Geography 372-910 Globalisation and Territory – Global Village

Geography 372-910Globalisation and Territory – Global Village

Geography 372-910Globalisation and Territory – Global Village

Divergent Trends in Territory and Function

Spatial fragmentation

Socio-economic integration

Together they have created a global village both in terms of the number of territorial entities that now exist, and the ease with

which almost everyone is affected by almost everyone else.

MECHANICS

Theme of the course is the apparent

paradox between territorial

fragmentation on the one hand and

social, cultural and economic

globalization on the other, the former

diversifying societies while the latter

homogenizes them.

MECHANICS

Bottom Line?The things that increasingly control our lives don’t,

won’t, or can’t respect political boundaries:

Environmental problemsPeople and Power

CorporationsPoverty and ProfitsFinancial systemsNational interests

TechnologyDisease and HealthConflict and Terror

Social change

This course looks at all of these topics within the changing post WW2 territorial framework.

MECHANICS

Who, Where, What, When, How

Dr. Philip [email protected]

Course material at:www.geography.ryerson.ca/coppack/geo372-910

!! NOT A BLACKBOARD SITE !!

Lectures take place in the here and now.MECHANICS

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.geography.ryerson.ca/coppack/geo372-910

COURSE EVALUATION:

Essay 50% (due dates see schedule below)MC Tests (5x10%) 50% (due dates see schedule below)

There will be no final exam in this course. NOTE: Tests will be run in the first 50 minutes of the class hour

and will be comprised of 40 multiple choice questions

If you miss a test, you will lose the grade for it – no exceptions, otherwise you will be swamped.

A note on essays:I don’t write your essays – you do. The grade you get reflects

your effort at writing not mine at reading. And remember: there are those who put in much work and get a poor grade and vice versa. But these are the exceptions to the essay rule that you

usually get what your essay deserves.MECHANICS

COURSE OUTLINE

MECHANICS

http://www.geography.ryerson.ca/coppack/geo530

… is there for a reason – to inform you.

Read it ALL.

I will not answer any questions that are answered on the outline or in the

PowerPoints.MECHANICS


Who, Where, What, When, HowWeek 1 of the Course Outline

Lecture #

Week of

Lecture/PP Topic… Readings (GI= Global Issues. WP= World Politics)

Other…

1Jan 13th

Introduction and course mechanics.Defining, Conceptualizing, and Measuring Globalization

GI#1: Global Trends 2025... GI#3: The End of Easy Everything.GI#5: Why the world needs America.GI#17: Why the world isn’t flat.GI#18: Globalisation and its contents.GI#20: Who will rule the world?GI#43: UN Women’s Head…GI#44: The end of men.GI#45: Humanities Common Values…WP#3: A world in transformation.

Videos in weeks following

This book is required.

MECHANICS

This book is recommended.

Who, Where, What, When, HowWeeks 2 and 3 of the Course Outline

2Jan 20th

History of globalisation, global change, colonialism, nation states, regions, territory, global inventory and measurement

GI#19: The future of history...GI#24: Africa’s hopeful economies…GI#31: The revenge of geography.WP#1: Balancing the east, …WP#2: The future of the liberal …WP#4: The global power shift …WP#5: The shifting landscape…WP#13: The future of the United ...WP#14: Decline of western realism.

Video: Commanding Heights, Episode One, chapters 1-10

3Jan 27th

QUIZ #1 LECTURES

1,2

Population, demographics and development

GI#3: The new population bomb...GI#7: Population and sustainability.GI#25: Women and work…WP#25: Gender equality and …WP#32: Population 7 billion.

Video: Commanding Heights, Episode Three, chapters 11-19.

MECHANICS

4 - Feb 3rd Resources and ecological footprints Video: World in the Balance – The Population Paradox.

5 - Feb 10th

QUIZ #2 LECTURES 3,4Global trade and capital flow, corporations and transnationals (TNCs)

Video: The Corporation chapters 1-10

Feb 17th STUDY WEEK (INCLUDES FAMILY DAY)6 - Feb 24th Global interest groups, conflict,

and terrorVideo: The Corporation chapters 11-end

7 - Mar 3rd

QUIZ #3 LECTURES 5,6Pandemics Video: Rx – Deadly messengers

8 - Mar 10th ESSAY DUE

Global health Video: Rx – How safe are we?

9 - Mar 17th QUIZ #4 LECTURES 7,8

Communication: the digital world, travelling public, and migration

10 - Mar 24th

Environment Video: Global warming – The

Signs and the Science.

NOTE: FRIDAY MARCH 28th IS THE LAST DATE TO DROP COURSES WITHOUT ACADEMIC PENALTY. IT IS BETTER TO DROP A COURSE THAN TO FAIL A COURSE. REMEMBER: ‘F’ IS

FOREVER.11 - Mar 31st

QUIZ #5 LECTURES 9,10Regional Profiles

Video: China Inside Out.

12 - April 7th Final Exam Review.

Rest of the Course Topics

MECHANICS

COURSE PROJECT

MECHANICS


To Be Found In The Course OutlineCHOOSE A REGION (NOTE: A COUNTRY IS NOT A REGION). Your first task is to choose a region using the United Nation’s

regional groupings as discussed in Lecture 2.

CHOOSE A TOPIC. Choose a topic from one of the lectures of this course.

For example, Demographics such as the demographic dividend (Lecture 3), Health such as the changing nature of the double

burden or pandemic threats (Lectures 7/8), Resources and Population such as ecological footprints (Lecture 4).

Must use of a human geographic perspective in your discussion. For example, if you choose environment I do not

want a scientific essay on climate change but one which discusses the human impact such as rising ocean levels on the

coastal cities of your chosen regionMECHANICS

The rest of today?

The approach of the course.

What globalisation is and possibly is not.

What the global political economy looks like.

Other stuff we will be doing.

THEMES - BABEL

Globalisation, Territory and the Global Village

Globalisation and Territory - Attributes ArisingMore territories but physical distance less important.More borders but movement is getting easier as areas regionalize.Movement may be easier but places are still unique.Places may be unique but societies are increasingly homogenous.Increasing homogeneity maybe, but increasing nationalism too.Increasing nationalism requires systems of dispute mediation.Dispute mediation encourages growth of IGOs and INGOs.Dispute avoidance mechanisms such as TNCs also develop.TNCs & governments encourage new barrier reduced flow channels.Physical flows benefit from trade & migration agreements.Communication flows benefit from electronic advances.As with all flows, they go both ways and carry both good and bad.

And economic growth at all costs is required to keep it going.Two images characterize globalisation.

Babel and ContagionTHEMES - BABEL

Germany

France

South Africa

China

UKSpain

Chad

Somalia

Yemen

Turkey

U.S.A.

ItalyRussia

India

Saudi Arabia

Brazil

Canada

Iran Afghanistan

Iraq

Pakistan BABEL

…and @ 173 other nations

Italy

Greece

NATIONS

THEMES - BABEL

G8

UN

NATO

World Bank

WTOEU

IMFWHO

OAS

ASEAN

Security Council

Arab League

African Union IOC

ICAO

World Court

…and @ 100 others

IGOs

18

World Bank

THEMES - BABEL

Greenpeace

FOE

PLAN

Red Crescent

Save The Children

Democracy Watch

Earth Watch

OAS

VisionCare

WWF

Medecins Sans Frontiers

Amnesty International

Red Cross Freedom House

CARE

Oxfam

…and @ 300 others

INGOs

THEMES - BABEL

MERCOSUR

EFTA

CACM

SADC

WTOEU

IMF

GAFTA

CARICOM

ASEAN

NAFTA

ASEANUMA

ECOWAS GCC

PARTA

SAARC

…and @ 400 others

TRADING BLOCS

20

OPEC

THEMES - BABEL

Aum Shinrikyo

Kach

Shining Path

KGK

ETAANO

IRA

Hizbullah

Red Brigades

HUM

Tamil Tigers

Khmer RougeUMA

HAMAS GEM

FARC

al Qaeda

…and @ 1000 others

TERRORIST GROUPS

TNCs

ISIL

THEMES - BABEL

Babel’s Bottom Line?

Without script.A cast of billions.

Playing out their parts.Each with a different story line.

Few agreeing on the dialogue that preceded.None knowing the lines that will follow.

And no last page at which to sneak a peak.

All performed live, on stage at Planet Earth Theatrewhich, for humans, is getting increasingly

uninhabitable because of humans.

THEMES - BABEL

CONTAGION

THEMES - CONTAGION

2008

…three years later…

INTRODUCTION

…now

INTRODUCTION

Yet the inhabitants of Main Street increasingly think the answer lies in Tea Parties and the simplistic right wing politics of division that

drive them.INTRODUCTION

Global Connectivity & FinanceThe 2008 Financial Crisis (a.k.a. Sub Prime Mortgage Affair)

A very good example of contagion.

Complex cause and effect between:

Sub Prime MortgagesHousing bubble

Financial derivatives market

Real trouble started in the U.S. with the 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) that repealed the Banking Act of

1933 (Glass-Steagall Act) designed to prevent the financial speculation that helped bring the Depression.

THEMES - CONTAGION

OMG! HUH? WAIT!I didn’t sign up for this!

OK, I understand your trepidation about:

#1. Being bored to death by economics.

#2. Being buried by politics.

#3. Not having a clue about (or interest in) what was just said.

But bear with me because there is no better illustration of the interrelatedness that globalisation is – and the

contagions that affect such systems - than the 2008 crisis.

THEMES - CONTAGION

Some numbers to set the stage…… and with which to get to grips.

Global GDP in current dollars, 2012 = $72.9 trillion.Global market capitalisation 2012 = $53.2 trillion.

U.S. GDP in current dollars, 2012 = $16.2 trillion (22%).U.S. market capitalisation 2012 = $18.7 trillion (35%).

Canada GDP in current dollars, 2012 = $1.8 trillion (2.4%).Canada market capitalisation 2012 = $2.0 trillion (3.7%).

Ontario GDP in current dollars, 2013 = $695 billion (0.95%).

Cost of 2008 financial crisis by 2012 = $22 trillion (US alone).33% of global capitalization value lost = $17.6 trillion.

Sources: http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/651322.pdf. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/651322.pdf

http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators


A Simple Overview of the Financial Sector

Financial sector has four primary actors:

Retail banks – your savings and credit.Private (investment) banks – stocks and derivatives.

Credit Rating Agencies – who assess risk.Insurance companies – who buy risk.

Bank Acts in various countries (prompted by the Great Depression 1929) separated these four players, legally preventing them from trading in each others products.

This was done to partition risk and prevent what would later be called “cascade failures”.

THEMES - CONTAGION

Retail bank takes your savings and pays you

interest.

Retail bank lends your savings to mortgages and credit purchases,

and secured investmentsand makes interest.

Difference between interest paid and interest earned is

profit, out of which…

Retail bank pays you interest.

A Happy(‘ish) Retail Banking Place

Small risk due to defaults on secured mortgages, loans, credit cards and

bonds.

Equity (your money) protected to some extent by CDIC and bank reserve requirements.

THEMES - CONTAGION

Banks’ money protected by insurance companies who

buy risk.

Private bank takes investors’ money and

pays a ROI.

Private bank buys all types of investments

and makes/loses money.Difference between money invested and ROI earned is

profit (or loss), out of which…

Private bank pays you a ROI.

A Risky(‘ish) Private Banking Place

Large risk equivalent with risk of investment.

Equity (investor’s money) not protected.

Banks’ money protected by insurance companies who

buy risk.

Risk is assessed by

credit agencies.

THEMES - CONTAGION

The Happy-Risky’ish Banking System 1933-1999

Retail bank takes your savings and pays you interest.

Retail bank lends your savings to mortgages and

credit purchases, and secured investments and

makes interest.

Difference between interest paid and interest earned is profit, out of which…


Small risk due to defaults on secured mortgages and loans, and on credit cards.

Equity (your money) protected to some

extent by CDIC and bank reserve requirements.

Private bank takes investors’ money and pays

ROI.

Private bank buys all types of investments and

makes/loses money.

Difference between money

invested and ROI earned is profit, out of

which…

Private bank pays you ROI.



Banks’ money protected by

insurance companies

who buy risk.

Risk is assessed by

credit agencies.

THE

BANK

ACT

Retail Banking

Private Banking

InsuranceCompanies

Rating AgenciesTHEMES - CONTAGION

The Unhappy-Very Risky Banking System




makes interest.







ROI.


makes/loses money.



which…





insurance companies

who buy risk.

Risk is assessed by

credit agencies.

Retail Banking

Private Banking

Insurance Rating AgenciesHigh risk due to defaults on unsecured mortgages

and loans, and on credit cards.

Trade in unsecured

instruments

Trade in CDO and

MBS instruments

Insurance companies buy (high risk) CDO and MBS

Rating agencies buy (high risk) CDO and MBS and rate

them lower risk!

THEMES - CONTAGION

Offshore

Retail banks invent Sub Prime

Mortgages

Onshore

The Unhappy-Very Risky Banking System




makes interest.







ROI.


makes/loses money.



which…





insurance companies

who buy risk.

Risk is assessed by

credit agencies.

Retail Banking

Private Banking

Insurance Rating Agencies

Retail banks invent Sub Prime

Mortgages

High risk due to defaults on unsecured mortgages and loans, and on credit cards.

Trade in unsecured

instruments

Trade in CDO and

MBS instruments

Insurance companies buy (high risk) CDO and MBS

Rating agencies buy (high risk) CDO and MBS and rate

them lower risk!

THEMES - CONTAGION

2008The Largest Failure of Unregulated

Capitalism Since 1929

What happened to world economies?People walked away from their homes, lost their equity,

stopped spending, drew more on social services.

Housing and related businesses and industries almost came to a standstill as consumption of their products

declined steeply.

Many large financial institutions went bankrupt, leaving people with only deposit insurance amounts.

Surviving banks, now risk averse, offered fewer and more expensive loans, reducing capital available in the system

for manufacturing and retail sectors.

Reduced capital & spending led to slower economic production, impacting employment, further exacerbating housing market woes and related consumption decline.

THEMES - CONTAGION

What happened to people’s futures?Perhaps most unfairly, people who had played it safe and invested in equity secure bonds, GICs and other securities found themselves facing near zero interest rates because

of monetarist central bank rates.

Those in retirement who relied on these types of secure investments for income found themselves facing greatly

reduced income and thus spending power.

Those planning retirement in the two decades after 2008 found themselves facing the need to work longer to make

up the shortfalls.

The governments of western developed nations dressed this up by removing mandatory retirement ages, opening

the door to unwanted longer work lives and higher graduates unemployment rates.

THEMES - CONTAGION

Sample of US bank mergers 1990 to 2009(Think ecology here – the more complex ecosystems are, the safer.

37 4

THEMES - CONTAGION

1999

Global Growth in Derivatives, 1998-2013

1: Adjusted for inter-dealer double-counting.2: Share refers to the percentage of semiannual reporters in the global total.Source: Bank for International Settlements, OTC Derivatives Statistics November 2013

Nominal value invested in all

derivatives in 2013 = $693 trillion.

This is about an 8-fold increase in

value since 1998.

THEMES - CONTAGION

Share by Type of Derivative, 1998-2013


Credit derivatives are CDO and include MBS.

They barely existed in 1998.

By 2007 their nominal value was $51.1 trillion

(@9% of all derivatives).

In 2013 it was still $24.4 trillion.

THEMES - CONTAGION

1998 2007

Credit Debt Obligations CDO),

2007-2013


The boom and then bust of

CDO pre- and post 2008 is

evident.

THEMES - CONTAGION

2008

The Results

UK Housing Prices Adjusted for Inflation

2008

1975

2008

1999

THEMES - CONTAGION

Housin

g Pric

e Bub

bleAnd the offshore loop

wired in European nations, in classic contagion fashion.

SpainHousing Prices

2008

1999

THEMES - CONTAGION

Hous

ing P

rice

Bubb

le

Ireland - Housing Prices

2008

1999THEMES - CONTAGION

Housing Price Bubble

Dublin

Eire

Foreclosures 1988-2007

Foreclosures 1st quarter 2008

In the U.S. …

Foreclosures 1988 to 2008

THEMES - CONTAGION

The Bubble Begins to Burst………….Bang!

Annual Change in Home Prices

Housing

THEMES - CONTAGION

2008

Industry

THEMES - CONTAGION

2008

Job Openings

Unemployment Rate

Employment

THEMES - CONTAGION

2008

Discretionary Retail Sales

THEMES - CONTAGION

2008

The Co$t

Cost of TARP (Well known bailout

program):$750 billion

Cost of 50 other US federal government

programs, guarantees and write-downs:

$14.4 trillion

Annual value of US GDP:

$14.2 trillionTHEMES - CONTAGION

A Reprise on Global Dollars

Global GDP in current dollars, 2012 = $72.9 trillion.Global market capitalisation 2012 = $53.2 trillion.

U.S. GDP in current dollars, 2012 = $16.2 trillion (22%).U.S. market capitalisation 2012 = $18.7 trillion (35%).

Canada GDP in current dollars, 2012 = $1.8 trillion (2.4%).Canada market capitalisation 2012 = $2.0 trillion (3.7%).

Ontario GDP in current dollars, 2013 = $695 billion (0.95%).

Cost of 2008 financial crisis by 2012 = $22 trillion (US alone).33% of global capitalization value lost = $17.6 trillion.

Current notional cost of global derivatives: $600 trillion.

Sources: http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/651322.pdf. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/651322.pdf



The 2008 CDO/MBS crisis is example of the cascade failure that results from a contagion.

Triple A financial securities considered almost risk free - “as good as cash”.

Risk estimate on the CDOs and MBSs was evaluated by credit rating agencies at about 1% - they might

lose 1% of their value. They lost 20%.

But credit agencies were underestimating risk on the very derivatives they were buying.

AND THE LEGACY?

THEMES - CONTAGION

Contagion and Cascade Failure

DEBTDEBTORS

Hi!

My name is

U.S.

Hi!My name is

Japan

Hi!My name is

E.U.

Sovereign DebtTHEMES - CONTAGION

So much for all that misery! What else are we going to do?

THEMES - OTHER

OverpopulationResource Depletion

Climate ChangeTerrorismPandemics

DiseaseTHEMES - OTHER

And now for something completely

different

Entity The world in 1947 The world in 2008 Nations, dependencies and secession movements1

51(63) nations 130 colonies & dependencies 16 secession movements

@194 nations @ 64 dependencies 274 secession movements

Global/regional government organisations

12? organizations (UN, World Bank, IMF, WHO, etc)

>100 organisations (UN, WHO, World Bank, EU, ASEAN, etc…)

Global NGOs Probably a few dozen, but 41 had consultative status with the UN.

UN estimate of about 29,000 international NGOs and likely over 4 million at the national and local level. UN has 2,900 registered with consultative status.

Global Corporations

About 300 multinational corporations but depends on definition

>70,000 transnational corporations

Terrorist organizations Probably a few dozen, mostly local and territorial

978 local, national and international groups based on territorial, political, cultural, religious and economic issues (MIPT TKB database)

The Changing Territorial Structure of the World

1 Movements in which a part of a nation state is trying to secede. They can be violent or fairly peaceful. Sources: See data in later lectures. Caution should be used with the data for 1947. They are roughly approximate at best.THEMES - DEFINITIONS AND ATTRIBUTES

TERRITORYNation States, Regional Blocs, Seccesionary Movements, Terroir

Driving FactorsTransportation, Trade, Communications, Migration

Societal Structures AffectedSocial, Economic, Cultural, Environmental, Developmental

OutcomesEnvironmental Degradation

Health ThreatsResource Exploitation

Security

OutcomesDevelopment

Health improvementsInternational law

Increased safety?

THEMES - DEFINITIONS AND ATTRIBUTES

Politics and EconomicsPolitics studies

comparative systems of governance.

DemocracySocialismFascismAnarchy

Economics studies comparative systems of

exchange.

CapitalismCommunismUnderground

Anarchy

Together they form the Political Economies that underlie the social and cultural structures of all

nations. THEMES - DEFINITIONS AND ATTRIBUTES

Defining Globalisation

What is it? How does it work?

What are its attributes?Can they be measured?

Globalisation is defined as much by its flows of money, people and commodities, as by the things themselves – people, firms, nations, supranational

groups.

Fundamentally it is a process rather than a thing.


Oxford English Dictionary:The process by which businesses or other

organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Financial Times:Globalisation describes a process by which

national and regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through the

global network of trade, communication, immigration and transportation.



?


Two Approaches

The hyperglobalist perspective:Globalisation is a new phenomenon.

The skeptical perspective:Globalisation is just internationalization

modernized.

The truth lies somewhere between.


GlobalizationEverything? Everyone? Everywhere?

Extent of globalization has limitations:

Not all parts of the world are connected.

Not all economic sectors are integrated.

Not all economic sectors are global.

Not all flows are two-way.


Globalization – A TimelineReferences:• 1990 - @90 articles and books using the word globalization.• 1990 and 1996 - over 600.• 2006 – Google: @1.3 million entries.• 2010 – Google: @89.6 million entries.• 2015 – Google: @49.4 million entries

Protests:• 1990s – virtually no protests or NGOs focusing on the

excesses of globalization.• 1999 to 2010: starting with the World Trade Organization

meeting in Seattle, there were almost daily protests on the topic.

• Currently, only occasional protests, including the Occupy Movement focused more on the excesses of the financial system.


Attributes of Globalization

Economic GlobalizationPolitical GlobalizationCultural Globalization

Globalization of the EnvironmentThe Globalization of Law

Health, Security, and GlobalizationConflict


Attributes of Globalization (cont…)

Economic GlobalizationInternational TradeEconomic GrowthEconomic DevelopmentForeign Direct InvestmentCurrency UseFiscal PolicyCorporations



Political GlobalizationGovernmental Political IntegrationNGO GrowthGrowth of StatehoodCorruption & Failed StatesCitizenship and NationalityGuns for Hire



Cultural GlobalizationCommunications TechnologyEntertainment & MediaLanguageHomogenizing ConsumerismEducation



The Globalization of LawGlobal Legal InstitutionsGlobal Legal IndictmentsGlobal LawsAlien Tort Claims Act Law of the SeasExtradition Treaties



Globalization of the EnvironmentGlobal Environmental ProblemsLocal Environmental ProblemsGlobal Resource DepletionFresh WaterEnvironmental Policy



Health, Security, and GlobalizationHealth and Well BeingIncipient PandemicsNon-Endemic DiseasesNew DiseasesBig ‘Pharma’Terrorism & Global Policing


Territory and Function in Globalisation

INTENSITYDegree of functional

integration of economic activities

SPATIAL SCOPEGeographic extent of economic activities

Internationalizing processes

Globalizing processes

Regionalizingprocesses

LowLow High

High

Source: After Dicken, 2003, p13

Limited functional integration but wide spatial scope

Wider functional integration but limited spatial

scope

Wide functional integration

and spatial scope

THEMES - GLOBAL SYSTEM

Extraction DistributionConsumption

DisposalManufacturing

The Materials System

Linear System + Finite World = ProblemsResource Depletion

Environmental DegradationIncome Inequality

Solutions?Exploit Others

Others “Develop”Apply Technology Fixes

But the linear system in a finite world still exists.THEMES - GLOBAL SYSTEM

Extraction Distribution Consumption DisposalManufacturing

The Materials SystemThe Government The Law

The CorporationSupposedly represents you Represents stockholdersMediates


Check it out:http://storyofstuff.org/movies/story-of-stuff/


http://storyofstuff.org/movies/story-of-stuff/

Globalisation and the Territorial Economic System

P S T

A.Economic System

Economic Sectors:Primary (Resources)Secondary (Manufacturing)Tertiary (Services)

Firms:Large firms (TNCs)Medium Firms (regional)Small firms (local)


B.Territorial System

Sector based trading blocsNationsRegionally isolated nationsRegionally integrated nations Globally isolated nations


Regions

Regional based trading blocs


P S T

C.The complexity of the global economic and territorial system.

Some national economies are only partly integrated, or

depend solely on one economic sector

Flows of goods and especially capital are less restricted in the economic system than they are

across the territorial system

Flashpoints exist at the intersections of economy

with territory.



STRUCTURE OF THE SPACE ECONOMY

The Production Process and the Physical Environment

EXTRACTION PROCESSING FABRICATION CONSUMPTION

Local and global environment as supplier of resources and energy

Local and global environment as pollution dump

Local and global environment as energy dump

Source: After Dicken 2003, p26

INPUTS FROM ENVIRONMENT

OUTPUTS TO ENVIRONMENT

Recycled products

Non-productive output

EXTERNALITIES

EXTRACTION PROCESSING FABRICATION CONSUMPTION

Changes to space as subsistence activities become cash based

traded activities

Changes to space as industrial development

and demographic change drives urbanisation

Changes to cultural attitudes as

consumption drives behaviour through

demonstration effect and product

homogenizationChanges to economic system as capitalism begins, a wage economy develops, and employment changes

Changes to transportation and communications technology as goods and people need to be moved and information

and money exchanged

Globalisation: Changes in the Social, Economic and Cultural Systems


SummaryGlobalisation is:

Multi dimensional dynamic process as much as a thing to be defined.

Asymmetrical - creates inequalities, and acts out on a global playing field with built in inequalities from the

past.

Opposition to globalisation:Comes from small nations and INGOs.

See it as another version of colonialism and empire building by the powerful western developed nations

and transnationals.

Are they correct?


Documents

Geography 372-910 Globalisation and Territory – Global Village