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GENETICS
Introduction
Genetics
Study of heredity Gregor Mendel is considered the
“father of genetics” Mendel studied the traits of pea
plants A trait is a specific characteristic
such as seed color or height
Pea Plant Traits Studied By Mendel
Mendel’s Experiment
Mendel selected a six-foot-tall pea plant that came from a population of pea plants, all of which were over six feet tall
These parent plants are known as the P generation and are true breeding, meaning that if they were allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves
He cross-pollinated this tall pea plant with pollen from a short pea plant
All of the offspring, known as the F1 generation, grew to be as tall as the taller parent
Mendel’s Experiment (cont.)
Mendel allowed the tall plants in this F1 generation to self-pollinate
After the seeds formed, he planted them and counted more than 1,000 plants in the second generation, known as the F2 generation
Three-fourths of the plants were as tall as the tall plants in the P and F1 generations
One-fourth of the offspring were as short as the short plants in the P generation
Therefore, in the F2 generation, tall and short plants occurred in a ratio of about three tall plants to one short plant
Terms
Genes: parts of a chromosome that determine traits
Alleles: different forms of a gene T = tall t = short
Homozygous: both genes are the same (ex: TT or tt); an individual that is homozygous is referred to as a pure-bred
Terms (cont.)
Heterozygous: the genes are different (ex: Tt); an individual that is heterozygous is referred to as a hybrid
Phenotype: outward expression of a gene (ex: tall)
Genotype: genetic makeup of an individual (ex: TT)
Mendel’s Laws
Mendel’s work with pea plants allowed him to develop his 3 laws of genetics: Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Law of Dominance
Law of Segregation
Paired genes on homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis
The two genes for a trait will separate during gamete formation
Law of Independent Assortment Paired genes segregate randomly and
independently of each other
Law of Dominance When an organism has two different genes for a
trait, one of the genes may be masked or hidden
Law of Dominance (cont.)
Dominant: represented by a capital letter, this gene is always expressed
Recessive: represented by a lowercase letter, this gene is masked by a dominant gene
When recording the results of crosses, it is customary to use the same letter for different alleles of the same gene (ex: T for tall and t for short; G for green pod color and g for yellow pod color)