkogeumjm wftc l irfjh kvjrvfjw kh tcj stumfjs tclt jxld-

foj tcj jhhjgt kh jgkokdfg brkwtc ko bjomjr fojqulefty. ]cfs lpprklgcirfobs tkbjtcjr tcj gkogeusfkos hrkd tcj tcjkrjtfgle lpprklgcjs gkosfm-

jrjm jlrefjr fo tcj gclptjr. Ft irfmbjs tcj blp ijtwjjo tcj jgkokdfg

lpprklgcjs kh ojkgelssfgle/dkmjrofzltfko lom jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry

wftc tcksj hrkd tcj RFM lom BLM lpprklgcjs.




Oktjs

<. Zmry (<668) lom Wlftk (<66=) oktj tclt jqulefzfob hjdlej lggjss tk lbrfgue-turle foputs fo Iurafol Hlsk, Ajoyl, lom Pldifl rjsuetjm fo l <>‗9> pjrgjot

fogrjlsj fo kutput.

9. Bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko fo tcj elikr dlrajt fo mjvjekpjm gkuotrfjs fs usuleey

fmjotfhfjm fo mfhhjrjotfle wlbj rltjs ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo1 fo mjvjekpfob

gkuotrfjs, mfsgrfdfoltfko tlajs tcj hkrd kh mfhhjrjotfle lggjss tk wlbj jdpeky-

djot (Gkeefjr <66=).

7. L oudijr kh jdpfrfgle stumfjs clvj fmjotfhfjm l gurvfefojlr rjeltfkoscfp

ijtwjjo bjomjr fojquleftfjs lom jgkokdfg brkwtc (sjj Mkeelr lom Blttf

<666). ^ldpje lom ]lolal (<638) hfom sugc l rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo plttjros

kh hjdlej elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko lom jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot hkr mltl hrkd

<68: lom <62>. Wjj lesk Jvjosko (<637) lom Gclhjtz (<63=).

=. Ykdjr (<638) gcleejobjm tcj elw kh mfdfofscfob rjturos upko wcfgc tcj

ojkgelssfgle brkwtc tcjkry rjsts. Cj mjvjekpjm jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry,

wcfgc rjefjs ko gkostlot rjturos (tk l hlgtkr). Cj hfoms ok lutkdltfg rjeltfko-

scfp ijtwjjo ckw pkkr lo jgkokdy fs lom ckw rfgc ft glo brkw. Ls l rjsuet,

gkotrlry tk tcj tjlgcfobs kh tcj ojkgelssfgle dkmje, fogkdj mfsplrftfjs glo

gkotfouj.:. Eugls (<633) hfrst fotrkmugjm cudlo glpftle fotk jomkbjokus brkwtc tcjkry.

8. Xlrfkus spjgfhfgltfkos kh tcj dkmje lrj jstfdltjm usfob mfhhjrjot jstfdltfko

tjgcofqujs, fogeumfob krmfolry ejlst squlrjs, twk-stlbj ejlst squlrjs, lom

hfxjm jhhjgts. Xlryfob tcj jstfdltfko tjgcofqujs prkvfmjs brjltjr gkohfmjogj fo

tcj rjsuets”tclt fs, tcj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr fojqulefty, ls djlsurjm

iy sjgkomlry lttlfodjot, lom fogkdj fs glusle. ]cj gkovjx rjeltfkoscfp

ckems fo iktc tcj twk-stlbj ejlst squlrjs rjbrjssfko (usfob ruej kh elw lom

ielga dlrajt prjdfud hkr pjr glpftl fogkdj lom pjr glpftl fogkdj squlrjm)

lom tcj hfxjm-jhhjgts rjbrjssfko, letckubc tcj hfxjm-jhhjgts rjeltfkoscfp fswjlajr tclo tcj ejlst squlrjs rjbrjssfko. ]cj lutckrs lesk gkosfmjr mfhhjrjot

spjgfhfgltfkos hkr tcj jmugltfko mfhhjrjotfles0 hjdlej sjgkomlry lttlfodjot

lom sjgkomlry mfhhjrjotfle (hjdlej lttlfodjot dfous dlej lttlfodjot) lom

hjdlej pkstsjgkomlry lttlfodjot (tcj prkpkrtfko kh tcj hjdlej pkpueltfko

wftc lt ejlst skdj sjgkomlry peus cfbcjr lttlfodjot) lom mfhhjrjotfle (hjdlej

pkstsjgkomlry lttlfodjot dfous dlej pkstsjgkomlry lttlfodjot). ]cjrj fs

ok rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo vlrfliejs lt ekw ejvjes, iut ls tcj ejvjes fogrjlsj, sk

mkjs tcj rjeltfkoscfp (sjj hfburj =.9).

2. ]cj uomjreyfob mltl rjvjle tclt Eltfo Ldjrfgl cls rjeltfvjey ekw lttlfodjot

fo jmugltfko gkdplrjm wftc Jlst Lsfl kr Jurkpj lom Gjotrle Lsfl iut ekwjr

bjomjr fojqulefty ls wjee. Wkutc Lsfl cls tcj elrbjst bjomjr mfhhjrjotfle.

3. ]cfs rjsuet fs ilsjm ko tcj H -tjst. Ft fs mfhhfguet tk dlaj fohjrjogjs ko tcj sclpj

kh tcj gurvj.

Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 3<



6. Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666) glutfko lblfost dlafob fohjrjogjs ilsjm skejey ko

koj fomfgltkr kh fojqulefty. Hkr jxldpej, tcjy oktj l strkob pksftfvj rjeltfko-

scfp ijtwjjo tcj Wcfotk vlrfliej lom hjdlej sjgkomlry lttlfodjot. ]cfs

kisjrvltfko gkuem ejlm tk tcj gkogeusfko tclt Wcfotk wkdjo clvj cfbc stltus

fo @lplo. Fo hlgt, tcj Wcfotk vlrfliej jxcfifts l strkobey ojbltfvj rjeltfkoscfp

wftc lee kh tcj ktcjr djlsurjs kh bjomjr fojqulefty (sjj tliej =.:).

<>. ―]cj ajy sjjds tk efj fo tcj skgflefzltfko kh wkdjo wck lrj ejss fogefojm tclo

djo, lt ejlst fo tcj sldpej kh gkuotrfjs usjm fo tcfs stumy, tk prktjst fogkdj

fojqulefty suhhfgfjotey tk sekw fovjstdjot lom brkwtc— (Wjbufok 9>>>, <992).

<<. Mkeelr lom Blttf (<666, <>) rjhjr tk ―l elrbj eftjrlturj jstfdltfob vlrflots kh

tcfs (tcj brkwtc jqultfko) wftckut rjhjrjogj tk bjomjr, ijbfoofob wftc Ilrrk(<66<).—

Ifiefkbrlpcy

Lblrwle, I. <62=. ―Rkdjo lom ]jgcokekbfgle Gclobj fo Lbrfgueturj0 ]cj Lsflo

lom Lhrfglo Jxpjrfjogj.— Fo ]jgcokekby lom Yurle Rkdjo, jm. F. Lcdjm.

Ekomko0 Leejo lom Zowfo.

Lhsclr, C., lom G. Mjoofs, jms. <669. Rkdjo lom Lmùstdjot ^kefgfjs fo tcj ]cfrm Rkrem . Ekomko0 Dlgdfeelo.

Ilomlrlbj, L. <63=. ―Rkdjo fo Mjvjekpdjot0 Efijrlefsd, Dlrxfsd lom Dlrxfst-

Hjdfofsd.— Mjvjekpdjot lom Gclobj <: (=)0 =6:‗:<:.

Ilrrk, Y. <66<. ―Jgkokdfg Brkwtc fo l Grkss-Wjgtfko kh Gkuotrfjs.— \ulrtjrey

@kurole kh Jgkokdfgs <>8 (Dly)0 =>2‗=7.

Ilrrk, Y., lom @.-R. Ejj. <66=. ―Wkurgjs kh Jgkokdfg Brkwtc.— Glrojbfj-Ykgcjstjr

Gkohjrjogj Wjrfjs ko ûiefg ^kefgy =>0 <‗=8.

Ijojräl, E. <639. ―Fotrkmugtfko.— Fo Rkdjo lom Mjvjekpdjot. ]cj Wjxule Mfvfsfkokh Elikr fo Yurle Wkgfjtfjs, jm. E. Ijojräl. Ojw Vkra0 ^rljbjr.

Iksjrup, J. <62>. Rkdjo‖s Ykej fo Jgkokdfg Mjvjekpdjot. Ojw Vkra0 Wt. Dlrtfo‖s

^rjss.

Iugcdlo, G. <668. ―]cj Mjit Grfsfs, Wtrugturle Lmùstdjot lom Rkdjo‖s

Jmugltfko0 Fdpefgltfkos hkr Wtltus lom Wkgfle Mjvjekpdjot.— Fotjroltfkole

@kurole kh Gkdplrltfvj Wkgfkekby 720 :‗7>.

Gclhjtz, @. W. <63=. Wjx lom Lmvlotlbj0 L Gkdplrltfvj Dlgrk-Wtrugturle ]cjkry kh

Wjx Wtrltfhfgltfko. ]ktkwl, O@0 Ykwdlo & Leelocjem.Gkeefjr, ^. <66=. ―Bjomjr Lspjgts kh Elikr Leekgltfko murfob Wtrugturle

Lmùstdjot0 ]cjkrjtfgle Hrldjwkra lom tcj Lhrfgl Jxpjrfjogj.— Fo Elikr

Dlrajts fo lo Jrl kh Lmùstdjot , jm. W. Ckrtko, Y. Cloiur, lom M. Dlzudiur.

Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa.








Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Fts Yjejvlogj tk Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy0 L Wurvjy.—

FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/977, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko,

MG.

]foajr, F. <628. ―]cj Lmvjrsj Fdplgt kh Mjvjekpdjot ko Rkdjo.— Fo Rkdjo lom

Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot , jm. F. ]foajr lom D. I. Irldsjo. Rlscfobtko, MG0

Kvjrsjls Mjvjekpdjot Gkuogfe.

Zmry, G. <668. ―Bjomjr, Lbrfgueturle ^rkmugtfko lom tcj ]cjkry kh tcj

Ckusjckem.— @kurole kh ^keftfgle Jgkokdy <>= (:)0 <><>‗=8.

Xkelrt, I. J. 9>>=. Bjomjr Mfsgrfdfoltfko lom Brkwtc0 ]cjkry lom Jvfmjogj hrkd

Fomfl. MJM^W =9, W]FGJYM (Wuotkry lom ]kyktl Fotjroltfkole Gjotrjs hkr

Jgkokdfgs lom Yjeltjm Mfsgfpefojs), Ekomko Wgckke kh Jgkokdfgs.

Rletjrs, I. <66:. ―Jobjomjrfob Dlgrkjgkokdfgs0 L Yjgkosfmjrltfko kh Brkwtc

]cjkry.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 97 (<<)0 <386‗3>.

Rlrm, A. <63=. Rkdjo fo tcj Rkrem Wystjd0 Fts Fdplgt ko Wtltus lom Hjrtfefty. Ojw

Vkra0 ^rljbjr.

Vkussjh, O. C. <629. ―Mfhhjrjotfle Elikr Hkrgj ^lrtfgfpltfko kh Rkdjo fo Eltfo

Ldjrfgl lom Dfmmej Jlstjro Gkuotrfjs0 ]cj Foheujogj kh Hldfey

Gclrlgtjrfstfgs.— Wkgfle Hkrgjs :<0 <7:‗:7.

Bjomjr lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc 3:





32

Bjomjr fojqulefty dlofhjsts ftsjeh dkst kivfkusey fo elikr dlrajts.

Rkdjo hlgj brjltjr ilrrfjrs tclo djo tk hfomfob mjgjot lom prkmugtfvj

wkra. Rkdjo‖s elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko cls rfsjo fo skdj iut okt lee

rjbfkos. Dkrjkvjr, tcj qulefty kh wkra lom wkrafob gkomftfkos clvj okt

lewlys ajpt plgj wftc fogrjlsjs fo plrtfgfpltfko. ^jrsfstjot bjomjr

fojquleftfjs fo wlbjs subbjst tclt tcj elikr dlrajt fs okt kpjrltfob hrjjey.

Rkdjo gkotfouj tk ij kvjrrjprjsjotjm fo uoplfm lom fohkrdle wkra.

]cj lbrfgueturle lom sjrvfgj sjgtkrs jdpeky dkrj wkdjo tclo djo, yjt tcjy khtjo ply wkdjo ejss hkr sfdfelr wkra. ]cjsj fojquleftfjs lrj jspj-

gfleey sfbofhfglot fo mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs, wcjrj wkdjo lrj dkrj efajey

tk ij ldkob tcj wkrafob pkkr”tcksj wck wkra iut mk okt jlro jokubc

tk efht tcjdsjevjs likvj tcj $< l mly pkvjrty efoj. Fomjjm, wkdjo dlaj

up lt ejlst 8> pjrgjot kh tcj wkrem‖s wkrafob pkkr (FEK 9>>=).

]cj bjomjr mfvfsfko kh elikr lesk rjdlfos sclrp fo fomustrfle lom

urilo skgfjtfjs. Rkremwfmj dkst `kis lrj mkdfoltjm iy koj bjomjr kr

tcj ktcjr. Hkr jxldpej, wkdjo dlaj up =< pjrgjot kh tcj okolbrfgue-turle elikr hkrgj fo tcj Krblofsltfko hkr Jgkokdfg Gk-kpjrltfko lom

Mjvjekpdjot (KJGM) gkuotrfjs iut lrj mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey scuotjm

fotk sjrvfgj `kis0 wkdjo gkostftutj 89 pjrgjot kh sjrvfgj wkrajrs, gkd-

plrjm wftc koey <: pjrgjot kh prkmugtfko wkrajrs (Loajr <663, <2<).

G C L ^ ] J Y :

Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt



Hkr spjgfhfg prkhjssfkos, sugc ls oursfob, tcj prkpkrtfko kh hjdlej

jdpekyjjs glo ij ls cfbc ls 39 pjrgjot (Loajr <663, 98=). Letckubc

tcjrj fs lo uomjofliej gkogjotrltfko kh wkdjo fo ekw-plfm kggupltfkos

lom sjgtkrs, tcj mjbrjj kh `ki sjbrjbltfko iy sjx dlajs l gkdplrfsko

ijtwjjo djo‖s lom wkdjo‖s wkra mfhhfguet. ]cjsj mfsplrftfjs lesk dlaj

ft mfhhfguet hkr pkefgy dlajrs lom wkrajrs tk mjtjrdfoj jqule ply lom

wkrafob gkomftfkos.

]cj hkeekwfob sjgtfkos prjsjot mltl tclt cfbcefbct bjomjr fojquleftfjs

fo tcj elikr dlrajt lom sckw tcj prkbrjss tclt cls ijjo dlmj fo skdj

lrjls lom rjbfkos. ]cj mfsgussfko jxtjoms ijykom tcj mltl tk fogeumj l

gkddjotlry ko ckw bjomjr fojqulefty fo elikr dlrajts lhhjgts dlgrk-jgkokdfg pkefgy. ]cj gclptjr lesk cfbcefbcts tcj vueojrlifefty kh wkdjo

fo tcj wkrem kh wkra lom fogeumjs l mfsgussfko kh tcj tcfrm Dfeejoofud

Mjvjekpdjot Bkle (DMB 7), wcfgc hkgusjs ko rjmrjssfob bjomjr mfsplr-

ftfjs lom jdpkwjrfob wkdjo.

Bjomjr Fojqulefty lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt

Wpjgflefzltfko kh wkra fs koj rjlsko wcy bjomjr fojqulefty jxfsts fotcj elikr dlrajt. ]rlmftfko lom gustkds khtjo mfgtltj tcj typjs kh wkra

tclt djo lom wkdjo glo pjrhkrd. ]cj skgfle gkotjxt fs plrldkuot fo

foheujogfob wck dly mk wclt, tcjrjiy lhhjgtfob kvjrlee kutput.

]filfùal (<66=) sckws tclt fdprkvfob bjomjr jqulefty fo tcj prkmug-

tfko kh ilolols lom gkhhjj hkr jxpkrt fo tcj Albjrl Yjbfko fo ]lozlofl

wkuem fogrjlsj l vfeelbj‖s fogkdj iy <> pjrgjot, wftc tcj prkmugtfvfty

kh elikr rfsfob <: pjrgjot lom tcj prkmugtfvfty kh glpftle rfsfob == pjr-

gjot. Gkeefjr (<66=, 93:) sckws tclt bjomjr fojqulefty fo tcj elikrdlrajt gkostrlfojm tjl guetfvltfko fo Ajoyl fo lrjls wftc hjdlej-

cjlmjm ckusjckems, ls tcjy wjrj ejss efajey tclo dlej-cjlmjm ckusj-

ckems tk brkw tjl, mjspftj tcj hlgt tclt wkdjo mk dkst kh tcj wkra ko

tjl pelotltfkos lom ckusjckems wftc dkrj wkdjo lrj dkrj efajey tk

brkw tjl.

Gkeefjr (<66=) gkosfmjrs pkssfiej rjlskos wcy bjomjr fojquleftfjs

lrfsj fo tcj elikr dlrajt (fo Lhrfgl) iy hkgusfob ko hkur prkgjssjs tclt

ejlm wkdjo tk hlgj gkostrlfots ko tcjfr jgkokdfg lgtfvfty tclt lrj mfh-

hjrjot hrkd tcksj hlgfob djo. Hfrst, wkdjo dly jogkuotjr mfsgrfdfol-tfko kutsfmj tcj ckusjckem.< Mfsgrfdfoltfko fo dloy mjvjekpfob

jgkokdfjs tlajs tcj hkrd kh mfhhjrjotfle lggjss tk hkrdle plfm jdpeky-

djot. Hkr jxldpej, fo rurle ]lozlofl, djo wftc sjgkomlry jmugltfko clm

33 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy



l 2: pjrgjot gclogj kh kitlfofob hkrdle jdpekydjot, gkdplrjm wftc l

:> pjrgjot gclogj hkr jquleey jmugltjm wkdjo (Gkeefjr <66=, gftfob

Gkeefjr, Ylmwlo, lom Rlobwj <638).

Wjgkom, tcjrj fs l tjomjogy ldkob iktc djo lom wkdjo tk gkpy rkej

dkmjes kh tcj sldj sjx. ]cus fh l ojw jgkokdfg kppkrtuofty lrfsjs lom

foftfleey tlajo up iy djo, djo wfee gkotfouj tk tlaj ft up, wftc wkdjo

rjdlfofob ko tcj sfmjefojs.

]cfrm, lsyddjtrfg rfbcts ijtwjjo djo lom wkdjo wftcfo tcj ckusj-

ckem ijgkdj jotrjogcjm kvjr tfdj. Koj jxldpej fs fo rurle Lhrfgl, wcjrj

wkdjo ijlr rjspkosfifeftfjs hkr gcfem rjlrfob, brkwfob hkkm hkr suisfs-

tjogj, bltcjrfob huje lom wltjr, lom gkkafob wcfej djo lrj rjspkosfiej hkrdjjtfob tcj ckusjckem‖s glsc ojjms lom leekgltfob elom. Loktcjr jxld-

pej, hrkd tcj Ayrbyz Yjpuiefg, subbjsts tclt 9=.3 pjrgjot kh wkdjo wjrj

cfomjrjm hrkd wkrafob kutsfmj tcj ckdj (gkdplrjm wftc ùst <.: pjr-

gjot kh djo) ijglusj kh ckusjajjpfob mutfjs lom tlafob glrj kh gcfemrjo,

sfga pjkpej, kr tcj jemjrey (Dkrrfsko lom Eldlol 9>>8).

Hkurtc, wkdjo ijlr tcj iurmjo kh rjprkmugtfko lom gcfem rjlrfob.

Murfob tcfs tfdj, safees dly mjgefoj lom ekob-tjrd gkotrlgts, gkddko fo

tcj elikr dlrajt, dly ij tjrdfoltjm (Gkeefjr <66=, 932). ]cjsj hkurprkgjssjs tjom tk scuot wkdjo fotk gjrtlfo sjgtkrs kh tcj elikr dlrajt

lom dlaj ft mfhhfguet hkr tcjd tk dkvj lgrkss sjgtkrs.

Lggkrmfob tk tcj Fotjroltfkole Elikur Krblofzltfko (9>>2), tcj sjb-

rjbltfko kh kggupltfkos iy sjx fs gclobfob, leijft sekwey1 lmmftfkole

fovjstdjot fo wkdjo‖s jmugltfko lom trlfofob fs ojjmjm tk ajjp gclobj

dkvfob hkrwlrm. Ijtwjjo <668 lom 9>>8, tcj sclrj kh wkdjo fo wlbj

lom slelrfjm wkra fogrjlsjm hrkd =9.6 tk =2.6 pjrgjot (FEK 9>>2). Wtfee,

hjwjr wkdjo tclo djo clvj plfm wkra, jspjgfleey fo tcj wkrem‖s pkkrjrrjbfkos. Fotjrjstfobey, tfdj-usj stumfjs subbjst tclt wkdjo wkra dkrj

tktle ckurs tclo djo (Wtktsay 9>>8).

Jvjo wcjo wkdjo dfbrltj, tcjy tjom tk ij kvjrrjprjsjotjm fo stjrjk-

typfgle wkdlo‖s kggupltfkos. ]cj Zoftjm Oltfkos ^kpueltfko Huom

(ZOH^L 9>>8) jstfdltjs tclt tcjrj lrj 6: dfeefko hjdlej dfbrlots, wck

lggkuot hkr cleh kh lee dfbrlots lom gkotrfiutj cubjey tk rjdfttlogjs.

Dfbrltfko hkr wkdjo tlajs pelgj lgrkss lee lbj lom fogkdj brkups.

Rkdjo dfbrlots khtjo hlgj sfbofhfglot gcleejobjs fo tcjfr ckst gkuotry,

jspjgfleey fh mfsgrfdfoltfko ijglusj kh rlgj, gelss, kr rjefbfko fs l hlgtkr.Dloy wkdjo dfbrltj feejbleey lom lrj uolwlrj kh tcjfr rfbcts. Hfburj :.<

sckws tcj trjoms fo hjdlej dfbrltfko hkr tcrjj sldpej yjlrs ijtwjjo

<66: lom 9>>:.

Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 36



Elikr Hkrgj ^lrtfgfpltfko Yltjs

]cj elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko rltj (EH^Y) fs tcj sclrj kh tcj wkrafob-lbj

pkpueltfko tclt fs jftcjr jdpekyjm kr uojdpekyjm lom ekkafob hkr l

`ki. ]cj hjdlej EH^Y, wcfgc fomfgltjs ckw dloy wkdjo kh wkrafob

lbj lrj lgtfvj fo tcj elikr dlrajt, cls ijjo fogrjlsfob fo rjgjot yjlrs, l

sfbo tclt dkrj wkdjo lrj sjjafob tk lgcfjvj jgkokdfg fomjpjomjogj

(FEK 9>>=).]liej :.< sckws tcj gclobj fo tcj EH^Y hkr djo lom wkdjo kvjr l

<>-yjlr pjrfkm. ]cj tktle hjdlej elikr hkrgj wkremwfmj wls <.9 ifeefko

fo 9>>8, up hrkd <.< ifeefko l mjglmj jlrefjr. Kvjr tcj <>-yjlr pjrfkm,

tcj hjdlej EH^Y mjgefojm tk :9.= fo 9>>8, hrkd :7 pjrgjot fo <668.

]cj FEK lttrfiutjs tcfs mjgefoj tk tcj fogrjlsfob oudijrs kh ykuob

wkdjo rjgjfvfob jmugltfko lom tcj fogrjlsfob sclrj kh kemjr wkdjo fo

tcj elikr hkrgj. Dkrj rjgjot mltl fomfgltj tclt tcj EH^Y fo 9>>3 wls

:9.8 pjrgjot hkr wkdjo lom 22.: pjrgjot hkr djo (FEK 9>>6). Letckubc

tcj blp fs olrrkwfob, ft stfee stloms lt 9: pjrgjotlbj pkfots. Rkdjo

dlmj up =>.: pjrgjot kh tcj bekile elikr hkrgj fo 9>>3, up hrkd 76.6

pjrgjot l mjglmj jlrefjr (FEK 9>>6).

Hfburj :.9 irjlas mkwo tcj EH^Y mltl iy sjx lom rjbfko. Ft sckws tclt

tcj hjdlej EH^Y fogrjlsjm lom tcj blp ijtwjjo dlej lom hjdlej EH^Ys

6> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy

Hfburj :.< Hjdlej Wclrj kh Fotjroltfkole Dfbrlots, <66:, 9>>>, lom 9>>:

Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, 6.

:8

:=

:9

:>

=3

=8

==

=9

=>

R k r e m

L h r f g

l L s f l

J u r k

p j

E l t f o

L d j r f

g l l o

m

t c j G

l r f i i

j l o

O k r t c

L d j r f g l

K g j l

o f l

p j r g j o t

<66: 9>>> 9>>:



mjgrjlsjm kvjr tcj <>-yjlr pjrfkm hrkd <668 tk 9>>8 fo hkur rjbfkos0

mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs lom tcj Jurkpjlo Zofko (JZ), Wkutcjlst Lsfl lom

tcj ^lgfhfg, Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo, lom tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom

Okrtc Lhrfgl. Murfob tcj sldj pjrfkm, tcj dlej EH^Y mjgefojm fo lee

rjbfkos jxgjpt tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl, wcjrj ft rjdlfojm tcj

Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 6<

Hfburj :.9 Dlej lom Hjdlej Elikr Hkrgj ^lrtfgfpltfko Yltjs, iy Yjbfko,

<668 lom 9>>8

Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, 7.

<>>

6>

3>

2>

8>

:>

p j r g j o t

=>

7>

9>

<>

>

M j v j e k p

j m j g k o

k d f j s

l o m J

u r k p

j l o Z

o f k o

G j o t

r l e l o

m J l s t j r

o J u r

k p j

( o k o

‗ J Z )

l o m G

k d d

k o -

w j l e t c k

h F o m j

p j o m

j o t W

t l t j s J l

s t L s f l

W k u t c j

l s t L

s f l

l o m t c j

l g f h f g

W k u t c L

s f l

E l t f o

L d j r f g l

l o m

t c j G

l r f i i

j l o

D f m m

e j J l

s t l o

m

O k r t c

L h r f g

l

W u i -

W l c l

r l o

L h r f g

l

<668 dlej <668 hjdlej 9>>8 hjdlej9>>8 dlej

]liej :.< Bekile Elikr Dlrajt Fomfgltkrs, <668 lom 9>>8

Fomfgltkr

Rkdjo Djo ]ktle

<668 9>>8 <668 9>>8 <668 9>>8

Elikr hkrgj

(dfeefkos) <,>:9.> <,973.6 <,:69.9 <,3:9.> 9,8==.9 7,>6>.6

Jdpekydjot

(dfeefkos) 63:.= <,<:2.< <,=62.: <,273.8 9,=39.3 9,36:.2

Zojdpekydjot

(dfeefkos) 88.2 3<.3 6=.2 <<7.= <8<.= <6:.9

Elikr hkrgj

plrtfgfpltfko

rltj (pjrgjot) :7.> :9.= 3>.: 23.3 88.2 8:.:

Jdpekydjot-tk-

pkpueltfko rltfk

(pjrgjot) =6.8 =3.6 2:.2 2=.> 89.8 8<.=

Zojdpekydjot

rltj (pjrgjot) 8.7 8.8 :.6 8.< 8.< 8.7

Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, <=.





tcj hfburjs vlry wfmjey iy rjbfko. Jfbcty-koj wkdjo pjr <>> djo wjrj

lgtfvj fo mjvjekpjm lom trlosftfko jgkokdfjs fo 9>>8, lom tcj bjomjr blp

fo Jlst Lsfl wls 26. Fo gkotrlst, ùst 72 wkdjo pjr <>> djo wjrj lgtfvj

fo tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl fo 9>>8, lom koey =9 wkdjo pjr <>>

djo wjrj lgtfvj fo Wkutc Lsfl (tliej :.7).

Ls tcj FEK (9>>2, 7) oktjs, ―tlajo ko tcjfr kwo, rfsfob kr cfbc

elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko rltjs mk okt ojgjsslrfey djlo tclt elikr dlr-

ajts lrj mjvjekpfob pksftfvjey hkr wkdjo.— Fs bjomjr jqulefty fo tcj

elikr dlrajt fdprkvfob; Lrj wlbj blps lom mfsgrfdfoltfko rjmugfob

EH^Ys; Lrj wkdjo hfomfob tcj typj kh wkra tcjy wlot; Mkjs tcj hlgt

tclt dkrj wkdjo lrj fo sgckke lggkuot hkr tcj ekwjr hjdlej EH^Y; Rclt lrj tcj gclrlgtjrfstfgs kh wkdjo‖s wkra gkdplrjm wftc djo‖s

wkra; ]cj hkeekwfob sjgtfkos scjm skdj efbct ko tcjsj qujstfkos.

Jmugltfko

Lggkrmfob tk tcj FEK (9>>2, 9), ―tcjrj fs gkosfmjrliej mkuit tclt

wkdjo bjt tcj sldj gclogjs ls djo tk mjvjekp tcjfr safees tcrkubckut

tcjfr wkrafob efvjs.— Rcy; Gueturle hlgtkrs sugc ls rjefbfko lom bjomjrmfsgrfdfoltfko pely l plrt. Rkdjo lrj lesk khtjo sjbrjbltjm fotk ekw-

plyfob kggupltfkos, wcfgc dly mfsgkurlbj fovjstdjot fo bfres‖ jmugltfko

(Rkrem Iloa 9>>2).

Letckubc hjdlej jmugltfko ejvjes clvj fdprkvjm, ekw-fogkdj

gkuotrfjs stfee hlgj sfbofhfglot gcleejobjs fh tcjy lrj tk lgcfjvj DMB 7.

Dkrj ykuob wkdjo lrj eftjrltj tclo wls tcj glsj <: yjlrs lbk, yjt

wkdjo stfee lggkuot hkr twk-tcfrms kh tcj ledkst 3>> dfeefko lmuets

wck glookt rjlm kr wrftj (FEK 9>>2). Hfburj :.7 jxldfojs tcj eftjrlgy

Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 67

]liej :.7 Bjomjr Blp fo Jdpekydjot, 9>>8

Yjbfko

Oudijr kh jgkokdfgleey

lgtfvj wkdjo pjr <>> djo

Rkrem 88.6

Mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs 3<.=

]rlosftfko jgkokdfjs 3<.>

Jlst Lsfl 26.7

Wkutcjlst Lsfl 29.2Wkutc Lsfl =<.3

Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo 86.:

Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl 78.2

Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl 2=.3

Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, <=.



rltj”mjhfojm ls l pjrsko‖s lifefty tk rjlm lom wrftj”iy rjbfko ijtwjjo

<66> lom 9>>:. Ft sckws tclt wkdjo clvj tcj ekwjst eftjrlgy rltjs fo

Wkutc Lsfl lom tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl. Wfbofhfglot prkbrjss fs

oktjm lgrkss lee rjbfkos, lom eftjrlgy rltjs clvj fogrjlsjm, jspjgfleey fo

rjbfkos stlrtfob hrkd ekwjr ejvjes (Rkrem Iloa 9>>3).

Ldkob tcj fomfgltkrs usjm tk lssjss tcj prkbrjss tkwlrm DMB 7 lrj

tcj rltfk kh bfres‖ tk ikys‖ jorkeedjot fo prfdlry, sjgkomlry, lom tjrtflryjmugltfko lom tcj rltfk kh eftjrltj wkdjo tk djo <:‗9=. Hfburj :.= feeus-

trltjs tcj prkbrjss fo bfres‖ jorkeedjot rltjs hkr prfdlry, sjgkomlry, lom

tjrtflry jmugltfko ijtwjjo <66> lom 9>>:.

Dkst ekw-fogkdj gkuotrfjs lgcfjvjm bjomjr plrfty fo rltfks kh prfdlry

sgckke jorkeedjot lom eftjrlgy ijtwjjo <66: lom 9>>: (Ejwfs lom

Ekgacjjm 9>>81 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2). Jfbcty-tcrjj kh tcj <>8 gkuotrfjs hkr

wcfgc mltl lrj lvlfeliej lgcfjvjm plrfty fo iktc prfdlry lom sjgkomlry

sgckke jorkeedjot rltjs (tliej :.=).

Wjvjrle gcleejobjs rjdlfo tk lgcfjvfob DMB 7. Ls sckwo fo tliej :.=,

99 stltjs lom gkuotrfjs, <8 kh wcfgc lrj fo Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl, lrj

uoefajey tk djjt tcj tlrbjt iy 9><:. Wfxty pjrgjot kh sgckke mrkpkuts lrj

bfres (FEK 9>>2). Lom wkdjo fo jxgeumjm brkups”tclt fs, fo pkpueltfkos

tclt lrj skgfleey jxgeumjm ilsjm ko fogkdj, ekgltfko, rlgj, jtcofgfty, kr

6= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy

Hfburj :.7 Eftjrlgy Yltjs ldkob Vkutc (<:‗9= Vjlrs), iy Yjbfko, <66> lom 9>>:

Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>3, 9::.

W u i -

W l c l r l

o

L h r f g l

J l s t

L s f l

l o m l g f

h f g

<>>

3>

p j r g j o t8>

=>

9>

>

J u r k

p j l o

m

G j o t

r l e L s f l

E l t f o

L d

j r f g l l o

m

t c j G

l r f i i

j l o

D f m m e j

J l s t l o

m

O k r t c

L h r f g l

W k u t c L s

f l

wkdjo 9>>:

wkdjo <66>

djo 9>>:

djo <66>



Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt 6:

Hfburj :.= ^rkbrjss fo Bfres‖ Jorkeedjot Yltjs, iy Yjbfko, <66>‗9>>:

Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2, <<9.

:>

<:>

<>>

>

b r k s s j o r k e e d j o t r l t j

W u i -

W l c l

r l o L h r f g

l

J l s t

L s f l

l o m

l g f h f g

J u r k

p j l o

m G j o

t r l e L

s f l

E l t f o

L d

j r f g l

l o m

t c j G

l r f i i

j l o

D f m m e j

J l s t

l o m O

k r t c

L h r f g

l

W k u t c L

s f l

prfdlry jorkeedjot sjgkomlry jorkeedjot

tjrtflry jorkeedjot9>>:

<66>

]liej :.= Lttlfodjot kh Bjomjr ^lrfty fo ^rfdlry lom Wjgkomlry Jmugltfko

Jorkeedjot, iy Yjbfko, 9>>: lom 9><:

(oudijr kh gkuotrfjs)

Yjbfko

Lgcfjvjm

tlrbjt

iy 9>>:

Ko trlga tk

lgcfjvj tlrbjt

iy 9><:

Khh trlga kr

uoefajey tk lgcfjvj

tlrbjt iy 9><: Ok mltl ]ktle

Wui-Wlclrlo

Lhrfgl <> < <8 9< =3Jlst Lsfl lom

^lgfhfg <7 > > << 9=

Jurkpj lom

Gjotrle Lsfl 99 > < = 92

Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom

tcj Glrfiijlo 92 > > = 7<

Dfmmej Jlst lom

Okrtc Lhrfgl 3 > 7 7 <=

Wkutc Lsfl 7 > 9 7 3

]ktle 37 < 99 =8 <:9kh wcfgc0 Hrlbfej

stltjs : > 6 9< 7:

Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2, <<=.

Oktj0 ]cj ―Ok mltl— gkeudo fomfgltjs tcj oudijr kh gkuotrfjs wftc dfssfob mltl lt tcj stlrt kh tcj pjrfkm, lt tcj

jom kh tcj pjrfkm, kr iktc.



mfslifefty”fo ekw-fogkdj gkuotrfjs, plrtfguelrey rurle lrjls, khtjo hlgj

mfsgrfdfoltfko fo jmugltfko. ^kefgfjs ojjm tk tlrbjt tcjsj brkups tk

fogrjlsj tcjfr sgckke jorkeedjot rltjs.

Zojdpekydjot Yltjs

Hfburj :.: jxldfojs wkrem lom rjbfkole uojdpekydjot rltjs iy sjx hkr

9>>8. Bekileey, wkdjo wjrj dkrj efajey tk ij uojdpekyjm tclo djo

(8.8 pjrgjot vjrsus 8.< pjrgjot). ]cj 9>>8 wkdjo‖s uojdpekydjot

rltj wls up hrkd 8.7 pjrgjot fo <668. Lggkrmfob tk tcj FEK (9>>2),

3<.3 dfeefko wkdjo wftckut `kis wjrj wfeefob tk wkra lom lgtfvjeyekkafob hkr wkra fo 9>>8, up 99.2 pjrgjot hrkd <> yjlrs jlrefjr. ]cjsj hfb-

urjs mk okt tjee tcj wckej stkry, ckwjvjr1 ft fs fdpkrtlot lesk tk gkosfmjr

mfsgkurlbjm wkrajrs, wck lrj okt fogeumjm fo khhfgfle uojdpekydjot stl-

tfstfgs0 ―Bfvjo tclt wkdjo hlgj cfbcjr uojdpekydjot rltjs, clvj hlr

hjwjr kppkrtuoftfjs fo elikr dlrajts tclo djo lom khtjo hlgj skgfle ilr-

rfjrs tk jotjr elikr dlrajts, ft fs vjry efajey tclt mfsgkurlbjdjot ldkob

wkdjo fs cfbcjr tclo ldkob djo fo dkst gkuotrfjs fo tcj mjvjekpfob

wkrem— (FEK 9>>2, :).9 ]cj fdplgt kh tcj bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo 9>>3 wlslikut jquleey mjtrfdjotle hkr djo lom wkdjo, wftc tcj uojdpekydjot

68 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy

Hfburj :.: Rkrem lom Yjbfkole Kvjrlee Zojdpekydjot Yltj, iy Wjx, 9>>8

Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, =.

wkdjo djo

R k r e m

M j v j e k p j m

j g k o

k d f j s

l o m J

u r k p j l o

Z o f k

o

G j o t

r l e l o

m J l s t j

r o J u

r k p j

( o k o

‗ J Z )

l o m G

k d d k

o w j l e t c

k h F o m j

p j o m

j o t W t

l t j s

J l s t

L s f l

W k u t c j

l s t L

s f l

l o m t c j

l g f h f g

W k u t c L

s f l

E l t f o L

d j r f g l

l o m

t c j G l r f i i

j l o

D f m m e j

J l s t

l o m O k

r t c L h r f g

l

W u i

- W l c l

r l o

L h r f g

l

7:

9:

<:

:

7>

9>

<>

>

p j r g j o t









Jlstjro Jurkpj, tcj GFW, lom mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs jo`ky wlbj plrfty,lom hjdlej oursfob prkhjssfkoles fo fomustrfle jgkokdfjs, Gjotrle lom

Jlstjro Jurkpj, lom tcj GFW jlro sefbctey dkrj tclo tcjfr dlej gkuotjr-

plrts. Rlbj rltjs lrj sfbofhfglotey cfbcjr hkr hjdlej hfrst-ejvje tjlgcjrs,

gkdputjr prkbrlddjrs, lom lggkuotlots fo Gjotrle lom Jlstjro Jurkpj

lom tcj GFW tclo hkr djo fo tcj sldj prkhjssfkos1 tcfs blp rjhejgts tcj

cfstkrfgleey brjltjr wlbj jqulefty fo tcj peloojm jgkokdfjs kh Gjotrle

lom Jlstjro Jurkpj lom tcj GFW, wcfgc dly olrrkw kr mfslppjlr kogj

tcj hjw wkdjo wck clvj suggjsshueey dlolbjm tcj trlosftfko prkgjss

rjtfrj (FEK 9>>2). Fo lee ktcjr prkhjssfkos lom rjbfkos gkdplrjm, wkdjo

jlro ejss tclo djo.

]cj rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo bjomjr blps lom wlbj blps mjpjoms ko tcj

gkuotry lom tcj sjgtkr kh jdpekydjot. Hkr jxldpej, tcj Rkrem Iloa

(9>>2) hfoms tclt fo tcj gkuotrfjs kh Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl, hjdlej EH^Ys

<>> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy

Hfburj :.2 Lvjrlbj Rkdjo‖s Jlrofobs ls l ^jrgjotlbj kh Djo‖s Jlrofobs

fo Wjejgtjm Kggupltfkos, Eltjst Lvlfeliej Vjlr

fomustrfle jgkokdfjs Gjotrle lom Jlstjro Jurkpj lom

Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjsmjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs

l g g k

u o t l

o t

g k d p u

t j r

p r k b r l d

d j r

p r k h j s

s f k o l e

o u r s j

( b j o

j r l e )

h f r s t - e

j v j e

j m u

g l t f k

o

t j l g c j

r

c k t j e

r j g j

p t f k

o f s t

e l i k

r j r

<3>

<8>

<=>

<9>

<>>

3>

8>

=>

9>

>

l v j r l b j w k d j o

‖ s j l r o f o b s l s p j r g j o t l b j

k h d

j o ‖ s j l r o f o b s

Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, <9 gftfob FEK 9>>:, tliejs <8l lom <8i.

Oktj0 Lvjrlbj fo tcfs hfburj mjoktjs l sfdpej lvjrlbj kh gkuotrfjs hkr wcfgc mltl wjrj lvlfeliej.









wkrajrs tk ijfob wlbj lom slelrfjm wkrajrs (FEK 9>>2, <>). Hfburj :.6

jxldfojs tcj gclobj fo tcj sclrj kh wkdjo fo okolbrfgueturle wlbj

jdpekydjot (lom tcj prkpkrtfko kh sjlts fo plrefldjot cjem iy wkdjo)

iy rjbfko.

Hfburj :.6 subbjsts tclt wkdjo‖s sclrj kh okolbrfgueturle wlbj

jdpekydjot fogrjlsjm fo lee rjbfkos hrkd <66> tk 9>>:. Jurkpj lom

Gjotrle Lsfl slw l plrtfguelrey sfbofhfglot fogrjlsj (=2 pjrgjot)1 tcj

Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl clm l 9> pjrgjot rfsj. ]cj fogrjlsj wls

brjltjst fo cfbcey urilofzjm, uppjr-dfmmej-gelss gkuotrfjs (=7 pjrgjot)

lom ekwjst fo rurle, ekw-fogkdj gkuotrfjs (7> pjrgjot). ]cjsj mltl dly

okt plfot tcj wckej pfgturj, ckwjvjr0 lbbrjbltj gkuotry mltl gkogjlefojquleftfjs wftcfo gkuotrfjs, lom mfslmvlotlbjm lom jxgeumjm brkups lrj

ejss efajey tk ij jdpekyjm fo plfm okolbrfgueturle wkra (hfburj :.<>).

Wtltus kh Jdpekydjot

Rkdjo usuleey ijlr dkrj rjspkosfifefty hkr tcj hldfey tclo djo mk.

Letckubc tcjrj cls ijjo skdj prkbrjss tkwlrm l dkrj jvjo mfstrfiutfko

<>= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy

Hfburj :.6 Wclrj kh Okolbrfgueturle Rlbj Jdpekydjot lom ^lrefldjotlry Wjlts

Cjem iy Rkdjo, iy Yjbfko, <66>‗9>>:

W u i -

W l c l

r l o L h r f g

l

J l s t L s f l

l o m t c j

l g f h f g

J u r k p j

l o m G

j o t r l

e L s f l

E l t f o

L d j r f g l

l o m

t c j G

l r f i i

j l o

D f m m e j

J l s t

l o m O

k r t c

L h r f g

l

W k u t c L

s f l

=>

9>

7>

:>

<>

>

p j r g j o t

sclrj kh sjlts fo ekwjr ckusj kh plrefldjot cjem iy wkdjo

sclrj kh wkdjo fo okolbrfgueturle wlbj jdpekydjot

9>>:

<66>

Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>>2, <<3.

Oktj0 Yjbfkole lvjrlbjs wjrj glegueltjm usfob tcj jlrefjst vleuj ijtwjjo <66> lom <66: lom tcj eltjst vleuj

ijtwjjo 9>>> lom 9>>: hkr jlgc gkuotry. ]cj lvjrlbjs lrj wjfbctjm iy gkuotry pkpueltfko fo 9>>:.





<>8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy

]liej :.3 Jdpekydjot Wtltus, iy Wjx lom Yjbfko, <668 lom 9>>8

Wjx/rjbfko Rlbj lom slelrfjm wkrajr Jdpekyjrs Kwo-lggkuot wkrajrs Gkotrfiutfobhldfey wkrajrs

Rkdjo <668 9>>8 <668 9>>8 <668 9>>8 <668 9>>8

Rkrem =9.6 =2.6 <.: <.= 99.= 9:.2 77.9 9:.<

Mjvjekpjm

jgkokdfjs lom

Jurkpjlo Zofko 38.2 36.: 7.= 7.> 8.= :.= 7.: 9.<

Gjotrle lom

Jlstjro Jurkpj

(oko‗JZ) lom

Gkddkowjletc

kh Fomjpjomjot

Wtltjs 23.: 26.> >.: >.3 <>.9 <9.= <>.3 2.3

Jlst Lsfl 7<.= =>.3 <.< >.3 93.2 72.= 73.3 9>.6

Wkutcjlst Lsfl

lom tcj lgfhfg 93.3 7=.6 <.> <.> 99.6 92.< =2.9 72.<

Wkutc Lsfl <>.7 <:.7 >.: >.= <8.7 9<.2 29.3 89.8

Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom

tcj Glrfiijlo 88.8 82.: 9.> <.2 9=.9 9:.8 2.9 :.<

Dfmmej Jlst lomOkrtc Lhrfgl =2.: :8.9 9.= =.< <2.< <<.7 77.> 93.=

Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl <7.3 <2.> <.< <.= =6.> =9.7 78.9 76.7

Djo

Rkrem =:.2 =6.9 7.3 7.7 7=.2 7:.6 <:.3 <<.8

Mjvjekpjm

jgkokdfjs lom

Jurkpjlo Zofko 3<.6 37.< 8.6 8.6 <>.9 6.7 <.> >.2

Gjotrle lom

Jlstjro Jurkpj

(oko‗JZ) lomGkddkowjletc

kh Fomjpjomjot

Wtltjs 28.: 28.9 9.8 9.6 <:.3 <2.: :.< 7.=

Jlst Lsfl =9.< =3.2 9.6 <.: 7=.2 72.> 9>.= <9.3

Wkutcjlst Lsfl

lom tcj lgfhfg 72.8 =<.= 7.< 9.8 =<.9 =<.= <3.< <=.8

Wkutc Lsfl <6.: 92.9 9.7 <.= ::.3 ::.9 99.= <8.9

Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom

tcj Glrfiijlo :6.7 8>.2 :.> =.= 96.: 7<.< 8.9 7.2

Dfmmej Jlst lomOkrtc Lhrfgl :9.9 ::.= 6.2 <<.= 97.= 9<.9 <=.2 <<.6

Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl 98.3 96.: 9.2 9.2 =7.8 ==.= 92.> 97.7

Wkurgj0 FEK 9>>2, <8.



<668 tk 9:.2 pjrgjot fo 9>>81 tcj sclrj kh gkotrfiutfob hldfey wkrajrs

mjgefojm, hrkd 77.9 pjrgjot tk 9:.< pjrgjot, murfob tcj sldj pjrfkm.

Lt tcj rjbfkole ejvje, prkbrjss fs ejss lpplrjot. Fo Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl,

tcj prkpkrtfko kh wkdjo jdpekyjm ls gkotrfiutfob hldfey wkrajrs

fogrjlsjm hrkd 78.9 pjrgjot tk 76.7 pjrgjot. Letckubc skdj prkbrjss

wls dlmj fo rjmugfob tcj oudijr kh wkdjo fo tcfs gltjbkry fo Wkutc

Lsfl, 89.8 pjrgjot kh wkdjo wkrajrs wjrj gkotrfiutfob hldfey wkrajrs fo

9>>8. Dkrj tclo koj-tcfrm kh wkdjo wkrajrs gkotfouj tk ij jdpekyjm ls

gkotrfiutfob hldfey wkrajrs fo Wkutcjlst Lsfl lom tcj ^lgfhfg.

Gkogeusfko

Fo tcfs gclptjr, wj jxldfojm bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo tcj elikr dlrajt. Rj

hfrst gkosfmjrjm l oudijr kh rjlskos hkr tcj jxfstjogj kh sugc fojquleftfjs,

fogeumfob elikr spjgflefzltfko lom sjbdjotltfko, lom wkdjo‖s rjprkmug-

tfvj rkejs. Rj tcjo jxldfojm tcj prkbrjss wkdjo lrj dlafob fo tcj

wkrem kh wkra, ls sckwo iy EH^Ys, uojdpekydjot rltjs, wlbj rltjs, lom

safees. Rj gkogeumjm iy jxldfofob twk djlsurjs kh elikr dlrajt pjr-

hkrdlogj0 jdpekydjot iy sjgtkr lom stltus kh jdpekydjot.Fo suddlry, tcj gclptjr sckws tclt wkdjo lrj dlafob prkbrjss fo

tcj hfjem kh wkra, letckubc bjomjr lsyddjtrfjs pjrsfst. Rkdjo lrj stfee

uomjrrjprjsjotjm fo plfm jdpekydjot fo tcj wkrem‖s pkkrjr rjbfkos1

bfres lrj uomjrrjprjsjotjm fo sjgkomlry sgckke jorkeedjot fo tcj pkkrjr

rjbfkos1 lom wkdjo‖s prkmugtfvj pktjotfle fs uomjrusjm fo lee rjbfkos,

wftc wkdjo dkrj efajey tclo djo tk ij uojdpekyjm. Bjomjr lsyddj-

trfjs gkotfouj tk gclrlgtjrfzj wlbj fojqulefty, wftc pkssfiej spfo-khh jhhjgts

hkr huturj bjojrltfkos fh plrjots mjgfmj tclt ft fs jgkokdfgleey wlstjhue tkfovjst fo tcjfr mlubctjrs‖”ls kppksjm tk tcjfr skos‖”jmugltfko. Lt tcj

sjgtkrle ejvje, wkdjo lrj stfee dkrj efajey tk ij fovkevjm fo lbrfgueturle

jdpekydjot, letckubc dkrj wkdjo clvj dkvjm fotk plfm jdpekydjot,

wcfgc fs l sfbo kh prkbrjss.

Oktjs

<. Gkeefjr (<66=, 922) glutfkos lblfost bjojrlefzfob, bfvjo tclt ―bjomjr rjeltfkos

lrj focjrjotey spjgfhfg tk skgfle gkotjxt.—

9. ]cj tjrd mfsgkurlbjm wkrajrs rjhjrs tk fomfvfmules wck wkuem efaj tk wkra iut

wck rjhrlfo hrkd sjjafob wkra ijglusj tcjy ijefjvj tclt ok wkra fs lvlfeliej,

tcjy clvj rjstrfgtjm elikr dkifefty, kr tcjy hlgj mfsgrfdfoltfko kr strugturle,

skgfle, kr gueturle ilrrfjrs.

Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt <>2





”””. 9>>6. Bekile Jdpekydjot ]rjoms hkr Rkdjo. Bjojvl0 FEK.

”””. 9><>. Bekile Jdpekydjot ]rjoms. Bjojvl0 FEK.@lgkis, W. 9>>9. ―Elom Yjhkrd0 Wtfee l Bkle Rkrtc ûrsufob hkr Yurle Rkdjo;—

@kurole kh Fotjroltfkole Mjvjekpdjot <= (8)0 332‗63.

Elstlrrfl-Gkrocjfe, W. <662. ―Fdplgt kh ^rfvltfzltfko ko Bjomjr lom ^rkpjrty

Yfbcts fo Lhrfgl.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 9: (3)0 <7<2‗77.

Ejwfs, D. L., lom D. J. Ekgacjjm. 9>>2. ―Ojw Rlys Lrj Ojjmjm tk Jmugltj

–Jxgeumjm‖ Bfres fo Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs.— Hfologj lom Mjvjekpdjot == (9).

Dkrrfsko, L., lom H. Eldlol. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr Fssujs fo tcj Ayrbyz Elikr Dlrajt.—

Ilgabrkuom ^lpjr hkr Ayrbyz ^kvjrty Lssjssdjot, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko,MG.

Kkstjomkrp, Y. C. 9>>=. ―Bekilefzltfko lom tcj Bjomjr Rlbj Blp.— ^kefgy

Yjsjlrgc Rkrafob ^lpjr 79:8, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.

Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Fts Yjejvlogj tk Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy0 L Wurvjy.—

FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/977, Hfsgle Lhhlfrs Mjplrtdjot, Fotjroltfkole

Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.

]filfùal, L. <66=. ―]cj Gkst kh Mfhhjrjotfle Bjomjr Ykejs fo Lhrfglo Lbrfgueturj0

L Glsj Wtumy kh Wdleeckemjr Ilolol-Gkhhjj Hlrds fo tcj Albjrl Yjbfko,

]lozlofl.— @kurole kh Lbrfgueturle Jgkokdfgs =: (<)0 8:‗3<.

]zlooltks, P. <669. ―^ktjotfle Blfos hrkd tcj Jefdfoltfko kh Elikr Dlrajt

Mfhhjrjotfles.— Fo Rkdjo‖s Jdpekydjot lom ^ly fo Eltfo Ldjrfgl, ^lrt <0

Kvjrvfjw lom Djtckmkekby. Yjbfkole Wtumfjs ^rkbrld Yjpkrt <>. Rlscfobtko,

MG0 Rkrem Iloa.

ZOH^L (Zoftjm Oltfkos ^kpueltfko Huom). 9>>8. L ^lsslbj tk Ckpj. Rkdjo lom

Fotjroltfkole Dfbrltfko. Ojw Vkra0 ZOH^L Wtltj kh Rkrem ^kpueltfko, Zoftjm

Oltfkos.

Rkrem Iloa. 9>>2. Bekile Dkoftkrfob Yjpkrt 9>>2 . Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa.

”””. 9>>3.Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot Fomfgltkrs 9>>3. Rlscfobtko, MG0 Rkrem Iloa .

Bjomjr lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt <>6





<<<

Bekilefzltfko rjhjrs tk tcj fogrjlsfobey hrjj hekw kh fmjls, pjkpej, bkkms,

sjrvfgjs, lom glpftle lgrkss gkuotrfjs. Ft fovkevjs pkefgfjs rjeltjm tk trlmj,

hfologj, fohkrdltfko hekw, tjgcokekby, `ki kutskurgfob, fddfbrltfko, lom

rjdfttlogjs. Ft ieurs tcj mfvfmj ijtwjjo ekgle lom fotjroltfkole dlrajts,

lom fdplgts jdpekydjot lom l ckst kh ktcjr fostftutfkos, fogeumfob tcj

ckusjckem. Fo tcfs gclptjr wj mfsguss ckw bekilefzltfko lhhjgts bjomjr

rjeltfkos lt tcj ejvje kh tcj elikr dlrajt.

Bekilefzltfko lom Bjomjr Yjeltfkos

Bekilefzltfko lhhjgts tcj efvfob stlomlrms kh djo lom wkdjo tcrkubc

sjvjrle trlosdfssfko gcloojes. ]rlmj efijrlefzltfko, hkr jxldpej, fogrjlsjs

tcj hekw kh bkkms lom glpftle lgrkss gkuotrfjs lom gkotrfiutjs tk jgk-

okdfg brkwtc. Ijtwjjo <62> lom tcj eltj <66>s, trlmj fo bkkms lom sjr-

vfgjs ls l prkpkrtfko kh wkrem brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt (BM^) fogrjlsjm

iy likut :> pjrgjot, tcloas fo elrbj plrt tk lo fogrjlsj fo jxpkrtjm dlo-uhlgturjm bkkms hrkd mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs fo Wkutc lom Jlst Lsfl. ]cj

fogrjlsj gkfogfmjm wftc rlpfm BM^ brkwtc fo tcjsj gkuotrfjs.

]cj fdplgt kh brkwtc ko tcj pkkr, ckwjvjr, mjpjoms ko fts sjgtkrle

gkdpksftfko. Hkr jxldpej, lbrfgueturle brkwtc rjmugjs pkvjrty murfob tcj

G C L ^ ] J Y 8

Bekilefzltfko, Bjomjr Yjeltfkos,

lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt



jlrey stlbjs kh mjvjekpdjot, ls fo Gcfol‖s mjgkeejgtfvfzltfko pjrfkm lom

tcj Brjjo Yjvkeutfko fo Fomfl. Fo iktc glsjs, brkwtc ijojhftjm tcj pkkr

lom fdprkvjm hkkm sjgurfty. Fo gkotrlst, rlpfm brkwtc tclt wfmjos fogkdj

fojqulefty, wcfgc cls kggurrjm fo iktc mjvjekpjm lom mjvjekpfob gkuo-

trfjs murfob tcj plst twk mjglmjs, fs efajey tk curt tcj pkkr. Rkdjo lrj

mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey lhhjgtjm iy wfmjofob fojqulefty, ijglusj tcjy tjom tk

jlro ekwjr wlbjs lom tk clvj ejss jmugltfko, hjwjr safees, lom ejss dkife-

fty tclo djo.

]cj Elikr Dlrajt

]cj kpjofob kh lo jgkokdy‖s ikrmjrs cls mfrjgt fdpefgltfkos ko tcj hekwkh elikr iktc wftcfo lom lgrkss jgkokdfjs. ]cjrj lrj tcrjj dlfo cypktcj-

sjs ls tk wcy lom wcjo wkdjo hfom dkrj jdpekydjot kppkrtuoftfjs

uomjr bekilefzltfko. ]cj iuhhjr kr rjsjrvj lrdy cypktcjsfs ckems tclt dkrj

`kis hkr wkdjo lrj lvlfeliej murfob pjrfkms kh elikr sckrtlbjs hkeekwfob

jgkokdfg jxplosfkos1 tcjsj `kis lrj ekst murfob rjgjssfkos. Lggkrmfob tk

tcj sjbdjotjm dlrajt cypktcjsfs, wkdjo hfom dkrj jdpekydjot wcjo

kutput fo tcj sjgtkrs fo wcfgc tcjy lrj kvjrrjprjsjotjm rfsjs dkrj rlp-

fmey tclo kutput fo tcj rjst kh tcj jgkokdfg sjgtkrs. ]cj suistftutfkocypktcjsfs pksfts tclt wkdjo‖s jdpekydjot kppkrtuoftfjs fogrjlsj wcjo

tcjy brlmuleey rjpelgj djo fo `kis prjvfkusey gkosfmjrjm ―dlej `kis.—

Bekilefzltfko dly lesk lhhjgt tcj dfx kh hkrdle lom fohkrdle jdpeky-

djot fo tcj mjvjekpfob wkrem.< Ijojräl (9>><) vfjws hkrdle lom fohkr-

dle sjgtkrs ls gkdpejdjotlry. Fo Lhrfglo gkuotrfjs tcj fohkrdle sjgtkr

gkotrfiutjs =>‗:> pjrgjot kh BM^. Rkdjo hkrd dkst kh tcj fohkrdle

wkrahkrgj fo tcj mjvjekpfob wkrem (Ijojräl 9>><), plrtey ijglusj tcjfr

rjspkosfifeftfjs fo tcj ckdj lom pjrsfstjot bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo jmugl-tfko lom tcj hkrdle elikr dlrajt gkohfoj tcjd tk tcj dkst hejxfiej lom

ekwjst-plfm fomustrfjs.

Ekw elikr gksts, jspjgfleey hkr wkdjo, dly plrtfleey jxpelfo tcj kut-

skurgfob kh sjrvfgjs tk mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs sugc ls Gcfol lom Fomfl.

Duetfoltfkole gkrpkrltfkos tclt rjekgltj tk mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs prkvfmj

jdpekydjot kppkrtuoftfjs hkr wkdjo, jxpekftfob tcjfr wfeefobojss tk

wkra hkr ekw wlbjs. ]k prjvjot duetfoltfkole gkrpkrltfkos hrkd dkvfob

kut kh tcjfr gkuotry, skdj mjvjekpfob bkvjrodjots mk okt lmjqultjey

johkrgj elikr (fogeumfob gcfem elikr) rjbueltfkos, rjfohkrgfob ekwjr wlbjshkr wkdjo.

Bekilefzltfko lesk lhhjgts tcj hekw kh elikr lgrkss jgkokdfjs.

Cfstkrfgleey, safeejm elikr dfbrltjm koey lgrkss mjvjekpjm gkuotrfjs.

Bekilefzltfko, ckwjvjr, cls rjsuetjm fo l dlrajm fogrjlsj fo safeejm elikr

<<9 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy





tk l mjgefoj fo fdpkrt-suistftutfob fomustrfjs, wcfgc dly khhsjt skdj kh tcj blfos fo jdpekydjot fo tcj jxpkrt sjgtkr.

]rlmj-rjeltjm blfos fo jdpekydjot hkr wkdjo fo mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs

clvj kggurrjm fo jxpkrt-prkgjssfob zkojs, fo elrbjr hfrds (tclt suigkotrlgt

wkra), lom fo tcj fohkrdle sjgtkr. Fo Jgulmkr, hkr jxldpej, wkdjo ijoj-

hftjm ls hekwjr jxpkrts fogrjlsjm. Fo Ilobelmjsc likut 9 dfeefko `kis wjrj

grjltjm fo tcj tjxtfejs lom lpplrje fomustry, dkst kh tcjd hfeejm iy

wkdjo. Rkdjo stfee suhhjr hrkd ekob ckurs, `ki fosjgurfty, uocjletcy

wkrafob gkomftfkos, lom ekw ply. ]liej 8.< prkvfmjs fohkrdltfko ko tcjsclrj kh wkdjo jdpekyjm fo jxpkrt-prkgjssfob hfrds fo mjvjekpfob gkuo-

trfjs murfob 9>>7.

Ls sckwo fo hfburj 8.9, tcj sclrj kh wkdjo jdpekyjm fo jxpkrt dlo-

uhlgturfob fo sjejgtjm Jlst Lsflo jgkokdfjs fs elrbjr tclo fo ktcjr dlou-

hlgturfob fomustrfjs. ]cj mltl gkohfrd tclt trlmj kpjoojss gkotrfiutjs tk

tcj jdpekydjot kh wkdjo. Iut ckw mk wlbjs fo jxpkrt lom okojxpkrt

dlouhlgturfob gkdplrj;

]cj Rlbj Blp

]rlmj efijrlefzltfko cls grjltjm jdpekydjot kppkrtuoftfjs hkr wkdjo1 fts

jhhjgt ko tcj bjomjr wlbj blp fs ejss gejlr. Wkdj jvfmjogj pkfots tk l

mjgefoj fo tcj bjomjr wlbj blp fo gkuotrfjs fo wcfgc trlmj efijrlefzltfko

cls ejm tk lo fogrjlsj fo tcj sclrj kh wkdjo‖s jdpekydjot, iut tcj

<<= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy

<:

2.3

8:.8

>

9

=

8

3

<>

p j r g j o t

<9

<=

<8

9>>89>>=9>>9prj-9>>>

Hfburj 8.< Lvjrlbj Gkst kh Yjdfttfob $9>>, prj-9>>> tk 9>>8

Wkurgj0 DFH 9>>8.

Oktj0 ]cj lvjrlbj gkst wls $7> prj-9>>>, $<: fo 9>>9, $<9 fo 9>>=, lom $<< fo 9>>8.



]liej 8.< Rkdjo‖s Wclrj kh ]ktle Jdpekydjot fo Wjejgtjm Jxpkrt-^rkgjssfob Pkojs, 9>>7

Yjbfko/gkuotry

]ktle

jdpekydjot

Hjdlej

jdpekydjot

(pjrgjotlbj sclrj)

Dlfo sjgtkrs

kh prkmugtfko

Lhrfgl

Glpj Xjrmj <,<=< 33 Ajoyl 92,<=3 8> Lpplrje/blrdjots, pclrdlgjutfgles, tjl prkgjssfo

Dlelwf 96,>>> :< ]jxtfejs, gkttko

Dlurftfus 37,8>6 88 ]jxtfejs/blrdjots, hkkm prkgjssfob, hkktwjlr, jwj

djmfgle/kptfgle/pcktkbrlpcfg jqufpdjot

Lsfl

Ilobelmjsc 9,<9<,>>> 89 ]jxtfejs/blrdjots, hkkm prkgjssfob, ejltcjr, pclrd

Gcfol 7,>>>>,>>> ” Cfbc-tjgc jejgtrkofgs, F], pclrdlgjutfgles

Akrjl, Yjp. 76,>>> 2>

Dlelysfl 799,>>> := Cfbc-tjgc jejgtrkofgs, hkkm prkgjssfob, F], pclrdl

^lafstlo =<>,:=> 39 Jejgtrkofgs, gcjdfgles, tkys, prjgfsfko djgclofgs, y

prkgjssfob/blrdjots, ejltcjr, hkkm prkgjssfob, p

^cfefppfojs 39>,68> 2= Cfbc-tjgc jejgtrkofgs, tjxtfejs, ejltcjr

Wrf Eloal =8<,>77 23 ]jxtfejs/blrdjots, ruiijr prkmugts

Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo

Mkdfofglo Yjpuiefg <3<,<7> :7 ]jxtfejs, sjrvfgjs

Bultjdlel 86,9>> 2> Wjrvfgjs

Ckomurls <>8,=:2 82

@ldlfgl 9>,>>> 6> Blrdjots, jejgtrkofgs

Djxfgk <,6>8,>8= 8> êlstfgs, dlgcfoj splrj plrts, plgalbfob dltjrfle, gkdpkojots, wfrj, djtle stldpfob, stjje, gcjdfg

wkkm prkmugts

Ofglrlbul =>,>>> 6> ]jxtfejs

Wkurgj0 ]rlo-Obuyjo lom Ijvfbefl-Pldpjttf 9>>=, 97.

Oktj0 ” Okt lvlfeliej.

< < :







• Fogrjlsjm strjss lom vfkejogj. Wklrfob hkkm lom huje prfgjs lmm strjss

lom clrmscfp tk hldfefjs, fogrjlsfob tcj fogfmjogj kh vfkejogj lblfost

wkdjo.

]cj dkojtlry lom hfsgle pkefgfjs tclt gkuotrfjs usj tk rjspkom tk rjgjs-

sfkos glo lesk mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey lhhjgt wkdjo. Hkr jxldpej, mjgrjlsjs fo

tlx rjvjoujs lom khhfgfle mjvjekpdjot lssfstlogj ejlm tk guts fo puiefg

sjgtkr iumbjts. Yjmugtfkos fo spjomfob ko cjletc lom jmugltfko rjmugj

wkdjo‖s lom bfres‖ lggjss tk ilsfg sjrvfgjs. Bfres dly wftcmrlw hrkd

sgckkes tk cjep wftc ckusjckem wkra murfob tfdjs kh jgkokdfg grfsfs, rjfo-

hkrgfob bjomjr blps fo jmugltfko. Cfbcjr uojdpekydjot lom ekwjr ckusj-ckem fogkdjs hkrgj wkdjo tk turo tk vueojrliej lom fohkrdle jdpekydjot

(fogeumfob glrjbfvfob, wcfgc fs prkvfmjm dkstey iy wkdjo lom bfres). ]cjsj

gkpfob strltjbfjs uomjrdfoj ekob-tjrd jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot.

Ldkob tcj <67 dfeefko pjkpej uojdpekyjm fo 9>>3, <<9 dfeefko wjrj

djo lom 3< dfeefko wjrj wkdjo. ]cj Fotjroltfkole Elikur Krblofzltfko

(FEK 9>>6l) jstfdltjm tclt tcj jgkokdfg grfsfs wkuem fogrjlsj tcj oud-

ijr kh uojdpekyjm wkdjo iy up tk 99 dfeefko kvjr 9>>2‗>6. ]cj

uojdpekydjot rltj hkr wkdjo wls 8.< pjrgjot fo 9>>3 lom wls jstf-dltjm tk rfsj tk lt ejlst 8.2 pjrgjot fo tcj dkst kptfdfstfg sgjolrfk lom

tk 2.7 pjrgjot fo tcj dkst pjssfdfstfg sgjolrfk fo 9>>6 (tliej 8.9). Fo

dkst rjbfkos, plrtfguelrey Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo, Wkutc Lsfl,

lom tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl, wcjrj wkdjo khtjo hlgj cfbcjr

ilrrfjrs fo tcj elikr dlrajt, uojdpekydjot ls l rjsuet kh tcj jgkokdfg

grfsfs wls jxpjgtjm tk cft wkdjo clrmjr tclo djo. Koey fo Jlst Lsfl,

Gjotrle lom Wkutcjlstjro Jurkpj (oko‗Jurkpjlo Zofko), lom tcj

Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs (GFW) wls tcj kppksftj truj. FoJlst Lsfl uojdpekydjot ldkob djo wls jstfdltjm tk rjlgc :.7 pjrgjot,

<.7 pjrgjotlbj pkfots cfbcjr tclo tcj =.> pjrgjot rltj prjmfgtjm hkr

wkdjo fo tcj wkrst-glsj sgjolrfk hkr 9>>6.

Yjdfttlogjs gkostftutj <2‗=> pjrgjot kh BM^ fo dloy gkuotrfjs,

fogeumfob Je Wlevlmkr, Buylol, Clftf, Ckomurls, @ldlfgl, @krmlo,

Ejiloko, Ejsktck, Dkemkvl, Ojple, Ofglrlbul, ]l`fafstlo, lom ]kobl

(Lotkokpkueks 9>>6). Rkdjo dfbrlots lrj trlmftfkoleey jdpekyjm fo

―hjdlej— kggupltfkos sugc ls mkdjstfg wkra lom oursfob lom lrj dkrj

vueojrliej tk jgkokdfg mkwoturos. Lggurltj hfburjs hkr `ki ekssjs ldkobfddfbrlot wkrajrs lrj mfhhfguet tk gkdpfej1 lojgmktjs glo prkvfmj l bjo-

jrle fmjl, ckwjvjr. Hkr jxldpej, fo tcj djtrkpkeftlo lrjl kh Ojw Vkra,

wcjrj hfologfle sjgtkr `ki ekssjs rjlgcjm likut 3>,>>> fo 9>>3, tcj FEK

(9>>6i) subbjsts ft fs slhj tk lssudj tclt lt ejlst =>,>>> mkdjstfg wkrajrs

<<3 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy



]liej 8.9 ^rjefdfolry Jstfdltjm Zojdpekydjot Yltjs, iy Wjx lom Yjbfko, 9>>6(pjrgjot)

Yjbfko

Rkdjo

GF ekwjr ikuom

^rjefdfolry

jstfdltj GF uppjr ikuom GF ekwjr ikuom

Rkrem 8.2 2.> 2.7 8.>

Mjvjekpjm jgkokdfjs 8.: 3.8 3.2 3.<

Gjotrle lom Wkutcjlstjro Jurkpj

(oko‗JZ) lom Gkddkowjletc kh

Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs 6.8 6.3 <>.9 <>.7 Jlst Lsfl 7.= 7.2 =.> =.8

Wkutcjlst Lsfl lom tcj lgfhfg :.8 :.6 8.< :.9

Wkutc Lsfl :.: :.6 8.= =.=

Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo 6.3 <>.< <>.2 8.:

Dfmmej Jlst <=.> <:.> <8.> 2.7

Okrtc Lhrfgl <=.3 <:.8 <8.: 3.>

Wui-Wlclrlo Lhrfgl 3.= 3.3 6.< 2.:

Wkurgj0 FEK 9><>, =8.

Oktj0 GF 4 gkohfmjogj fotjrvle. Wjj FEK 9><>, 26 hkr lo jxpeloltfko kh tcj mjrfvltfko kh tcj prjefdfolry pkfot jstfdltjs lom tcj uppjr lom ek

tcj 9>>6 pkfot jstfdltj.

< < 6









Ekxejy, @kco. <666. ―]cj Letjroltfvj Hjmjrle Iumbjt fo Glolml0 L Ojw Lpprklgc

tk Hfsgle Mjdkgrlgy.— ^lpjr prjplrjm hkr wkrasckp ko ―^rk-^kkr Bjomjr- lom

Jovfrkodjot-Wjosftfvj Iumbjts,— Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj

(ZOM^) lom Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot Huom hkr Rkdjo (ZOFHJD),

Ojw Vkra, @uoj 93‗7>.

DFH (Duetfeltjrle Fovjstdjot Huom). 9>>8. ―Wjomfob Dkojy Ckdj0 l Wgkrjglrm hkr

tcj Yjdfttlogj Fomustry.— Wjdfolr ko ―Wjomfob Dkojy Ckdj0 Yjdfttlogjs

lom ]rlosoltfkole Hldfefjs,— Fotjr-Ldjrfglo Mjvjekpdjot Iloa, Dly <9.

Khrjok, Y., @. Efd, lom E. Buel. <666. ―Wuigkotrlgtjm Rkdjo Rkrajrs fo tcj

Gkotjxt kh tcj Bekile Jgkokdy0 ]cj ^cfefppfoj Glsj.— ^lpjr gkddfssfkojm

iy tcj Lsfl Hkuomltfko, Rlscfobtko, MG.Kkstjomkrp, Y. C. 9>>=. ―Bekilefzltfko lom tcj Bjomjr Rlbj Blp.— Rkrafob

^lpjr 79:8, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.

Krkzgk, D. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Yjdfttlogjs0 ^rjefdfolry Oktjs likut Wjomjrs

lom Yjgfpfjots fo Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo.— Oktjs prjsjotjm tk tcj

ploje ko Bjomjr Mfdjosfkos kh Fotjroltfkole Dfbrltfko lt tcj Zoftjm

Oltfkos, Ojw Vkra, Dlrgc 9.

Kstjrrjfgc, Wclflooj ]. 9>>:. ―Bjomjr lom Fotjroltfkole ]rlmj fo Lsfl0 Glsj

Wtumfjs ko Ckusjckems lom Rkrajrs.— Rkrasckp ko ―Jgkokdfg ^kefgy lomBjomjr Glplgfty Iufemfob fo Jlst Lsfl,— Wurlilyl, Fomkojsfl, Kgtkijr 9:‗98.

Yldärjz, G., M. Dlr Blrgfl, lom @. Dfqujz Dkrlfs. 9>>:. ―Grkssfob Ikrmjrs0

Yjdfttlogjs, Bjomjr lom Mjvjekpdjot.— Zoftjm Oltfkos Fotjroltfkole

Yjsjlrgc lom ]rlfofob Fostftutj hkr tcj Lmvlogjdjot kh Rkdjo Rkrafob

^lpjr, Zoftjm Oltfkos, Ojw Vkra.

Wlmkuejt, J., L. mj @lovry, lom W. Eldijrt. 9>>9. ―]cj Ykejs kh Mjstfoltfko,

Bjomjr, lom Ckusjckem Gkdpksftfko fo Jxpelfofob Yjdfttlogjs0 Lo Loleysfs

hkr tcj Mkdfofglo Wfjrrl.— @kurole kh Mjvjekpdjot Jgkokdfgs 83 (9)0 7>6‗93.

Wlotfeeìo, M., lom D. J. Zehj. 9>>8. ―Mjstfoltlrfks y usks mj rjdjsls. »Zol kpkr-

tuofmlm plrl els du`jrjs slevlmkrjüls;— Wjrfj Du`jr y Mjslrkeek 23, Jgkokdfg

Gkddfssfko hkr Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom tcj Glrfiijlo (GJ^LE), Wlotflbk, Gcfej.

Wjdykokv, D., lom L. Bkrkmzjfsay. 9>>:. ―Elikur Dfbrltfko, Yjdfttlogjs lom

Ckusjckem Fogkdj0 L Gkdplrfsko ijtwjjo Hfefpfok lom Hfefpfol Kvjrsjls

Rkrajrs.— Fotjroltfkole Dfbrltfko Yjvfjw 76 (<)0 =:‗83.

Wpkttko, Irjoml. <662. ―Hfologfle Fostlifefty Yjgkosfmjrjm0 Krtckmkx ]cjkrfjs

vjrsus Cfstkrfgle Hlgts.— @kurole kh Jgkokdfg Fssujs 7< (<)0 <2:‗6:.

Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr lom Fts Yjejvlogj tk Dlgrkjgkokdfg ^kefgy0 LWurvjy.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/977, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom,

Rlscfobtko, MG.

”””. 9>>2. ―Iumbjtfob wftc Rkdjo fo Dfom.— Hfologj lom Mjvjekpdjot

== (9)0 <9‗<:.

Bekilefzltfko, Bjomjr Yjeltfkos, lom tcj Elikr Dlrajt <97



Wwldy, Buruscrf. Dly 9>>=. ―]cj Fdplgt kh Fotjroltfkole ]rlmj ko Bjomjr

Jqulefty.— ^YJD Oktj 38, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.

]luef-Akrpuz, X. <663. ―Lsfl ^lgfhfg Rkdjo Brlppej wftc Hfologfle Grfsfs lom

Bekilefsltfko.— ]cfrm Rkrem Yjsurbjogj 6=0 <‗3.

]rlo-Obuyjo, L. O., lom L. Ijvfbefl-Pldpjttf. 9>>=. ]rlmj lom Bjomjr.

Kppkrtuoftfjs lom Gcleejobjs hkr Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs. Zoftjm Oltfkos

Gkohjrjogj ko ]rlmj lom Mjvjekpdjot (ZOG]LM), Bjojvl.

ZO (Zoftjm Oltfkos). <666. Rkrem Wurvjy ko tcj Ykej kh Rkdjo fo Mjvjekpdjot .

Zoftjm Oltfkos, Mfvfsfko hkr tcj Lmvlogjdjot kh Rkdjo, Mjplrtdjot kh

Jgkokdfg lom Wkgfle Lhhlfrs, Ojw Vkra.

ZOM^ (Zoftjm Oltfkos Mjvjekpdjot ^rkbrlddj). <666. Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot

Yjpkrt . Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

vlo Wtlvjrjo, Frjoj. 9>>>. ―Bekile Hfologj lom Bjomjr.— ^lpjr prjsjotjm lt tcj

Fotjroltfkole Lsskgfltfko hkr Hjdfofst Jgkokdfgs (FLHHJ) Gkohjrjogj,

Fstloiue, Lubust <2.

Rkrem Iloa. <666. ―Dlolbfob tcj Wkgfle Mfdjosfkos kh Grfsjs0 Bkkm ^rlgtfgjs fo

Wkgfle ^kefgy.— lpjr prjplrjm hkr tcj Mjvjekpdjot Gkddfttjj kh tcj Rkrem

Iloa lom tcj Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.

”””. 9>>>. Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt 9>>>. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty^rjss.

<9= Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy



<9:

Lggjss tk hfologj kr grjmft fs grugfle hkr fdprkvfob jgkokdfg wjee-ijfob1

bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko cls cfomjrjm lggjss hkr wkdjo fo tcfs lrjl. ]cj eft-

jrlturj ko tcfs tkpfg fs sefd lom hlees uomjr tcj udirjeel kh tcj dfgrk-

hkuomltfko lpprklgc tk dlgrkjgkokdfgs.< Ft fs gkogjrojm wftc tcj

dfgrkejvje ijclvfkr kh fomfvfmules tclt ejlms tk dlgrkjgkokdfg jhhjgts kh

brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot.

Koj kh tcj dlfo lrjls fo wcfgc wkdjo clvj ijjo bfvjo prjhjrjotfle

trjltdjot fs dfgrkgrjmft. Rkdjo‖s ijclvfkrle plttjros wftc rjblrm tk rfsa tlafob lom rjplydjot kh mjit clvj gejlr dlgrkjgkokdfg jhhjgts. Ls oktjm

fo gclptjr 9, wkdjo clvj l ekwjr prjhjrjogj hkr rfsa tlafob tclo djo.

Letckubc tcfs dly rjmugj jgkokdfg brkwtc, ft fdplrts brjltjr stlifefty

tk fovjstdjot lom hfologfle dlrajts. Rkdjo‖s cfbcjr rjplydjot rltj

rjfohkrgjs hfologfleey stlifefzfob ijclvfkr hkr tcj dlgrkjgkokdy.

]cj jgkokdfg pktjotfle kh wkdjo jotrjprjojurs fs gurtlfejm wcjo

ilrrfjrs”skgfle vleujs, rjefbfkus okrds, gueturle cjrftlbj, lom fostftutfkole

prlgtfgjs”cfomjr tcjfr lggjss tk hfologj. Letckubc wkdjo jotrjprjojursclvj l ajy rkej tk pely fo strjobtcjofob lom irklmjofob tcj ilsj kh tcj

dlgrkjgkokdy lom fo ikestjrfob fotjroltfkole gkdpjtftfko, tcjy dly

hlgj mfsgrfdfoltfko fo kitlfofob hfologfob tk brkw tcjfr jotjrprfsjs.

Rkdjo dly ij uoliej tk djjt tcj eklo rjqufrjdjots kh hkrdle hfologfle

G C L ^ ] J Y 2

Bjomjr lom Hfologj





wkdjo cls ko gcfem wjehlrj. ]ckdls (<66>, <662) sckws tclt jxtrl

fogkdj hkr wkdjo fo Irlzfe fogrjlsjm gcfem survfvle iy l hlgtkr kh 9> gkd-

plrjm wftc jxtrl fogkdj hkr djo lom tclt tcj jhhjgts ko gcfem outrftfko

wjrj hkur tk jfbct tfdjs ls brjlt. Olrlfo (9>>6) oktjs tclt l dktcjr‖s lggjss

tk grjmft mfrjgtey lhhjgts tcj ckusjckem, wftc pksftfvj fdpefgltfkos hkr gcfe-

mrjo‖s cjletc lom jmugltfko.9 Lt tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg ejvje, fdprkvjm gcfem

wjehlrj trloseltjs fotk ijttjr cudlo glpftle lom iy jxtjosfko fdprkvjm

jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot (ls feeustrltjm iy hfburj 2.<).

Lggjss tk hfologj lom grjmft jdpkwjrs wkdjo. ]cfs jdpkwjrdjot

fs dlofhjst fo tcj hkrd kh fogrjlsjm jlrofob glplgfty lom gkotrke kh

ckusjckem lssjts, rjsuetfob fo brjltjr lutkokdy lom mjgfsfko dlafobwftcfo tcj ckusjckem (Alijjr <6631 Aclomajr <6631 ^ftt lom Aclomajr

<663). ]cj spfo-khhs hrkd brjltjr jlrofob glplgfty, gkotrke kvjr ckusj-

ckem lssjts, lom vkfgj fo mjgfsfko dlafob lrj hjet lt tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg

ejvje. ]cj prkvfsfko kh grjmft hkr wkdjo cjeps rjmugj pkvjrty iy

joclogfob tcj prkmugtfvfty kh tcjfr jotjrprfsjs lom tcj prkhftlifefty kh

ktcjr jotjrprfsjs fo wcfgc tcjy fovjst (Alur 9>>2). Wkdj stumfjs hfom

tclt brjltjr jdpkwjrdjot lrfsfob hrkd ikrrkwfob joclogjs l wkdlo‖s

lifefty tk sjee lssjts wftckut lsafob cjr cusilom‖s pjrdfssfko1 sugcjdpkwjrdjot fogrjlsjm cusiloms‖ lggjptlogj kh tcjfr wfvjs‖ plrtfgf-

pltfko fo dlrajt-ilsjm jgkokdfg lgtfvftfjs (Lblrwle <662). Rkdjo‖s

fogrjlsjm elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko, prkmugtfvfty, lom jlrofobs joclogj

gkosudptfko lom fogkdj, wcfgc ejlm tk jgkokdfg brkwtc lom pkvjrty

rjmugtfko.

]cj eftjrlturj lesk subbjsts tclt wkdjo‖s stltus wftcfo tcj ckusjckem

fs joclogjm wcjo wkdjo clvj fomjpjomjot lggjss tk hfologfle rjskurgjs

lom lrj liej tk gkotrfiutj tk ckusjckem fogkdj lom wjehlrj iy fogrjls-fob tcjfr ejvje (fh okt tcjfr rlobj) kh jgkokdfg lgtfvfty. Zsfob Dlelwf

ckusjckem mltl, Wwldfoltclo lom Hfomjfs (9>>7) hfom tclt lggjss tk

grjmft fogrjlsjs plrtfgfpltfko fo hlrd lom khh-hlrd sjeh-jdpekydjot hkr

wkdjo fo dlej-cjlmjm ckusjckems lom fo khh-hlrd sjeh-jdpekydjot hkr

hjdlej cjlms kh ckusjckems. Fogrjlsjm lggjss tk grjmft hkr wkdjo glo

tcjrjhkrj clvj l strkob jhhjgt ko oltfkole uojdpekydjot hfburjs. Oloml

(<663, 7=), wck lssjssjm rurle dfgrkhfologj prk`jgts fo Ilobelmjsc,

sckws tclt ―fdprkvfob wkdjo‖s lggjss lom gkotrke kvjr rjskurgjs glo

pktjotfleey leejvfltj tcjfr cjletc prkiejds lom joclogj tcjfr mjgfsfko-dlafob wftcfo tcj ckusjckem.— Fogrjlsjm mjdlom hkr cjletc glrj glo

trloseltj fotk fdprkvjm oltfkole cjletc kutgkdjs, wcfgc glo clvj l

strkob jhhjgt ko brkwtc.

Bjomjr lom Hfologj <92



Aclomajr (<663) jxldfojs tcj fdplgt kh ikrrkwfob hrkd tcj

Brldjjo Iloa, tcj Ilobelmjsc Yurle Lmvlogjdjot Gkddfttjj (IYLG),

lom tcj bkvjrodjot YM-<9 prkbrld ko ckusjckem kutgkdjs sugc ls pjr

glpftl spjomfob, ojt wkrtc, ikys‖ lom bfres‖ sgckke jorkeedjot, ikys‖ lom

bfres‖ cjfbct hkr lbj, gkotrlgjptfvj usj ldkob djo lom wkdjo, lom

rjgjot hjrtfefty (tliej 2.<). ]cj rjsuets glo ij suddlrfzjm ls hkeekws0

• ]cj fdplgt kh ikrrkwfob iy wkdjo ko pjr glpftl spjomfob (ckusj-

ckem jxpjomfturj) fs rkubcey twfgj ls elrbj ls tcj fdplgt kh ikrrkwfob

iy djo1 fogrjlsjm pjr glpftl spjomfob glo tcjrjhkrj clvj l mfrjgt

jhhjgt ko brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt (BM^).• L <> pjrgjot fogrjlsj fo ikrrkwfob iy wkdjo fs lsskgfltjm wftc lo

lpprkxfdltjey => pjrgjot fogrjlsj fo pjr glpftl jxpjomfturj.7

• Ikrrkwfob hrkd Brldjjo lom YM-<9 iy wkdjo cls l brjltjr fdplgt

ko gcfem wjehlrj”plrtfguelrey outrftfko lom sgckke jorkeedjot”tclo

ikrrkwfob iy djo, subbjstfob tclt wkdjo fovjst dkrj fo tcj cudlo

glpftle kh tcjfr gcfemrjo tclo djo mk.

<93 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy

]liej 2.< Fdplgt kh <> jrgjot Fogrjlsj fo Ikrrkwfob iy Djo lom Rkdjo ko

Wjejgtjm Ckusjckem Kutgkdjs fo Ilobelmjsc

IYLG Brldjjo Iloa YM-<9

Ckusjckem

kutgkdj

Ikrrkwfob

iy djo

Ikrrkwfob

iy wkdjo

Ikrrkwfob

iy djo

Ikrrkwfob

iy wkdjo

Ikrrkwfob

iy djo

Ikrrkwfob

iy wkdjo

^jr glpftl

spjomfob >.<6 >.76 >.<3 >.=7 >.97 >.=>

Ojt wkrtc >.9> >.>6 >.<: >.<= >.99 >.>9

Ikys‖ sgckke

jorkeedjot ‗>.>3 ‗>.>7 >.>2 >.8< >.96 >.26

Bfres‖ sgckke

jorkeedjot >.9= >.<9 >.7> >.=2 >.>2 >.97

Ikys‖ cjfbct hkr

lbjl ‗9.63 <=.<6 ‗9.63 <=.<6 ‗9.63 <=.<6

Bfres‖ cjfbct hkr

lbjl ‗=.69 <<.87 ‗=.69 <<.87 ‗=.69 <<.87

Gkotrlgjptfvj

usj >.=> ‗>.2= =.9: ‗>.6<

>.3= ‗<.<8

Yjgjot hjrtfefty >.:= >.26 ‗>.2= ‗>.7: ‗>.2= >.:>

Wkurgj0 Rkrem Iloa 9>><, <8>, gftfob Aclomajr <663.

Oktj0 Hfburjs fo ikem lrj ilsjm ko gkjhhfgfjot jstfdltjs tclt lrj stltfstfgleey sfbofhfglot lt tcj <> pjrgjot ejvje

kr ijttjr.

l. ^jrgjotlbj gclobjs rjpkrtjm hkr ikys lom bfres cjfbct hkr lbj rjprjsjot lvjrlbj fdplgts lgrkss lee tcrjj

dfgrkhfologj prkbrlds.





kh hfologfob). L <666 survjy kh DWJs fo Ajoyl hfoms tclt tcj dlfo skurgjs

kh stlrt-up glpftle lrj pjrskole slvfobs lom hldfey huoms (6>.= pjrgjot kh

foftfle glpftle lom 3>.> pjrgjot kh lmmftfkole glpftle) (FEK 9>>:i, 99).

Olrlfo (9>>6) oktjs tclt wkdjo fo Wkutc Lsfl rjgjfvj ejss tclo <>

pjrgjot kh gkddjrgfle grjmft. Rkdjo fo Ilobelmjsc, wck gkotrfiutj

rkubcey 98 pjrgjot kh tktle mjpksfts, rjgjfvj ùst <.3 pjrgjot kh grjmft.

]cj Fotjroltfkole Hfologj Gkrpkrltfko (FHG 9>>2) oktjs tclt wkdjo fo

tcj Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl lrj dkrj efajey tclo djo tk huom tcjfr

iusfojss stlrt-ups lom jxplosfkos hrkd pjrskole skurgjs.

Wjdfhkrdle hfologfob fs khtjo glrrfjm kut tcrkubc rktltfob slvfobs lom

grjmft lsskgfltfkos (YKWGLs). L typfgle YKWGL gkdprfsjs :‗<> djd-ijrs. Lt rjbuelr djjtfobs lee djdijrs gkotrfiutj l hfxjm ldkuot1 jvjry

djdijr tcjo bjts l turo ls l rjgfpfjot kh tcj gkotrfiutfkos. Fo skdj glsjs,

kutsfmj glsc fs irkubct fo tcrkubc l eklo hrkd l dfgrkhfologj fostftutfko

lom lo fotjrjst rltj fs gclrbjm tk ikrrkwjrs. ]cj FEK (9>>:l, 97) oktjs

tclt YKWGLs ―mk okt wkra ls wjee wcjo jxtjrole glpftle fs fotrkmugjm,

ls tcfs tjoms tk dlaj tcj eudp suds tkk elrbj fo rjeltfko tk tcj djdijrs‖

glplgfty tk rjply.— Fo Ajoyl lo jstfdltjm 28 pjrgjot kh YKWGL gefjots

lrj wkdjo.Okobkvjrodjotle krblofzltfkos (OBKs) pely l ajy rkej fo prkvfmfob

lggjss tk hfologj, iktc mfrjgtey ls ejomjrs lom fomfrjgtey ls fovjstkrs fo

dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos. ]cj Rkdjo Jgkokdfg Jdpkwjrdjot Gkoskrt

(RJJG) fo Ajoyl khhjrs hfologfle sjrvfgjs (slvfobs lom eklos) lom trlfofob

fo iusfojss safees tk wkdjo fo tcj Al`flmk Mfstrfgt kh tcj Yfht Xleejy lom

twk mfstrfgts kh Gjotrle ^rkvfogj (FEK 9>>:i). OBKs lrj lesk fovkevjm fo

dfgrkejomfob fo ]lozlofl. Dkst djdijrs kh tcj ]lozlofl Bltsiy ]rust

(]B]) lom tcj Plozfilr Huom hkr Wjeh-Yjeflogj lrj wkdjo. ]B]‖s gefjot ilsj fs 3> pjrgjot wkdjo1 kh tcj lpprkxfdltjey =,>>> djdijrs kh tcj

Plozfilr Huom hkr Wjeh-Yjeflogj, 2> pjrgjot lrj wkdjo (FEK 9>>:g, 79).

Ykej kh Dfgrkhfologj

Dfgrkhfologj pelys l grftfgle rkej fo djjtfob tcj ojjms kh ekw-fogkdj

gefjots rjqufrfob sdlee eklos. Dkrrfsko, Ylù, lom Wfocl (9>>2) kutefoj

tcrjj fdpkrtlot hjlturjs kh dfgrkgrjmft fostftutfkos tclt dlaj tcjd plr-

tfguelrey lggjssfiej tk tcj pkkr0

• ]cjy typfgleey rjpelgj tcj stlomlrm gkeeltjrle rjqufrjdjot wftc fook-

vltfvj gkotrlgtfob lrrlobjdjots tclt prkvfmj strkob fogjotfvjs hkr

eklo rjplydjot.

<7> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy



• ]cjy brjltey sfdpefhy lom strjldefoj eklo lppefgltfkos, mjgfsfkos, lom

mfsiursjdjot prkgjssjs.

• ]cjy hrjqujotey gkupej tcj prkvfsfko kh grjmft wftc dfgrkjotjrprfsj

mjvjekpdjot lom dlolbjdjot trlfofob (sjj Rkrem Iloa 9>><).

]cj Dfgrkgrjmft Wuddft Gldplfbo, lo lmvkglgy brkup ilsjm fo tcj

Zoftjm Wtltjs, jstfdltjs tclt tcj oudijr kh dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos

fogrjlsjm hrkd 23 lbjogfjs sjrvfob 6 dfeefko gustkdjrs fo 9>>> tk dkrj

tclo =9> lbjogfjs sjrvfob likut 8= dfeefko gustkdjrs fo 9>>6. Dloy

dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos lrj suisfmfzjm iy bkvjrodjots, fotjroltfkole

mkokrs, lom prfvltj pcfelotcrkpfsts, ls wjee ls iy gkddjrgfle iloas, fo tcjoldj kh gkrpkrltj skgfle rjspkosfifefty. Jlrey dfgrkgrjmft lbjogfjs kpjr-

ltjm ko l okoprkhft ilsfs lom mfm okt rjqufrj gkeeltjrle. ]cjy rjmugjm rfsa

iy khhjrfob brkup bulrlotjjs, lpprlfsfob ckusjckem glsc hekw, lom ajjp-

fob foftfle eklos sdlee.

Koj kh tcj dlfo fookvltfkos lsskgfltjm wftc dfgrkhfologj fostftu-

tfkos cls ijjo tcj mjvjekpdjot kh brkup-ilsjm ejomfob0 ―Brkup-ilsjm

ejomfob rjpelgjs trlmftfkole gkeeltjrle rjqufrjdjots”ilsjm ko kwojr-

scfp kh elom kr ktcjr pcysfgle lssjts”wftc l brkup-ilsjm ejomfob gkotrlgt, wcfgc usjs skgfle glpftle lom pjjr prjssurj ls l djlos tk prk-

dktj eklo rjplydjot— (Rkrem Iloa 9>><, <<2). ]cfs mjvjekpdjot

lppjlrs tk clvj ijjo plrtfguelrey sfbofhfglot fo hlgfeftltfob ikrrkwfob

iy wkdjo. Ijtwjjo <63: lom <66=, tcj oudijr kh wkdjo ikrrkwfob

hrkd tcj Brldjjo Iloa fogrjlsjm hrkd <>>,>>> tk <.2 dfeefko (Aclomajr,

Aclefey, lom Aclo <66:).

Lt tcj pkefgy ejvje, pkeftfgflos lom tcj mjvjekpdjot gkdduofty

clvj jdirlgjm dfgrkhfologj, wftc tcj prjmfgtliej rjsuet tclt skdj kh fts djrfts clvj ijjo kvjrskem. Fo rjlefty, dkst dfgrkhfologj fostftu-

tfkos lrj wjla, cjlvfey mkokr mjpjomjot, lom uoefajey tk jvjr rjlgc

sglej kr lttlfo fomjpjomjogj. ]k lgcfjvj tcjfr huee pktjotfle tk sjrvj

pkkr ckusjckems, tcjy ojjm tk hueey fotjbrltj wftc tcj dlfostrjld

hfologfle systjd. Mkfob sk rjqufrjs hfologfleey skuom, prkhjssfkole

krblofzltfkos glpliej kh gkdpjtfob wftc gkddjrgfle iloas, lggjssfob

gkddjrgfle eklos, gkeejgtfob mjpksfts (wcfgc rjqufrjs l efgjosj), lom

brkwfob sfbofhfglotey.

Bekileey, wkdjo gkostftutj l mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey elrbj pjrgjotlbjkh dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos‖ gefjot ilsjs. Rkdjo dlaj up dkrj tclo

3> pjrgjot kh tcj gefjot djdijrscfp kh tcj 7= elrbjst dfgrkgrjmft

fostftutfkos fo tcj wkrem (Dkrrfsko, Ylù, lom Wfocl 9>>2). L oudijr

Bjomjr lom Hfologj <7<



kh stumfjs gftjm fo Dkrrfsko, Ylù, lom Wfocl (9>>2) subbjst hkur rjl-

skos wcy dfgrkejomjrs tlrbjt wkdjo0

• Rkdjo lppjlr tk clvj cfbcjr rjplydjot rltjs tclo djo.

• Bfvjo tclt wkdjo lrj dkrj grjmft gkostrlfojm tclo djo, tcjy lrj

efajey tk ij dkrj jgkokdfgleey mfslmvlotlbjm lom uoliej tk djjt tcj

rjqufrjdjots (gkeeltjrle, dfofdud eklo ldkuot) kh dkrj hkrdle sup-

pefjrs kh hfologj, sugc ls gkddjrgfle iloas.

• ]lrbjtfob wkdjo mfrjgtey fogrjlsjs tcjfr skgfle lom jgkokdfg jdpkw-

jrdjot, wftcfo iktc tcj ckusjckem lom tcj gkdduofty.

• ]lrbjtfob wkdjo lefbos wftc tcj dfgrkejomjrs‖ skgfle ki`jgtfvj kh fogrjlsfob ckusjckem wjehlrj.:

Fo lmmftfko, skdj dfgrkhfologj fostftutfkos hkgus spjgfhfgleey ko

wkdjo.8 Fo lmmftfko tk tcj RJJG Ajoyl cls twk ktcjr dfgrkhfologj

fostftutfkos tclt tlrbjt wkdjo0 tcj Ajoyl Rkdjo Hfologj ]rust (ARH])

lom tcj Rkdjo‖s Jgkokdfg Mjvjekpdjot Gkrpkrltfko (RJMGK) (FEK

9>>:i, 98).

Dfgrkgrjmft cls ijjo wfmjey grjmftjm wftc cjepfob jdpkwjr wkdjoiy fogrjlsfob tcjfr gkotrfiutfko tk ckusjckem fogkdj lom lssjts. Ls

pkfotjm kut jesjwcjrj fo tcfs ikka, wcjo wkdjo clvj brjltjr gkotrke

kvjr lssjts fo tcj ckusjckem, tcjy tjom tk slvj dkrj lom spjom dkrj ko

gcfemrjo. ]cjrjhkrj, lggjss tk grjmft glo lhhjgt oltfkole slvfobs lom cudlo

glpftle. Wkdj stumfjs hfom tclt dfgrkgrjmft sgcjdjs fogrjlsj jdpkwjr-

djot, fogeumfob stltus lom dkifefty (sjj, hkr jxldpej, Clscjdf, Wgcuejr,

lom Yfejy <668). Iut fo skdj glsjs, wkdjo ikrrkwjrs clvj koey plrtfle

gkotrke kvjr eklos kr rjefoqufsc lee gkotrke tk dlej djdijrs kh tcj hld-fey (^ftt, Aclomajr, lom Glrtwrfbct 9>>8). Ktcjr stumfjs pkfot tk mfslp-

pkfotfob rjsuets hkr wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot. Grftfgs oktj tcj elga kh

suistlotfle trlfofob lom suppkrt sjrvfgjs lom tcj hlfeurj tk prkvfmj

wkdjo wftc brjltjr kwojrscfp lom gkotrke fo dfgrkhfologj prkbrlds.2

Ktcjr grftfgfsds fogeumj tcj folifefty kh tcjsj dfgrkhfologj prkbrlds tk

dkvj wkdjo fotk prkhftliej okotrlmftfkole hkrds kh jotrjprjojurscfp

lom tcj dlrbfole jhhjgt ko fogkdj lom ckusjckem mjgfsfko dlafob.

Jdpkwjrdjot rjhjrs tk dugc dkrj tclo fogrjlsfob fogkdj (Alur 9>>2,

<<).3 Ls plrt kh l irklmjr jhhkrt tk rlfsj bjomjr lwlrjojss lom dkifefzjwkdjo, dfgrkgrjmft fostftutfkos gkuem prkvfmj lo jotry pkfot tk strjobtc-

jofob wkdjo‖s ojtwkras lom dkifefty lom fogrjlsfob tcjfr aokwejmbj,

sjeh-gkohfmjogj, lom stltus fo tcj hldfey.

<79 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy







ckusjckem wjehlrj fs brjltjr, subbjstfob tclt grjmft dly okt ij pjrhjgtey huo-

bfiej wftcfo tcj ckusjckem— (Dkrrfsko, Ylù, lom Wfocl 9>>2, <2).

8. Fo skdj glsjs, wkdjo dly ij usjm iy dlej hldfey djdijrs tk sjgurj l eklo.

2. Alur (9>>2, <<) gftjs Gcjstko lom Auco (9>>9), Bkjtz lom Buptl (<668),

lom Dlykux (9>>>) ls grftfgs kh tcj vfjw tclt dfgrkhfologj jdpkwjrs wkdjo.

3. ―Jdpkwjrdjot fs likut gclobj, gckfgj lom pkwjr — (Gcjstko lom Auco

9>>9, <9).

6. Olrlfo (9>>6) jxldfojs mjdlom-sfmj ilrrfjrs lom suppey fssujs lhhjgtfob

wkdjo fo tcjfr qujst hkr hfologj, gftfob l wfmj rlobj kh stumfjs tclt cfbcefbct

tcj vlrfliejs mfsgussjm.

<>. Yjeflogj ko glsj stumfjs dlajs ft mfhhfguet tk mrlw rkiust gkogeusfkos, ls tcj

stumfjs lrj tfdj lom gueturj spjgfhfg lom rjhejgt l plrtfguelr gkuotry‖s stlbj kh

mjvjekpdjot.

<<. Dkrrfsko, Ylù, lom Wfocl (9>>2) gftj Ilymls, Djyjr, lom Lbufejrl-Lehrjm

(<66=) hkr stumfjs ko Jgulmkr1 Iuvfofg lom Ijrbjr (<66>) hkr ^jru1 Wtkrjy

(9>>=) hkr ]rfofmlm lom ]kilbk1 lom Ielogclrm, Pclk, lom Vfobjr (9>>:) hkr

tcj Zoftjm Wtltjs.

Ifiefkbrlpcy

Lblrwle, I. <662. Ilrblfofob lom Bjomjr Yjeltfkos0 Rftcfo lom Ijykom tcj

Ckusjckem . Hkkm Gkosudptfko lom Outrftfko Mfvfsfko (HGOM) Mfsgussfko

^lpjr 92, Fotjroltfkole Hkkm kefgy Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj (FH^YF), Rlscfobtko, MG.

Lrdjomlrfz mj Lbcfko, Ijltrfz, lom @koltclo Dkrmugc. 9>>7. ―Dfgrkhfologj0

Rcjrj Mk Rj Wtlom;— Fo Hfologfle Mjvjekpdjot lom Jgkokdfg Brkwtc0

Jxpelfofob tcj Efoas, jm. Gclrejs Bkkmclrt . Ekomko0 Dlgdfeelo/^lebrlvj.

Ilrrk, Y. <667. Dlgrkjgkokdfgs, =tc jm. Ojw Vkra0 @kco Rfejy lom Wkos.

Ilymls, Dlylml D., Yfgclrm E. Djyjr, lom Ojesko Lbufejrl-Lehrjm. <66=.

―Mfsgrfdfoltfko lblfost Rkdjo fo Hkrdle Grjmft Dlrajts0 Yjlefty kr

Ycjtkrfg;— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 99 (2)0 <>27‗39.

Ielogclrm, E., Ik Pclk, lom @. Vfobjr. 9>>:. ―Mk Grjmft Dlrajt Ilrrfjrs Jxfst hkr

Dfokrfty lom Rkdjo Jotrjprjojurs;— Yjsjlrgc Rkrafob ^lpjr 2=, Wyrlgusj

Zofvjrsfty Dlxwjee Wgckke Gjotjr hkr ^kefgy, Wyrlgusj, OV.

Ielogchekwjr, M. B., . Ejvfoj, lom M. @. Pfddjrdlo. 9>>7. ―Mfsgrfdfoltfko fo tcj

Wdlee Iusfojss Grjmft Dlrajt.— Yjvfjw kh Jgkokdfgs lom Wtltfstfgs 3: (=)067>‗=7.

Irluostjfo, Jefssl, lom @ldjs Cjfotz. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr Ifls lom Gjotrle Iloa kefgy0

Jdpekydjot lom Foheltfko Yjmugtfko.— Rkrafob ^lpjr >80 <, ^keftfgle

Jgkokdy Yjsjlrgc Fostftutj, Zofvjrsfty kh Dlsslgcusjtts, Ldcjrst.

Bjomjr lom Hfologj <7:





Alijjr, O. <663. ―Dkojy Glo‖t Iuy Dj Ekvj; Yj-jvleultfob Bjomjr, Grjmft lom

Jdpkwjrdjot fo Yurle Ilobelmjsc.— FMW Mfsgussfko ^lpjr 787, Fostftutj kh

Mjvjekpdjot Wtumfjs, Zofvjrsfty kh Wussjx, Zoftjm Afobmkd.

Alur, L. 9>>2. Rkdjo‖s Jgkokdfg Jdpkwjrdjot0 Djjtfob tcj Ojjms kh Fdpkvjrfscjm

Rkdjo. Ojw Vkra0 Zoftjm Oltfkos ^kpueltfko Huom (ZOH^L).

Aclomajr, W. Y. <663. Hfbctfob ^kvjrty wftc Dfgrkgrjmft0 Jxpjrfjogj fo Ilobelmjsc.

Rkrem Iloa0 Rlscfobtko, MG.

Aclomajr, W. Y., I. Aclefey, lom P. Aclo. <66:. Brldjjo Iloa0 ^jrhkrdlogj lom

Wustlfolifefty. Rkrem Iloa Mfsgussfko lpjr 7>8, Rlscfobtko, MG.

Aktl, Fol. 9>>2. ―Dfgrkhfologj0 Iloafob hkr tcj ^kkr.— Hfologj lom Mjvjekpdjot

(@uoj)0 ==‗=:.

Dlykux, E. 9>>>. ―Dfgrkhfologj lom tcj Jdpkwjrdjot kh Rkdjo0 L Yjvfjw kh

tcj Ajy Fssujs.— Wkgfle Hfologj Zoft Rkrafob ^lpjr 97, Fotjroltfkole Elikur

Krblofzltfko, Bjojvl.

Dkrrfsko, L. 9>>2. ―Mkjs Bjomjr Jqulefty Dlttjr hkr Wclrjm Brkwtc;— Koj-mly

gkursj ko ―Jdpekydjot lom Bjomjr fo tcj Wclrjm-Brkwtc Lbjoml,— Rkrem

Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG, Lprfe 9:.

Dkrrfsko, L., M. Ylù, lom O. Wfocl. 9>>2. ―Bjomjr Jqulefty, ^kvjrty, lom

Jgkokdfg Brkwtc.— ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc Rkrafob ^lpjr R^W=7=6, Rkrem Iloa, Rlscfobtko, MG.

Oloml, . <663. ―]cj Fdplgt kh Rkdjo‖s lrtfgfpltfko fo Grjmft rkbrlds ko tcj

Mjdlom hkr \ulefty Cjletc Glrj fo Yurle Ilobelmjsc.— Dlrgc <3. @kcos

Ckpafos Iekkdijrb Wgckke kh ûiefg Cjletc, Iletfdkrj.

”””. <666. ―Rkdjo‖s lrtfgfpltfko fo Yurle Grjmft ^rkbrlddjs fo Ilobelmjsc

lom ]cjfr Mjdlom hkr Hkrdle Cjletc Glrj0 Fs ]cjrj l ^ksftfvj Fdplgt;—

Cjletc Jgkokdfgs lom Jgkokdjtrfgs 3 (:)0 =<:‗93.

Olrlfo, W. 9>>6. Bjomjr lom Lggjss tk Hfologj. Fotjroltfkole Hfologj Gkrpkrltfko, Rlscfobtko, MG.

^ftt, D. D., lom W. Y. Aclomajr. <663. ―]cj Fdplgt kh Brkup Ilsjm Grjmft

^rkbrlds ko kkr Ckusjckems fo Ilobelmjsc0 Mkjs tcj Bjomjr kh lrtfgfplots

Dlttjr;— @kurole kh ^keftfgle Jgkokdy <>8 (:)0 6:3‗68.

^ftt, D. D., W. Y. Aclomajr, lom @. Glrtwrfbct. 9>>8. ―Jdpkwjrfob Rkdjo wftc

Dfgrk Hfologj0 Jvfmjogj hrkd Ilobelmjsc.— Jgkokdfg Mjvjekpdjot lom

Gueturle Gclobj := (=)0 26<‗37<.

Wtkrjy, M. @. 9>>=. ―Ylgfle lom Bjomjr Mfsgrfdfoltfko fo tcj Dfgrk Hfrds Grjmft Dlrajt; Jvfmjogj hrkd ]rfofmlm lom ]kilbk.— Wdlee Iusfojss Jgkokdfgs 97 (:)0

=><‗99.

Wwldfoltclo, Cjdl, lom @fee Hfomjfs. 9>>7. ―Lggjss tk Grjmft lom Rkdjo‖s Rkra

Mjgfsfkos0 Lo Jdpfrfgle Wtumy fo Yurle Dlelwf.— Rkrafob ^lpjr R^ >7‗>=,

Bjomjr lom Hfologj <72





<76

Bjomjr jqulefty ijgldj l tlrbjt kh bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob koey fo tcj

<63>s.< Bkvjrodjots‖ ojw jdpclsfs ko bjomjr jqulefty, gkddkoey

gleejm bjomjr dlfostrjldfob , josurjs tclt tcj bkle kh bjomjr jqulefty stlys

gjotrle tk lee lgtfvftfjs, pkefgy mjvjekpdjots, rjsjlrgc, lmvkglgy, mflekbuj,

ejbfseltfko, rjskurgj leekgltfko, peloofob, lom prkbrld fdpejdjotltfko

lom dkoftkrfob (Wlrrlh 9>>7). Ls tcj mjhfoftfko fomfgltjs, bjomjr dlfo-

strjldfob bkjs ijykom leekgltfob huoms tk bjomjr-spjgfhfg prkbrlds kr

prk`jgts uomjr l bkvjrodjot mjplrtdjot mjmfgltjm tk wkdjo‖s lhhlfrs. Ft rjhjrs tk l sjt kh pkefgy bufmjefojs lom loleytfgle tkkes tclt lee bkvjrodjot

dfofstrfjs glo usj tk bjojrltj hjlsfiej bjomjr-lwlrj pkefgfjs. Ls Wtktsay

(9>>8, <) oktjs, ―]k ij dkrj usjhue, bjomjr iumbjtfob sckuem ij fotj-

brltjm fotk bjomjr iumbjt prkgjssjs fo l wly tclt bjojrltjs tlobfiej

fdprkvjdjots fo pkefgy kutgkdjs.—

]cj Hkurtc Rkrem Gkohjrjogj ko Rkdjo, gkovjojm iy tcj Zoftjm

Oltfkos fo <66: fo Ijf`fob, cjepjm foftfltj bjomjr dlfostrjldfob beki-

leey iy gleefob hkr tcj fotjbrltfko kh l bjomjr pjrspjgtfvj fo iumbjtlrypkefgfjs lom prkbrlds (Wtktsay 9>>8). Wfogj tcjo, lglmjdfl lom vlrfkus

gfvfe skgfjtfjs lom okobkvjrodjotle krblofzltfkos (OBKs), jspjgfleey

wkdjo‖s krblofzltfkos, clvj skubct tk foheujogj lom bjojrltj suppkrt

hkr bjomjr dlfostrjldfob fo bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob. Ls l rjsuet, iktc

Bjomjr Iumbjtfob

G C L ^ ] J Y 3



oltfkole bkvjrodjots lom duetfeltjrle krblofzltfkos clvj ijbuo tk prk-

dktj iumbjtlry tjgcofqujs lom djlsurjs aokwo ls bjomjr-rjspkosfvj

bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob (BYBI) kr bjomjr-pjrspjgtfvj iumbjtfob (Wlrrlh

9>>7, 7). ]cfs gclptjr jxldfojs tcj rltfkolej hkr bjomjr iumbjtfob

iy hkgusfob ko BYBI lom fts jxplomfob gkvjrlbj sfogj ft ijblo fo

Lustrlefl fo tcj <63>s. Ft prjsjots tcj loleytfgle lom tjgcofgle tkkes lom

mjsgrfijs tcj lpprklgc usjm iy l oudijr kh duetfeltjrle krblofzltfkos

prkdktfob BYBI.

Rcy lom CkwBjomjr dlfostrjldfob fs l gltleyst hkr gkdprjcjosfvj bjomjr iumbjtfob

tclt bkjs ijykom prkbrlds spjgfhfgleey mjsfbojm tk tlrbjt wkdjo. Jesko

(9>>9l) rjdlras tclt bkvjrodjot iumbjts lrj okt bjomjr ojutrle iut

bjomjr iefom, clvfob mfhhjrjot jhhjgts ko wkdjo lom djo.9 BYBI,

lggkrmfob tk Jesko, ―mkjs okt lfd tk prkmugj l sjplrltj iumbjt hkr

wkdjo. Fostjlm ft lfds tk loleyzj loy hkrd kh puiefg jxpjomfturj, fmjo-

tfhyfob fdpefgltfkos lom fdplgts hkr wkdjo lom bfres ls gkdplrjm tk djo

lom ikys. ]cj ajy qujstfko fs0 wclt fdplgt mkjs tcfs hfsgle djlsurj clvjko bjomjr jqulefty; Mkjs ft rjmugj bjomjr fojqulefty1 fogrjlsj ft1 kr ejlvj

ft uogclobjm;— (9>>9l, <).

Wlrrlh (9>>7, 3) mjsgrfijs BYBI ls l ―sjrfjs kh lmmftfkole lom loleyt-

fgle fostrudjots Qtclt cjepT koj tk uomjrstlom lom dlaj l ùmbdjot ko

tcj fdplgt kh bkvjrodjot iumbjt prkbrlds fo rjmugfob tcj bjomjr blp,

tcjrjiy cjepfob bjomjr dlfostrjldfob lom uetfdltjey bjomjr jqulefty.—

]cj ojjm hkr BYBI fs gejlr, bfvjo tcj mfsgussfkos kh bjomjr fojqulefty fo

prjvfkus gclptjrs, oldjey, pjrsfstjot bjomjr fojqulefty fo tcj elikr dlr-ajt1 tcj dlgrkjgkokdfg fdpefgltfkos kh bjomjr fojqulefty, sugc ls ekwjr

brkwtc lom wjlajr jgkokdfg stlifefty1 tcj jhhjgts ko ckusjckem spjomfob

ko cjletc lom jmugltfko1 lom tcj fomfgltkrs mfsgussjm fo gclptjr 9.

Wtktsay (9>>8) lesk mfsgussjs jxtjroleftfjs ls l ùstfhfgltfko hkr bjomjr

iumbjtfob.

]curkw (<62<) sckws tclt tcj dktfvltfko tk lmmrjss jxtjroleftfjs glo

jogkdplss jqufty ls wjee ls jhhfgfjogy gkosfmjrltfkos. ûiefg fotjrvjotfko

dly ij ùstfhfjm fh skgfjty dkvjs tk l hlfrjr mfstrfiutfko kh fogkdj kr wjee-

ijfob. Fh bjomjr jqulefty rjsuets fo l dkrj ùst skgfjty, jvjo wftckut jgk-

okdfg brkwtc, puiefg fotjrvjotfko dly ij ùstfhfjm. Iut gckksfob

lpprkprfltj fotjrvjotfkos glo ij mfhhfguet. Kptfkos fogeumj ojw tlxjs, elw

rjhkrds, suisfmfjs, lom fogrjlsjm spjomfob, lee kh wcfgc clvj fdpefgltfkos

hkr hfsgle pkefgy. ―Bkvjrodjots glo suisfmfzj prfvltj lgtfvftfjs tclt rlfsj

<=> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy





lom fovkevj dloy bkvjrodjot spjomfob lbjogfjs. ]cjy tcjrjhkrj rjprj-

sjot tcj BYBI lpprklgc.

Bjomjr pkefgy lom bjomjr fdplgt loleysfs lesk lhhjgt tcj rjvjouj sfmj

kh tcj iumbjt. Wtktsay (9>>2) oktjs tclt fo dloy mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs,

wkdjo lrj mfsgrfdfoltjm lblfost hkr tlx purpksjs.7 Wcj gftjs tcj prlgtfgj

kh ―lssfbofob, hkr tlx purpksjs, lee oko-wlbj fogkdj tk tcj cusilom,

rjblrmejss kh wck kwos tcj prkpjrty (jdikmyfob tcj lssudptfko tclt l

wkdjo‖s prkpjrty ijekobs tk cjr cusilom)1 kr lssfbofob elrbjr leekwlogjs

tk djo, rjmugfob tcjfr jhhjgtfvj tlx rltj1 kr lppeyfob l rjmugjm tlx rltj

ko tcj sldj fogkdj— (Wtktsay 9>>2,<=).

Wtktsay (9>>8) prjsjots twk cypktcjtfgle jxldpejs kh bjomjr loleysfsfo l oltfkole iumbjt tclt jxpefgftey lmmrjss tcj bjomjr mfdjosfko kh tcj

pkefgy, tcj djlos kh jxjgutfko, tcj rjskurgjs ojjmjm, lom tcj pjrhkrd-

logj fomfgltkrs (tliej 3.<). Cjr jxldpejs feeustrltj wclt BYBI gkuem

ekka efaj fo prlgtfgj.

Gkosfmjr tcj sldpej ki`jgtfvj kh ―jxplom prfdlry jmugltfko.— ]cj

BYBI lpprklgc gcleejobjs tcj lssudptfko tclt lo jxplosfko fo prfdlry

jmugltfko wfee ij mfstrfiutjm jquleey lgrkss tcj pkpueltfko. L bjomjr-

rjspkosfvj iumbjt tcjrjhkrj rjspkoms tk tcj fojquleftfjs fo prfdlry jmu-gltfko hkr bfres.

Fo prlgtfgj, tcj BYBI lpprklgc mjdloms dloy rjskurgjs, fogeumfob

prj- lom pkstiumbjtfob tkkes lom tcj trlfofob kh iumbjt khhfgjrs.

Dkrjkvjr, tcj bjomjr survjys ojgjsslry hkr peloofob lrj efdftjm fo tcjfr

sgkpj lom gkvjrlbj. ]cjsj gkogjros rjprjsjot sjrfkus efdftltfkos hkr

mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs. Letckubc dloy fotjroltfkole krblofzltfkos hlgfef-

tltj tcj prkgjss iy prkvfmfob tjgcofgle lom hfologfle cjep, ―Qsugc prk-

brldsT glookt gkvjr tcj gkst kh trlfofob kh l vlst oudijr kh stlhh fo tcjbkvjrodjot iumbjt prjplrltfko prkgjss, jspjgfleey lt tcj ejvje kh spjom-

fob lbjogfjs kh gjotrle bkvjrodjot lom sjvjrle ekgle bkvjrodjots ls wjee

ls tcj gkst kh gkomugtfob djlofobhue survjys— (Wlrrlh 9>>7, <<).

Wlrrlh (9>>7) jdpclsfzjs tcj fdpkrtlogj kh prj- lom pkstiumbjtfob

tkkes hkr tcj fotrkmugtfko kh BYBI (ikx 3.9). ^rjiumbjtfob tkkes fogeumj

l bjomjr gkst-ijojhft loleysfs lom jdpclsfzj l plrtfgfpltkry lpprklgc tk

iumbjt prjplrltfko, rjhejgtfob tcj foheujogj kh bkvjrodjot jxpjomfturj

ko tcj hjdlej pkpueltfko. ^kstiumbjtfob tkkes hkgus ko tcj fdplgt kh

bkvjrodjot prkbrlds hkr tcj hjdlej pkpueltfko lom tcj gkotrfiutfko kh sugc prkbrlds tk fdprkvfob bjomjr jqulefty1 tcjsj tkkes lesk foheujogj

huturj prjiumbjtfob tkkes.

Bjomjr iumbjtfob sckuem hkrd plrt kh tcj dlgrkhfsgle hrldjwkra kh tcj

jgkokdy, lom fts dfgrkjgkokdfg mfdjosfkos sckuem jogkdplss spjomfob

<=9 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy





<== Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy

Ikx 3.9

Loleytfgle lom ]jgcofgle ]kkes kh Bjomjr-YjspkosfvjBkvjrodjot Iumbjtfob

]cj loleytfgle lom tjgcofgle tkkes kh bjomjr-rjspkosfvj bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob

fogeumj tcj hkeekwfob0

• Bjomjr-lwlrj djmfud-tjrd jgkokdfg pkefgy hrldjwkra . ]cfs tkke lssudjs lom

lmvkgltjs hkr tcj prjsjogj lom fotjbrltfko kh l strkob bjomjr dlfostrjldfob pke-

fgy fo mjvjekpfob tcj djmfud-tjrd hfsgle pkefgy hrldjwkra, tcrkubc joblbfob

ekgle bkvjrodjot lutckrftfjs, trlmftfkole ruejrs, gfvfe skgfjty krblofzltfkos,

OBKs, gkdduofty-ilsjm krblofzltfkos, lom mkokr lbjogfjs ko iktc tcj rjv-

jouj lom jxpjomfturj sfmjs. ]cj tkke fs ilsjm dlfoey ko tcj jvkevfob oktfko kh

plrtfgfpltkry iumbjts, wcfgc fovkevj ijojhfgflrfjs lom lhhjgtjm brkups fo tcj

mjsfbo lom fdpejdjotltfko kh pkefgy, prkbrlds lom prk`jgts, mjgjotrlefzltfko

kh hfologfle lutckrfty, tcj jdpkwjrdjot kh ekgle gkdduoftfjs, lom gkkpjrltfko

wftc ajy stlajckemjrs.

• Bjomjr-lwlrj pkefgy lpprlfsle . ]cfs tkke sjrvjs tk lpprlfsj hrkd l bjomjr pjr-

spjgtfvj, tcj pkefgfjs lom prkbrlds huomjm tcrkubc tcj iumbjt, wcfgc lsas, ―Fo

wclt wlys lrj tcj pkefgfjs lom tcjfr lsskgfltjm rjskurgj leekgltfkos efajey tk

rjmugj kr fogrjlsj bjomjr fojqulefty;— ]cj tkke rjhjrs dlfoey tk tcj looule

iumbjt prjplrltfko prkgjss iy bkvjrodjot khhfgfles joblbjm fo tcj iumbjt

dlolbjdjot systjd.

• Bjomjr-mfslbbrjbltjm ijojhfgflry lssjssdjot . ]cfs tkke fs l djlos iy wcfgc tcj

vkfgj kh tcj gftfzjo glo ij cjlrm. Fo tcjsj jxjrgfsjs, tcj lgtule kr pktjotfle ijo-

jhfgflrfjs kh puiefg sjrvfgjs lrj lsajm tk lssjss ckw hlr puiefg spjomfob fs djjt-

fob tcjfr ojjms, ls tcjy pjrgjfvj tcjd. L bjomjr-mfslbbrjbltjm ijojhfgflrylssjssdjot glo ij gkomugtjm tcrkubc kpfofko pkees, lttftumj survjys, brkup

mfsgussfkos, kr fotjrvfjws.

• ûiefg jxpjomfturj fogfmjogj loleysfs. ]cfs tkke jstfdltjs tcj mfstrfiutfko kh bkv-

jrodjot jxpjomfturjs ldkob djo lom wkdjo mfrjgtey fovkevjm fo bkvjro-

djot kpjrltfkos kr fddjmfltj ijojhfgflrfjs kh bkvjrodjot prkbrlds.

• Bjomjr-lwlrj iumbjt stltjdjot . ]cfs tkke fs tcj bkvjrodjot rjpkrt tclt rjvfjws

tcj iumbjt usfob skdj kh tcj likvj tkkes lom suddlrfzjs fts fdpefgltfkos hkr

bjomjr jqulefty wftc mfhhjrjot fomfgltkrs, sugc ls tcj sclrj kh jxpjomfturj tlr-

bjtjm tk bjomjr jqulefty, tcj bjomjr ilelogj fo bkvjrodjot `kis lom trlfofob

gkotrlgts, kr tcj sclrj kh puiefg sjrvfgj jxpjomfturj usjm dlfoey iy wkdjo.

Wkurgj0 Wlrrlh 9>>7, 6.



lom rjvjoujs. ]cj dlgrkhfsgle lspjgt kh bjomjr iumbjtfob sckuem lmmrjss

tcj jhhjgt kh bjomjr fojqulefty ko jgkokdfg stlifefty lom fts rldfhfgltfkos

hkr tcj elikr lom hfologfle dlrajts. Lt tcj dfgrkjgkokdfg ejvje, BYBI

jogkdplssjs spjomfob lom rjvjoujs. Hkr jxldpej, brjltjr spjomfob ko jmu-

gltfko lom cjletc prkbrlds gkuem prkdktj bjomjr jqulefty. Fo lmmftfko,

Wtktsay (9>>8, <8) subbjsts tclt ―bjomjr iumbjtfob dfbct clvj lmvfgj tk

khhjr ko tcj djlos kh hfologfob l mjhfgft, tcj usj kh puiefg lssjts, kr tcj mfvf-

sfko kh rjspkosfifeftfjs ldkob mfhhjrjot ejvjes kh bkvjrodjot.—

Gkuotry JxldpejsWfogj tcj dfm-<63>s, bkvjrodjots lom gfvfe skgfjty fo dkrj tclo =>

gkuotrfjs clvj trfjm bjomjr iumbjtfob, wftc fotjroltfkole krblofzltfkos

pelyfob l suppkrtfob rkej. ]cjsj jhhkrts clvj hkgusjm prjmkdfolotey ko

jxpjomfturj, letckubc skdj clvj hkgusjm ko rjvjouj.

Yjhkrds mfhhjr lgrkss gkuotrfjs, rjhejgtfob gfrgudstlogjs. Wtktsay

(9>>8) rjhjrjogjs Iumejomjr lom Cjwftt (9>>9) ls prkvfmfob tcj dkst

gkdprjcjosfvj survjy ko bjomjr-iumbjtfob foftfltfvjs. ]liej 3.9 suddl-

rfzjs tcjsj foftfltfvjs fo l oudijr kh gkuotrfjs.Fo lmmftfko, tcj Rkdjo‖s Iumbjt Brkup fo tcj Zoftjm Afobmkd gkd-

djots ko tcj hfsgle pkefgfjs fo jlgc looule iumbjt. Fo Djxfgk OBKs wkra

wftc hjmjrle lom stltj bkvjrodjots tk suppkrt bjomjr jqulefty lom

pkvjrty rjmugtfko wftc lglmjdfg rjsjlrgc.

Lggkrmfob tk Wtktsay (9>>8), tcj foftfltfvjs clvj jxpjrfjogjm dfxjm

rjsuets. Fo skdj glsjs, tcjy clvj hlfejm tk tlaj ckem, mjdkostrltfob tcj ojjm

hkr strkob pkeftfgle suppkrt lom tcj fotjbrltfko kh foftfltfvjs fotk tcj bjojrle

iumbjt prkgjss. ]k suddlrfzj Wtktsay (9>>8), bjomjr iumbjtfob sckuem0

• Ij fogkrpkrltjm fotk stlomlrm iumbjt prkgjssjs, sk tclt ft ijgkdjs

hueey fostftutfkolefzjm.

• Lmmrjss spjgfhfg bkles, sugc ls rjmugfob fojquleftfjs fo jmugltfkole

lttlfodjot, tclt clvj gejlr ijojhfts lom glo ij djlsurjm usfob jvjo

grumj tkkes lom mltl.

• Mrlw ko gfvfe skgfjty hkr suppkrt lom lssfstlogj tk suioltfkole ejvjes

kh bkvjrodjot wcjrj rjejvlot.

• Gkvjr iktc spjomfob lom rjvjouj.• Lvkfm sjttfob spjgfhfg bkles hkr spjomfob ko wkdjo-rjeltjm ki`jgtfvjs

(uoejss iumbjts lrj sjvjrjey gkostrlfojm lom sugc spjomfob fs wjee ijekw

wclt lo uogkostrlfojm iumbjt wkuem ktcjrwfsj gckksj), ijglusj mkfob

sk tjoms tk rjmugj hejxfifefty, dlafob tcj iumbjt prkgjss ejss jhhjgtfvj.

Bjomjr Iumbjtfob <=:









Wplfo

(9>>7)

Lomleusfl

Dlomltj bjomjr loleysfs fo lee

elws kh tcj prkvfogj (pjr Elw

<3/9>>7).

Hkrdjm gkddfttjj gkdprfsfob

jqule oudijr kh djo lom wkdjo

hrkd tcj rjbfkole bkvjrodjot.

Dlmj dlomltkry tcj gkeejgtfko kh

bjomjr-mfslbbrjbltjm mltl lomtcjfr prjsjotltfko wftc tcj looule

iumbjt.

]cj Ilsquj Gkuotry Rk

wftc l prfvltj gkdploy

tfko kh dltjrfles ko bjo

djot cls okt eluogcjm

mltfob bjomjr loleysfs

Wwjmjo

(9>>7,

9>>=‗>6)

Yjqufrj lee dfofstrfjs tk mjvjekp

pjrhkrdlogj djlsurjs lom

jxtjrole jvleultfkos jvjry

sjgkom yjlr.

Lppkfotdjot kh strltjbfgleey pelgjm

bjomjr jqulefty gkkrmfoltkrs1

krblofzltfko hkr gkkrmfoltfko fo lee

dfofstrfjs jstliefscjm1 trlfofob

prkvfmjm hkr tcj Bjomjr Jqulefty

Zoft1 prkbrld kh gkotfoukus

trlfofob lom suppkrt hkr lee khhfgfles

fovkevjm fo bjomjr-rjeltjm wkras

jstliefscjm.

Yjsuets wjrj prjsjotjm t

Wkurgj0 Lutckrs‖ gkdpfeltfko, ilsjm ko Wtktsay 9>>8.

< = 6



Gkogeusfko

Fo tcfs gclptjr, wj jxldfojm tcj gkogjpt kh bjomjr iumbjtfob. Ls gleejmhkr fo <66: lt tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos Hkurtc Rkrem Gkohjrjogj ko Rkdjo,

fotjbrltfob l bjomjr pjrspjgtfvj wftc iumbjtlry pkefgfjs lom prkbrlds fs

fostrudjotle fo lgcfjvfob bjomjr dlfostrjldfob”l bekile strltjby tk

prkdktj bjomjr jqulefty. Wfogj <66: oltfkole bkvjrodjots lom duetfelt-

jrle krblofzltfkos clvj cjepjm mjvjekp lom prkdktj iumbjtlry tjgc-

ofqujs aokwo ls BYBI. ]cj fdpjtus hkr bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob wls

mfsgussjm lblfost tcj ilgamrkp kh gkotfoufob fojquleftfjs fo ajy skgfle,

jgkokdfg, lom pkeftfgle fomfgltkrs, wcfgc prkvfmjm tcj fdpjtus hkr bkv-jrodjot fotjrvjotfko.

]cj eftjrlturj, jgckjm iy pkefgy dlajrs lom loleysts, mjgrfjs tcj bjo-

mjr iefomojss kh dkst pkefgfjs. Bjomjr iumbjtfob rjqufrjs lssjssfob tcj

fdplgt kh pkefgy mjgfsfkos ko bjomjr fojqulefty. Mkjs ft rjmugj bjomjr,

fogrjlsj, kr ejlvj fojqulefty uogclobjm;

Rj lesk mfsgussjm lpprklgcjs tk bjomjr iumbjtfob, hkgusfob ko tcj

jxpjomfturj sfmj lom jxldfofob prj- lom pkstiumbjtfob bjomjr tkkes.

^rjiumbjtfob tkkes jdpclsfzj tcj plrtfgfpltkry lpprklgc tk iumbjtfob1

pkstiumbjtfob tkkes hkgus ko tcj fdplgt kh bkvjrodjot prkbrlds ko bjo-

mjr jqulefty lom ko wkdjo fo plrtfguelr.

]cj gclptjr gkogeumjm wftc lo jxldfoltfko kh bjomjr iumbjtfob fof-

tfltfvjs fo l oudijr kh gkuotrfjs. Wfogj <63=, skdj => gkuotrfjs clvj

trfjm skdj hkrd kh bjomjr iumbjtfob, prfdlrfey ko tcj jxpjomfturj sfmj.

]cj jxpjrfjogj cls ijjo dfxjm, wftc dkst foftfltfvjs hlfefob tk ijgkdj

plrt kh tcj fostftutfkole hlirfg.

Oktjs

<. Lustrlefl wls tcj hfrst gkuotry tk fotrkmugj bjomjr sjosftfvj iumbjtfob, fo

<63= (Ejlmijttjr 9>>7).

9. ―Rclt fs gejlr fs tclt tcjrj fs ok sugc tcfob ls l bjomjr-ojutrle bkvjrodjot

iumbjt. Hkr fostlogj, guttfob ilga ko gejlo wltjr spjomfob dly mfsprkpkr-

tfkoltjey clrd wkdjo lom bfres ijglusj tcjy typfgleey ijlr tcj tfdj lom

pcysfgle iurmjo kh prkvfmfob gejlo wltjr tk ckusjckems wcjo ft fs okt rjlmfey

lvlfeliej. Wfdfelrey, fogrjlsfob sgckke hjjs dly mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey rjmugj bfres‖

kppkrtuoftfjs tk lttjom sgckke, ùst ls rjmugfob l tlx grjmft hkr gcfem-glrj

jxpjosjs dly mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey iurmjo wkdjo, wck lrj rjspkosfiej hkr tcj

brjltjr sclrj kh gcfem-rjlrfob lgtfvftfjs— (Wtktsay 9>>2, <=).

7. Wektsay lesk oktjs tclt dloy fomfrjgt tlxjs dly ij iflsjm lblfost djo. Jxgfsj

tlxjs ko legkcke, tkilggk, lom bldiefob lhhjgt dlej-mkdfoltjm lgtfvftfjs.

<:> Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy



Ifiefkbrlpcy

Iumejomjr, M., lom B. Cjwftt, jms. 9>>9. Bjomjr Iumbjts Dlaj Dkrj Gjots0Gkuotry Wtumfjs lom Bkkm ^rlgtfgj. Ekomko0 Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt.

Jesko, M. 9>>9l. ―Bjomjr Yjspkosfvj Iumbjt Foftfltfvjs0 Wkdj Ajy Mfdjosfkos

lom ^rlgtfgle Jxldpejs.— ^lpjr prjsjotjm lt tcj gkohjrjogj ko ―Bjomjr

Iumbjts, Hfologfle Dlrajts, Hfologfob hkr Mjvjekpdjot,— Cjforfgc-Ikjee

Hkuomltfko, Ijrefo, Hjirulry <6‗9>.

”””. 9>>9i. ―Fotjbrltfob Bjomjr fotk Bkvjrodjot Iumbjts wftcfo l Gkotjxt

kh Jgkokdfg Yjhkrd.— Fo Bjomjr Iumbjts Dlaj Gjots0 Zomjrstlomfob Bjomjr

Yjspkosfvj Iumbjts, jm. M. Iumejomjr, M. Jesko, B. Cjwftt, lom ].

Duackplmcyly. Ekomko0 Gkddkowjletc Wjgrjtlrflt.

Aelsjo, W. <66=. ―–Dfssfob Rkdjo Yjgkosfmjrjm.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot 99 (2)0

<>8<‗2<.

Ejlmijttjr, C. 9>>7. Bjomjr Iumbjtfob. Rclt Fs Ft; Mjplrtdjot hkr Fotjroltfkole

Mjvjekpdjot, Ekomko. cttp0//www.mhfm.bkv.ua/likutmhfm/krblofsltfko/

phdl/phdl-bjomjr-iumbjt.pmh.

Yld, D. 9>>9. ―]cj Bjomjr Fdpefgltfkos kh ûiefg Wjgtkr Mkwosfzfob0 ]cj

Yjhkrd ^rkbrld kh Xfjtold.— Rkrem Iloa Yjsjlrgc Kisjrvjr <2 (9)0 <82‗36.

Wlco, M. J., lom W. M. Vkuobjr 9>>7. ―Jstfdltfob tcj Fogfmjogj kh Fomfrjgt ]lxjs

fo Mjvjekpfob Gkuotrfjs.— Fo ]cj Fdplgt kh Jgkokdfg ^kefgfjs ko ^kvjrty lom

Fogkdj Mfstrfiutfko0 Jvleultfko ]jgcofqujs lom ]kkes, jm. H. Ikurbufboko lom

E. L. ^jrjfrl ml Wfevl. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss hkr tcj Rkrem Iloa.

Wlrrlh, H. 9>>7. ―Bjomjr Yjspkosfvj Bkvjrodjot Iumbjtfob.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr

R^/>7/37, Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.

Wjo, B. 9>>>. ―Bjomjr Dlfostrjldfob fo Hfologj Dfofstrfjs.— Rkrem Mjvjekpdjot

93 (2)0 <726‗6>.

Wtktsay, @. 9>>8. ―Bjomjr Iumbjtfob.— FDH Rkrafob ^lpjr R^/>8/979,Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom, Rlscfobtko, MG.

”””. 9>>2. ―Iumbjtfob wftc Rkdjo fo Dfom.— Hfologj lom Mjvjekpdjot == (9)0

<9‗<:.

]curkw, E. G. <62<. ―]cj Fogkdj Mfstrfiutfko ls l ûrj ûiefg Bkkm.— \ulrtjrey

@kurole kh Jgkokdfgs 3: (9)0 792‗78.

Zoftjm Oltfkos. <66:. Yjpkrt kh tcj Hkurtc Rkrem Gkohjrjogj ko Rkdjo, Ijf`fob,

Wjptjdijr =‗<:. Zoftjm Oltfkos0 Ojw Vkra.

Rkrem Iloa. 9>><. Jobjomjrfob Mjvjekpdjot”tcrkubc Bjomjr Jqulefty fo Yfbcts,Yjskurgjs, lom Xkfgj. Ojw Vkra0 Kxhkrm Zofvjrsfty ^rjss.

Vkuobjr, W. M. <666. ―]cj Yjeltfvj ^rkbrjssfvfty kh Wkgfle Wjrvfgjs fo Jgulmkr.—

ûiefg Hfologj Yjvfjw 92 (7)0 7<>‗:9.

Bjomjr Iumbjtfob <:<





<:7<:7

]cfs vkeudj prkvfmjs l hrldjwkra hkr gkosfmjrfob tcj fotjrsjgtfko kh

bjomjr rjeltfkos lom dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy0 jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs.

]cj sui`jgt wls hfrst irklgcjm koey rjgjotey1 tcfs vkeudj prjsjots tcj

prkbrjss tclt cls ijjo dlmj fo l hjw yjlrs. ]cj loleysfs fs tfdjey bfvjo

tcj hkgus ko Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot Bkle 7 (DMB 7), wcfgc mjles

wftc prkdktfob bjomjr jqulefty lom jdpkwjrfob wkdjo.

]cj lfd kh tcfs gclptjr fs twkhkem. Hfrst, ft prjsjots l suddlry kh tcj

prjgjmfob jfbct gclptjrs, krblofzjm lrkuom hkur tcjdjs. Wjgkom, wj oktjtcrkubckut tcj ikka tclt mltl lom mfsgussfko wjrj okt suhhfgfjotey mjvje-

kpjm fo l oudijr kh ajy lrjls. Rj tcjrjhkrj gkogeumj tcfs vkeudj iy sub-

bjstfob kppkrtuoftfjs hkr huturj rjsjlrgc.

Hkur tcjdjs wjrj gkosfmjrjm fo tcfs vkeudj. ]cj hfrst gkogjros tcj

jstliefscdjot kh l ilgabrkuom hkr jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs”tcj

wcy lom ckw kh tcj sui`jgt. Rj lrbuj tclt bjomjr fs l vlefm loleytfgle glt-

jbkry fo jgkokdfgs lom tclt dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy wkuem ij joclogjm

iy tlafob ft fotk gkosfmjrltfko. Rj sckwjm tclt sfogj tcj <62>s dlgrk-jgkokdfg mjvjekpdjot cls lhhjgtjm djo lom wkdjo mfhhjrjotey fo tcj

mjvjekpfob wkrem. Gkotfoufob wftc dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgfjs tclt lrj bjo-

mjr iefom fs fojhhfgfjot, ijglusj mkfob sk rjtlrms brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot

okw lom fo tcj huturj.

G C L ^ ] J Y 6

Gkogeusfko





gkeeltjrle, jmugltfko, lom safees. Koj foftfltfvj tclt cls cjepjm fogrjlsj

lggjss tk hfologj hkr tcj pkkr lom hkr wkdjo fo plrtfguelr fs dfgrkhf-

ologj. Wkdj stumfjs lesk grjmft ft wftc jdpkwjrfob wkdjo wftcfo tcjfr

gkdduoftfjs lom ckusjckems. ]cj hkurtc tcjdj gkosfmjrjm tcj gkoojg-

tfkos ijtwjjo bjomjr rjeltfkos lom iumbjtfob. Rj oktjm tcj gkogjro

jxprjssjm fo tcj eftjrlturj lom fo pkefgy gfrgejs rjblrmfob tcj bjomjr-iefom

olturj kh dkst bkvjrodjot pkefgfjs. Rj lesk mfsgussjm tcj prkbrjss tclt

cls ijjo dlmj fo tcfs lrjl lom jxpekrjm bjomjr fojquleftfjs tclt gkotfouj

tk jxfst fo ajy skgfle, jgkokdfg, lom pkeftfgle fomfgltkrs. Bjomjr-rjspkosfvj

bkvjrodjot iumbjtfob fs l rjeltfvjey ojw gkostrugt lom l grftfgle gkdpk-

ojot kh bjomjr dlfostrjldfob, tcj bekile strltjby hkr prkdktfob bjomjrjqulefty.

Jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs rjdlfos l wkra fo prkbrjss. Mjspftj sfb-

ofhfglot rjsjlrgc ko tcj fotjrrjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo wkdjo‖s jdpkwjr-

djot lom jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot, tcjrj fs l ojjm hkr hurtcjr

loleysfs. ^jrsfstjot bjomjr fojquleftfjs”plrtfguelrey fo mjvjekpfob

jgkokdfjs lom wftc rjspjgt tk elikr dlrajt fomfgltkrs”rjprjsjot l irlaj

ko jgkokdfg brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot. Rkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot pkefgfjs

ojjm tk ij dfomhue kh ckusjckem myoldfgs lom tcjfr irklmjr dlgrkjgk-okdfg fdplgt. Fosuhhfgfjot lttjotfko cls ijjo mfrjgtjm tk tcjsj fssujs.

Dugc cls ijjo dlmj kh tcj fdprkvjdjots fo gcfem wjehlrj stjddfob

hrkd wkdjo‖s jdpkwjrdjot wftcfo tcj ckusjckem”ùstfhfliey sk. Iut

dugc rjdlfos tk ij ejlrojm likut tcj rkej kh ktcjr glusle hlgtkrs, sugc ls

plrjots‖ jmugltfko ejvje1 tcj ekobjvfty kh fdprkvjdjots1 lom tcjfr fdpef-

gltfkos hkr brkwtc lom mjvjekpdjot.

Rj oktjm tclt fo dloy pkkr ckusjckems, djo dlaj tcj cjletc glrj

spjomfob mjgfsfkos hkr tcjfr wfvjs. Vjt wj mk okt aokw fh tcjrj fs l gluslerjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo kvjrlee oltfkole cjletc kutgkdjs lom gkotrke kvjr

spjomfob ko cjletc. ]cj sldj qujstfko lrfsjs wftc rjspjgt tk kvjrlee

oltfkole slvfobs vjrsus bjomjr gkotrke kh slvfobs mjgfsfkos. Iktc lrjls

rjqufrj hurtcjr rjsjlrgc.

Dkst stumfjs ko bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs fo slvfobs hkgus ko mjvjekpjm

gkuotrfjs. Iy gkotrlst, vjry efttej fohkrdltfko ko bjomjr-ilsjm mfhhjrjogjs

fo slvfobs fs lvlfeliej ko mjvjekpfob jgkokdfjs. ]cj elga kh fohkrdltfko

cls fdpefgltfkos hkr wkdjo‖s lggjss tk hfologj lom tcjfr lifefty tk ikrrkw.

Dkrj fohkrdltfko lom ijttjr loleysfs kh tcj fohkrdltfko lerjlmy lvlfeliejlrj ojjmjm.

Yjsjlrgc cls jstliefscjm tclt tcj cfbc fogkdj jelstfgfty kh mjdlom hkr

jmugltfko lom cjletc glrj ldkob wkdjo lom bfres fdpefjs tclt jgkokdfg

prkspjrfty wkuem mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ijojhft tcjd iy jxplomfob tcjfr

Gkogeusfko <::



lggjss tk tcjsj sjrvfgjs1 rjgjssfkos clvj l mfsprkpkrtfkoltjey ojbltfvj

jhhjgt. Lmmftfkole rjsjlrgc fo tcfs lrjl fs wkrtc pursufob.

Fo dloy glsjs, lssjssfob tcj sckrt- lom ekob-tjrd jhhjgts kh pkefgfjs

lfdjm lt jdpkwjrdjot fs stydfjm iy fosuhhfgfjot kr pkkr-qulefty mltl.

Letckubc suistlotfle prkbrjss fo mltl gkdpfeltfko cls ijjo dlmj, dloy

qujstfkos rjdlfo uoloswjrjm. ]cj Bjomjr-rjeltjm Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx

(BMF) lom tcj Bjomjr Jdpkwjrdjot Djlsurj (BJD) fomfgltkrs gkd-

pfejm iy tcj Zoftjm Oltfkos clvj ijjo grftfgfzjm ko sjvjrle brkuoms. Hkr

jxldpej, tcj BMF hlfes tk rjhejgt dloy mjvjekpdjot-rjeltjm prkiejds

hlgjm iy wkdjo, sugc ls lggjss tk outrftfko, ckusfob, lom gektcfob. Ft lesk

hlfes tk mfhhjrjotfltj ijtwjjo djo‖s lom wkdjo‖s mfspksliej fogkdjs.]cjsj grftfgfsds prkvfmj lrjls hkr hurtcjr rjsjlrgc. Huturj fovjstfbltfko

gkuem hkgus ko lmùstfob tcj BMF hkr fomfvfmule mfspksliej fogkdjs lom

prkiejds hlgjm iy wkdjo. ]cj BJD cls ijjo grftfgfzjm hkr usfob fotjr-

oltfkole mltl1 oltfkole mltl wkuem ijttjr rjhejgt tcj rjlefty ko tcj brkuom.

Gkeejgtfob lom loleyzfob sugc mltl rjprjsjot lrjls hkr huturj rjsjlrgc.

Dkrj irklmey, mkdjstfg wkra lom gcfem-rjeltjm lgtfvftfjs lrj elrbjey

uolggkuotjm hkr fo oltfkole fogkdj stltfstfgs, dlafob ft clrm tk fotjrprjt

grkss-gkuotry brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt stltfstfgs fo tjrds kh kvjrlee wjehlrj.Huturj rjsjlrgc hkgusfob ko wlys tk lggkuot hkr wkdjo‖s uoplfm wkra

wkuem ij cjephue fo lmmrjssfob tcjsj sckrtgkdfobs. Koj dust ijlr fo

dfom, ckwjvjr, tclt mltl gkdpfeltfko fs jxpjosfvj, fo tjrds kh iktc tfdj

lom rjskurgjs1 bltcjrfob mltl hkr fts kwo slaj fs okt gkst-jhhjgtfvj.

]cj eftjrlturj ko bjomjr rjeltfkos lom lggjss tk hfologj gkuem ij hlr

ijttjr mjvjekpjm. Dkst grkss-gkuotry mltlilsjs mk okt trlga bjomjr fo

iloafob sjrvfgjs, cldpjrfob rjsjlrgc fo tcfs fdpkrtlot lrjl. Huturj

rjsjlrgc gkuem hkgus ko dkrj systjdltfg jxpekrltfko kh bjomjr mfsgrfdf-oltfko fo tcj grjmft dlrajt lom mjvjekpdjot kh grkss-gkuotry mltlilsjs

tclt trlga bjomjr fo iloafob sjrvfgjs.

]k gkogeumj, gurrjot mltl lom rjskurgj gkostrlfots ejlvj dugc rkkd

hkr hrufthue rjsjlrgc. Dloy kh tcj jdpkwjrdjot stumfjs lrj ilsjm ko glsj

stumfjs. Letckubc tcjsj stumfjs clvj ijjo ijojhfgfle fo subbjstfob gkrrj-

eltfkos, tcjy lrj rjstrfgtjm iy tfdj lom pelgj. Yjgjot wkra fo mjvjekp-

djot jgkokdfgs usfob rlomkdfzjm gkotrke trfles dly prkvj fdpkrtlot hkr

jobjomjrfob dlgrkjgkokdfgs. Letckubc sugc trfles lrj okt wftckut tcjfr

grftfgs, tcjfr djtckmkekby lppjlrs tlfekr-dlmj tk lmmrjss dloy kh tcjfdpkrtlot bjomjr-ilsjm qujstfkos tclt rjdlfo uoloswjrjm.

<:8 Bjomjr lom Dlgrkjgkokdfg kefgy





Ikefvfljmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :2, :3

okolbrfgueturle wlbj wkra, jdpekydjot kh wkdjo fo, <>: h

Iksjrup, J., 3, 86, 2>‗2<IYLG (Ilobelmjsc Yurle Lmvlogjdjot

Gkddfttjj), <93‗<96Irlzfe

jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :2hfologj, ijojhfts kh fdprkvfob

wkdjo‖s lggjss tk, <92okolbrfgueturle wlbj wkra, jdpekydjot

kh wkdjo fo, <>: h

IYFMBJ, 7=Irugj, @., 8Iugcdlo, G., 27iumbjtfob. Wjj bjomjr iumbjtfobIumejomjr, M., <=:iuhhjr cypktcjsfs, <<9Iurafol Hlsk, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo gkotrke

kh lbrfgueturle rjskurgjs fo, <7, 3<o<Iuruomf, lbrfgueturle wkrajrs fo, <>3o7

G

Âlb˓ltly, O., 2, 3, <8, <2o<, 7:‗78Gldjrkko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo gkotrke

kh lbrfgueturle rjskurgjs fo, <7Glolmflo Fotjroltfkole Mjvjekpdjot

Lbjogy (GFML), 7:Glrfiijlo. Wjj Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom

Glrfiijlo, lom spjgfhfg gkuotrfjsgltjbkry kh jgkokdfg loleysfs, bjomjr ls, 8‗2Gjotrle Lsfl. Wjj Jlstjro Jurkpj lom

Gjotrle Lsfl, lom spjgfhfg gkuotrfjsgcfemrjogkosudptfko plttjros lom bjomjr, :9‗:=hfologj, ijojhfts kh fdprkvfob wkdjo‖s

lggjss tk, <98 h, <92, <7=o9dltjrole jmugltfko lom fogkdj,

ijojhfts kh, <<Gcfol

mjgkeejgtfvfzltfko pjrfkm fo, <<9kutskurgfob tk, <<9

Gcrfstflofty lom bjomjr, 28

GFW (Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs). Wjj Jlstjro Jurkpj lomGjotrle Lsfl

Gkeefjr, ^., 33Gkddkowjletc kh Fomjpjomjot Wtltjs

(GFW). Wjj Jlstjro Jurkpj lomGjotrle Lsfl

gkomftfkole glsc trloshjrs hkr jmugltfkokh bfres, :2

gkosudptfko plttjros lom bjomjr,:<‗:3, :=‗::t

Gkrejy, D., 66Gýtj m‖Fvkfrj, jmugltfko lom bjomjr

fo, :8, :3grjmft. Wjj hfologj, bjomjr lom lggjss tk

M

mltlilsjs hkr djlsurfob bjomjr fojqulefty,97, 98, 93‗7:, 73‗=:, <:8

Mjltko, L., =6, :8mjgkeejgtfvfzltfko pjrfkm fo Gcfol, <<9Mjdkbrlpcfg lom Cjletc Wurvjys (MCW),

ZOFGJH, :>‗:<Mjodlra. Wjj Wglomfolvflmjvjekpdjot lom bjomjr. Wjj jgkokdfg

brkwtc lom bjomjr fssujsMCW (Mjdkbrlpcfg lom Cjletc Wurvjys),

ZOFGJH, :>‗:<mfsgkurlbjm wkrajrs, 68, <>2o9M`fikutf, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo

jmugltfko fo, :3Mkeelr, M., 88, 2=‗22, 26‗3>, 3<o8mkdjstfg prkmugtfko, uoplfm

djlsurjdjot lom vleultfko kh,:‗=8o<‗9, 9:, 98‗92

wkdjo‖s EH^Y lhhjgtjm iy rjspkosfifeftyhkr, 36, <>=‗<>:

Mrlpjr, J., 29Murrlot, X., 86‗27, 26Mwyjr, M., 8

J

Jlst Lsfl lom ^lgfhfg. Wjj leskspjgfhfg gkuotrfjs

jmugltfko, bjomjr fojqulefty fo, <=bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo, <<3bekilefzltfko fo, <<<EH^Y fo, 6<‗67sjgtkrle jdpekydjot kh wkdjo

fo, <>9, <>7, <>=trlmj efijrlefzltfko lom elikr

dlrajt fo, <<=uojdpekydjot rltjs fo, 62, 63wlbj rltjs fo, <><

Jlstjro Jurkpj lom Gjotrle Lsfl. Wjj leskspjgfhfg gkuotrfjs

jotrjprjojurscfp, bjomjr fojqulefty fo, <7bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo, <<3

<:3 Fomjx







BFM (Bjomjr, Fostftutfkos, lomMjvjekpdjot) mltlilsj, KJGM,

97, 77‗7:, 7= h, 7: h Befga, ^., :8bekilefzltfko, 7, <<<‗<9=

mjhfojm, <<<hfologfle grfsfs kh 9>>2‗>6 lom,

<<‗<9>, <<6t elikr dlrajt lom, <<9‗<<7dfbrltfko hkr purpksjs kh jdpekydjot,

36, 6> h, <<7, <<= h trlmj efijrlefzltfko lom, <<<,

<<7‗<<=, <<:t, <<8 h, <9<

wlbj rltjs, <<=‗<<2BO . Wjj brkss oltfkole prkmugt Bkemijrb, Efoml, <<2Brldjjo Iloa, <93‗<96, <7<BYGI (bjomjr-rjspkosfvj bkvjrodjot

iumbjtfob), <=>. Wjj lesk bjomjriumbjtfob

Brjjo Yjvkeutfko, <<9brkss mkdjstfg prkmugt (BM^)

hfologj, ijojhfts kh fdprkvfobwkdjo‖s lggjss tk, <93

fohkrdle sjgtkr jdpekydjot lspjrgjotlbj kh, <<9

rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj kh, <<3trlmj efijrlefzltfko lom, <<<wlbj rltjs lom, <<8

brkss oltfkole prkmugt (BO^)lvjrlbj lgtule lom gkuotjrhlgtule

looule brkwtc, <= h jmugltfkole lttlfodjot kh wkdjo

lom, 2:‗8:, 2: h, 28t

fogeusfko kh uoplfm mkdjstfgprkmugt fo, 9:Brkwo, G., <8, <2o<Bultjdlel

jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :8okolbrfgueturle wlbj wkra,

jdpekydjot kh wkdjofo, <>: h

Buylol, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbjkh BM^ fo, <<3

C

Clmmlm, E., :>Clfejeue, W., 79Clftf, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj

kh BM^ fo, <<3Clrmfob, W., 8

CMF (Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx), 97,7>‗7< h, =8o:

CMY (Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt)(ZOM^, <66:), 96‗7>, 79

cjletcgcfem cjletc lom dltjrole jmugltfko,

rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo, <<gkosudptfko plttjros lom bjomjr,

:9‗:=, :8hfologj, ijojhfts kh fdprkvfob wkdjo‖s

lggjss tk, <98 h bjomjr fojqulefty lhhjgtfob, <9bekile hfologfle grfsfs lhhjgtfob, <<3

cfbc fogkdj jelstfgfty kh mjdlomhkr, <::‗<:8

ckusjckem gkotrke kvjr spjomfob ko, <::efhj jxpjgtlogy/dkrtlefty rltjs iy

bjomjr, <9, 97, 9=t, :3, 83,2=, 28t, 22

djlsurfob rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjojqule kppkrtuofty lom jgkokdfgbrkwtc, 97, 9=t

Cjwftt, B., <=:Cfee, L., <7Cfomufsd lom bjomjr, 22CFX/LFMW lom bjomjr fojqulefty, <9, <=7t Ckmmfoktt, @., :>Ckomurls, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj

kh BM^ fo, <<3ckusjckems

gkdpksftfko lom myoldfgs,=6‗:<, :<‗:7 h

jgkokdfg uofts, rjgkbofzjm ls, 8hfologj, wkdjo‖s stltus lom

lggjss tk, <92cjletc, ckusjckem gkotrke kvjrspjomfob ko, <::

OCJ, <, 8, <8, 9:, :>Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Fomjx (CMF),

97, 7>‗7< h, =8o:Cudlo Mjvjekpdjot Yjpkrt (CMY)

(ZOM^, <66:), 96‗7>, 79Cudlol, G., 83

F

Fgjelom. Wjj WglomfolvflFGEW (Fotjroltfkole Gkohjrjogj kh Elikr

Wtltfstfgflos), 92FMW (Fostftutj hkr Mjvjekpdjot Wtumfjs), 7=FHG (Fotjroltfkole Hfologj

Gkrpkrltfko), <7>

Fomjx <8<



FH^YF (Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy YjsjlrgcFostftutj), :9

FEK. Wjj Fotjroltfkole Elikur KrblofzltfkoFDH (Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom), 88Fomfl

jgkokdfg brkwtc lom bjomjrfssujs fo, 22‗23

jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjsfo, ::, :8, :2, :3

bjomjr iumbjtfob fo, <=2t Brjjo Yjvkeutfko fo, <<9kutskurgfob tk, <<9

fomfbjokus pjkpejs

jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :8okolbrfgueturle wlbj wkra, jdpekydjot

kh wkdjo fo, <>: h Fomkojsfl

ckusjckem myoldfgs fo, :<dfbrltfko hrkd, <<7

fomustrfle sjgtkr, bjomjr lom jdpekydjot fo, <><, <>9

fohkrdle sjgtkr jdpekydjot, 92, 93t,=:o<, =8o7, <<9, <<2, <9<o<

Fostftutj hkr Mjvjekpdjot Wtumfjs (FMW), 7=Fotjroltfkole Gkohjrjogj kh Elikr

Wtltfstfgflos (FGEW), 92Fotjroltfkole Hfologj Gkrpkrltfko

(FHG), <7>Fotjroltfkole Hkkm ^kefgy Yjsjlrgc

Fostftutj (FH^YF), :9Fotjroltfkole Elikur Krblofzltfko (FEK)

ko jmugltfko lom lggjss tkelikr dlrajt, 67

ko bjomjrjm mfvfsfko kh elikr, 36

ko bekile hfologfle grfsfs, <<3ko EH^Y, 67KJGM BFM mltlilsj lom, 7=ko YKWGLs, <7>ko stltus kh jdpekydjot, <>:ko uojdpekydjot rltjs, 68uoplfm mkdjstfg prkmugtfko,

vleultfko kh, 9:ko wlbj rltjs, 66

Fotjroltfkole Dkojtlry Huom (FDH), 88Fseld lom bjomjr, 28, 26

@

@ldlfgl, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbjkh BM^ fo, <<3

@krmlo, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbjkh BM^ fo, <<3

@õttfob, @. ^., 2>

A

Alaud Yurle Iloa, Bclol, <77Ajoyl

lbrfgueturle rjskurgjs, bjomjrfojquleftfjs fo gkotrkekh, <7, 3<o<

jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :3hfologfob

bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfko fo, <77dfgrkgrjmft fo, <79prkvfmjrs kh, <7>

elikr dlrajt, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, 33

Ajoyl Rkdjo Hfologj ]rust (ARH]), <79Aclomajr, W. Y., <93Afob, J., <7Afobmko, B. B., ::Akrzjofjwfgz, Y. ^., 86‗27, 26ARH] (Ajoyl Rkdjo Hfologj ]rust), <79Ayrbyz Yjpuiefg, elikr dlrajt, bjomjr

fojquleftfjs fo, 36

E

elikr dlrajt, 7, 32‗<>6, <:=mjvjekpjm lom mjvjekpfob gkuotrfjs,

fmjotfhyfob bjomjr mfsgrfdfoltfkofo, 3<o9

jmugltfko lom, <<, 33‗36, 67‗68, 67t,6= h, 6: h, 6:t

jdpekyjrs, wkdjo ls, <7 h jotrjprjojurscfp, bjomjr fojqulefty fo,

<7 h, <9:, <77‗<7=jxfstjogj kh lom rjlskos hkr bjomjr

fojqulefty fo, 33‗36

jxpkrts, jgkokdfg brkwtc,lom bjomjr, 23‗26,<<=, <<:t, <<8 h

bjomjrjm mfvfsfko kh elikr, 32‗33, 36bekilefzltfko lom, <<9‗<<7fdpefgltfkos kh bjomjr fojqulefty fo, <9fohkrdle sjgtkr, 92, 93t, =:o<, =8o7,

<<9, <<2, <9<o<dfbrltfko hkr purpksjs kh, 36, 6> h,

<<7, <<= h, <<3‗<9>plrtfgfpltfko rltjs, 6>‗67, 6< h, 6<t, 69t

pkpueltfko/jdpekydjot rltfks, 63, 66 h sjgtkrle loleysfs kh, <><‗<>=, <>9 h,

<>7t, <>= h, <>: h stltus kh jdpekydjot, <>=‗<>2, <>8t trlmj efijrlefzltfko lhhjgtfob,

<<<, <<7‗<<=uojdpekydjot rltjs, 68‗63, 68 h, 62t,

63 h, 66t, <<3‗<9>, <<6t

<89 Fomjx



uoplfm mkdjstfg prkmugtfkodjlsurjdjot lom vleultfko kh,

:‗=8o<‗9, 9:, 98‗92wkdjo‖s EH^Y lhhjgtjm iy

rjspkosfifefty hkr, 36, <>=‗<>:wlbj rltjs, 23‗26, 66‗<><,

<>> h, <<=‗<<2ykutc uojdpekydjot, 62‗63, 63 h

Eldpfjttf, @. L., :3Elk ^jkpej‖s Mjdkgrltfg Yjpuiefg, bjomjr

fojquleftfjs fo jmugltfko fo, :8, :3Eltfo Ldjrfgl lom Glrfiijlo. Wjj lesk

spjgfhfg gkuotrfjs

jgkokdfg brkwtc lom bjomjr fo, 22,26, 3<o2

hfologfob, ijojhfts kh wkdjo‖slggjss tk, <7=o9

bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo, <<3EH^Y fo, 6<‗69dfbrltfko hrkd, <<7sjgtkrle jdpekydjot kh wkdjo fo, <>9uojdpekydjot rltjs fo, 62, 63

Ejiloko, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbjkh BM^ fo, <<3

Ejsktckjmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :3rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj kh BM^ fo, <<3

Ejwfs, D. L., :8‗:2EH^Y (elikr hkrgj plrtfgfpltfko rltj),

6>‗67, 6< h, 6<t, 69t efhj jxpjgtlogy/dkrtlefty rltjs iy bjomjr,

<9, 97, 9=t, :3, 83, 2=, 28t, 22eftjrlgy rltjs, 67‗6=, 6= h Ekgacjjm, D. J., :8‗:2

D

dlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy. Wjj bjomjr lomdlgrkjgkokdfg pkefgy

Dlmlblsglr, jmugltfko lom bjomjr fo, :3dlfostrjldfob bjomjr, 9, 92, 77,

=8o=, <76‗<=>Dlàl, E., 29Dlelwf

jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :3

hfologj, wkdjo‖s stltus lomlggjss tk, <92

ckusjckem myoldfgs fo, :<Dlrgclom, D. C., 2>dlrftle rfbcts lom jgkokdfg

brkwtc, 2:, 28t, 22Dlurftlofl, jmugltfko lom bjomjr fo, :3DgGelhhjrty, I., :9, :=

DMBs (Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot Bkles),xff, 7, <=, 33, 67, <>7, <>3o:,

<:7, <:=djlsurfob bjomjr fojqulefty, 9, 9<‗=3

mltlilsjs hkr, 97, 98, 93‗7:, 73‗=:, <:8mfslbbrjbltfko kh mltl, 9:‗98, 7:‗78bjomjr stltfstfgs, gkogjpt kh, 98‗92, 93t djtckms hkr jobjomjrfob

dlgrkjgkokdfgdkmjes, 7:‗78, 72t

rjlskos hkr, 9<‗98, 99 h, 9=t rjeltfkoscfp ijtwjjo jqule kppkrtuofty

lom jgkokdfg brkwtc, 99‗97,

99 h, 9=t uoplfm mkdjstfg prkmugtfko, 9:,

98‗92, =:‗=8o<‗9Djxfgk

jmugltfko, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo, :2bjomjr iumbjtfob fo, <=:

dfgrkgrjmft, <9:‗<98, <7>‗<79Dfgrkgrjmft Wuddft Gldplfbo, <7<Dfmmej Jlst lom Okrtc Lhrfgl. Wjj lesk

spjgfhfg gkuotrfjsjmugltfko, bjomjr fojqulefty

fo, <7‗<=, <2o=jotrjprjojurscfp, bjomjr

fojqulefty fo, <7hfologfob, prkvfmjrs kh, <7>bekile hfologfle grfsfs fo, <<3CMF fo, 79EH^Y fo, 6<‗69eftjrlgy rltjs, 6=sjgtkrle jdpekydjot kh wkdjo

fo, <>9, <>=

uojdpekydjot rltjs fo, 62, 63dfbrltfko hkr purpksjs kh jdpekydjot, 36,6> h, <<7, <<= h, <<3‗<9>

Dfeejoofud Mjvjekpdjot Bkles (DMBs),xff, 7, <=, 33, 67, <>7,<>3o:, <:7, <:=

Dfogjr, @., 8Dkemkvl, rjdfttlogjs ls pjrgjotlbj

kh BM^ fo, <<3Dkobkefl, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo

jmugltfko fo, :3

Dkotfje, ^. @., :6Dkkrj, B., 29Dkrkggk, bjomjr fojquleftfjs fo

jmugltfko fo, :3Dkrrfsko, L., <7>, <79, <77dkrtlefty rltjs/efhj jxpjgtlogy

iy bjomjr, <9, 97, 9=t, :3,83, 2=, 28t, 22

Fomjx <87















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Gender and Macroeconomic Policy