4
Genetic Genealogy Basics By Herb McDaniel 15 March, 2013 to Bainbridge Island Genealogical Society Genetic genealogy is the use of DNA to explore ancestral origins and relationships between individuals. There are four types of genetic genealogy tests yDNA males only for paternal line mtDNA males and females for maternal line atDNA males and females for relationships xDNA not normally offered The results of a genetic genealogy test do not include a family tree. DNA alone cannot tell a person who their greatgrandmother was, or what Italian village their greatgreat grandfather came from. Genetic genealogy is an addition to traditional genealogical research, not a replacement. The University of Utah has a great web site for learning about the types of DNA testing. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/extras/molgen/auto_dna.html yDNA Testing yDNA tests, available only to males, examine either STRs (short tandem repeats) or SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) on the Y chromosome. For an STR test, short segments of DNA are measured. The number of repeats in that short sequence changes over time, and these changes are passed on from father to son. STR analysis provides a persons haplotype, which is used to predict an individuals haplogroup. SNP tests examine single nucleotide changes in the DNA sequence and are typically used to determine a persons exact haplogroup. To potentially find other people who match our haplotype, we use two resources: the yDNA database of the testing company and free public yDNA databases like ySearch. The testing company automatically checks customersresults for matches within the company database. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) testing examines single nucleotides at specific locations on the Y chromosome (compared to STR marker testing, which measures short regions of DNA). Advanced SNP testing or deep clade testing is available after STR testing. Since a mutation at a single base is very rare compared to changes in STRs, males who share a SNP usually share an ancestor who lived many generations or many hundreds of generations ago. For this reason, SNPs have been used to identify the branches in the Ychromosome family tree and define Haplogroups, as well as very, very distantly related people.

Genetic Genealogy Basics Handout

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Genetic Genealogy Basics Handout

Genetic  Genealogy  Basics  

By  Herb  McDaniel  –  15  March,  2013  to  Bainbridge  Island  Genealogical  Society  

Genetic  genealogy  is  the  use  of  DNA  to  explore  ancestral  origins  and  relationships  between  individuals.   There  are  four  types  of  genetic  genealogy  tests   yDNA  -­‐  males  only  for  paternal  line   mtDNA  -­‐  males  and  females  for  maternal  line   atDNA  -­‐  males  and  females  for  relationships   xDNA  -­‐  not  normally  offered The  results  of  a  genetic  genealogy  test  do  not  include  a  family  tree.  DNA  alone  cannot  tell  a  person  who  their  great-­‐grandmother  was,  or  what  Italian  village  their  great-­‐great  grandfather  came  from. Genetic  genealogy  is  an  addition  to  traditional  genealogical  research,  not  a  replacement.   The  University  of  Utah  has  a  great  web  site  for  learning  about  the  types  of  DNA  testing.  

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/extras/molgen/auto_dna.html  

yDNA  Testing    yDNA  tests,  available  only  to  males,  examine  either  STRs  (short tandem  repeats)  or  SNPs  (single  nucleotide  polymorphisms)  on  the  Y  chromosome.   For  an  STR  test,  short  segments  of  DNA  are  measured.  The  number  of  repeats  in  that  short    sequence  changes  over  time,  and  these  changes  are  passed  on  from  father  to  son.  STR  analysis  provides  a  person’s  haplotype,  which  is  used  to  predict  an  individual’s  haplogroup.   SNP  tests  examine  single  nucleotide  changes  in  the  DNA  sequence  and  are  typically  used  to  determine  a  person’s  exact  haplogroup.   To  potentially  find  other  people  who  match  our  haplotype,  we  use  two  resources:  the  yDNA  database  of  the  testing  company  and  free  public  yDNA  databases  like  ySearch. The  testing  company  automatically  checks  customers’  results  for  matches  within  the  company  database. Single  Nucleotide  Polymorphism  (SNP)  testing  examines  single  nucleotides  at  specific  locations  on  the  Y  chromosome  (compared  to  STR  marker  testing,  which  measures  short  regions  of  DNA).   Advanced  SNP  testing  or  deep  clade  testing  is  available  after  STR  testing.  Since  a  mutation  at  a  single  base  is  very  rare  compared  to  changes  in  STRs,  males  who  share  a  SNP  usually  share  an  ancestor  who  lived  many  generations  or  many  hundreds  of  generations  ago.   For  this  reason,  SNPs  have  been  used  to  identify  the  branches  in  the  Y-­‐chromosome  family  tree  and  define  Haplogroups,  as  well  as  very,  very  distantly  related  people.    

Page 2: Genetic Genealogy Basics Handout
Page 3: Genetic Genealogy Basics Handout

mtDNA  Testing    Mitochondria  have  their  own  DNA  and  are  passed  down only  from  mothers  to  both  male  and  female  offspring    mtDNA  tests,  available  to  both  males  and  females,  sequence  a  short  region  of  the  mitochondrial  genome  and  a  new  full  mitochondria  sequence  (FMS)  test  is  now  available. A  region  of  the  DNA  is  sequenced  for  mutations.  The  mtDNA  sequence  is  then  compared  to  a  single  mtDNA  sequence,  the  Cambridge  Reference  Sequence.  The  differences  are  listed  as  mutations  that  can  be  compared  to  the  thousands  of  other  mtDNA  mutation  listings. The  results  of  an  mtDNA  test  provide  a  person’s  haplotype.  Companies  also  perform  additional  testing  with  every  mtDNA  test  to  determine  an  individual’s  maternal  haplogroup.  The  results  can  also  be  used  to  estimate  the  amount  of  time  to  which  individuals  share  a  most  recent  common  ancestor  (MRCA).     To  potentially  find  other  people  who  match  our  haplotype,  we  will  use  two  resources:  the  mtDNA  database  of  the  testing  company  and  free  public  mtDNA  databases  like  mitoSearch. The  testing  company  automatically  checks  customers’  results  for  matches  within  the  company  database  as  long  as  the  customer  has  signed  the  release  form  allowing  their  name  and  email  to  be  shared  with  their  matches.   Your  yDNA  and  mtDNA  are  like  a  laser  beam  -­‐  they  look  straight  up  your  all-­‐male  and  all-­‐female  lines.  They  are  very  precise,  but  can  only  find  cousins  from  your  ancestors  that  are  on  that  line.   Go  back,  say  7  generations,  where  you  have  128  ancestors.  These  tests  only  go  to  one  of  those  ancestors.  So  in  this  case  yDNA  and  mtDNA  results  will  help  you  find  1/128th,  or  less  than  one  percent,  of  your  cousins.   This  is  a  powerful  tool  but  only  covers  a  very  small  percentage  of  your  ancestry.  And  the  cousins  it  finds  must  also  be  on  an  all-­‐male  or  all-­‐female  line  -­‐  so  this  also  cuts  down  on  the  number  of  cousins  you  can  find  with  this  test.  

atDNA  Testing  

This  autosomal  DNA  (atDNA)  test,  available  for  both  men  and  women,  examines  SNPs  (single  nucleotide  polymorphisms)  across  the  22  autosomal  chromosome  pairs.  These  chromosomes  contain  DNA  from  all  sides  of  your  family.    

The  atDNA  test  examines  hundreds  of  thousands  of  SNP  positions  and  uses  the  results  to  find  recent  relatives  and  geographic  origins.  Autosomal  chromosomes,  or  autosomal  DNA,  are  inherited  from  both  parents  and  mixed  from  one  generation  to  the  next.    

Every  person  has  46  chromosomes  in  total,  23  from  each  parent.  2  of  these  46  chromosomes  are  the  sex  chromosomes.  The  other  44  are  autosomal  chromosomes.  

Page 4: Genetic Genealogy Basics Handout

The  atDNA  test,  available  for  both  men  and  women,  examines  SNPs  (single  nucleotide  polymorphisms)  across  the  22  autosomal  chromosome  pairs.  These  chromosomes  contain  DNA  from  all  sides  of  your  family.    

 

Each  pair  of  autosomes  are  randomly  jumbled  as  they  are  passed  through  each  generation  in  a  process  called  recombination  and  include  DNA  from  all  of  your  ancestors  This  atDNA  test  can  find  almost  any  of  your  2nd  or  3rd  cousins  who  test,  but  falls  off  with  each  generation  further  out,  and  reports  fewer  and  fewer  persons  who  may  actually  be  cousins.   FTDNA  has  posted  the  probabilities  of  a  specific  relative  passing  their  filter  and  showing  up  as  a  match  with  us.  Parents  and  1st  cousins  -­‐  virtually  100  percent  2nd  cousins  about  99  percent  3rd  cousins  about  90  percent  4th  cousins  about  50  percent  and  declining  percentages  beyond  that  As  opposed  to  the  laser-­‐beams  of  mt  or  yDNA  tests,  autosomal  DNA  testing  is  more  of  a  shotgun.  Your  matches  are  from  all  over  your  ancestry.     After  you  get  the  names  and  emails  of  your  new  "cousins",  you're  back  to  old  fashioned  genealogy.  You  need  to  share  pedigree  or  GEDCOM  files  with  each  of  them  to  find  your  common  ancestors.  A.  Some  won't  answer  your  emails  –  privacy  concerns  or  no  interest  in  geneealogy  B.  Some  are  adopted,  or  otherwise  know  little  of  their  ancestry  C.  Some  may  have  a  common  ancestor  with  you  that  is  not  documented  by  both  of  you,  so  you  can't  readily  find  the  match  The  results  of  any  genetic  genealogy  DNA  test  do  not  include  a  family  tree.  DNA  alone  cannot  tell  a  person  who  their  great-­‐grandmother  was,  or  what  Irish  county  their  great-­‐great-­‐grandfather  came  from.    You  must  have  a  pedigree  chart  or  GEDCOM  file  for  comparison  with  those  of  your  matches.