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LEGEK
HIGHWAY AND ROUTE No
OTHER ROADS
TRAILS
SURVEYED LINES:TOWNSHIPS. BASE LINES. ETC,LOTS, MiMNG CLAIMS. PARCELS. ETC
UNSURVEYED LINES:LOT LISESPARCEL BOUNDARYMINING CLAIMS ETC
RAILWAY AND RIGHT OF WAY
UTILITY Lf\ES
NON-PERESMAL STREAM
FLOODING OR FLOODING RIGHTS
SUBDIVISIO\ OR COMPOSITE PLAN
RESERVATION'S
ORIGINAL SHORELINE
MARSH O - V JSKEG
MINES
TRAVERSE MONUMENT
TYPE OF DOCUMENT SYMBOL
PATENT, SURFACE A MINING.SURFACE RIGHTS ONLY....—...—^.——— C. MINiNG RIGHTS ON L Y —.....———— ——— .—— . 3
LEASE, SURFACE fc MINING RIGHTS...— -- — ---- K
" .SURFACE RIGHTSONLY...............-.--.. — .— B
" .MINING RIGHTSONLY................ — ......— B
LICENCE OF OCCUPATION ™..-.—.™..—~.——-— V
ORDER-IN-COUNCIL .........—-....-..——~~. —— OC
RESERVATION ....,.................................——. ©
CANCELLED ___..........^.—.................—.. ®
SAND S GRAVEL ..M.......^.................—...-—- ©
NOTE: M IN IMG RIGHTS IN PARCCLS PATENTED PRIOR TO MAY 6, 1913. VESTED IN ORIGINAL PATENTEE BY THE PUBLIC LANDS ACT. R.S O 1970. CHAP. 380. SEC 63. SUBSEC 1.
SCALE: l INCH = 40 CHAINS
f EE TO i OOC ZOOO GOOO BO DO
D ?OCMETRES
1000l l KM)
2OOQ(2 KM
AREAS W ITHDRAWN F ROM D ISPOSITION
M.R.O. - MINING RIGHTSONLY
S.R.O. - SURFACE RIGHTS ONLY
M.* S. - MINING AND SURFACE RIGHTS
Description Order No. Date Disposition Fil*
a--r MVDRO POWER SITE RESERVE.
HYDRO POWER SITE RESERVE
-- ~ W-bS/83 IB/S/33 M + S
THg INFO^V APPEARS O*. HAe BEEN FROM VARlQ.,AND ACCUR- GUARANTEE WISHING TC !NG CLAIM? SSULT \VITr-i * •RECORDER, s. NORTHERN WENT AND V DiTIQNAL ir. ON THE ST-' LANDS
i^iON THATT H!S MAP
Z O M P l L F D'S SOURCES-7v IS NOTi THOSESTAKE WIN- DLJLD CON"-E MINING.''MSTRY OF
r-EVELOP--ES. FOR AD
K
DATE OF ISSUE
MAY 2 3 19SO
SOUTHERN ONTARIO MINING DIVISION
*.i Oc THE N -EHEON
NOTES
Flooding Riginrs on Modowasko River, Reserved to contour 8!7', 570' and 925' to Ontario Hydro. FILE ;
B3050 Vol i B Z .
400' SURFACE RiSHTS RESERVATION ALONG THE SHORES OF ALL LAKES AND RIVERS.
TOWNSHI 0
LYNDOCHM.K.R. ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT
PEMBROKEMINING DIVISION
SOUTHERN ONTARIOLAKD TITLES/ R EGISTRY D IVISION
RENFREW
Ministry of NaturalResources
Ministry of .-" Northern Devefopment and Mines
b Ontario
31F06SW94IB 2.13259 LYNDOCH S10
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CANHORN MINING CORPORATION
STOUGHTON LAKE PROJECT
Geochemical Plan Humus
LYNDOCH TOWNSHIP -| O O 5 Ql Ontario ^-*- * a ̂
SCALE 1 50 0 SO
^25OO (00 150 METRES
100 0 100
MAP 1
1 1 ^^^ 3OO *00 FEET
HAH:: May 26th, 1990NI L; NO: 31 F/ 6
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31F06SW94I8 3.13259 LYNDOCH 010
2.
GEOCHEMICAL REPORT
FOR
CANHORN MINING CORPORATION
STOUGHTON LAKE PROJECT
LYNDOCH TOWNSHIP, ONTARIO
May 26, 1990 Mississauga, Ontario
Edwin L. Speelman Consulting Geologist
GEOCHEMICAL REPORT
STOUGHTON LAKE PROJECT
LYNDOCH TOWNSHIP, ONTARIO
Introduction
A humus geochemical survey ha property in Lyndoch Township, the main objective is gem exploration is also an object
; been carried out over a 23-claimThe property is a gemstone prospect;
beryl, emerald variety. General ive.
Property
Property: Claim numbers:
Twenty-threeSO 1041503-10M512
SO 1041863-10 M875
Canhorn MiningLyndoch (eastRenfrew
Claim holder:Township:
County:
Mining division: Southern OnNTS: 31 F/6Claim map number: G-3400
Access
The property is accessible by northwestern edges and its no with secondary gravel roads Approximately 12 Km to the we Quadeville, located on Highwa along the Cedar Creek road fo village of Griffith, located
;ario
to
The southeastern part of the leads from the northern fores east end of Stoughton (Joyces
0-acre claimsinclusive; inclusive
Corporationcentral part)
a forest road that crosses its theastern part. This road connectsthe west and to the east,
t and north is the village of ' 515. To the east, and then south
a distance of about 17 Km is the )n Highway 41.
)roperty is accessible by a road that ; road south, then westerly, to the Lake.
Topography, Drainage
Topographic relief on the property is about 122 m (400 feet), from about 280 to 402 m above sea level. Several topographic highs with moderate to steep slopes are dominant.
Drainage is toward the southeasterly-flowing Wadsworth Creek, which is located in the northeastern and extreme centra l-eastern part of the property. Stoughton (Joyces) Lake is located in the south part. Its outlet flows northwesterly in a narrow valley with some rock exposure, then easterly in a wider, swampy lowland where flow is sluggish.
Current and old beaver dams are frequent along certain stretches of the streams. The easternmost sector of Wadsworth Creek on the property is a flooded, swampy stream meadow. W.P. Pond in the north part of the property (Map 1, in pocket) supplies a small east-flowing stream below its easternmost beaver dam.
Small sphagnum bags, usually wooded with cedar and in places other wetland t\ree species, occur in a number of places in local topographic lows. A few small alder swamps occur.
Surficial Geology
The property is mapped as largely "abundant bedrock exposure with thin drift cover" (Barnett and Ainsworth, 1982). Two other surficial deposit types are mapped. Bog and swamp deposits are mapped in two places, (1) underlying the easterly trending valley of the outlet stream of Stoughton (Joyces) Lake and (2) in the northwestern part of the northeast sector of the property, to the northwest of the forest road. Both of these deposits overlie deposits of glacioflurial outwash (gravel, gravelly sand and sand) (a) greater than 1 m thick or (b) usually greater than 1 m thick.
The glacioflurial deposits extend laterally beyond the bog and swamp deposits. To the north of Stoughton Lake, situated in a topographically low area that is about half way between the lake and Wadsworth Creek,
the mapped deposit of outwash is roughly equivalent in area to that of the lake.
Tree Cover
The property has a mixed forest cover. Deciduous leaves and evergreen needles are major contributors to forest litter and humus. Table A lists the tree types noted while doing the humus survey. An asterisk marks those that are very uncommon.
Table A
alderash*
basswoodbeechwhite birchyellow birchcedarblack cherry*dogwoodbalsam firhazelnuthemlock
bitternut hickory shagbark hickory striped maple sugar maple oakred pine white pine black poplar white poplar service berry* red spruce* white spruce tamarack*
Oak is on the highest ground. Most of the pine is also. Beech is on upper to mid-slopes. Hickory, mostly small trees, occurs in low ground to upper slope sites, and is comparable to beech in abundance. White birch occurs over a wide range of elevations and topographic conditions, and is probably the most abundant overall, indicating generally good soil drainage. Prevalence of maple lies intermediate between that of birch and that of beech. Poplar is comparable to white birch in abundance, white poplar being more common than black, as the latter favours wetter soil conditions.
Balsam fir, with inclusion of smaller trees, is the most common evergreen, followed by spruce and pine. The other tree types listed in Table A are much less common, but some are locally abundant in small stands, e.g. cedar, alder.
Previous Work
The only recorded mining assessment work that covers part of the property is a geological survey done in combination with gamma-ray radiometric prospecting (Lortie, 1980). This work, done by Cominco in 1979, covered a 31-claim group, most of which lay to the west of the present property. Uranium was the main objective. The geological mapping covered parts of three of the westernmost present claims: nearly all of SO 1041511, approximately a northwestern one-third of SO 1041512, and approximately the northern two-thirds of SO 1041509.
Results of this work relevant to the present work are the following:(1) "Rose quartz" indicated a short distance west of the east
boundary of claim SO 1041511, in the north-south central part of the claim.
(2) Pegmatites common, present in all three country rock units mapped - biotite-rich gneiss, granite gneiss and hornblende gneiss (metagabbro).
(3) Weakly to moderately anomalous radioactivity noted for 9 different pegmatites.
Recent Prospecting
Reconnaissance prospecting was carried out during December, 1988 on the first-staked group of ten claims, mainly on the westernmost four. Pegmatities and quartz veins found are flagged, and can be tied into the property grid, which was cut later.
Other Activity
To the southwest of the property, Harrington Sound Resources Inc. in 1989 carried out geophysical, geological, back-hoe stripping and sampling work on a group of 5 claims, SO 721568 et al. The work has
been done on the Little-Bryan graphite prospect (Assessment Files
Office File No. 2.12748).
Orientation Geochemical Study
At completion of staking in March, 1989, humus samples were taken at the Wal-Gem beryl deposits in northwestern Lyndoch Township. One line of samples was taken at the east pit and one at the west pit. In both cases the study was hindered, and conclusions that can be drawn limited, by mining disturbance of the surface adjacent to the pits and the absence of valid exploration humus directly over the deposits, the sites now being mined pits.
Two inferences are tentatively made about humus geochemical prospecting and these beryl deposits:
(1) The element beryllium provides low-contrast (west pit) to high-contrast (east pit) anomalies.
(2) Lanthanum is a pathfinder element for beryllium.
Present Work
A grid was cut over about 75 percent of the property in April-May,
1989. Line spacing is 100 m and spacing of picketed stations is 25 m. Humus samples were taken in July-early August, 1989. The
grid was completed in December, 1989 and humus samples taken on the remaining lines (L12E - north, L14E - north and south, L18E and 19E -
north, L21E, 22E and 23E - south).
The sampling party consisted of two persons, both making observations,
one taking samples, the other taking notes. Features noted at
sample stations include thickness (qualitative) of humus, direction and degree (qualitative) of ground slope, wetland conditions if
present, presence of outcrops visible from the station, and tree types visible from the station within a radius of about one-half
the station spacing.
Particulars of sampling, sample preparation and analysis are appended in the Technical Data Statement. Sample numbering is according to grid location. A multi-element package of 32 elements was determined.
Field personnel were the following (1989):Edwin L. Speelman July-early August 2465 Cawthra Road, Unit 126 late November-December Mississauga, Ontario
Clifford Hale-Sanders July-early August 206 Spring Garden Road Oakville, Ontario
John Morgan late November-December 432 Westmorland Avenue N. Toronto, Ontario
Bedrock Geology
The area is in the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Grenville Province of the Canadian Precambrian Shield.
Geological mapping of the township as part of a four-township group, at a scale of 1 inch to the mile (1:63 360) has been done by Hewitt (1954). It has also been mapped by Lumbers (1982) at a scale of 1:100 000, as part of a regional mapping of Renfrew County. A small western portion of the property, one claim and parts of two others, was geologically mapped by Cominco Limited (Lortie, 1980), this being the eastern extremity of a 31-claim property mapped at a scale of 1:2500.
From observations made during the humus survey, outcrop exposure is fairly abundant over parts of the property that in sum make up about one-half of the total area.
As mapped by Hewitt, the property is underlain by metasediments and igneous and meta-igneous intrusive rocks. The metasediments are mainly in the north part; also near the western margin. Amphibolite, hornblende-plagioclase gneiss, garnet amphibolite and garnet-hornblende
gneiss and schist are mapped as the most extensive metasediments, and as being host to granite pegmatite. Interbedded marble and paragneiss are mapped near Wadsworth Creek.
The southern part of the property is mapped as predominantly underlain by older basic intrusive and meta-intrusive rocks - gabbro and hornblendite. An area of pegmatitic granite, granite pegmatite is mapped to the east of Stoughton Lake. In the northern part of the property, a small area west of W.P. Pond is placed in a map unit that includes pink and white leucogranite, granite gneiss and hybrid granite gneiss. A larger area of these granitic rocks is mapped in the northeast and central-eastern sectors of the property, with granite pegmatite, pegmatitic granite present also.
Lumbers shows siliceous marble and marble in northwesternmost parts of the property. He places most of the northern amphibolite, hornblende-plagioclase gneiss terrain of Hewitt within a "massive to gneissic alkalic gabbro and diorite "map unit that includes also the southern basic intrusive terrain mapped by Hewitt.
A syenite unit, "gneissic sodic pyroxene syenite" with minor alkalic granite and skarn xenoliths, is mapped by Lumbers as extending northeast, west and southwest from W.P. Pond. A long meandering syenite unit of the same type is mapped in the northeast and central- eastern parts of the property, lying between the alkalic gabbro and diorite body on the west and alkalic granite on the east. The latter is massive to gneissic, leucocratic alkalic granite, with minor sodic pyroxeme alkalic granite and granite pegmatite dikes.
The alkalic bodies, gabbro and diorite, syenite, and granite, plus a small nepheline unit to the east of the property on the east margin of the alkalic granite, are part of an alkalic suite that occurs elsewhere in Renfrew County (Lumbers, 1982). This includes the alkalic granite terrain in northern Lyndoch Township that hosts the Wal-Gem East and West beryl deposits in zoned pegmatites.
The most common foliation attitudes on the property are intermediate dips, southeasterly and southerly.
Geological Considerations
Basic rocks are abundant on the property and ultrabasic rocks (hornblendites) may be present in places. Late granitic and syenitic pegmatites are fairly abundant, and lensitic high- temperature quartz veins, which include some rose quartz occurrences, are fairly common. The alkalic nature of the Stoughton igneous and meta-igneous complex is favourable for the occurrence of beryllium mineralization. For these reasons, the geological setup is considered favourable for the occurrence of schist-type emerald deposits.
Geochemical Considerations
Beryllium is generally toxic to plants; resistance to uptake varies among different species, and resulting concentrations differ in different parts of the same plant. For a majority, 55/6, of 226 plants and plant parts studied by Kovalevsky (1987, p. 21; 1979, p.11) concentration limits over beryllium ore deposits were found to be 2 to 3 times local biological background (2-3 LBB), or less. Percentages found for higher concentration limit categories are as follows: 300̂ (close to 10 LBB), 10ft (close to 100 LBB), 5* (no barrier). A majority of the biological objects provide low-contrast beryllium anomalies of 2-3 LBB or less. Tree leaves and needles tend to be in the lower concentration limit groups according to Kovalevsky.
Concentration limits mean that a non-linear relationship exists between concentration of beryllium in the substrate and the concentra tion taken up by the plant or plant part. In the case of low concentration limits, an indication of high-grade versus lower-grade mineralization is not obtainable from the biogeochemical data.
Beus and Grigorian (1977, p.211, Table 49) give the following figures for beryllium in ash of plants, ppm:
Over barren areas Over mineral deposits
0.5 to 4, rarely 5 to 20, in individual
up to 7 to 8 cases reaching 30 to 40
To roughly approximate a plant dry weight basis, these figures can be divided by 20 (based on an ash content of about 57o for leaves):
0.025 to 0.2, rarely 0.25 to 1.0, in individual up to 0.35 to 0.4 cases reaching 1.5 to 2.0
From the above, beryllium can be a qualitative indicator of beryllium deposits in biogeochemical exploration. An indication that beryllium mineralization may be present is useful in gem exploration. A qualitative indicator is sufficient because presence of gem-quality material is not necessarily related to grade or concentration of the potential gem mineral. In addition, since gem deposits do not have to be large to be economic, one-line and one-station anomalies are of interest.
In humus, some particulate mineral matter not directly part of the biogeochemical cycle is present. Sources include atmospheric dust and underlying soil horizons. The latter material can be brought into humus by animals, especially ants, and by samplers during sampling.
Besides beryllium incorporated in humus via the biogeochemical cycle, beryllium in humus can also be present in the particulate mineral matter fraction, as a trace element in ordinary rock-forming minerals or as a minor to major element in beryllium minerals. The biogeo chemical beryllium in humus seems more likely to reflect local bedrock concentrations than that in the particulate mineral matter fraction, as discussed in the case of gold by Perry (1990).
10.
Aluminum content of humus appears to be a useful qualitative to semi-quantitative indicator of particulate mineral matter content, since aluminum is a major element in ordinary rock-forming minerals. Fortescue and Webb (1986) carried out humus studies in two different areas of the Algoma District, Ontario, one being granitic and the other metavolcanic terrain. One traverse line was sampled at each. Using the minus 50 mesh data of this study, and combining the data for both areas, a plot of loss-on-ignition (L.Q.I.) versus aluminum for each sample shows negative correlation. The inverse co-variation appears to be essentially linear, with scatter, for a given A1 value, roughly estimated at +71 L .O.I.
A plot of beryllium versus aluminum, using the same two sets of data combined, exhibits positive correlation, essentially linear co variation, with scatter roughly estimated at hO.OB ppm Be for a given A1 value. Only two points depart from the essentially linear array, both on the high-Be side. These are from adjacent stations, one of which has a high Mn value interpreted as a seepage accumulation by Fortescue and Webb (1986).
The Be-Al correlation for these two Algoma District study areas, for which beryllium mineralization is not reported, gives a Be value of about 0.2 ppm for an A1 value of T.2%, and a Be value of about 0.3 ppm for A1 = 2 .2DL. I t appears that the incremental differences in both Be and A1 are due to differences in particulate mineral matter content of the humus sampled. For humus, aluminum levels can be looked at to aid in evaluating beryllium values.
11.
Data Presentation
Laboratory analytical reports are given in Appendix.
The range of values for each element analyzed is shown in Table 1.
The results for six elements of main interest are plotted on Map 1 (in pocket), a geochemical plan. The elements plotted are beryllium, lanthanum, aluminum, nickel, copper and chromium.
Tables 2A and 2B list all stations returning 0.3 ppm or higher beryllium. Respective beryllium, lanthanum and aluminum values are given. For the elements nickel, copper and others, anomalously elevated values are given; lower non-anomalous values are not listed.
Table 2A stations are interpreted to be anomalous in beryllium and so indicated by a station symbol on Map 1. Table 2B stations are interpreted as not anomalous, by considering the beryllium values in relation to relatively high aluminum values. Further, sample site 11+OON on L14E, the next 3 sites south on this line, and site L23E 2+755 are all located adjacent to Wadsworth Creek, and it appears that some stream sediment became intermixed with humus, probably during periods of high water.
Table 3 lists all stations returning lanthanum 20 ppm or higher, and beryllium less than 0.3 ppm. Values for lanthanum and the other elements are given, in a format similar to that of Tables 2A and 2B.
The Table 3 sites are interpreted as anomalous in lanthanum and so identified on Map 1. Two exceptions, relatively high in aluminum in relation to their lanthanum values, are L18E 1+OON and L15E 13+75N. These are not indicated on Map 1 as being anomalous. Both sites are adjacent to Wadsworth Creek and apparently subject to flooding contamination of the humus by stream sediment.
Data are presented also in text in the following section. Results of interest for elements other than those plotted on Map 1 are described in text in the latter part of the following section.
12.
Table 1.
Elements and Range of Values. Stoughton Lake Project.
Humus Survey.N = 1707 samples
Element
AlFeCaMgNaKTi
PMnBaSrVCrNiZnCuLaCoSeGaPbUBeAsMoWTlSbCdHgAg Bi
Range
10.010.02 -0.420.04 -0.01 -0.05 -0.01 -
ppm
400 -15 -10 -7 -
< 1< 1< 122 -3 -
MO -< 1< 1^0 -< 2 -
13.
Table 2A and 2B.
Stations returning beryllium values of 0.3 ppm or higher. Results in ppm, except A1 in X.
La Al Ni Cu Ag Ga Ba
L1E 0+25NL5E 3+50SL6E 1+OOSL7E 0+OONL7E 0+25NL7E 0+50NL8E 0+75SL8E 4+25SL10E 6+OONL10E 6+25NL10E 6+75NL12E 6+75NL16E 0+75SL19E 6+75NL19E 11+75NL19E 13+25N
0.31.00.60.50.30.30.30.30.70.50.70.80.50.30.30.7
< 1033027060
< 10< 10180901030103070402030
0.220.310.300.140.390.190.300.200.530.460.160.570.360.550.120.18
172139
6497
60
12689
5931
44
2.0 80 202.0 60 20 5700.8 580
101020101010101010101010
0.770.661.220.300.771.220.961.190.980.710.940.50
14.
Table 3.
Stations returning lanthanum values of 20 ppm or higher, beryllium less than 0.3 ppm. Results in ppm, except A1 in "/c.
Station Be La Al
L2E 2+25SL3E 4+39SL5E 3+25SL10E 1+25NL16E 11+OONL17E 4+75SL18E 1+OONL18E 13+OOS
L3E 2+OOSL5E 3+75SL5E 4+OOSL5E 3+50NL9E 0+25SL9E 7+25SL13E 8+OONL14E 8+50N -L14E 7+50S .L15E 6+OONL15E 13+75NL16E 3+50NL17E 0+25NL17E 10+75NL18E 2+75SL18E 12+75S
0.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.2
0.10.10.10.10.10.10.1
c 0.1, 0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1
5050702030302030
2040
29050
10070605040110306020508020
0.250.110.170.220.190.360.880.07
0.100.070.170.180.200.140.250.250.130.250.750.210.240.110.350.06
286573
57
9638100
47
Cu
554530
58
282679
5228
38
44
Ag U Ga Ba
730
10
1.2 50 10
Mo Td
15.
Description and Discussion of Results
Beryllium and lanthanum
The general background value for beryllium is 0.1 ppm or less and for lanthanum it is less than 10 ppm (Map 1, in pocket). Beryllium values of 0.2 ppm tend to cluster in different parts of the grid. In light of the often low-contrast nature of beryllium biogeochemical anomalies discussed above, some of the 0.2 ppm values, especially those occurring with low aluminum values in humus, may be anomalous.
Beryllium values of 0.3 ppm and higher interpreted to be anomalous (Table 2A and Map 1) were returned at 16 stations out of the total of 1707 stations. A majority of these lie in a north-northeast-trending zone extending from the western to northeastern sectors of the property, over a distance of about 2.5 km.
Anomalous lanthanum values of 20 ppm and higher occur at 11 of the 16 anomalous beryllium sites (Table 2A and Map 1). Lanthanum is thus a pathfinder element for beryllium at about two-thirds of the beryllium anomaly sites.
Lanthanum values of 20 ppm and higher occur also at 7 stations where beryllium returned 0.2 ppm, and at 15 stations where beryllium returned 0.1 ppm or less (Map 1 and Table 3). A question then, is anomalous lanthanum possibly a pathfinder for beryllium at sites where beryllium values are background. Is it in some cases biogeochemically more mobile than beryllium, more readily available for uptake by plants, and/or subject to less uptake resistance.
On L5E from 3+25S through 4+OOS are four successive stations anomalous in lanthanum. From north to south (downslope), lanthanum values are 70, 330, 40 and 290 ppm, while corresponding beryllium values are 0.2, 1.0, 0.1 and 0.1 ppm. The lanthanum values of 40 and 290, both accompanied by background beryllium values, suggest that lanthanum here is more mobile than beryllium.
16.
A majority of anomalous lanthanum sites with beryllium less than 0.3 ppm fall in the general NNE-trending zone that hosts a large majority of anomalous beryllium sites (Map 1), but the tendency is lesser for lanthanum than for beryllium.
"Pathfinder" nickel, copper and other elements
Nickel-copper anomalies are present at about one-third of the anomalous beryllium sites (Table 2A) and at about one-third of the anomalous lanthanum sites (Table 3). This result was not expected. The occurrences are south of the base line, in mafic complex terrain. A few of these sites returned anomalous values also in one or more of the following elements: Silver, uranium, gallium, barium. In Table 2A the Ni-Cu anomalies are associated with the five highest lanthanum values. This is not the case in Table 3.
At four of the lanthanum-anomalous sites, copper anomalies without nickel anomalies are found, two south of the base line and two north of it (TableS). And at one lanthanum-anomalous station south of the base line, the opposite is found, anomalous nickel without anomalous copper. A total of 12 out of 22 lanthanum-anomalous sites, about half, exhibit nickel and/or copper anomalies.
The association of high Ni-Cu values with some beryllium anomalies was unexpected. One possible explanation is that beryl-bearing petmatite bodies or quartz veins emplaced in mafic host rocks prompted metasomatic exchange, mobilizing nickel and copper from mafic host to contact zones. With this explanation, a nickel-copper high in association with a beryllium high is a possible indicator of the metasomatic exchange required to form schist-type emerald deposits. This assumes that chromium takes part in the exchange process.
Consider samples L5E 3+50S and L6E 1+OOS. The list of anomalous elements includes Be, La, Ni, Cu, Ag, U and Ga (Table 2A). This suite of elements is suggestive of a hybrid between pegmatite and mafic rock.
17.
Nickel and copper
Ten stations anomalous in nickel and/or copper, and not accompanied by anomalous beryllium or lanthanum, occur south of the base line. Seven copper-anomalous stations occur north of the base line. These sites are identified on Map 1 by an open symbol.
Several of the anomalies in the south sector form a grid northeast- trending array. The stations forming it are listed in the following Table 4.
Table 4
Station
L8E 5+75SL10E 4+OOS
L11E 3+50S L11E 3+75S
L13E 2+25S
L14E 2+25SL17E 0+OOS
Fel
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.34
0.16
0.34
0.49
Nippm
3376
12128313
18
112
Cuppm
5621
4218222
31
76
Mo
10
3
1 2
* 1
2
7
Mn ppm
45505
690
1470 175
27406330
The two sites on L11E, which have the highest nickel values, are both in a narrow grid south-trending bog that was dry when sampled. Manganese values here are in the normal background range. Iron is moderately elevated at one of the two sites.
The L17E site at the northeast end of the array is also at a local boggy area and the high mananese and elevated iron values suggest possible seepage accumulation of trace element values.
Other stations listed in Table 4 are at dry sites, and all except those on L13E and L14E are on terrain shown as "abundant bedrock exposure with thin drift cover" on the Quaternary geology map (Barnett and Ainsworth, 1982). Between the L11E and L17E sites, and underlying the L13E and L14E sites, the surficial geology is different. It is
18.
mapped as glaciofluvial outwash and deltaic deposits usually greater than 1 m thick, and outcrops are scarce. If a grid NE-trending Ni-Cu mineralized structure extends beneath this cover, its geochemical expression may be subdued as compared with that on the surrounding terrain of thin glacial drift cover.
Regarding values returned for station L13E 2+25S, none of the elements listed in Table 4 are at levels considered anomalous. However, copper is about 2X local background on this line. Because of the possibility of a subdued geochemical response, the station is listed as a member of the array.
While the above is of interest for possible Ni-Cu mineralization, features associated with one of the anomalous copper sites to the north of the base line should also be pointed out. At L18E 4+50N a copper value of 101 ppm was returned. One station south, copper is 20 ppm. To the west, on lines 17E through 15E, values of 20-24 ppm Cu are found at 4+OON on each of these lines, plus a value of 21 ppm Cu at 4+25N on L15E. These 20-24 ppm values are not individually interpreted as anomalies and not identified as such on Map 1. They are about 1.5X to 2X the local background on each line. They may represent a bedrock unit having elevated copper content. However, presence of the anomalous 101 ppm value at the east end of the geochemical trend opens the possibility of copper mineralization. Except for a few outcrops on L15E where some hematization of a grey gneiss was noted, outcrops were not seen along the lines in this area, and the drift appears to be thicker than normal for sloping upland areas on the property.
Chromium
A range of chromium from-t1 to 250 ppm is found for the property grid (Table 1). Higher chromium values are generally associated with higher aluminum values in a sample (Map 1). This effect appears to be so strong that it is questionable if the biogeochemical component of the chromium value, which can reflect local bedrock, can be discerned.
19.
Rather, chromium content of the mineral matter in humus here may tend to overwhelm the biogeochemical chromium.
Working with Cr/Al ratios has not been tried but may be helpful. One area where some bedrock signal via plant root uptake appears to be discernible in the raw chromium data is L12E from 7+50S to 10+10S and adjacent L13E from 9+25S to 10+OOS, plus 10+50S. For these sectors of these two lines, comparison of chromium values with those on lines to the west (L8, 9, 10, 11E), matching up similar aluminum values, shows that chromium values are generally higher on L12E and L13E by factors ranging from about 1.5 to 5. For the next line to the east, L14E, where comparisons can be made for the lower aluminum values on this line, similar factors apply.
Chromium-enriched bedrock is thus indicated for an area to the north of the east-west central part of Stoughton Lake. Nickel values in humus here are at normal background for the property grid (Map 1, in pocket).
Other Elements
Results for elements additional to those plotted on Map 1 have been examined. High value locations have been plotted on large scale work sheets to look for clustering and other patterns. Features of interest found are described as follows under element headings.
Antimony
Three quite high antimony values were returned on L2E. From 0+75S through 1+25S the values are 420, 380 and 155 ppm against a background of ̂ 5 ppm. The sample stations are on a moderately steep south slope.
Overburden thickness is probably moderate, as mafic, gneissic and pegmatite outcrops occur to the north of 0+75S. A steeply-dipping and grid north-northeast-trending granite pegmatite outcrops to the west of L2E here; it is about 30 m grid west of 1+25S and 15 m grid west of 0+75S.
20.
Except for Cr, Fe and Ti in sample 0+75S, none of the other elements analyzed show enrichment in the high antimony samples. This suggested that the samples were contaminated with antimony in some way. The three stations were re-sampled in December and in each case the results are < 5 ppm antimony. Contamination or analytical error is indicated for the original samples.
Bismuth
Anomalous bismuth values of 18 and 6 ppm are at L4E 3+OON and 3+25N, respectively. The background is * 2 ppm. A bismuth value of 6 ppm at L5E 2+25N may or may not be anomalous because a higher background exists from 0+OON to 3+75N on this line.
Topographic correlation exists between the possibly anomalous station on L5E and the Bismuth-anomalous station on L4E at 3+OON. Both are at the top of a steep, rocky, grid northeast-facing slope that is dominated by a bedrock cliff on L5E and a steep,angular boulder talus slope on L4E. Near the latter line, large, angular vein quartz boulders are fairly abundant. These talus quartz boulders should be examined for possible mineralization. The upper cliffs also between L4E and L5E should be prospected closely because quartz veins and irregular bodies, in part brown rusty-weathering and probably sulphide-bearing, also locally hematized red, were noted here during prospecting in December 1988.
Bismuthinite and native bismuth may occur in quartz vein deposits and in pegmatitites. Examples of bismuthinite in gold quartz veins are at Goldfield, Nevada; near Pilgrim's Rest, South Africa and a number of older European localities mined for gold. At the LaCorne Mine in Quebec, native bismuth and bismuthinite were recovered as byproducts in a series of discontinuous pegmatitic quartz veins mined mainly for molybdenum, with recovery of minor beryl as well.
21
Regarding pegmatite occurrences, in Australia bismuth and bismuthinite are reported as being abundant and having been mined in some pegmatities in the New England district of New South Wales. Pegmatitite-hosted examples where beryl occurs as well, include the Gordonia District and the Steinkopf Reserve (a number of occurrences) both in South Africa, and Cordoba and San Luis Provinces in Argentina where bismuth has been produced during beryl mining. Closer to the property, bismuthinite, apparently in limited amounts, has been reported in the Wal-Gem East beryl deposit. It was encountered during early work on the pegmatite deposit (Hewitt,1954).
In the Rila Mountains, Bulgaria, bismuthinite and bismuth occur in a pegmatite-associated schist-type emerald deposit.
Zinc and cadmium
The upper value of the zinc range for the grid, 22 to 698 ppm, does not give a strong indication that significant zinc mineralization may be present. The cadmium range is ^ 0.5 to 3.5 ppm. High zinc values exceeding 400 ppm are 39 in number. High Cd values of 2.5 ppm and higher accompany 14 of the Zn highs. An additional 9 Cd highes are not accompanied by Zn highs. Nine of the Zn highs are in the south part of the grid, south of the base line, and 30 are in the north part.
A tendency to low-density clustering or loose grouping of Zn highs is present, the groups consisting of 2 to 7 sample sites.
Some groups are on south slopes or at the top of south slopes. The sunlight growth factor is known to give rise to Zn highs that are unrelated to bedrock mineralization.
One group of four zinc highs occurring on the lower part of a north slope extends west of the south shore of W.P. Pond, from near the southwest "corner" of the pond, grid westerly for about 400 metres to
22.
L4E 3+25N. The latter station also hosts one of the bismuth anomalies discussed above. Three of these zinc highs are each situated near a marked break in slope, at the base of a steep northerly-facing cliffy or rocky slope where it gives way to a more moderately sloping lower north slope.
These highs may be toe-of-slope groundwater-transported anomalies. On the other hand, if the cliffy slopes are fault-line or fracture zone scarps, then structurally controlled zinc mineralization is a possibility.
In the northeast part of the grid, a zinc high occurs at the next station immediately north of each of two adjacent lanthanum anomaly sites that are at L16E 11+OON and at L17E 10+75N (Map 1, in pocket). At each of the lanthanum sites copper, at 24 ppm, is elevated. A grouping here thus consists of 4 stations and 3 elements.
Tungsten
A single-station copper anomaly found at L14E 12+50N (Map 1, in pocket) is accompanied by a tungsten value of 40 ppm versus a back ground of ^ 10 ppm. This is an anomalous value. For comparison, tungsten in normal igneous rocks is in the range of 1 to 2 ppm.
The site is near a hunt camp, but tungsten contamination does not seem very likely. The sample returned high iron, titanium, scandium and vanadium also. The possibility of a ferruginous greisen (post magmatic acid leaching product) with tungsten mineralization ought to be considered.
Molybdenum
The molybdenum range for the grid is * 1 to 14 ppm (Table 1). This range does not suggest the presence of high-grade molybdenum mineralization because this element tends to give high-contrast biogeochemical anomalies.
23.
The highest molybdenum value of 14 ppm was found at L17E 10+005,in a bog (Map 1, in pocket) where three other elevated molybdenum valuesin the 2-3 ppm range were found.
Three other high molybdenum values in the 7-10 ppm range are elsewhere south of the base line and on it; one at a La-Cu anomalous site and two at Ni-Cu anomalous sites (Tables 3 and 4).
24.
Conclusions
1. (a) A number of beryllium anomalies have been found by the humus survey. They are identified on Map 1 (in pocket). These are low-contrast to medium-contrast, which is the usual nature of beryllium biogeochemical anomalies.
(b) The beryllium anomalies should be followed up, in the search for gem beryl deposits, emerald variety.
2. (a) Lanthanum in humus is a pathfinder element for beryllium inthe survey area,
(b) While beryllium anomalies, with and without accompanyinglanthanum anomalies should be given first priority for follow- up, some of the sites anomalous in lanthanum but lacking anomalous beryllium values (Map 1) should also be included in the follow-up. Representative variety as to features and locations can be a basis for inclusion.
3. (a) Anomalous nickel-copper values accompany anomalous berylliumvalues at sites south of the base line in mafic complex terrain. These sites comprise about one-third of the beryllium-anomalous total.
(b) The possibility that the accompanying nickel-copper values are a special kind of pathfinder that indicates conditions favourable for the genesis of schist-type emerald deposits, should be taken into account in follow-up work. The same applies for lanthanum anomaly sites lacking anomalous beryllium but having nickel-copper anomalies, these being about one-third of the total and all south of the base line.
4. (a) An area to the north of the east-west central part of Stoughton Lake, on Lines 12, 13 and 14E (Map 1), appears to be enriched in chromium.
(b) In view of the importance of chromium as the colouring agent in emerald, the humus chromium/aluminum ratios should be worked with to see if a biogeochemical signal reflecting chromium variation in bedrock is discernible (in other places on the property grid) above the chromium-in-particulate-mineral-matter
25.
signal that appears to dominate the raw chromium data.
5. (a) Seven copper-anomalous stations not accompanied by anomalous beryllium or lanthanum values are found in the north part of the grid. Three possibly form a small group. The others are isolated. Ten nickel-and/or copper-anomalous stations not accompanied by anomalous beryllium or lanthanum are found south of the base line. Six of the latter form a grid northeast- trending array.
(b) The grid northeast-trending array of nickel-and/or copper- anomalous stations, extending from L8E 5+75S to L17E 0+OOS, merits some follow-up for possible nickel-copper mineralization.
(c) If possible copper mineralization is of interest, a copper- anomalous station at L18E 4+50N and elevated copper values on each of the next three lines to the grid west merit investigation.
6. (a) Westerly from the grid southwest corner of W.P. Pond, on Lines 8E through 4E, two or three bismuth anomalies and four zinc highs are associated with northerly-facing cliffy slopes that may be structurally controlled escarpments. Quartz veins and bodies, some locally rusty-weathering, and some locally hematized, have been seen in places in the cliffs and in talus derived from them,
(b) The cliffy slopes and their talus deposits lying westerly of the grid southwest corner of W.P. Pond should be prospected and sampled for possible high-temperature quartz vein-associated mineralization, which can include bismuth, gold, zinc and other metals, also beryl and tungsten.
7. A single-station multi-element anomaly at L14E 12+50N thatincludes tungsten and copper, should be investigated for possible tungsten mineralization. Ferruginous griesen, which is seen in various places on the property, is the alteration/mineralization type suggested by an anomalous element suite that includes iron, titanium, scandium and vanadium.
26.
Recommendations
It is recommended that the following conclusions (above) be carried out: 1. (b), 2. (b), 3. (b), 4. (b), 5. (b), (c), 6. (b) and 7.
Respectfully submitted,
\ i
Edwin L. Speelman, B.Se. Consulting Geologist
May 26, 1990 Mississauga, Ontario
27.
References Cited
Barnett, P.J. and Ainsworth, Brent1982: Quaternary Geology of the Brudenell Area, Southern Ontario;
Ontario Geological Survey, Map P. 2558, Geological Series- Preliminary Map, scale 1:50 000. Geology 1978.
Beus, A.A. and Grigorian, S.V.1977: Geochemical Exploration Methods for Mineral Deposits; Applied
Publishing Co., Willimette, Illinois, 287p.
Fortescue, J.A.C., and Webb, J.R.1986: Humus Geochemistry Near Barbara and Hanes Lakes, Algoma District;
Ontario Geological Survey, Map 80 797, Geochemical Series.Compiled 1986.
Hewitt, D.F.1954: Geology of the Brudenell-Raglan Area; Ontario Department of
Mines; Annual Report for 1953, Volume 62, Part 5, 123p.Accompanied by Map 1953-2, scale 1:63 360.
Kovalevsky, A.L.1987: Biogeochemical Exploration for Mineral Deposits, 2nd edition;
VNU Science Press, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 224p.(1979: 1st edition).
Lortie, R.B.1980: Quadlyn Property Geological Mapping Assessment Report - 1979,
Cominco Limited; Assessment Files Office, Geoscience InformationServices, Ontario, File No. 2.3225.
Lumbers, S.B.1982: Summary of Metallogeny, Renfrew County Area; Ontario Geological
Survey, Report 212, 58p. Accompanied by Maps 2459, 2460, 2461,and 2462, scale 1:100 000, and chart.
Perry, Bruce James1990: The Determination of Gold Concentrations in Humus and Humic
Fractions by Charcoal Absorption Preconcentration - Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (CA-INAA), and the Investigation of Their Spatial Relationship to Subcropping Gold Mineralization; unpublished M.Se. thesis, University of Toronto, 122p.
Chem
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SAMPLE PREPARATION
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Ltd.
Ana
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