Geography June 2009

Paper 1

13.C14.A15.B16.C17.B18.A19.A20.D

21.B22.D23.A24.D25.C26.A27.B28.B

29. C30. A31. B32. C33. A34. D35. D36. A37. B38. D39. C40. D

Question 1

(a)i. • A whole stretch of young fold mountains run

north to south from the west coast of North America to South America.

• Another massive stretch runs west to east from the northwestern tip of Africa and Southern Europe on the opposite bank of the Mediterranean, across to Southern Asia over Pakistan and India.

• Young fold mountains also dominate most countries in Southeast Asia, like Sumatra, the Java islands, Kalimantan and Papua New Guinea.

• In Northern Asia, young fold mountains dominate North Korea and Japan. Finally, in the Southern Pacific Ocean, New Zealand is pillared by young fold mountains.

ii. • Fold mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes

are found along or around plate margins where plates collide, diverge or slide past each other.

• The movement of the plates can cause tremors and earthquakes. The cracks caused by such movement allow magma to rise out of the crust forming volcanoes.

• As plates compressed towards each other, fold mountains are formed.

iii.• The mountains have different types of rocks.

The simple limbs have limbs of the same steepness.

• The assymetrical folds have one limb steeper than the other. The overfolds have both slopes sloping in the same direction.

• The overthrust folds have one limb pushed right over the other limb until the axis of the fold is almost horizontal.

iv.• Fold mountains are formed when two continental

plates move towards each other or a continental plate move towards an oceanic plate.

• The movement of the two plates forces sedimentary rocks into a series of folds.

• Fold mountains are usually formed from sedimentary rocks and are usually found along the edges of the continents.

• When plates collide, the accumulated layers of rock crumple and to from a series of fold mountains.

(b)i.• When water enters a crack of a rock, the cold temperatures

cause the water to form ice. The ice causes stress and lines of weakness to form.

• The joints also widen and deepen due to the fact that the volume of water expands by approximately 10% when it freezes.

• When the water thaws, more water can flow further into the rock. When the water freezes again, the ice enlarges the joint.

• Repeated freeze-thaw action weakens the rock which over time breaks along lines of weakness to form angular pieces.

• The angular rock fragments fall down the slope and gather at the foot of slope to form a talus slope or scree.

ii. Rock hardness, mineral composition, grain size of rocks, presence of line of weakness in rocks, relief of an area, vegetation cover and human activities.

Question 2

(a)i. A - 28°C

B – (28 – 21) = 7°CC – (28+21) = 49/2 = 24.5°C

ii.• Maximum and minimum thermometer is used

to measure the maximum and minimum temperatures of a day.

• When temperature increases, the alcohol in the left limb expands and forces the mercury towards the right bulb.

• The mercury will push the index up in the right limb. The end of the metal index gives the maximum temperature, in this case, it is 28°C.

• When temperature drops the alcohol in the left limb contracts.

• The mercury now flows in the opposite direction and pushes up the index in the left limb.

• The end of the index closer to the mercury gives the minimum temperature, in the diagram, its records the temperature of 21 °C.

(b)i. • Brunei experiences a hot and wet equatorial

climate.• It has very high temperatures and a very low

annual range.• Temperature range is between 26°C and 28

°C. It is hottest in April and coolest in January.• Rain falls throughout the year, with no distinct

wet and dry season

• More rain falls between September and December and between May and July.

• Lesser rain falls in January, February and March.

ii. • Rain falls throughout the year, as the high rate

of evaporation forms cumulonimbus clouds which fall as convectional rain in the late afternoons.

• Rainfall is heavier between September and December when additional rain is brought in by the Northeast monsoon winds which blow over the warm and moist South China Sea.

• Between June to September, rainfall is quite heavy due to the rain brought by the Southwest monsoons.

(c)i. Southern interior in Temburong.ii. • Relief rain is common in areas where moist air

from the warm onshore wind is forced to rise a highland such as a mountain range.

• As the air rises, it becomes cooler and condensation takes place.

• Rain falls on the windward slope of the mountain.

• When the wind crosses over to the other side of the mountain, it has lost almost of its moisture so no rain falls. The leeward side of the mountain is also known as rain shadow area.

• p/s: Draw the diagram

No. 4 4. (a)i.• Temburong District – ecotourism – the practise of

tourism in natural habitats, while at the same time minimizing ecological impacts.

• National parks – name them! – under state control for the purpose of protecting and conserving plant and the animal communities.

• Caters for education and nature recreation – rich biodiversity – attract nature lovers

• Belait District – cultural centres and beautiful beach, waterfall and recreational parks.

ii.• Billionth Barrel Monument in Seria.• Commissioned by Brunei Shell Petroleum and designed by a

local architect, the Billionth Barrel Monument commemorates the production of the billionth barrel of oil by the Seria oilfield. It is located close to the seawell, near the site 'S-1', the first well dug almost 70 years ago.

• The approach to the monument is through an arched entrance and a row of trees on either side. The arches serve to remind visitors that Brunei is an Islamic country and the floor is tiled in an Islamic pattern. The monument is a mere 5-minute drive from the Seria town centre.

No. 5(a)i. • Mangrove forest can be found along the tropical

coastal areas.• Generally it is distributed along a low-lying, sheltered

coast with muddy and waterlogged ground.• The mangrove forest has no distinct layering. Most of

the trees are of uniform height.• Saltwater mangrove trees grow near the coast.• Those that are less tolerant of salt (freshwater swamp)

grow further inland.

ii. • Fruits – some germinate while still on the trees;

some are buoyant• Leaves – broad, drip tips; special salt glands to

excrete salt; store excess salt in older leaves which will drop off

• Roots– Prop and buttress roots – anchor firmly– Hanging aerial roots – take in oxygen directly from

the air– Pencil-like roots that jut out of the muddy ground –

take in oxygen directly from the air

(b)• There is salt-tolerant mangrove swamp at the

sheltered tidal coast where the ground is muddy and waterlogged.

• The dense, evergreen lowland rainforest grows on the land up to about 300 m.

• The temperate deciduous forest grows on slopes between 1200 and 2500 m.

• The coniferous trees, with needle-shaped leaves, grow on the upper slopes between 2500m to 4500m.

• Higher up is bare rock with occasional lichens and mosses.

(c)i. Forestry in Amazon Basin, Brazil.ii. Balsamo and cedar. Hardwood is commercially

valuable for the furniture making and construction industry.

iii. • Forests are cleared to provide building materials

and land for constructing houses for the growing population.

• More than a quarter of the Amazon rainforest has been converted into pastures for large-scale cattle ranching operated by the multi-nationals.

• Land is also cleared for growing crops, either for the people’s own subsistence or for commercial purposes.

• Trees are felled to make way for roads. In Brazil, vast tracks of forest have to give way for the construction of the 6000-km Trans-Amazonian Highway.

• There is a growing demand for tropical hardwoods from the developed countries such as the USA, Japan and France. The Amazonian countries can earn much money felling the trees and selling the logs.

• There are rich deposits of iron, bauxite, copper, nickel and gold in the Amazon Basin.

No. 6(a)i. The commercial cultivation of cash crops on large estates to

produce raw materials chiefly for export but also for local industries.

ii. Fig.9 shows that the palm oil production is expanding from 1980 to 2004. In 1980, the total palm oil production was about 2.5 million tonnes, which has increased to 6.2 million tonnes in 1990, 11 million tonnes in 2000 and 14 million tonnes in 2004.The rubber production shows fluctuations. In 1980, the total production was about 1.8 million tonnes, which has dropped to 1 million tonnes in 1990 and 2000. The production increased slightly in 2004 , about 1.6 million tonnes.

iii.• The demand for plantation crops which come

from the industries. • The capital investment is extremely high.

Many plantations in developing countries are owned by large foreign companies.

• A large number of labour is also required, especially in rubber or oil palm plantations which require many workers to work in the estates and the factories.

(b). i. Oil Palm plantation/tea plantation in West Malaysia.ii.a. Relief• Foothill regions above 600m from sea level.• Undulatingb. Climate• 26-28ºC• 2000 mm rainfall – well distributedc. Soil• Lateritic soil (slightly acidic)• Well-drained

(c)i.• Land fragmentation arises from the traditional

practice of dividing land equally among sons. Their sizes range from half a hectare to two hectares. The scattered plots make it difficult for government to plan for an irrigation and drainage system.

• Inefficient use of water happens due to the lack of irrigation system. Farmers have to depend on unreliable rain which may arrive late, too early, bring too much or too little water. Floods and droughts destroy crops.

• Low level of mechanisation happens because illiterate farmers tend to be resistant to changes in agricultural practice, sticking to their traditions and resisting new farming methods.

• Poverty among the farmers is an obstacle to inject capital into the farms to increase yield. The poor farmers can hardly afford to buy fertilizers, pesticides and machines.

ii.• Wet rice cultivation.• An annual rainfall of between 2000 mm and

2500 mm. Irrigation is practised if the rainfall is inadequate.

• A high temperature of 21-27°C is suitable for the crop.

• Floodplains and deltas are ideal for wet rice cultivation. Where there is a shortage of land, hill slopes are terraced to provide the land.

• Wet rice thrives on clayey soil because it can retain water. It requires flooded fields when it is growing.

No. 8(a)i. • A broad based population pyramid, which shows that

the population is likely to expand.• The broad base shows a large percentage of young

population.• The numbers of males and females are roughly the

same.• There are large numbers of young dependants to be

supported by the adult working population.• Life expectancy is low due to high death rate.

ii.• The population pyramid has a narrow base. This

means that there are fewer numbers of young population due to declining birth rate.

• There is a bulge in the working population. Large working population need to support a smaller number of young dependants.

• The top of the pyramid is heavy, which means there is a large proportion of older people.

• The proportion of elderly people (65 years an above) is increasing due to the long life expectancy and low death rate.

iii.• The birth rate of India is higher than the birth

rate of Japan.iv.• Birth rate is high in India due to lack of family

planning and birth control.• The idea of having a bigger family to help in the

farm still persists in many rural areas of India. • Women continue to marry young. • High infant mortality rate due to poor health

care. Therefore, there is a need to have more children to ensure a better chance of survival.

• Birth rate is low in Japan due to the acceptance of family planning and birth control.

• Women become more educated and liberated, they are not willing to give up their careers to start a family early. The child-bearing years become shorter.

(b)i. • Rural-urban migration is caused by rural ‘push’

and urban ‘pull’ factors.• The push factors which are the reasons people

leave their villages include lack of job opportunity, overpopulation arising from high birth rates, loss of jobs due to the introduction of mechanization of farm processes and low standard of medical and educational facilities.

• The ‘pull’ factors are the reasons which attract people to urban centres, they include more job opportunities, better-paid jobs, availability of better educational and medical facilities and better housing.

• International migration happens because some people decide to migrate to countries where the cost of living is lower.

• Some would like to move away from a competitive and stressful lifestyle in their own countries to a more relaxed and less stressful one in another country.

• People leaving the developing countries wish to achieve a higher income and a better lifestyle for themselves and their children.

ii.• Transmigration in Indonesia.• Many transmigrants are poor landless farmers, under

the scheme, each migrant family gets a house and at least two hectares of land. They are also given food, seeds, fertilisers and farming tools for one year or more if the crops fail.

• Some transmigrants concentrate on the cultivation of cash crops such as oil palm. The sale of cash crops provides a source of income which leads to a higher standard of living.

• The transmigration programme has opened up previously forested areas and increased their accessibility through the building of infrastructure.

No. 9(a)i. • The amount of fish caught in 1985 was about 68

thousand tonnes.• In 1990, it has dropped to 50 thousand tonnes.• The amount of fish caught increased to 100

thousand tonnes in 1995.• In 2000, the amount of fish caught has increased

to 150 thousand tonnes and dropped to 120 thousand tonnes in 2005.

ii. Line fishing and fish traps in Japan.• fishing makes use of lines to which hooks are attached.

The fish are attracted by live or artificial baits.• it cannot match the catching capacity of net fishing. • Line fishing is a cheap method which can be used in

both deep and shallow waters. • It can also be used in areas with swift flowing currents

and rocky beds which are not suitable for net fishing. • Fish traps are used to catch fish living on the sea bed.

iii.• fish provides an important source of protein.

Besides being cheap, it can be consumed in various forms.

• It is also convenient to turn to the sea for work since it is relatively expensive to develop coastal land.

• The fishing industry also helps to develop other related industries like the ship building and repairing industry, the making of nets and cans, boxes and others.

• Thus, it is an important source of employment.

(b)i.• The catch of the blue fin tuna in 1980 is 45

thousand tonnes and 15 thousand tonnes in 2005.

ii.• Overfishing is a serious problem since this

reduces the amount of fish to carry on the reproductive cycle essential to the level of future fish stocks in the ocean.

• It happens partly due to increasing population raising market demand.

• It is also partly the availability of capital to invest in modern methods of fishing.

• Water pollution such as oil spills and discharges from factories pollute the water. This may destroy much of the marine life.

iii.• Aquaculture/ fish farming is practised to increase fish

production.• Some countries such as Japan practise selective fishing

in which the size of fish caught is checked and offenders are fined.

• Research and development has been carried out to increase world fish supplies.

• Laws are set against water pollution so that a larger number of fish can survive.

• Countries have not only guarded their own territorial waters but have tried to control for 320 km off their coasts by creating Economic Exclusion Zones (EEZs).

No. 10(a)i.• When waves approach a coast at an angle, the

swash brings the sand grain up onto the coast at the same angle.

• The backwash washes the sand grains from the beach down to the sea.

• The sand grain is picked up again by the next wave and carried up and then down the coast again.

• This repeated zigzag movement of sand grain shifts along the coast in a direction parallel to the shore.

ii.• By building groynes to trap and stabilize sand

grains from being transported away by langshore drift.

• Groynes are long narrow structures built across a beach to interrupt longshore drift.

(c)i. (refer to notes Ch.7, form 4)

ii. Refer to notes 7 Form 4 and textbook

b.i.• The spit is a long and narrow accumulation of

sand.• It extends from the land into the sea.• The free end, made of a hooked end, curves

round at the end of the spit.• Behind the spit is a sheltered lagoon occupied by

a marsh.• Mud flanks on the western side of the spit where

the deposits extend a long way westwards across its seaward edge.

No. 11(a)i.• Pebbles roll or slide along the river bed

through traction.• Sand and gravel bounce or hop along the river

bed through saltation.• Silt and clay are kept from settling down on

the river bed by the turbulent flow of water through suspension.

ii.• Deposition is the process of dropping the load.• It occurs when the volume and the speed of

the water decrease and its is carrying a greater load than it can transport.

• The volume of the water decreases when there is little or no rain falls; the river flows across an arid area where there is a high rate of evaporation; and the river flows across permeable rocks which allow water to sink in.

• The speed of the water decreases when there is a sudden change of gradient and the river flows into another body of water such as a lake or a calm sea.

• Deposition occurs mainly at the middle and lower course of a river.

(b)i.• Lower course of a river.ii.

(c)i. Dispersed/ Scattered settlement.ii. Linear settlement.• Houses are built along the only road going

through the village because of accessibility.• Besides, it is also near to the stream which

provides a source of water for domestic use and irrigation.

• Farming can be carried out at the floodplain located not far away from the settlement.

• A floodplain is covered with alluvium deposited by the river when water overflows the banks during heavy downpours.

• The settlement is also found along the foothill to avoid floods.