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Genome sequence assembly

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Genome sequence assembly. Assembly concepts and methods Mihai Pop Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology University of Maryland. Building a library. Break DNA into random fragments (8-10x coverage). Actual situation. Building a library. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Genome sequence assembly

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Page 2: Genome sequence assembly

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Genome sequence assemblyAssembly concepts and methods

Mihai Pop

Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology

University of Maryland

Page 3: Genome sequence assembly

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Building a library

• Break DNA into random fragments (8-10x coverage)

Actual situation

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Building a library

• Break DNA into random fragments (8-10x coverage)• Sequence the ends of the fragments

– Amplify the fragments in a vector– Sequence 800-1000 (500-700) bases at each end of the fragment

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Assembling the fragments

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Forward-reverse constraints• The sequenced ends are facing towards each other • The distance between the two fragments is known

(within certain experimental error)

Clone

Insert

F R

FR

I II

R

I

F

II

F

II

R

I

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Building Scaffolds

• Break DNA into random fragments (8-10x coverage)

• Sequence the ends of the fragments

• Assemble the sequenced ends

• Build scaffolds

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Assembly gaps

sequencing gap - we know the order and orientation of the contigs and have at least one clone spanning the gap

physical gap - no information known about the adjacent contigs, nor about the DNA spanning the gap

Sequencing gaps

Physical gaps

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Unifying view of assembly

Assembly

Scaffolding

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Shotgun sequencing statistics

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Typical contig coverage

1 2 3 4 5 6 Coverage

Contig

Reads

Imagine raindrops on a sidewalk

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Lander-Waterman statistics

L = read lengthT = minimum detectable overlapG = genome sizeN = number of readsc = coverage (NL / G)σ = 1 – T/L

E(#islands) = Ne-cσ E(island size) = L((ecσ – 1) / c + 1 – σ)contig = island with 2 or more reads

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Example

c N #islands #contigs bases not in any read

bases not in contigs

1 1,667 655 614 698 367,806

3 5,000 304 250 121 49,787

5 8,334 78 57 20 6,735

8 13,334 7 5 1 335

Genome size: 1 Mbp Read Length: 600 Detectable overlap: 40

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Experimental data

X coverage

# ctgs % > 2X avg ctg size (L-W) max ctg size # ORFs

1 284 54 1,234 (1,138) 3,337 526

3 597 67 1,794 (4,429) 9,589 1,092

5 548 79 2,495 (21,791) 17,977 1,398

8 495 85 3,294 (302,545) 64,307 1,762

complete 1 100 1.26 M 1.26 M 1,329

Caveat: numbers based on artificially chopping upthe genome of Wolbachia pipientis dMel

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Read coverage vs. Clone coverage

4 kbp

1 kbp

Read coverage = 8X

Clone (insert) coverage = 16

2X coverage in BAC-ends implies 100x coverage by BACs

(1 BAC clone = approx. 100kbp)

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Assembly paradigms

• Overlap-layout-consensus– greedy (TIGR Assembler, phrap, CAP3...)– graph-based (Celera Assembler, Arachne)

• Eulerian path (especially useful for short read sequencing)

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TIGR Assembler/phrap

Greedy

• Build a rough map of fragment overlaps

• Pick the largest scoring overlap

• Merge the two fragments

• Repeat until no more merges can be done

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Overlap-layout-consensusMain entity: readRelationship between reads: overlap

12

3

45

6

78

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3 12

3

1 3

2

13

2

ACCTGAACCTGAAGCTGAACCAGA

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Paths through graphs and assembly

• Hamiltonian circuit: visit each node (city) exactly once, returning to the start

A

B D C

E

H G

I

F

A

B

C

D H

I

F

G

E

Genome

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Implementation details

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Overlap between two sequences

…AGCCTAGACCTACAGGATGCGCGGACACGTAGCCAGGAC CAGTACTTGGATGCGCTGACACGTAGCTTATCCGGT…

overlap (19 bases) overhang (6 bases)

overhangoverlap - region of similarity between regionsoverhang - un-aligned ends of the sequences

The assembler screens merges based on: • length of overlap• % identity in overlap region• maximum overhang size.

% identity = 18/19 % = 94.7%

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All pairs alignment• Needed by the assembler• Try all pairs – must consider ~ n2 pairs• Smarter solution: only n x coverage (e.g. 8) pairs

are possible– Build a table of k-mers contained in sequences (single

pass through the genome)– Generate the pairs from k-mer table (single pass

through k-mer table)

k-mer

A

B

C

D H

I

F

G

E

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Page 24: Genome sequence assembly

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REPEATS

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

RptA RptB

1

2

3

4

5 7

10

11

12

13

86

9

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Non-repetitive overlap graph

1

2

3

4

5,9 7

86,10

11

12

13

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Handling repeats1. Repeat detection

– pre-assembly: find fragments that belong to repeats• statistically (most existing assemblers)• repeat database (RepeatMasker)

– during assembly: detect "tangles" indicative of repeats (Pevzner, Tang, Waterman 2001)

– post-assembly: find repetitive regions and potential mis-assemblies. • Reputer, RepeatMasker• "unhappy" mate-pairs (too close, too far, mis-oriented)

2. Repeat resolution– find DNA fragments belonging to the repeat– determine correct tiling across the repeat

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Statistical repeat detectionSignificant deviations from average coverage flagged as repeats.

- frequent k-mers are ignored- “arrival” rate of reads in contigs compared with theoretical value

(e.g., 800 bp reads & 8x coverage - reads "arrive" every 100 bp)

Problem 1: assumption of uniform distribution of fragments - leads to false positives

non-random librariespoor clonability regions

Problem 2: repeats with low copy number are missed - leads to false negatives

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Mis-assembled repeats

a b c

a c

b

a b c d

I II III

I

II

III

a

b c

d

b c

a b d c e f

I II III IV

I III II IV

a d b e c f

a

collapsed tandem excision

rearrangement

Page 30: Genome sequence assembly

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MTETVEDKVSHSITGLDILKGIVAAGAVISGTVATQTKVFTNESAVLEKTVEKTDALATNDTVVLGTISTSNSASSTSLSASESASTSASESASTSASTSASTSASESASTSASTSISASSTVVGSQTAAATEATAKKVEEDRKKPASDYVASVTNVNLQSYAKRRKRSVDSIEQLLASIKNAAVFSGNTIVNGAPAINASLNIAKSETKVYTGEGVDSVYRVPIYYKLKVTNDGSKLTFTYTVTYVNPKTNDLGNISSMRPGYSIYNSGTSTQTMLTLGSDLGKPSGVKNYITDKNGRQVLSYNTSTMTTQGSGYTWGNGAQMNGFFAKKGYGLTSSWTVPITGTDTSFTFTPYAARTDRIGINYFNGGGKVVESSTTSQSLSQSKSLSVSASQSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASGSASTSTSASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASESASTSTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASESASTSTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASESASTSTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASGSASTSTSASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASESASTSTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASVSASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASISASESASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSASASASTSVSNSANHSNSQVGNTSGSTGKSQKELPNTGTESSIGSVLLGVLAAVTGIGLVAKRRKRDEEE

SASA repeat (4776 AA, 14Kb)from Streptococcus pneumoniae