Generative Arts & Literature:an overview

Linda Lai

Spring 2008

(from last week’s games)

Processuality

Proceduralism

Spatial approach to cognition

system / labyrinth

New cognition

Retrieval

(from last week’s games)

Processuality / Proceduralism / Spatial approach to cognitionSelf-generated systemLabyrinthSelf-organization, self-generation combinatorial / permutation

series formationalgorithm

Rule-drivenness

Simplicity complexityMorphological process

GENERATIVE ART

GENERATIVE ART…

20th-century artists’ concern to provide “design solution” – how to create new methods of composition that is capable of the infinitethe role of automatismtowards the “machinic”

New creative impulse in 20th-century art –discovery / surprise > realization / significationchance operation > conception

Processuality / Proceduralism / Spatial approach to cognitionSelf-generated systemLabyrinthSelf-organization, self-generation combinatorial / permutation

Simplicity complexityMorphological process

I.

Generative Art & Literature as

Modern & Contemporary Art

Questions raised by Modernist art practices

(Modernism 現代主義 ) ↓ Mimetic functions of art↓ Representation/signification value↓ Expressive quality

↑ Exploration of concepts↑ Consideration of the tool and its uniqueness

↑ (Medium-specificity)↑ Event / performative emphasis

↑ ↑ Emphasis on structure↑ ↑ Design quality of work / art work as a design↑ ↑ ↑ Rule-driven creativity: process & discovery

Generative Art

Self multiplication

Self organization

Single unit complex system

Simplicity complexity

Rule applicationCombinatorial / permutation / algorithm / emergence

Generative Art: an initial case for review

Gego (German born female artist residing in Venezuela)

Lines …planes …objects …environment

Triangles… Squares… Spheres

Triangles into netsTriangles forming circular planesTriangles into cylinders and tubular structuresTriangles forming spheresSquares into sheetsSquares into netsSquare as frames…

Generative Art: an initial case for review

Gego (German born female artist residing in Venezuela)

Anti-sculpture…

“I still dislike the word ‘sculpture’. They are not sculptures.” (referring to her works)

Dictionary definitions, she pointed out, describe sculpture as any assembled objects.

She felt such a definition does not sufficiently cover her works – mainly jointed pieces and structures.

Her intention was not only form and volume, but transparent structure.

***She emphasizes she never made sketches of her work…

II.Generative Art/Generative Systems:

visual arts, literature & (computer-)automated art

What is Generative Art?

Generative Art performs the idea as process.

What is Generative Art?

Generative Art performs the idea as process.

Rules as constraint produce a somewhat automatic process.

Rules are used to ensure the next possible step forward.

GA begs the question of what’s possible & what is virtual

What is Generative Art?

Generative Art performs the idea as process.

Rules as constraint produce a somewhat automatic process.

Rules are used to ensure the next possible step forward.

The intricacies of a GA work often lie in the rational relation between each two steps + the leaps-and-bounds differences at the end of a sequence of operations.

Generative Art?

To generate = to produce, to bring into existence, to bring forward, to present to view or notice…

Generative = capable of producing

Generative procedural, serialist

Generative Systems?

…a system capable of functioning with generative forces…

…a system that imposes a structure on something that is very lively, viable and fluid…

Generators

…a unit (part) of the system that is capable of generating (producing) more units…

Generators

What does it mean to say that something is (serves the functions of) a generator?

e.g.: when is an apple just an apple?

when is an apple a generator?

Generators

A generator can be thought of as a unit capable of producing…

Anything can become a generator when…

*it is turned into a principle for more productive activities…

*it is studied for its ability to push forward the production of the next possible members…

“Apple” as a generator

On linguistic level?As Chinese characters

As a set of alphabets that form the word “apple” in English

As a signifier (the name) of a fruit

As a metaphor/symbolism

……

On graphic/visual level?As a round object

As a red object

As an object with a stalk

As……

“Apple” as a generator: divergent approach

Case study:

Archaeology of the Apple

http://aisforapple.net/main.htm

↑Exploration of concepts A line as a generator

Bridget RileyDominance Portfolio, Blue, Bridget Riley.1977

A set of line as a generator

Jared Tarbell’s digitization of Bridget Riley’s works

http://levitated.net/daily/levRileyStack.html

Generators

Generators can be…A key word

An objectA name

A graphic element (point, line, shape etc.)A fragment of a story

A narrativeA dramatic structure

…….

Generators

Generators can be…

Visual…Aural…

Verbal…Structural…

…

THREE phases of procedural evolvement towards a complex system

[1st phase:]

Design of structuring device:

rules +procedures

[2nd phase:]

Spatial extension + establishment of networks

[3rd phase:]

Genetic code of artificial units

rules + procedurescreator/artist reader/user

Rules…

- something to be acquired/learned

(by the users/receivers/participants)

- Something enabling

(allowing more complex tasks to be carried out)

rules + procedures

Rules…

- Based on sources that are outside of the work itself

rules + procedures

Rules map out procedures…

e.g. Serial methods

extension + networks

Exchange of languages (esp. between visual art and literature)

Visual and linguistic elements are turned into generators of a conscious and reflexive creative process

Practice of collaboration

artificial objects

Celestino Soddu:

A generative project is “a concept-software that works producing three-dimensional unique and non-

repeatable events as possible and manifold expressions of the generating idea identified by the

designer as a visionary world.”

[see introduction to the Generative Art Conferences]

artificial objects

KEY emphases in Soddu’s quote:

(1) What is possible (as opposed to what is actual):

-possible worlds, possible space, possible vision...

-work is the designer’s visionary world

-calls attention to the amazing, endless expansion of human creativity

artificial objects

KEY emphases in Soddu’s quote:

(2) Design + Non-repeatable/unpredictable events

“design”: carefully planned structure

“non-repeatable/unpredictable events”: enhanced degree of complexity due to the use of the computer.

artificial objects

KEY emphases in Soddu’s quote:

(3) The basic characteristics of computer

– as tools for storage in memory AND automated executive of tasks –

are turned into the core creative factors.

artificial objects

In all cases,

There’s a shift of emphasis –

from more humanistic input in the creative process to the act of conception, leading to the design of rules and procedures

artificial objects

Generative art brings back the human creativity that computer had killed in the beginning of the computer era:

Computers become…“tools that open new fields and enhance our understanding of creativity as an indissoluble synthesis between art and science.”

Generative Visual Arts

TWO kinds of generative systems in 20th-C art history (Diane Kirkpatrick):

(1) Close generative systems:

[e.g. conceptual art]

in each work a closed analytic structure is set up which becomes a generator for exploration

Generative Visual Arts

TWO kinds of generative systems in 20th-C art history (Diane Kirkpatrick):

(2) Organic generative systems:

A work begins with creating one word or idea and uses that to generate the next, and the next and so on…(creating generators)

Generative Visual Arts: work examples

Josef Albers:(1) “Homage to Square” series (1950s)

Frank Stella:(2) “Protractor Series” (93 paintings based on 31 canvas formats each with 3 compositional types)

Sol LeWitt:(3) “Squares with Corners Torn off” (1975) X(4) “Modular Open Cube”

Generative Visual Arts: work examples

Dorothea Rockburne:

(5) “Set” (1970) – inspiration from Mathematics

(6) “Radiant and Fields” (1971) – concept of units becoming more complex X

(7) “Drawing That Makes Itself” (1973) X

Jennifer Bartlett:

(8) “Rhapsody” (1975-76)

Generative Visual Arts: work examples

Doug Huebler:

(9) “Duration Piece No. 6” (NY, 4/1969) – photo series X

(10) “Location Piece No. 6” (1970) X

(11) “Duration Piece No. 7”

(12) “Location Pieces No. 7”

Generative Visual Arts: work examples

Sonia Sheridan:

(13) mono-prints series based on one image (1963-64)

(14) “Unwind the Wheel of Time” (1979) – eight drawings X

II

Processes & Procedures…:

Conceptual Structured

Algorithms: procedures in computing

Algorithm is the systematic procedures that computer science adopts to final correct solution to complex problems.

Algorithm is a procedure for solving a problem in terms of:

1) the actions to execute

2) the order in which these actions execute

Setting workable procedures…

Generative principles ≠ the technical procedures

Sorting out solutions for a problem ≠ doing the actual scripting with a certain programming language

Algorithms: actions in order

“rise-and-shine algorithm”[source: H.M. Deitel & P.J. Deitel (2005), C++: How to Program 5th edition, p. 121]

(1) Get out of bed

(2) Take off pajamas

(3) Take a shower

(4) Get dressed

(5) Eat breakfast

(6) Drive to workConsider other sequencing possibilities and the qualitative change in n

arrative meaning, e.g.:

(1) – (2) – (4) – (3) – (5) – (6)

Algorithms: actions in order

Setting actions in the right order in a computer program is called program control.

“Structured programming”:Concerned with sequential execution, that is, the execution of statements one after the other in the order in which they are written.

Actions in order: Structured Programming

Böhm and Jacopini (1960s) demonstrated that all programs could be written terms of only three control structures for sequential execution:

(1) Sequence structure: about succession(2) Selection structure (OR “decision structure”)

if a single selection statement (conditional performance) if…else a double selection statement (conditional performance) switch a multiple selection statement

(3) Repetition structure looping statements OR loops (loop-continuation condition)

for () while () iteration

recursion

III.

Recursion? Iteration?

preliminaries

Generating a possible / virtual work

Shifts–

more humanistic input in the creative process ↓conception↓design of rules and procedures

An illustration of Recursion

Recursion is one class of algorithms

Recursion: the process of solving a large problem by reducing it to one or more sub-problems which are:

(1) Identical in structure to the original problems; and

(2) Simpler to solve

An illustration of Recursion

How to collect $1000 in a fundraising event in which coupons are printed at $1 per piece:

One way to do it is to find one person who can donate the total amount…

[Source: Eric S. Roberts (1986), Thinking Recursively, pp. 1-4]

How to collect $1000

One way to do it is to use an iterative solution:

[Pascal-like language]

PROCEDURE COLLECTION 1000; BEGIN FOR 1 := 1 TO 1000 DO Collect one dollar from person I END;

[Actionscript]

For (i=1; i<=1000; i++) operation performedInitial value condition (the loop will continue to execute until the condition is false)

How to collect $1000: a recursive solution

Principle:

to break down the problem into identical, sub-problems that are simple to solve

Enlist 10 people, each in charge of raising $100.

Each person asked 10 volunteers who will raise $10 each.

Each volunteer will find 10 others who agree to raise $1.

How to collect $1000: a recursive solution

The use of recursion here is a “divide-and-conquer” method.

The original problem divides to form several simpler sub-problems, which branch into a set of simpler ones…until the simple cases [the simplest case(s), base case(s)]

How to collect $1000: recursive solution

[Pascal-like language]

PROCEDURE COLLECTION (N); BEGIN IF N is $1 THEN Contribute the dollar directly ELSE BEGIN Find 10 people; Have each collect N/10 dollars; Return the money to your superior END END;

[Actionscript]

??????

More illustrations on the use of Recursion

Mondrian-like computer art

1907-1914: Cubism (a modern art movement) flourished in Paris

[nature should be represented in terms of its primitive geometrical components, e.g. cylinders, cones, spheres

etc.]The Cubist community was dissolved at the outbreak of

WWI ideas influenced and shaped the development of abstract art, e.g. works of Piet Mondrian, characterized by rigid patterning of vertical and horizontal lines.

Iteration? Recursion?

There’s a Hole in the Bucket

There’s a hole in the bucket, dear Liza, dear Liza

There’s a hole in the bucket, dear Liza, a hole

Then fix it, dear Charlie, dear Charlie

Then fix it, dear Charlie, dear Charlie, fix it

With what shall I fix it, dear Liza, dear Liza

With a straw, dear Charlie, dear Charlie

But the straw is too long, dear Liza, dear Liza

Then cut it, dear Charlie, dear Charlie

With what shall I cut it, dear Liza, dear Liza

With a knife, dear Charlie, dear Charlie

Iteration? Recursion?

There’s a Hole in the Bucket (cont’d)

But the knife is too dull, dear Liza, dear LizaThen sharpen it, dear Charlie, dear Charlie

With what shall I sharpen it, dear Liza, dear LizaWith a stone, dear Charlie, dear Charlie

But the stone is too dry, dear Liza, dear LizaThen wet it, dear Charlie, dear Charlie

With what shall I wet it, dear Liza, dear LizaWith water, dear Charlie, dear Charlie

But how shall I fetch it, dear Liza, dear LizaIn a bucket, dear Charlie, dear Charlie

There’s a hole in the bucket, dear Liza, dear Liza,There’s a hole in the bucket, dear Liza, a hole

IV.

Experimental Literature:

“multiplicity” / “assemblage”

“Reader-as-author”

[A] text is made of multiple writings, drawn from many cultures and entering into mutual relations of dialogue, parody, contestation, but there is one place where this multiplicity is focused and that place is the reader, not…the author…. To give writing its future…the birth of the reader mus

t be at the cost of the death of the Author.

--Roland Barthes, “The Death of the Author”

“Reader-as-author”

• reader-as-author

• author-as-reader

• multiple authors

[Deleuze]

assemblage (idea of single author, single belief, 知行合一 and transcendental self overthrown)

The Infinite Possibilities of “Conceivable Books”

We must make a careful distinction…between systems and texts. A system (for instance, a linguistic system) is the whole of the possibilities displayed by a given language. In this framework it holds the principle of unlimited semiosis…. The system is perhaps finite but unlimited. …In this sense certainly all the conceivable books are comprised by and within a good dictionary. …If conceived in such a way, hypertext can transform every reader into an auth

or.

-- Umberto Eco, “Afterword” in The Future of the Book, ed. Geoffrey Nunberg (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press), p. 302

The Infinite Possibilities of “Conceivable Books”

• A finite system can produce the infinite.

• Structural linguistics: langue and parole

Deleuze & Guattari: A Thousand Plateaus / Rhizome

Writing is the assemblage of the un-attributable multiple, as the

measure of something else.

Deleuze and Guattari (in A Thousand Plateaus):

“A book has neither object nor subject; it is made of variously formed matters, and very different dates and speeds. To attribute the book to a subject is to overlook this working of matters, and the exteriority of their relations. … In a book, as in all things, there are lines of articulation or segmentarity, strata and territories; but also lines of flight, movements of deterritorialization and destratification. Comparative rates of flow on these lines produce phenomena of relative slowness and viscosity, or,

on the contrary, of acceleration and rupture. All this, lines and measurable speeds, constitutes an assemblage.

”

Deleuze & Guattari: A Thousand Plateaus / Rhizome

• “There is no difference between what a book talks about and how it is made. Therefore a book has no object. As an assemblage, a book has only itself, in connection with other assemblages and in relation to other bodies without organs. We will never ask what a book means, as signified or signifier. … We will ask what it functions with, in connection with what other things it does or does not transmit intensities …”

Deleuze & Guattari: A Thousand Plateaus / Rhizome

“A book exists only through the outside and on the outside. A book itself is a little machine; what is the relation of this literary machine to a war machine, love machine, revolutionary machine, etc. – and an abstract machine that sweeps them along?”

open book / open literature / open work

• reader-as-author

• author-as-reader

• multiple authors

Spatial transformation

Serial transformation via repetition and variation…

e.g.:

• 沒想到一張椅子會弄成一個爛攤子。• 沒想到一張椅子會弄出兩條人命。• 沒想到一張椅子會弄出三個驚喜。• 沒想到一個願望會弄出三種失望。• 該想到所謂願望絕對有可能變成失望！

Gerard Genette: “trans-textuality”

[French narrative theorist] Genette divides the variety of texts into the following:

• intertext

• metatext

• hypertext

• paratext

• architext

more examples

(from the OuLiPo group for Potential Literature:)

• Italo Calvino:

How I Wrote One of My Books• Georges Perec:

Life: a User’s Manual

More examples

[for inspiration]

*Life in a Garden

[what we shall materialize]

(from the OuLiPo)*Paul Fournel: Suburbia; [Foreword by Marguerite Duras, Afterword by François Caradec, and translated by Henry Mathews. Source: Bibliothèque Oulipienne No. 46; collected in OuliPo Laboratory (Atlas Anti-Classics, 1995), pp. i-viii, 1-16.]

More examples

[what we have achieved]

*Eva Lam’s “Kiss the Princess”*Janice’s “working side by side with dictionaries”*Linda & Keith’s “Crypt-machine” / 秘語靈機 (“Writing Machine Collective e1)

*Sam Yiu’s rule-driven writing games (Independent Studies 2005)

[advanced examples]

*emergent graphics: Levitated, Jared Tarbell –http://www.levitated.net

Raymond QueneauHundred Thousand Billion Poems

Digitized versions…

http://www.bullfrog117.com/essay/one-hundred-thousand-billion-poems.php

http://www.bevrowe.info/Poems/QueneauRandom.html

What is a Machine?

Mechanical design:Simple systemCentral commander

Point-to-pointMultiple connectivity

Data-processing

EMERGENCE / COMPLEXITY / BUTTERFLY EFFECTS / CELLULAR AUTOMATA