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Inflammation
Signs of acute inflammation
1. Heat (Calor)
2. Redness (Rubor)
3. Swelling (Tumor)
4. Pain (Dolor)
5. Loss of function
(Functio laesa)
Microscopic view showing vascular dilation, edema and leukocytic infiltrate
Acute inflammation shows (1) the submucosa contains dilated &congested capillaries (thick arrow).(2)The interstitial connective tissue is pale &edematous due to the presence of inflammatory exudate(3)Polymorphs(double arrow) arevisible within capillaries(margination) , as well as in thesubmucosa & within the surfacestratified squamous epithelium (migration).
Acute inflammation of the conjunctiva showing swelling and
redness of both eyelids
Microscopic view showing showing
congested blood vessels with interstitial
edema and acute inflammatory cells
infiltration. مهمه كثيير
Microscopic view showing severe acute inflammation (neutrophilic exudate)
leukocytic cells margination in a dilated congested blood vessel
مهم عنها وحكت عليها الدكتورة ركزت Macrophage
Phagocytosis of cells shows numerous very large phagocytic cells (thin arrow ), the nuclei of which are very large, pale (thick A) &
in their abundant cytoplasm are many ingested pyknotic, necrotic cells &lymphocytes (Double arrow ).
Acute lymphadenitis
Acute lymphangitis
Photographic view showingacute lymphadenitisi.e. inflammed draininglymph vessels كثيير مهمة
الصورة هاي
Acute lymphadenitis.Inflammation of the draininglymph nodes to site of injury.
Serous inflammation
Skin blister
Serous inflammation: Sub epidermal bullous. Theepidermis is separated from the dermis by a focal collection of serous effusion.
Skin blisters following burnGross view of bilateral pleural clear serous fluid , example of serous inflammation
Fibrinous inflammation
Fibrinous pericarditis.
Deposits of fibrin on
the pericardium.
Pink meshwork of fibrin
exudate (F), overlies
pericardial surface(P).
Uraemic pericarditis: heart.
Fibrinouspericarditis.
The epicardial surface is
covered with grey-white strands
of fibrin some of which appear
contracted& white as a result of
organization (so-called, bread &
butter appearance).
Gross view of chronic fibrinouspericarditis, showing bread & butter appearance .
Suppurative inflammation
Purulent meningitis. The under surface of the brain is shown . A thick green purulent exudate
(Pus) fills thesubarachnoid space over the brain-stem & cerebellum. The patient had acute
meningitis caused by staphylococcusaureus.
Purulent exudate
Acute suppurative tonsilitis , the tonsils
being covered by whitish yellowish
material (pus)Skin pustule (abscess) composed mainly of neutrophils
Microscopic view of Purulent inflammation.A.Multiple bacterial abscesses in the lung(arrows) in a case of bronchopneumonia.B, The abscess contains neutrophils + cellular debris=Pus, is surrounded by congested blood vessels.
Membranous or Pseudo-membranousinflammation
Membranous
inflammation seen in
Diphtheria
Pseudo-membranous colitis
Microscopic view of pseudo-membranous colitis: mushroom-like membrane
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Macrophage
Eosinophil
A,
Chronic lung inflammation, showing collection
of chronic inflammatory cells (asterisk) +
destruction of parenchyma (normal alveoli are
replaced by spaces lined by cubical
epithelium, arrowheads), + fibrosis
B,
Acute bronchopneumonia .
Showing neutrophils filling the alveolar spaces
with congested blood vessels
Chronic colitis showing dense lympho-plasmacytic infiltrate
Lymphocytes ( Red & blue arrows). Histiocyte(macrophage) (Green arrow)
Macrophages:The section shows mainly very large activated macrophages, each with a single vesicular nucleus & abundant granular & vacuolated cytoplasm. Some macrophages contain ingested RBC, polymorphs & cell fragments (Thick arrow). Neutrophils seen ( thin arrow) .
Plasma cells
Eosinophil
Granulomatous inflammation
pattern of chronic inflammation.
Composed of multinucleated giant cells surrounded by epithelioid histiocytes and lymphocytes.
Multinucleated giant cells
Foreign body type giant cell granuloma around sutures
Caseating tuberculous granuloma showing central caseous necrosis (pink) with peripheral epithelioid cells & Langhans giant cells (arrows), with lymphocytes & fibrosisمهمة وايد وايد وايد
Chronic brain abscess ,its inner wall of is covered with grayish-green pus .The abscess is enclosed by a fibrous capsule , the brownish rim is a granulation tissue (arrows).
Ulcer
It is a localized loss of epithelial surface (skin or GI lining).
Ex: Aphthus ulcer.
Gummatous ulcer (syphilis) : A large ,deep ulcer of the abdominal
wall skin. The ulcer base is covered by a necrotic slough.
Morphology of an ulcer .A, gross appearance of
chronic duodenal ulcer.
B, Low power viewOf the ulcer crater (pit) with an acute inflammatory exudatein the base.
Chronic gastric ulcer هاي الصورة كثيير مهمة
TB ulcer: ileum A circumferential ulcer . Contraction of the ulcer scar tissue may produce a localized stricture, with intestinal obstruction, and dilatation of the proximal segment (right of the figure). هاي الصورة مهمة كمان
Bronchial mucosa showing basement membrane(arrows)
Renal glomerulus showing basement membrane (pink colored)
Tissue repair
From residual uninjured cells or stem cells
Liver cirrhosis: Liver section stained by reticulinstain. There are three regenerative
liver nodules (double arrow), separated by broad bands of reticulin fibers (thick
arrow).An exampleof healingby combineregeneration& fibrosiswhich follows injury
to the livercells& stroma.
Primary intention(union)
Primaryintention
Secondary intention: excessive granulation tissue
Hemostasis Inflammation
Granulation tissue formation
Scarformation
Granulation tissue: proliferative fibroblasts, delicate vascular channels and mixed
inflammatory cells.
The healed wound is visible as a ‘gap’ in the stroma, filled with a connective tissue & many fibrocytes (double A), the epithelium covering the gap in it (thin A) is much thinner than the normal epithelium on each side of the wound.
A:Granulation tissue showing
numerous bloodvessels, edema,
& a loose ECM;
minimal mature collagen .
B:Trichromestain of maturescar,showing densecollagen(blue) with only scattered vascular channels.
هذول الصورة مهمات ركزوا
عليهم
2ry healing by excessive tissuenecrosis
Healing of skin wound by secondary intention
Healing by secondaryintention :showing a largeirregular permanent scar.
Hypertrophicscar
Keloid
Keloid: excess collagen deposition
A, Excess collagen deposition in the skin
forming a raised scar known as a keloid
B, Thick collagen deposition in the
dermis ( pink color).
مهمات
جدا جدا
جدا
Excess collagendeposition
Exuberant granulation tissue followingburn
Foreign-body granuloma :
healed wound of skin ,
showing granulation tissue,
consisting of (1) large
&greatly dilated capillaries,
(2) lymphocytes & plasma
cells, (3) fibroblasts (thin
arrow), (4) very large giant
cells enclosing nylon suture
material, (thick arrow ) from
the original surgical incision
Kidney scarring following infarction.
Healing of diabetic skin ulcer