GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Volume 1

Principles and Technical IssuesSecond Edition

Edited by

PAUL A LONGLEY,

MICHAEL F GOODCHILD,

DAVID J MAGUIRE,

and

DAVID W RHIND

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.New York • Chichester • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto

TrademarksThroughout this book trademarked names are used. Rather than put a trademark symbol beside every occurrence of a trademarked name, we state that we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner with no intention of infringement of the trademark.

This book is printed on acid-free papare.Copyright© 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to thesubject matter covered, It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged inrendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data:

ISBN: 0471–33132–5 (Volume 1)ISBN: 0471–32182–6 (Set)

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

We dedicate this second edition of Geographical Information Systems to two pioneers in thefield: Professor Terry Coppock and Dr Roger Tomlinson.

Terry Coppock, Professor of Geography at the University of Edinburgh, has devoted alifetime of research to the subject of humanity’s use of the land surface of the Earth. He wasone of the very first to recognise the importance of geographical information technologies incollecting, managing, and manipulating the large quantities of data needed to study andunderstand changing patterns of land-use, and the ways in which new uses compete withtraditional ones for the national land resource. He began this work in the late 1950s using theprimitive computers of those days. In the mid 1980s he was largely responsible for initiatingthe International Journal of Geographical Information Systems (now the InternationalJournal of Geographical Information Science); he became its first editor, and set it on courseto its current position as the most influential scientific journal in the field of GIS.

Roger Tomlinson is President of Tomlinson Associates, an Ottawa-based GISconsultancy. He is a past President of the Canadian Association of Geographers, and arecipient of the Royal Geographical Society’s Murchison Award and many other honours. Inthe mid 1960s he recognised that digital computers could be used to analyse the vastquantities of mapped information being created by the Canada Land Inventory. Hiscost–benefit analyses concluded that computerisation would be the best alternative in spiteof the high costs and primitive nature of computers at the time. It was Roger Tomlinsonwho first coined the term ‘geographic information system’ for this novel way of usingcomputers, oversaw the extraordinarily innovative creation of the Canada GeographicInformation System, and became the world’s foremost proponent of the GIS vision over thefollowing decades. He, more than anyone else, is recognised today as the ‘father’ of GIS.

Dedicating a book is much too modest a way of recognising the magnitude of thecontributions of Terry Coppock and Roger Tomlinson – but we hope it draws attention tothe high regard in which we hold them.

Dedication

Volume 1PRINCIPLES AND TECHNICAL ISSUES

Dedication vPreface xiList of contributors xiiiAcknowledgements xxiii

1 Introduction . P A Longley, M F Goodchild, D J Maguire, and D W Rhind 1–20

Part 1: Principles

(a) Space and time in GIS

Introduction . The Editors 23–272 Space, time, geography . H Couclelis 29–383 Geography and GIS . R J Johnston 39–474 Arguments, debates and dialogues: the GIS–social theory debate and the concern for

alternatives . J Pickles 49–605 Spatial representation: the scientist’s perspective . J F Raper 61–706 Spatial representation: the social scientist’s perspective . D J Martin 71–807 Spatial representation: a cognitive view . D M Mark 81–898 Time in GIS and geographical databases . D J Peuquet 91–1039 Representation of terrain . M F Hutchinson and J C Gallant 105–124

10 Generalising spatial data and dealing with multiple representations . R Weibel and G Dutton 125–15511 Visualising spatial distributions . M-J Kraak 157–173

(b) Data quality

Introduction . The Editors 175–17612 Data quality parameters . H Veregin 177–18913 Models of uncertainty in spatial data . P F Fisher 191–20514 Propagation of error in spatial modelling with GIS . G B M Heuvelink 207–21715 Detecting and evaluating errors by graphical methods . M K Beard and B P Buttenfield 219–233

(c) Spatial analysis

Introduction . The Editors 235–23716 Spatial statistics . A Getis 239–25117 Interactive techniques and exploratory spatial data analysis . L Anselin 253–26618 Applying geocomputation to the analysis of spatial distributions . S Openshaw and S Alvanides 267–282

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19 Spatial analysis: retrospect and prospect . M M Fischer 283–29220 Location modelling and GIS . R L Church 293–303

Part 2: Technical Issues

(a) GIS architecture issues

Introduction . The Editors 307–30821 New technology and GIS . M Batty 309–31622 GIS in networked environments . D J Coleman 317–32923 Desktop GIS software . S Elshaw Thrall and G I Thrall 331–34524 GIS interoperability . M Sondheim, K Gardels, and K Buehler 347–35825 GIS customisation . D J Maguire 359–369

(b) Spatial databases

Introduction . The Editors 371–37226 Relational databases and beyond . M F Worboys 373–38427 Spatial access methods . P van Oosterom 385–40028 Interacting with GIS . M J Egenhofer and W Kuhn 401–41229 Principles of spatial database analysis and design . Y Bédard 413–424

(c) Technical aspects of GIS data collection

Introduction . The Editors 425–42630 Spatial referencing and coordinate systems . H Seeger 427–43631 Encoding and validating data from maps and images . I Dowman 437–45032 Digital remotely-sensed data and their characteristics . M Barnsley 451–46633 Using GPS for GIS data capture . A Lange and C Gilbert 467–476

(d) Data transformation and linkage

Introduction . The Editors 477–47934 Spatial interpolation . L Mitas and H Mitasova 481–49235 Multi-criteria evaluation and GIS . J R Eastman 493–50236 Spatial tessellations . B Boots 503–52637 Spatial hydrography and landforms . L Band 527–54238 Intervisibility on terrains . L De Floriani and P Magillo 543–55639 Virtual environments and GIS . J N Neves and A Câmara 557–56540 The future of GIS and spatial analysis . M F Goodchild and P A Longley 567–580

Appendix: glossaries and acronyms xxvii–xxxiiiAuthor index xxxiv–lxxSubject index lxxi–xcv

Contents

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Volume 2MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND APPLICATIONS

List of contributors ixAcknowledgements xix

Part 3: Management IssuesIntroduction . The Editors 583–586

(a) Making the GIS efficient, effective, and safe to use

Introduction . The Editors 587–58841 Choosing a GIS . T Bernhardsen 589–60042 Measuring the benefits and costs of GIS . N J Obermeyer 601–61043 Managing an operational GIS . L J Sugarbaker 611–62044 Institutional consequences of the use of GIS . H J Campbell 621–63145 Managing uncertainty in GIS . G J Hunter 633–64146 Liability in the use of GIS and geographical datasets . H J Onsrud 643–651

(b) Data as a management issue

Introduction . The Editors 65347 Characteristics and sources of framework data . N S Smith and D W Rhind 655–66648 Characteristics, sources, and management of remotely-sensed data . J E Estes and T R Loveland 667–67549 Metadata and data catalogues . S C Guptill 677–69250 National and international data standards . F Salgé 693–706

(c) GIS as a management tool

Introduction . The Editors 707–70851 GIS for business and service planning . M Birkin, G P Clarke, and M Clarke 709–72252 Managing public discourse: towards the augmentation of GIS with multimedia . M J Shiffer 723–73253 Managing a whole economy: the contribution of GIS . J Smith Patterson and K Siderelis 733–743

(d) The impact of broad societal issues on GIS

Introduction . The Editors 745–74654 Enabling progress in GIS and education . P Forer and D Unwin 747–75655 Rethinking privacy in a geocoded world . M R Curry 757–76656 National and international geospatial data policies . D W Rhind 767–787

Part 4: Applications

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Contents

Introduction . The Editors 791–795

(a) Operational applications

Introduction . The Editors 797–79957 GIS in the utilities . J Meyers 801–81858 GIS in telecommunications . C Fry 819–82659 Transportation GIS: GIS-T . N Waters 827–84460 GIS in emergency management . T Cova 845–85861 GIS in land administration . P F Dale and R A McLaren 859–87562 Urban planning and GIS . A G-O Yeh 877–88863 Military applications of GIS . D Swann 889–89964 Applying GIS in libraries . P Adler and M Larsgaard 901–908

(b) Social and environmental applications

Introduction . The Editors 909–91165 The rebuilding of a country: the role of GIS in South Africa . D R MacDevette,

R J Fincham, and G G Forsyth 913–92466 Health and health care applications . A Gatrell and M Senior 925–93867 GIS and the geography of politics . M Horn 939–95168 Monitoring land cover and land-use for urban and regional planning . P Bibby and J Shepherd 953–96569 GIS and landscape conservation . R J Aspinall 967–98070 Local, national, and global applications of GIS in agriculture . J P Wilson 981–99871 GIS in environmental monitoring and assessment . L Larsen 999–1007

72 Epilogue . P A Longley, M F Goodchild, D J Maguire, and D W Rhind 1009–1021

Consolidated bibliography 1023–1101Appendix: glossaries and acronyms xxiii–xxixAuthor index xxx–lxviSubject index lxvii–xci

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The genealogy of the ‘Big Book of GIS’ can betraced to the emergent view, just after the 1987annual meetings of the Association of AmericanGeographers, that the rapidly developing field ofGIS had attained sufficient maturity to warrant alarge reference compendium. The original editorswere appointed in 1988 and Geographicalinformation systems: principles and applicationsappeared as a two-volume boxed set in 1991.

The book fast became the standard referencework for GIS and, despite being joined by an everincreasing number of GIS textbooks and specialisedtopic volumes, probably remains the most used andmost heavily cited work in the field – a fittingtestimony to the expertise of the international rangeof contributors and the quality of their work.Yet any compendium in a fast-developing field hasa limited shelf-life, and this edition (initiallycommissioned, like the first, by Vanessa Lawrence)was commissioned to portray GIS in the late 1990s.The careers of two of the original editors had takensharp changes in direction since the first edition,which has led them out of academia – DavidMaguire first became Managing Director ofEnvironment Systems Research Institute (ESRI) UKand then Director of Product Planning at ESRI inCalifornia; and David Rhind became ManagingDirector and Chief Executive of Ordnance Survey(GB) before announcing his departure to be ViceChancellor of London City University. In order tomaintain the academic content and direction ofmuch of the book, Paul Longley was invited to jointhe original team to co-edit the second edition.

The guiding principles for creating the secondedition were fundamentally similar to those used inthe first – namely to commission internationalexperts to write benchmark reviews that could beused as a reference against which trends in the fieldmight be assessed. ‘History is bunk – but geographyisn’t’ were the watchwords of the early planningstages: the editors decided that none of the originalcontributions should be retained in any shape orform, that a new list of topics should be drawn upfrom scratch, and that an entirely new set of

prospective contributors should be assembledwithout reference to the first edition. The result ofthis is a complete change in the range of chaptersand (the original editors aside) fewer than one in tenof the contributors to this book having contributedto the first edition. This is not intended as a snub tothose who were not invited to contribute a secondtime – all of the original contributions are ofenduring relevance – but rather a conscious decisionto do all practicable to ensure a completeredefinition, rather than updating, of what webelieve epitomises the best in GIS books.

The first edition was divided into two main parts– ‘Principles’ and ‘Applications’ – plus an extendedoverview of GIS detailing definitions, history, andthe context to GIS-based analysis. By the late 1990sthe developing maturity of the field had made thisorganising structure less relevant. The materialcontained in the extended introduction is now muchmore widely known and taken for granted, while thescale and pace of developments in GIS techniquesand management made it desirable to give theseissues extended treatments in new and distinctsections. Thus the introduction and epilogue in thisbook are shorter than in the first edition, and mostof the material is arranged into four parts ratherthan two: ‘Principles’, ‘Technical Issues’,‘Management Issues’, and ‘Applications’. The firstedition had 56 numbered chapters, while this editionhas 72 – further testimony to both the growth anddiversification of the GIS field.

Much is made in this second edition, explicitlyand implicitly, about the radical shifts and changesin technology that have taken place since the original‘Big Book’ was published; indeed to the editors thisis nowhere more apparent than in the ways in whichthe second edition has been put together. Prospectivecontributors were first approached in February 1996and contracts were sent out shortly afterwards: innearly all cases all significant correspondence andsubmission between that time and page proofing waselectronic. Authors were asked to provide anextended abstract in digital form, and afterrefereeing by the editors these were all posted on a

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WWW site (100 pages and 60 000 words!), alongwith author contact coordinates (specifically e-mail).The editorial collective gave detailed feedbackcomments to each of the contributors, particularlywith regard to possible overlaps between chapterswithin the new book structure. Contributors werethen encouraged to consult the Web site, in order toascertain the complementarity of their contributionsto others, and to resolve ‘low level’ problems ofoverlap and omission with their fellow contributors(again by e-mail). Thus an additional measure ofself-regulatory checking was introduced tocomplement strategic editorial control.

As before, the role of the editors has been toprovide focus and direction, and to ensure that thewhole of the book is greater than the sum of itsindividual parts. We feel that, to some extent at least,the ‘democratisation’ and opening up of dialoguebetween contributors has made this second editionstill more tightly integrated and coordinated than itshighly successful forebear. A related point is that allof the contributions were received in digital form andwere switched many times between the editors inBristol, Santa Barbara, Redlands, and Southampton– and innumerable ‘field’ locations between andbeyond. Most of the artwork and colour plates weretransmitted to the GIS World Web site in Coloradoprior to redrawing and sizing. Together, thesechanges have reduced the lead time between writing

and availability of the final product. Whilst it is thehope of the authors that this second edition willprove to be at least as durable as the first, it is alsohoped that this reduction in production time will lendthe book the freshest possible feel to its first readers.

The successful completion of a major project suchas this book requires the cooperation andunderstanding of many key individuals. We thankfirstly our colleagues for their impressive andthoughtful contributions. Vanessa Lawrenceoriginally commissioned this work – her subsequentmove to Autodesk represents a considerable loss tothe GI publishing industry – and was succeeded byHeather Burkinshaw and Roy Opie atGeoInformation International. Steve Attmoreundertook the huge task of overseeing the book’sproduction editing and Rob Garber oversaw thetransfer of the project to John Wiley and Sons, Inc.An extended editional meeting was lubricated byWilli Germann’s gin and tonics, and Joas madeexcellent sendwiches. Finally, we thank our wivesMandy, Fiona, Heather, and Christine for putting upwith our erratic but intensive work patterns duringthe project.

Paul A LongleyMichael F GoodchildDavid J MaguireDavid W Rhind

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THE EDITORS

Paul A LongleyProfessor at the School of Geographical Sciences inthe University of Bristol. Research interests:geographical information systems; fractal geometry;spatial analysis; data integration, especially involvingremote sensing and socioeconomic sources; socialsurvey research practice.School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UKTel: +44-117-928-7509; Fax: +44-117-928-7878;E-mail: Paul.Longley@bristol.ac.uk

Michael F GoodchildChair of the Executive Committee of the NationalCenter for Geographic Information and Analysis(NCGIA), and Professor of Geography at theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara.Research interests: GIS; environmental modelling;geographical data modelling; spatial analysis;location theory; accuracy of spatial databases;statistical geometry.Department of Geography, University of California, SantaBarbara, CA 93106-4060, USATel: +1-805-893-8049; Fax: +1-805-893-7095;E-mail: good@ncgia.ucsb.edu

Dr David J MaguireDirector of Product Planning at the EnvironmentalSystems Research Institute (ESRI) in California.Research interests: spatial databases; GIScustomisation; GIS implementation and object-oriented systems.Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., 380 NewYork Street, Redlands, California 92373, USATel: +1-909-793-2853; Fax: +1-909-793-5953;E-mail: dmaguire@esri.com

David W RhindVice-Chancellor of City University, London andformerly Director General and Chief Executive of theOrdnance Survey of Great Britain. Current researchinterests include information and data policy issues

nationally and internationally; the workings ofgovernment; public/private sector interactions.

City University, Northampton Square, LondonEC1V 0HB, UKTel: +44-171-477-8000; Fax: +44-171-477-8560 E-mail: d.rhind@city.ac.uk

THE AUTHORS

Prudence S AdlerAssistant Executive Director at the Association ofResearch Libraries in Washington, DC. Researchinterests: information policies; telecommunications;copyright and intellectual property issues.

Association of Research Libraries, 21 Dupont Circle, NW,Washington, DC 20036, USATel: +1-202-296-2296; Fax: +1-202-872-0884;E-mail: prue@cni.org

Seraphim AlvanidesResearch Assistant at the Centre for ComputationalGeography at the University of Leeds. Researchinterests: spatial analysis and modelling in GISenvironments; scale and aggregation issues;systematic aggregation of areal data.

Centre for Computational Geography, School ofGeography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKTel: +44-113-2431751; Fax: +44-113-333308;E-mail: s.alvanides@geography.leeds.ac.uk

Luc AnselinDirector, Bruton Center for Development Studies andProfessor of Economics, Geography, and PoliticalEconomy, University of Texas at Dallas. Researchinterests: regional economic and demographicanalysis; spatial econometrics and spatial statistics;statistical computing; GIS and spatial analysis.

University of Texas at Dallas, PO Box 830688,Richardson, TX 75083–0688, USAE-mail: lanselin@utdallas.edu

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List of contributors

Richard J AspinallDirector of the Geographic Information andAnalysis Center, Montana State University.Research interests: environmental applications ofGIS and spatial analysis; data quality issues;integrating socioeconomic and environmentalmodelling for land-use applications.Geographic Information and Analysis Center, Montana StateUniversity, Bozeman, Montana, MT 59717-0348, USATel: +1-406-994-2374; Fax: +1-406-994-6923;E-mail: richard@giac.montana.edu

Lawrence E BandProfessor of Geography at the University ofToronto. Research interests include hydrology;geomorphology; GIS and environmental modelling.University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, CanadaTel: +1-416-978-3375; Fax: +1-416-978-6729;E-mail: lband@geog.utoronto.ca

Mike BarnsleyResearch Professor of Remote Sensing and GIS atthe University of Wales Swansea. Research interests:estimation of land-surface biophysical properties byremote sensing; mapping, monitoring, and analysisof urban areas using very high resolution satelliteimages, including the development of graph-basedspatial analytical tools; scaling and generalisation inremote sensing and GIS.Department of Geography, University of Wales Swansea,Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, WalesTel: +44-1792-295647; Fax: +44-1792-295955;E-mail: m.barnsley@swansea.ac.uk

Michael BattyProfessor of Spatial Analysis and Planning at theCentre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, UniversityCollege London. Research interests includevisualisation; urban systems modelling; urbanmorphology; planning and design processes.CASA, University College London, 1–19 TorringtonPlace, London WC1E 6BT, UKTel: +44-171-391-1781; Fax: +44-171-813-2843;E-mail: m.batty@ucl.ac.uk

M Kate BeardAssociate Professor in the Department of SpatialInformation Science and Engineering at theUniversity of Maine. Research interests: spatial data quality; metadata; automated generalisation.NCGIA, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USATel: +1-207-581-2147; Fax: +1-207-581-2206;E-mail: beard@spatial.maine.edu

Yvan BédardProfessor in GIS at the Department of GeomaticsSciences, and a member of the Centre for Researchin Geomatics, at Laval University. Researchinterests: spatial database analysis; spatial datawarehousing; spatio-temporal reasoning;organisational issues related to the implementationof geomatics technologies.Department of Geomatics Sciences, Laval University,Québec City G1K 7P4, CanadaTel: +1-418-656-2131 ext. 3694; Fax: +1-418-656-7411;E-mail: yvan.bedard@scg.ulaval.ca

Tor BernhardsenSenior Consultant at Asplan Viak in Norway.Research interests include implementing GIS andcost/benefit analysis.Asplan Viak, PO Box 1699, N-4801, Arendal, NorwayTel: +47-37-035560; Fax: +47-37-023280;E-mail: tor.bernhardsen@asplanviak.no

Peter R BibbyLecturer in Town and Regional Planning at theUniversity of Sheffield. Main research interest isrepresentational systems in urban planning.Department of Town and Regional Planning, Universityof Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UKTel: +44-114-222-6181; Fax: +44-114-272-2199;E-mail: p.r.bibby@sheffield.ac.uk

Mark BirkinManaging Director, GMAP Ltd and Lecturer inSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, UK.Main research interests: generation of marketintelligence from spatial data; application ofgeographical models to commercial markets; the useof GIS to improve decision-making within business.GMAP Ltd, GMAP House, Cromer Terrace, LeedsLS2 9JU, UKTel: +44-113-244-6164; Fax: +44-113-234-3173;E-mail: markb@gmap.leeds.ac.uk

Barry BootsProfessor of Geography and Environmental Studiesat Wilfrid Laurier University, Ontario. Researchinterests: modelling spatial processes; spatialpatterns; spatial statistics.Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5,CanadaTel: +1-519-884-1970; Fax: +1-519-725-1342;E-mail: bboots@mach1.wlu.ca

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Kurt BuehlerVice President for Technology Development, OpenGIS Consortium, Inc. in the USA. Researchinterests include open systems; geographical datamodels, standards; open GIS; object-orienteddatabases; and interoperability.Open GIS Consortium Inc., 4899 North Old State Road37, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USATel: +1-812-334-0601; Fax: +1-812-334-0625;E-mail: kbuehler@opengis.org

Barbara P ButtenfieldAssociate Professor in the Department ofGeography at the University of Colorado. Researchinterests: visualisation; spatial data delivery on theInternet; interface design and evaluation.Department of Geography, University of Colorado,Boulder, CO 80309, USATel: +1-303-492-3618; Fax: +1-303-492-7501;E-mail: babs@colorado.edu

Antonio CâmaraAssociate Professor in Environmental SystemsAnalysis at the New University of Lisbon. Researchinterests: environmental simulation; geographicalinformation systems and multimedia; virtual reality;ecological modelling; water quality modelling.Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,New University of Lisbon, Monte de Caparica, 2875,PortugalTel: +351-1-295-4464 ext. 0104; Fax: +351-1-294-2441;E-mail: asc@mail.fct.unl.pt

Heather J CampbellSenior Lecturer in Town and Regional Planning at theUniversity of Sheffield. Research interests: technologicalinnovation; GIS implementation; planning theory.Department of Town and Regional Planning, Universityof Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UKTel: +44-114-222-6306; Fax: +44-114-272-2199;E-mail: h.j.campbell@sheffield.ac.uk

Richard L ChurchProfessor of Geography at the Department ofGeography and the NCGIA, University ofCalifornia at Santa Barbara. Research interests:location model development; transportationplanning and logistics; land management andecosystems planning; and GIS.Department of Geography and NCGIA, University ofCalifornia at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 931064060, USATel: +1-805-893-4217; Fax: +1-805-839-3146;E-mail: church@maxz.geog.ucsb.edu

Graham P ClarkeSenior Lecturer in School of Geography, Universityof Leeds. Research interests: urban geography; retailand marketing geography; GIS and spatial modelling.School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT,UKTel: +44-113-233-3323; Fax: +44-113-233-3308;E-mail: graham@geog.leeds.ac.uk

Martin ClarkeChief Executive, GMAP Ltd and Professor ofGeographic Modelling at the University of Leeds.Research interests: the development and applicationof spatial modelling methods including spatialinteraction and microsimulation; the development ofdecision support systems that integrate thesemethods with GIS.GMAP Ltd, GMAP House, Cromer Terrace, LeedsLS2 9JU, UKTel: +44-113-244-6164; Fax: +44-113-246-0141;E-mail: martinc@gmap.Leeds.ac.uk

David J ColemanAssociate Professor and Chair of the Department ofGeodesy and Geomatics Engineering at theUniversity of New Brunswick. Research interests:system performance determination in networkenvironments and application of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) concepts togeomatics production workflow design.

Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering,University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton,New Brunswick, E3B 5AS, CanadaTel: +1-506-453-5194; Fax: +1-506-453-4943;E-mail: dcoleman@unb.ca

Helen CouclelisProfessor in the Department of Geography at theUniversity of California. Research interests: planning;geographical methodology; theories of space andtime; cellular automata; geographical data modelling.Department of Geography, University of California, SantaBarbara, CA 93106, USATel: +1-805-893-2196; Fax: +1-805-893-4146;E-mail: cook@geog.ucsb.edu

Thomas J CovaPhD student and Eisenhower Fellow at the Universityof California, Santa Barbara. Research interests:transportation; hazards; GIS and operations research.NCGIA/Department of Geography, University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USATel: +1-805-893-8652; Fax: +1-805-893-8617;E-mail: cova@geog.ucsb.edu

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Michael R CurryAssociate Professor in the Department ofGeography, University of California, Los Angeles.Research interests: geographical aspects oftechnological change; cultural and ethical aspectsof geographical technologies; history ofgeographical ideas.Department of Geography, University of California, LosAngeles, CA 90095, USATel: +1-310-825-3122; Fax: +1-310-206-5976;E-mail: curry@geog.ucla.edu

Peter F DaleProfessor in Land Information Management atUniversity College London. Research interests: land,land information and land management; cadastralsystems and land registration; professional practice.Department of Geomatic Engineering, University CollegeLondon, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UKTel: +44-171-387-7050; Fax: +44-171-380-0453;E-mail: pdale@ge.ucl.ac.uk

Ian J DowmanProfessor of Geomatic Engineering at UniversityCollege London. Research interests: digitalphotogrammetry; automation of mapping processes;and mapping from satellite data.Department of Geomatic Engineering, UniversityCollege London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UKTel: +44-171-380-7226; Fax: +44-171-380-0453;E-mail: idowman@ge.ucl.ac.uk

Geoffrey DuttonResearch Associate at the University of Zurich’sDepartment of Geography. Research interestsinclude spatial data modelling; the generalisation ofspatial data; and geospatial metadata.Department of Geography, University of Zurich,Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandTel: +41-1-635-52-55; Fax: +41-1-635-68-48;E-mail: dutton@geo.unizh.ch

J Ronald EastmanResearch interests: the development of decisionsupport routines and methodologies using GIS;incorporation of error and uncertainty in GISanalysis; sustainable implementation of informationsystems technology; change and time series analysis;and community-based mapping.The Clark Labs for Cartographic Technology andGeographic Analysis, Clark University, Worcester, MA01610, USATel: +1-608-793-7526; Fax: +1-508-793-8842;E-mail: idrisi@vax.clarku.edu

Max J EgenhoferAssociate Professor in Spatial Information Scienceand Engineering and Director of NCGIA at theUniversity of Maine. Research interests:geographical database systems; spatial reasoning;GIS user interface design.NCGIA, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5711, USATel: +1-207-581-2114; Fax: +1-207-581-2206;E-mail: max@spatial.maine.edu

Susan Elshaw ThrallProfessor of Computer Science at Lake CityCommunity College in Florida. Research interests:GIS application programming and programminglanguages; desktop GIS; geographically enablingdata; GIS education.Business/Industrial Division, Lake City CommunityCollege, RT 19, Box 1030, Lake City, Florida 32025, USATel: +1-904-752-1822 ext. 1366; Fax: +1-352-335-7268;E-mail: links@afn.org

John E EstesProfessor of Geography at the University of Californiaand Director of the Remote Sensing Research Unit.Research interests: interpretation of remotely-senseddata; GIS; regional resources management; globalmapping; and environmental forensics.

Department of Geography, University of California, SantaBarbara, CA 93106, USATel: +1-805-893-3649; Fax: +1-805-893-3703;E-mail: estes@geog.ucsb.edu

Robert J FinchamProfessor and Head of Department of Geographyat the University of Natal. Research interests:nutrition surveillance and nutrition informationsystems development; GIS applications in healthand development.

Faculty of Science, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg,Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South AfricaTel: +27-331-260-5454; Tel: +27-331-260-5344;E-mail: fincham@geog.unp.ac.za

Manfred M FischerProfessor and Chair at the Department of Economicand Social Geography, Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien,Austria, and Director, Institute for Urban andRegional Research, Austrian Academy of Science.Research interests: GIS and spatial analysis; spatialneurocomputing; spatial behaviour and processes,regional labour and housing markets; transportation,

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communication, and mobility; technological changeand regional economic development.Department of Economic and Social Geography,Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Augasse 2-6, A-1090 Wien,Austria; Institute for Urban and Regional Research,Postgasse 7/4, A-1010, Wien, AustriaTel: +43-1-31336-4836; Fax: +43-1-31336-703;E-mail: manfred.m.fischer@wu.wien.ac.at

Peter F FisherSenior Lecturer in Geographical InformationSystems at the University of Leicester. Specialresearch interests include uncertainty modelling andvisualisation, and visible area analysis.Department of Geography, University of Leicester,Leicester LE1 7RH, UKTel: +44-116-252-3839; Fax: +44-116-252-3854;E-mail: pffl@le.ac.uk

Leila De FlorianiDepartment of Computer and Information Sciencesat the University of Genova. Research interests:geometric models and algorithms for GIS; terrainmodels; structures and algorithms for visibilitycomputations; visualisation.Department of Computer and Information Sciences,University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 35, 16146 Genova,ItalyTel: +39-10-353-6704; Fax: +39-10-353-6699;E-mail: deflo@disi.unige.it

Pip ForerProfessor of Geography and GeographicInformation Studies at the University of Auckland.Pip Forer has symbiotic interests in GIS, individualhuman geographies, space-time modelling andeducational technology. He is currectly engaged inapplying GIS to urban structural analysis, tourismplanning, Maori economic development, andimplementing enhanced learning environments.Department of Geography, University of Auckland, NewZealandTel: +64-9-373-7599 ext. 5183; Fax: +64-9-3737-434;E-mail: p.forer@auckland.ac.nz

Greg G ForsythGIS Project Manager at CSIR in Stellenbosch,South Africa. Research interests: environmentalinformation systems; GIS in natural resourcemanagement; GIS in integrated rural development.CSIR, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South AfricaTel: +27-21-887-5101; Fax: +27-12-886-4659;E-mail: gforsyth@csir.co.za

Carolyn FryEditor of GIS Europe and GeoInformation Africa.Research interests include science journalism, andgeological/environmental applications of GIS.

GeoInformation International, 307 Cambridge SciencePark, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 4ZD, UKTel: +44-181-4028181; Fax: +44-181-4028383;E-mail: carolynf@geoinfo.co.uk

John C GallantPostdoctoral Fellow at the Centre for Resource andEnvironmental Studies at the Australian NationalUniversity. Research interests: terrain analysis;wavelet and spectral analysis; scale issues in land-surface; and hydrological modelling.

Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies,Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200,Australia Tel: +61-6-249-0666, Fax: +61-6-249-0757;E-mail: johng@cres.anu.edu.au

Kenn GardelsCenter for Environmental Design Research at theUniversity of California. Research interests: opensystems; geographical data models; standards; openGIS; object-oriented databases; and interoperability.

Center for Environmental Design Research, 390 WursterHall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1839,USATel: +1-510-642-9205; Fax: +1-510-643-5571;E-mail: gardels@ced.berkeley.edu

Anthony C GatrellProfessor of the Institute of Health Research atLancaster University, UK. Research interests:geography of health; spatial data analysis;socioeconomic applications of GIS.

Institute of Health Research, Lancaster University,Lancaster LA1 4YB, UKTel: +44-1524-593754; Fax: +44-1524-592401;E-mail: a.gatrell@lancaster.ac.uk

Arthur GetisStephen and Mary Birch Professor of GeographicalStudies at the Department of Geography, San DiegoState University, California. Research interestsinclude the development of spatial statistics,particularly with regard to analysis using largedatasets, and the spatial study of diseasedistributions and urban land-use change.

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Department of Geography, San Diego State University,San Diego, CA 92182, USATel: 1-619-594-6639; Fax: 1-619-594-4938;E-mail: arthurgetis@mail.sdsu.edu

Chuck GilbertTechnical Services Manager with Trimble NavigationLtd in California. Special research interest: globalpositioning systems.Trimble Navigation Ltd, 645 North Mary Avenue,Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USATel: +1-408-481-2812; Fax: +1-408-481-8699;E-mail: chuck_gilbert@trimble.com

Stephen C GuptillScientific Advisor, US Geological Survey. Researchinterests: data quality; data structures; GIS design;federated geospatial data systems; GIS policy issues.US Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USATel: +1-703-648-4520; Fax: +1-703-648-5542;E-mail: sguptill@usgs.gov

Gerard B M HeuvelinkReader in Geostatistics at The Netherlands Centrefor Geo-ecological Research. Research interests aregeostatistics and error propagation in GIS.

Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University ofAmsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZAmsterdam, The NetherlandsTel: +31-20-5257448; Fax: +31-20-5257431;E-mail: G.B.M.Heuvelink@frw.uva.nl

Mark E T HornResearch Engineer at CSIRO Mathematical andInformation Sciences in Australia. Researchinterests: decision support systems; locationalanalysis; transport planning.

CSIRO Mathematical and Information Sciences, GPO Box664, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaTel: +61-2-6216-7054; Fax: +61-2-6216-7111;E-mail: mark.horn@cmis.csiro.au

Gary J HunterSenior Lecturer in the Department of Geomaticsand Deputy Director of the Centre for GIS andModelling at the University of Melbourne. Researchinterests: data quality and uncertainty in GIS;spatial data algorithms.

Department of Geomatics, University of Melbourne,Parkville, Victoria 3052, AustraliaTel: +61-3-9344-6806; Fax: +61-3-9347-2916;E-mail: g.hunter@engineering.unimelb.edu.au

Michael F HutchinsonSenior Fellow at the Centre for Resource andEnvironmental Studies at the Australian NationalUniversity. Research interests: spatial interpolation;digital elevation modelling; spatial and temporalanalysis of climate; scale issues in ecological andhydrological modelling.

Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies,Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601,AustraliaTel: +61-6-249-4783; Fax: +61-6-249-0757;E-mail: hutch@cres.anu.edu.au

Ron J Johnston Professor of Geography at the University of Bristol.Research interests: political geography; electoralgeography; political economy of the environment.

Department of Geography, University of Bristol,University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UKTel: +44-117-9289116; Fax: +44-117-9287878;E-mail: r.johnston@bristol.ac.uk

Menno-Jan KraakProfessor of Cartography at ITC in TheNetherlands. Research interests: 3-dimensional,temporal, and dynamic visualisation of spatial data.

Department of Geoinformatics, ITC, PO Box 6, 7500 AAEnschede, The NetherlandsTel: +31-534-784463; Fax: +31-534-874335;E-mail: kraak@itc.nl

Werner KuhnAssociate Professor of Geoinformatics and DigitalCartography at the University of Münster, Germany.Research interests: semantics of spatial information;human-computer interaction; workflows with GIS.

Department of Geoinformatics, University of Münster,Robert-Koch-Strasse 26–28, D-48151, Münster, GermanyTel: +49-251-8334707; Fax: +49-251-8339763;E-mail: kuhn@ifgi.uni-muenster.de

Art LangeProduct Manager with Trimble Navigation Ltd inCalifornia. Special research interest: globalpositioning systems.

Trimble Navigation Ltd, 645 North Mary Avenue,Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USATel: +1-408-481-2994; Fax: +1-408-481-6074;E-mail: art_lange@trimble.com

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Lars C LarsenChief Engineer at the Hydro Informatics Centre inDenmark. Research interests include environmentalmodelling and information systems.

Hydro Informatics Centre, Danish Hydraulic Institute,Agern Alle 5, DK 2970, Hørsholm, DenmarkTel: +45-45769555, Fax: +45-45762567;E-mail: lcl@dhi.dk

Mary L LarsgaardMap and Imagery Laboratory at the University ofCalifornia Santa Barbara. Research interests:metadata for georeferenced information and 20th-century topographic and geologic maps.

Map and Imagery Laboratory, University Library,University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USATel: +1-805-893-4049; Fax: +1-805-893-8799;E-mail: mary@sdc.ucsb.edu

Thomas R LovelandUS Geological Survey in South Dakota. Researchinterests: large-area land cover mapping; remotesensing applications; role of geographic data inimage classification.

US Geological Survey, EROS Data Center, Sioux Center,SD 57198, USATel: +1-605-594-6066; Fax: +1-605-594-6529;E-mail: loveland@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov

David R MacDevetteDirector of Empowerment for African SustainableDevelopment (EASD). Research interests:environmental information systems; decisionsupport systems; GIS for education and publicinformation; information for African development.

PO Box 165, Green Point 8051, Cape Town, South AfricaTel: +27-83-306-0030; Fax: +27-12-841-2689;E-mail: dmacdev@icon.co.za

Paola MagilloDepartment of Computer and Information Sciencesat the University of Genova. Research interests:geometric models and algorithms for GIS; terrainmodels; structures and algorithms for visibilitycomputations; visualisation.

Department of Computer and Information Sciences,University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 35, 16146 Genova,ItalyTel: +39-10-353-6704; Fax: +39-10-353-6699;E-mail: magillo@disi.unige.it

David M MarkNational Center for Geographic Information andAnalysis, State University of New York at Buffalo.Research interests: cognitive science; cognitivemodels of geographical phenomena; critical socialhistory of GIS; languages of spatial relations;qualitative spatial reasoning.

NCGIA/Department of Geography, University of Buffalo,Buffalo, NY 14261, USATel: +1-716-645-2545 ext. 48; Fax: +1-726-645-5957;E-mail: dmark@geog.buffalo.edu

David MartinReader in Geography at the University ofSouthampton. Research interests: socioeconomicGIS applications; census analysis; medicalgeography.

Department of Geography, University of Southampton,Southampton SO16 1BJ, UKTel: +44-1703-593808; Fax: +44-1703-593295;E-mail: d.j.martin@soton.ac.uk

Robin A McLarenDirector of Know Edge Ltd in Edinburgh, Scotland.Research interests: business modelling in NLIS;management of change; visualisation; Web-basedinformation services.

Know Edge Ltd, 33 Lockharton Avenue, EdinburghEH14 1AY, ScotlandTel: +44-131-443-1872; Fax: +44-131-443-1872;E-mail: Robin_McLaren@CompuServe.com

Jeffery R MeyersPresident of Miner & Miner, Consulting EngineersInc. in Colorado. Research interests: electrical andgas utilities; GIS design and implementation.

Miner & Miner, Consulting Engineers Inc., 910 27thAvenue, PO Box 548, Greeley, Colorado, USATel: +1-970-352-2707; Fax: +1-970-352-3716

Lubos MitasResearch Scientist at the National Center forSupercomputing Applications, University of Illinois.Research interests: computational and quantumphysics; Monte Carlo methods; spatial interpolations;and modelling of landscape processes.National Center for Supercomputing Applications,University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USATel: +1-217-244-1971; Fax: +1-217-244-2909;E-mail: lmitas@ncsa.uiuc.edu

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Helena MitasovaResearch Associate at the Geographic ModelingSystems Laboratory, University of Illinois. Researchinterests: surface modelling and analysis; multi-dimensional dynamic cartography; modelling oflandscape processes; and visualisation.Department of Geography, University of Illinois,Urbana, IL 61801, USATel: +1-217-333-4735; Fax: +1-217-244-1785;E-mail: helena@gis.uiuc.edu

Jorge Nelson NevesPhD student in the Environmental Systems AnalysisGroup at the New University of Lisbon. Researchinterests: virtual environments; geographicalinformation systems.Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,New University of Lisbon, Monte de Caparica, 2875,PortugalTel: +351-1-2954464 ext. 0104; Fax: +351-1-2942441;E-mail: jnn@mail.fct.unl.pt

Nancy J ObermeyerAssociate Professor of Geography at the IndianaState University. Research interests: institutional andsocietal issues related to the implementation of GIS;political/administrative geography.

Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana 47809,USATel: +1-812-237-4351; Fax: +1-812-237-2567;E-mail: genancyo@scifac.indstate.edu

Harlan J OnsrudAssociate Professor at the Department of SpatialInformation Science and Engineering at theUniversity of Maine. Research interests: legal,policy, and institutional issues surroundinggeographic information.Department of Spatial Information Science andEngineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME04469-5711, USATel: +1-207-581-2175; Fax: +1-207-581-2206;E-mail: onsrud@spatial.maine.edu

Peter van OosteromSenior Information Manager at CadastreNetherlands. Research interests: spatial databases;spatial algorithms; map generalisation.Company Staff, Cadastre Netherlands, PO Box 9046, 7300GH Apeldoorn, The NetherlandsTel: +31-55-5285163; Fax: +31-55-3557931;E-mail: oosterom@kadaster.nl

Stan OpenshawProfessor of Human Geography at the University ofLeeds. Research interests: computer modelling andspatial analysis; artificial intelligence, high-performance computing; GIS.Centre for Computational Geography, School ofGeography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKTel: +44-113-2333320/2431751; Fax: +44 113-2333308;E-mail: s.openshaw@geography.leeds.ac.uk

Donna J PeuquetProfessor at the Department of Geography atPennsylvania State University. Research interests:spatial and spatio-temporal representations; spatialcognition; spatial languages; GIS designmethodologies; and general issues relating to GIS.Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, ThePennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802,USATel: +1-814-863-0390; Fax: +1-814-863-7943;E-mail: peuquet@geog.psu.edu

John PicklesProfessor at the Department of Geography at theUniversity of Kentucky. Research interests: socialtheory; philosophy of science; political economy oftechnology and socio-spatial change; and regionaldevelopment in South Africa and Eastern Europe.Department of Geography, University of Kentucky,Lexington, KY 40506-0027, USATel: +1-606-257-1362; Fax: +1-606-258-1969;E-mail: GEG198@ukcc.uky.edu

Jonathan F RaperSenior Lecturer in Geography at Birkbeck College,University of London. Research interests:philosophy of spatial and temporal representation;3-dimensional geometric modelling; spatio-temporalmodelling; coastal geomorphology.

Department of Geography, Birkbeck College, Universityof London, 7-15 Gresse Street, London W1P 2LL, UKTel: +44-171-631-6470; Fax: +44-171-631-6498;E-mail: j.raper@geog.bbk.ac.uk

Francois SalgéIngénieur en Chef Géographe at the InstitutGéographique National in Paris. Research interests:geographic information in all its aspects –production, data management, use and application,economy of the GI sector, quality and qualitymanagement, legal and institutional aspects.

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Institut Géographique National, 136 bis rue de Grenelle,75007 Paris, 07SP FranceTel: +33-1-43-98-82-70; Fax: +33-1-43-98-84-00;E-mail: francois.salge@ign.fr

Hermann SeegerDirector of the Bundesamst für Kartographie undGeodäsie (BFKG) in Germany. Research interestsinclude the theory and practice of internationalgeodetic frameworks.BFKG, Richard Strauss Allee 11, D 60598, Frankfurt-am-Main, GermanyTel: +49-69-6333-225; Fax: +49-69-6333-425

Martyn L SeniorSenior Lecturer in the Department of City andRegional Planning at University of Wales Cardiff.Research interests: geography of health; resourceallocation; transport planning.Department of City and Regional Planning, University ofWales Cardiff, PO Box 906, Cardiff CF1 3YN, UKTel: +44-1222-874000; Fax: +44-1222-874845;E-mail: SENIORML@cardiff.ac.uk

John W ShepherdProfessor of Geography at Birkbeck College,University of London. Research interests: urbanland-use change; urban and regional planningapplications of GIS.Department of Geography, Birkbeck College, Universityof London, 7–15 Gresse Street, London W1P 2LL, UKTel: +44-171-631-6483; Fax: +44-171-631-6498;E-mail: j.shepherd@geog.bbk.ac.uk

Michael J ShifferDirector, Computer Resource Lab, Department ofUrban Studies and Planning, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. Research interests: publicplanning processes; planning support systems;spatial multimedia; urban rail transit.Department of Urban Studies and Planning,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 MassachusettsAve., Room 9–514,Cambridge, MA 02139, USATel: +1-617-253-0782; Fax: +1-617-253-3625;E-mail: mshiffer@mit.edu

Karen SiderelisDirector of North Carolina Center for GeographicInformation and Analysis. Research interests:managerial and institutional factors in GIS; nationaland global spatial data infrastructures.North Carolina Center for Geographic Information andAnalysis, 115 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27603,USATel: +1-919-715-0710; Fax: +1-919-715-0725;E-mail: karen@cgia.state.nc.us

Neil SmithSenior Consultant at Ordnance Survey. Researchinterests: information and data policy issuesnationally and internationally; interactions betweentechnical, institutional, and managerial issues.Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, SouthamptonSO16 4GU, UKTel: +44-1703-792000; Fax: +44-1703-792660;E-mail: nssmith@ordsvy.gov.uk

Jane Smith PattersonAdvisor to the Governor for Policy, Budget, andTechnology in North Carolina and Senior Advisorto the Governor for Science and Technology.Research interests: applications for high-speednetworks; bringing technology applications tomarkets faster; global information; infrastructuredevelopment and operations; internetworkedapplications deployment.Office of the Governor, 116 West Jones Street, Raleigh,NC 27603, USATel: +1-919-715-0960; Fax: +1-919-715-3775;E-mail: jpatters@gov.state.nc.us

Mark SondheimHead of the Strategic Developments Unit inGeographic Data BC, an agency of the governmentof British Columbia. Research interests:interoperability; geographic object modelling; largegeographic databases; open GIS, object-orienteddatabases; terrain analysis.Geographic Data BC, 1802 Douglas Street, Victoria,British Columbia V8T 4K6, CanadaTel: +1-250-387-9352; Fax: +1-2501-356-7831;E-mail: sondheim@cmail.gdbc.gov.bc.ca

Larry J SugarbakerGIS Manager at the Department of NaturalResources in Washington. Research interests: GISmanagement; geographical data integration; naturalresource applications of GIS.Department of Natural Resources, PO Box 47020,Olympia, WA 98504-7020, USATel: +1-360-902-1546; Fax: +1-360-902-1790;E-mail: larry.sugarbaker@wadnr.gov

David SwannDefense Marketing Manager, ESRI Inc. Mainresearch interest: military applications of GIS,especially communication information.ESRI Inc., 380 New York Street, Redlands,CA 92373, USATel: +1-909-793-2853; Fax: +1-909-793-5953;E-mail: dswann@esri.com

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Grant I ThrallProfessor of Geography at the University of Florida.Research interests: spatial analysis of urbancommercial and residential land markets;commentaries on geographic technology as anemerging business sector.Department of Geography, 3121 Turlington, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USATel: +1-352-392-0494 ; Fax: +1-352-392-8855;E-mail: thrall@geog.ufl.edu

David UnwinProfessor of Geography, Birkbeck College, Universityof London. Research interests: visualisation methods;the development and application of local statistics;and the construction of virtual enhancements to fieldcourses, geographical and GISc education.Department of Geography, Birkbeck College, Universityof London, 7–15 Gresse Street, London W1P 2LL, UKTel: +44-171-631-6485; Fax: +44-171-631-6398;E-mail: d.unwin@geog.bbk.ac.uk

Howard VereginAssistant Professor at the University of Minnesota.Research interests: geospatial data quality assessment;simulation modelling of error; error propagation;metadata analysis; classification accuracy; and theeffects of scale and resolution on data quality.Department of Geography, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MN 55455, USATel: +1-612-625-9354 ; Fax: +1-612-624-1044;E-mail: veregin@atlas.socsci.umn.edu

Nigel M WatersProfessor of Geography at the University ofCalgary. Research interests: GIS in transportation;and spatial analytical methods.Department of Geography, University of Calgary, 2500University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, CanadaTel: +1-403-220-6398; Fax: +1-403-282-6561;E-mail: nwaters@acs.ucalgary.ca

Robert WeibelAssistant Professor of Spatial Data Handling atthe University of Zurich’s Department ofGeography. Research interests: generalisation ofspatial data, digital terrain modelling, andcartographic visualisation.Department of Geography, University of Zurich,Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandTel: +41-1-636-52-55; Fax: +41-1-635-68-48;E-mail: weibel@geo.unizh.ch

John P WilsonProfessor at the Department of Geography,University of Southern California. Researchinterests: terrain analysis; environmental modelling;and environmental applications of GIS.Department of Geography, University of SouthernCalifornia, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0255, USATel: +1-213-740-1908; Fax: +1-213-740-0056;E-mail: jpwilson@rcf.usc.edu

Michael F WorboysProfessor of Computer Science at KeeleUniversity. Research interests includecomputational foundations of GIS; geospatialdatabase technology.Department of Computer Science, Keele University, Keele,Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UKTel: +44-1782-583078; Fax: +44-1782-713082;E-mail: michael@cs.keele.ac.uk

Anthony Gar-On YehProfessor and Director at the GIS Research Centrein Hong Kong and Assistant Director of the Centreof Urban Planning and EnvironmentalManagement. Research interests: urban and regionalapplications of GIS; urban development; andplanning in China and Asia.University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong KongTel: +852-2859-2721; Fax: +852-2559-0468;E-mail: hdxugoy@hkucc.hku.hk

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Luc Anselin wishes to acknowledge the support ofthe US National Science Foundation (the researchreported on in Chapter 17 was supported in part byGrant SBR-9410612). Special thanks are due toAntony Unwin for providing Figure 1 on Manet,and to Noel Cressie and Jürgen Symanzik forproviding Figures 4 and 5 on ArcView-XGobi.

Richard J Aspinall would like to thank PeterAspinall, Simon Aspinall, David Balharry, DickBirnie, Marianne Broadgate, Marsailidh Chisholm,Roy Haines-Young, Matt Hare, Rachel Harvey, AnnHumble, Brian Lees, Kim Lowell, David Maguire,Jeff Maxwell, Elaine McAlister, David Miller, JuliaMiller, Diane Pearson, Jonathan Raper, AllanSibbald, Neil Veitch, Paul Walker, and JoannaWherrett for their many and varied contributions tohis thinking on the topics discussed in Chapter 69.

Mike Barnsley wishes to acknowledge the NaturalEnvironment Research Council for data used toconstruct Plates 21 and 22.

Barry Boots would like to thank Michael Tiefelsdorfwho provided the results in Table 1 and who drewFigures 11, 12, and 13 in Chapter 36; and AtsuyukiOkabe and Narushige Shiode who drew Figure 16using software package PLVOR created byToshiyuki Imai of the University of Tokyo.

Thomas Cova would like to thank MichaelGoodchild for the invitation to contribute to thisbook and David Maguire for helpful comments onearlier drafts.

Susan Elshaw Thrall and Grant Ian Thrall would liketo thank Mr Mark McLean of the Department ofGeography at University of Florida for hiscomments on the layout of Table 1 in Chapter 23,and for his comments on the section on ‘ready-mademaps’.

Manfred Fischer gratefully acknowledges a researchgrant provided by the Austrian Ministry for Science,Research and Art (EZ 308.937/2 – W/3/95).

Peter Fisher’s chapter was completed when the authorwas Visiting Fellow at the Department of Geomatics,

University of Melbourne. The use of facilities, andthe kind invitation to visit are both gratefullyacknowledged. Figure 3 in Chapter 13 is reproducedwith the kind permission of Taylor and Francis. Theassistance of Alan Strachan and Paul Longley is alsogratefully acknowledged.

Anthony Gatrell and Martyn Senior are grateful tothe following for providing, or allowing them tomodify, illustrations: Dr Anders Schaerstrom, DrDanny Dorling, Professor Gerry Rushton, ProfessorGraham Moon, and Dr Andy Jones.

Art Getis would like to thank Judy Getis, StuartPhinn, and Serge Rey for reviewing his chapter.

Michael Goodchild acknowledges the support of theNational Science Foundation for the NationalCenter for Geographic Information and Analysis(SBR 88–10917 and SBR 96–00465) and theAlexandria Digital Library (IRI 94–11330).

Gerard Heuvelink would like to thank Dr J Boumaand Dr A Stein (Agricultural UniversityWageningen) for permission to use the Allier dataset.

Mark Horn: acknowledgement is due to EamonnClifford and Christine Hansford at the Office of theSurveyor-General of New South Wales, Australia,who produced the illustrations for Chapter 67.

Michael Hutchinson and John Gallant gratefullyacknowledge the assistance of Tingbao Xu andJanet Stein in the production of the figures inChapter 9.

Dave MacDevette, Richard Fincham, and GregForsyth would like to thank Adele Wildsehut of theCentre for Rural and Legal Studies, Stellenbosch forpermission to reproduce Figure 3 in Chapter 65from Larry Zietsman’s original.

David Mark’s paper is a result of research at the USNational Center for Geographic Information andAnalysis, supported by a grant from the NationalScience Foundation (SBR-88-10917); support byNSF is gratefully acknowledged.

Robin McLaren wishes to thank the Ministry ofAgriculture in Hungary for granting permission to usethe cadastral map of Budapest (Figure 5 in Chapter 61).

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Acknowledgements

Jeffery R Meyers wishes to express his gratitude forthe invaluable research, editorial, and narrativereview assistance provided by Christine M Condit inthe preparation of this chapter. Without MsCondit’s efforts, the work would have suffered, andquite possibly not have been completed at all.

Lubos Mitas and Helena Mitasova wish toacknowledge that data for Plates 26 and 27 weresupplied by K Auerswald of the TechnischeUniversität München and S Warren of the US ArmyConstruction Engineering Research Laboratories.Data for Plate 28 were supplied by L A K Mertes,Department of Geography, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara; data for plate 29 by L Iverson,USDA Forest Service, Delaware, Ohio; and data forPlates 30 and 31 are from US EPA Chesapeake BayProgram Office. The research in GIS applications ofspline interpolation methods was supported in partby Strategic Environmental Research andDevelopment Program (SERDP).

Harlan Onsrud’s chapter is based upon workpartially supported by the National Center forGeographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA)under National Science Foundation grant No. SBR88-10917. Any opinions, findings, and conclusionsare those of the author and do not necessarily reflectthe views of the National Science Foundation.

Stan Openshaw and Seraphim Alvanides wish toacknowledge that Cray T3D time was provided byEPSRC under Grant GR/K43933. The 1991 Censusdata and boundary files are provided by ESRC andJISC and the resulting maps are all Crown Copyright.

Donna Peuquet’s work was supported by NationalScience Foundation grant no. FAW 90-27. Portions ofthis work was previously published in Donna Peuquet1988 ‘Representations of geographic space: toward aconceptual synthesis’ in Annals of the Association ofAmerican Geographers 78: pages 375–94.

John Pickles draws on Chapter 1 of Ground Truth,the founding proposal and progress reports ofInitiative 19 (I-19) of the National Center forGeographic Information Analysis (NCGIA), as wellas his article ‘Tool or science? GIS, techno-science,and the theoretical turn’ in Annals of the Associationof American Geographers. In particular, the chapterowes a great deal to the writings of, and discussionwith, a small group of colleagues working in theliminal (and at times uncomfortable) spaces betweenGIS and social theory: Nick Chrisman, MichaelCurry, Jon Goss, Carol Hall, Trevor Harris, Ken

Hillis, Bob McMaster, David Mark, PatrickMcHaffie, Roger Miller, Harlan Onsrud, EricSheppard, Paul Schroeder, Dalia Varanka, DanWeiner; and at the University of Kentucky, OliverFroehling, Eugene McCann, and Steve Hanna. Thechapter draws heavily on the work of this group inI-19, especially the discussions and presentations ofthe planning group and participants at the FridayHarbor workshop on Geographic Informationand Social Theory (1993), the Koinonia Workshopon the Representation of Space, People, andNature in GIS (1996), the planning group of I-19(Helen Couclelis, Michael Curry, Trevor Harris,Bob McMaster, David Mark, Eric Sheppard, andDan Weiner), and the participants in the CriticalSocial History of GIS Workshop in Santa Barbara(1996) (Michael Curry, Jon Goss, David Mark,Patrick McHaffie, Roger Miller, and Dalia Varanka).Parts of section 4 lean heavily on the foundingproposal for I-19 written by the author, MichaelCurry, Trevor Harris, Bob McMaster, David Mark,Roger Miller, Eric Sheppard, and Dan Weiner.The summary of GIS-2 was adapted from I-19discussions presented by Paul Schroeder and HarlanOnsrud. The salient points governing the newsystems for a GIS-2 have been abstracted from theresults of I-19 and the Public Participation Project,and these can be found at http://ncgia.maine.edu/pgis/ppgishom.html. A discussion list for this issuehas been set up at http://ncgia.spatial.maine.edu/webforum.html. None of the above are responsiblefor any egregious errors, misinterpretations, oroutrageous claims.

Writing the chapter was aided immensely by theopportunity to present these ideas to the nationalpostgraduate programme in geography at theUniversity of Turku in Finland. For thisopportunity the author is indebted to HarriAnderson of the Department of Geography atTurku and students in the course.

Jonathan Raper would like to acknowledge thatFigure 1 in Chapter 5 was developed by John Walker(http://www.fourmilab.ch) – the image is based on theGlobal Topographic Map from the Marine Geologyand Geophysics Division of the NationalGeophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA.

David Rhind wishes to thank Ray Harris and IanMasser for sight of pre-publication versions of theirimportant books cited in Chapter 56. He alsogratefully achnowledges his debt to Nancy Tosta’spublished work on the US National Spatial DataInfrastructure.

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Nigel Waters would like to acknowledge comments,suggestions, ideas and references from ShelleyAlexander, Chad Anderson, Robert Arthur, StefaniaBertazzon, Murray Rice, Terry Woods, and ClarenceWoudsma (all of the Department of Geography atthe University of Calgary); to Tim Nyerges forsupplying copies of his seminal papers; and toHarvey Miller for copies of his most recent papers.Finally, he would like to thank Howard Slavin,President, Caliper Corporation, for providingtechnical documentation on the TransCAD packageand for other support.

Robert Weibel and Geoffrey Dutton wish to thankFrank Brazile for helping with the preparation ofillustrations. A number of people have generouslyprovided illustrations or helped with the compilationof figures, including Dietmar Grünreich and BrigitteHusen of the University of Hanover, CorinnePlazanet and Anne Ruas of IGN France, andChris Jones of the University of Glamorgan.Partial support from the Swiss NSF through project2100-043502.95/1 is gratefully acknowledged.

John Wilson acknowledges the following permissionsfor reproduction: Plates 60–62 are reprinted withpermission from Hutchinson, Nix, McMahon, andOrd Africa: a topographic and climatic database(version 1) © 1995 by Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra, Australia; Plates 63 and 64 arereprinted with permission from Corbett and Carter‘Using GIS to enhance agricultural planning: theexample of inter-seasonal rainfall variability inZimbabwe’ Transactions in GIS 1: 207–18 © 1997 byGeoInformation International, Cambridge, UK;Figures 1 and 2 in Chapter 70 are reprinted withpermission from Bell, Cunningham, and Havens‘Soil drainage class probability using a soillandscape model’ Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal 58: 464–70 © 1997 by Soil Science Society ofAmerica, Madison, Wisconsin; Figure 3 is reprintedwith permission from Usery, Pocknee, and Boydell‘Precision farming data management usinggeographic information systems’ PhotogrammetricEngineering and Remote Sensing 61: 1383–91 © 1995by American Society for Photogrammetry andRemote Sensing, Falls Church, Virginia.

The editors and contributors are grateful to thefollowing for permission to reproduce copyrightfigures and tables:

Atsuyaki Okabe and Narushige Shiode for Figure 16in Chapter 36; Computing and Statistics magazinefor Figures 4 and 5 in Chapter 17; Garmin (Europe)

Ltd for Figures 1 and 2 in Chapter 33; Georgia TechVirtual GIS project for Figure 2 in Chapter 39; IGNFrance for Figures 13 and 14 in Chapter 10, courtesyof C Plazenet; Institute of Geography, University ofHanover for Figure 15 in Chapter 10; John Wiley &Sons Inc. for permission to reproduce Figures 1 and2 in Chapter 15; MEGRIN for Table 2 in Chapter47; Michael Tiefelsdorf for Figures 11, 12, and 13 inChapter 36; NASA for permission to reproduceTable 2 in Chapter 45 and Table 2 in Chapter 48;New University of Lisbon for Figure 5 in Chapter39; Oracle Corporation 1996 for Figure 2 in Chapter29; Swiss Federal Office of Topography,DHM25©1997, 1263a for Figure 16 in Chapter 10;Tables 1 and 2 in Chapter 43 Courtesy of the Stateof Washington, Department of Natural Resources;Taylor and Francis, London for Figure 2 in Chapter8 which appeared in Time in GIS by Gail Langran(1992) and for Table 1 in Chapter 44; TrimbleNavigation Ltd for Figures 3 and 4 in Chapter 33.

We are grateful to the following for permission toreproduce copyright photographs:

A P Jones for Plate 56; American Society forPhotogrammetry and Remote Sensing for permissionto reproduce Plate 9; Combined UniversitiesCollection of Air Photographs for Plate 19; Figure 2in Chapter 29 © Caliper Corporation 1996; Figure 5in Chapter 61 © Department of Lands and Mapping,Ministry of Agriculture, Hungary; ESRI Inc. forPlate 49; Georgia Tech Virtual GIS project for Plate37; John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, for Plate 56;Kendall Publishing Co. for Figure 2 in Chapter 54;taken from Morgan J M et al (1996) Directory ofAcademic GIS Education; Longman for Plate 7 whichappeared in Kraak and Ormeling Cartography,visualisation of spatial data, 1996; Microsoft EncartaWorld Atlas for Plate 8; New University of Lisbon forPlate 40; Office of the Surveyor-General of NSW forFigure 1 in Chapter 67; Plate 57 © NSW Departmentof Land and Water Conservation 1997; SpaceImaging for permission to use Plate 18; Swiss FederalOffice of Topography, DHM25©1997, 1263a forFigure 16 in Chapter 10; Taylor and Francis, London,for Figure 4 in Chapter 47; The Caliper Corporationfor permission to reproduce Plate 50; TrimbleNavigation Ltd for Plates 23 and 24; UCL 3D ImageMaker Plate 20.

While every effort has been made to trace theowners of copyright material, in a few cases this hasproved impossible and we take this opportunity tooffer our apologies to any copyright holders whoserights we may have unwittingly infringed.

Acknowledgements

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