Geography of Hungary

Geology of HungaryI. Main regions of Hungary

Kisalföld, Alföld, Alpokalja, Transdanubian Hills, Transdanubian Mountains, Northern Mountains

II. Relief

67% is plain, the rest are hills and low mountains; lowest altitude 78m, highest altitude 1014 m; 93.030 km² (110.); extension of East-West 520km, of North-South 320 km

III. Use your map to fill in the gaps (the bold peaks and the related mountains are part of the paper)!

Mountain Peak Altitude Mountain Peak AltitudeKékes-tető Naszály

Istállós-kő Nagy-Kopasz

Csóványos Magas-bérc

Nagy-Milic Szanda

Írott-kő Nagy-Csákány

Pilis Szársomlyó

Karancs Ezüst-hegy

Kőris-hegy Meleg-hegy

Dobogókő Hoportyó

Zengő Ólom-hegy

IV. Geological history of Hungary

Era Period Epoch Geological events Main types of rocks Example for occurance Energy resources and ores

Cenozoic

67 Ma

Quaternary

2.6 Ma

Holocene formation of present relief

sand, pebbles, loess, fluvial sediment

Alföld, Kisalföld peat

Pleistocene ice age Alföld, Kisalföld, Transd. Hills

Tertiary

67 Ma

Pliocene formation of the Pacific and Eurasian mountain range

basalt, sandstone, sand, clay

Tapolcai-basin, depths of Kisalföld, Alföld

lignite, oil, natural gas

Miocene andesite, rhyolite Visegrádi-mt, Zempléni-mt, Börzsöny, Cserhát, Mátra

oil, natural gas, brown coal – Nógrád,

lead, zinc, copper - Mátra

Oligocene clay, limestone Budai-mt. oil – Bükkalja

Eocene andesite, limestone Mátra,

Transd. Mt.

brown coal – Tatabánya, Oroszlány; copper – Recsk

Mesozoic

250 Ma

Cretaceous limestone Transd. Mt. brown coal -Ajka, bauxite – Bakony, Vértes

Jurassic (Liassic) slaty rocks, limestone, dolomite

Kőszegi-mt, Mecsek, Transd. Mt.

black coal - Mecsek, manganese – Úrkút

Triassic fragmentation of Pangea starts

limestone, dolomite Transd. Mt., Mecsek, Bükk irone ore

Rudabánya

Paleozoic

540 Ma

Permian formation of the Variscan mountain range: Pangea and Panthalassa

red sandstone Mecsek, Balaton-uplands uranium Kővágószőlős

Carboniferous granite, mica Velencei-, Soproni- mt.

Devonian limestone, dolomite Upponyi-mountain

Silurian shale Kisalföld, Balaton-felvidék

Ordovician formation of the Caledonian mountain rangeCambrian

Proterozoic 2500 Ma formation of cratons mica (900 Ma) Zempléni- mt. (Vilyvitány nugget)

Archean 4600 Ma genesis of life, formation of hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere

Vocabulary - Geologygeology földtanrelief domborzatsurface felszínlandscape tájplain síksághills dombságmountain hegységaltitude tengerszint feletti mag.extension kiterjedésera (földtörténeti) időepoch (földtörténeti) időszakperiod (földtörténeti) korarchean ősidőproterozoic előidőpaleozoic óidőmesozoic középidőcenozoic újidőtertiary harmadidőszakquaternary negyedidőszakhydrosphere vízburokatmosphere légkörlithosphere kőzetburok

genesis keletkezéscraton ősföldmica csillámpalashale agyagpalaslaty paláslimestone mészkődolomite dolomitsandstone homokkőclay agyagsand homokpebbles kavicsfluvial sediment folyami üledékloess löszgranite gránitrhyolite riolitandesite andezitbasalt bazaltore ércpeat tőzeglignite lignitoil kőolajnatural gas földgáz

Minerals of HungaryI. Ores are rocks with high metallic content. The different types of metals

(heavy-, non-ferrous-, precious metals) develop mainly in and in the neighbourhood of a blocked mass of magma in the crust. This way accumulation of ores are mainly connected with volcanism. Bauxite is the main exception because it forms through a sedimentary process (denudation – transport – deposition).

II. Energy resources are sedimentary rocks accumulated in oceanic or maritime basins, on shores.

1. Oil and natural gas are remnants of planktons transformed in anaerob environment under great pressure over long periods of time. Oil and gas usually migrates form the place of origin to traps sealed up by watertight rocks. Most oil reserves are geologically young formed in the Tertiary epoch. Available stock in the world will be exploited in the coming decades.

2. Coal (peat – lignite – brown coal – hard coal – bituminious coal) forms when large forests bury and timber gets under great pressure without oxygen for a long peroid of time. The best and largest coal deposits developed in the Paleozoic (Carboniferous period) and – at the present rate of extraction – are enough for centuries.

V. Natural resources of Hungary. Fill in the gaps using your atlas (the bold minerals and the related extraction sites are part of the paper)!

Region of extraction: Mecsek, Dél-Alföld, Nógrádi-medence, Mátra, Bakony, Rudabányai-hg., Mecsek, Mátraalja

Settlement of extraction: Algyő, Halimba, Rudabánya, Visonta, Kővágószőlős, Komló, Salgótarján, Recsk

Geological period of development: Paleozoic(1), Mesozoic(3), Tertiary(4)

Utilization: alum earth production, non-ferrous metallurgy, steel production, production of basic starting materials for chemicals, supplying nuclear power stations, production of thermal power, metallurgy, fuel production

Mineral Region of extraction

Settlement of extraction

Geological period of development

Utilization

Oil and natural gas

Hard coal

Brown coal

Lignite

Bauxite ore

Iron ore

Copper ore

Uranium ore

Vocabulary - Mineralsnatural resource természeti erőforrásenergy resource energiahordozóraw material nyersanyagmineral ásványkincsextract kitermelopen pit mining külszíni fejtésdeep cultivation mélyművelésdeposit telepheavy metal nehézfémiron vasuranium uránnickel nikkelmanganese mangánnon-ferrous metal színesfémcopper rézlead ólomzinc cinktin ónprecious metal nemesfémgold aranysilver ezüstbauxite bauxit

alum earth timföldcrust földkéregdenudation lepusztulásdeposition felhalmozás sedimentary rock üledékes kőzetmaritime tengeriremnant maradványanaerob oxigénmenteswatertight vízzáróexploit kiaknázdecade évtizedpeat tőzeglignite lignithard coal feketekőszénbituminious coal antracittimber faanyagutilization hasznosításchemicals vegyiparnuclear power station atomerőműthermal power hőenergiafuel üzemanyag

Climate of Hungary

1. Hungary is situated in the temperate zone and has humid continental climate.

2. Prevailing winds are the westerlies, that bring about large amount of water vapour from the Atlantic ocean in swirling cyclones containing cold fronts and warm fronts. The cyclones are responsible for the quick changes in our weather.

3. In the neighbourhood of cyclones anticyclones form, that bring about sunny, clear weather. In the summer anticyclones are responsible for drought and in wintertime for very cold weather.

4. The most important action centres influencing the climate of the Carpathian basin are:

a, the oceanic effect from west which makes summers cool and winters mild and brings about more precipitation

b, the continental effect from east which makes summers very hot and winters very cold and both seasons very dry

c, the mediterranean effect from south that makes summers very hot and winters more mild and wet

I. Main climatic figures• Duration of sunshine varies between 1800-2100 hour/year1. Annual mean temperature is around 10-11°C2. Warmest month is July, the coldest January3. The mean annual temperature range is 19°C4. Patterns in the change of temperature around the year

a, the ice saints (Pancras, Servatius, Boniface: 12-14.05.) bring a break in spring warming caused by cold polar air massesb, Medard day (08.06.) brings a drop of temperature and lasting rainfall caused by a strong inflow of oceanic air massesc, indian summer of late septembers and early octobers are brought about by calming cyclone activity

6. Winds are not strong, the usual direction is northwestern7. The mean annual precipitation is 600-700 mm/year8. The most wet regions are the Alpokalja, the Zalai-hills and the

peaks of mountainous regions, and the driest areas are the Nagykunság, Jászság and Hortobágy

9. The distribution of precipitation is uneven, the largest proportion falling down at the end of spring and beginning of summer. There is another peak in autumn due to the mediterranean cyclones. Drought is frequent in August, but the most arid month is January.

Vocabulary - Climateclimate éghajlatweather időjárástorrid zone trópusi övtemperate zone mérsékelt övfrigid zone hideg övhumid continental nedves kontinentálisprevail uralkodik, érvényesültrade winds passzát szelekwesterlies nyugatias szelekpolar winds sarki szelekwater vapour vízgőzswirling örvénylőcyclone cikloncold front hidegfrontwarm front melegfrontanticyclone anticiklondraught aszály, szárazságcool hűvösmild enyheprecipitation csapadékduration of sunshine napfénytartammean annual temperature évi középhőmérséklet

mean annual temperature rangeévi közepes hőingás

pattern rendszerthe change of temperature around the year

a hőmérséklet évi járásaice saints fagyosszenteklasting tartósrainfall esőzésinflow beáramlásindian summer vénasszonyok nyaracalming csendesedőnorthwestern északnyugatidistribution of precipitation csapadék eloszlásauneven egyenlőtlenfrequent gyakoriinsolation besugárzásradiation kisugárzásabsorption elnyelésconvection feláramláscondensation kicsapódáshail jégesődew harmatfrost dérrime zúzmara

Hydrography of HungaryI. Underground water1. Ground water drained by wells was the most important source of drinking

water (contagion). It accumulates above the first impermeable layer (e.g. clay). High level of ground water rots plants and has to be drained by a system of drainage ditches, channels.

2. Confined water is the most important drinking water source today. Sand, pebbles filter the water of rivers, lakes and precipitation. This water is stored at great depths over a long period of time between two watertight layer in a water-bearing one. a, bank-filtered water is cleaned by sand and pebbles along the bed of a river (drinking water of Budapest)a, artesian water is brought to the surface by bed pressure through a drilled hole in an artesian basin (Szolnok, Hódmezővásárhely, Szeged, Margit-sziget, Városliget)b, mineral water contains large amount of minerals dissolved from rocks (Kékkút, Szentkirály, Visegrád)c, thermal water is warmer than 20°C and it stems along fracture lines in block-mountains (Zalakaros, Hévíz, Harkány)

3. Karst water springs are based on water percolated through cracks and crevices in limestone. They supply populations of large hungarian towns, like Pécs or Miskolc.

II. Rivers

1. The whole country belongs to the catchment area of the Danube that is navigable throughout the year.

a, Most important affluents are Rába, Sió, Dráva on the right and Vág, Garam, Ipoly on the left.

b, Entering the Carpathian Basin it deposited sediments in the Quaternary forming Szigetköz and Csallóköz. It accelerates and deepens its valley in the Danube Bend. After the mountainous region its flow slows down and builds Szentendrei-, Margit-, Csepel- and Mohácsi-islands.

2. River Tisza meanders through the Alföld due to its small channel gradient.

a, Notable affluents are Bodrog, Sajó, Zagyva on the right, and Szamos, Körös, Maros on the left side.

b, Long and dense irrigation system belongs to the river.

c, Navigation is often hindered by extreme fluctuation of water level.

3. Floods are usual in the spring (snowbreak) and at the beginning of the summer (precipitation maximum).

III. Lakes1. The largest lake of Central-Europe is the Balaton (78km-15km-

11km)a, The water accumulated in a trench formed by faulting.b, As a result of small mean depth it can warm up and freeze over

easily.c, It’s territory shrinks as rivers (Zala) deposit their load in the basin.d, Spits built by waves caused by föhn wind from the Bakony separate

groves on the southern shore.2. Fertő lake is shallow and salty in the final state of uploading.3. Velencei lake is shallow and large part of it is covered by reed.4. The basin of Fehér lake next to Szeged was eroded by the wind.5. There are many oxbow mort-lakes along the river Danube and Tisza

partly due to river regulation (Szelidi-tó).6. Hévízi lake and Miskolctapolcai lake are spring lakes with warm

water.7. Artificial lakes store water for irrigation, drinking and industrial aims,

e.g. Tisza lake.

Vocabulary - Hydrographyhydrography vízrajzunderground water felszín alatti vízground water talajvízsoil moisture talajnedvességwell kútcontagion fertőzésimpermeable vízzárówater-tight vízzárówater-bearing víztartóaquifer víztartóreservoir víztározóclay agyagditch árokchannel csatornaconfined water rétegvízpebble kavicsbank-filtered water parti-szűrésű vízartesian water artézi vízbed pressure rétegnyomásdeep-drilling mélyfúrás mineral water ásványvízthermal water termálvízfracture line törésvonal

tributary mellékfolyówater network vízhálózatpercolate beszivárogcrack repedéscrevice hasadékcatchment area vízgyűjtő területwatershed vízválasztó vonalaffluent mellékfolyóflood áradáswater level vízállásfluctuating ingadozómeander kanyarognavigable hajózhatósnowbreak hóolvadástrench árokfaulting vetődésload hordalékspit turzásgrove berekreed náderosion lepusztulásoxbow mort-lake lefűződött morotva tóriver regulation folyószabályozás

Demography of Hungary

I. Demography describes the number and composition of the population. The difference between the crude death rate and birth rate gives natural increase and decrease. The population pyramid is the figure describing the population by age groups and sex.

II. Decisive factors behind natural decrease in Hungary

- declining number of births

- high grade of infant mortality

- low life expectancy of men (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, suicide, high proportion of smokers and alcoholics)

III. The composition of the population is unfavourable as the number of young people declines and the rate of elders (above 50) exceeds 33%.

IV. Migration can influence the number of population. In Hungary emigration drains the young and educated groups (engineers, doctors) striving for higher salary and better research possibilities. The level of immigration raised since the late eighties. Immigrants are mainly Hungarians coming from the neighbouring countries.

V. The Hungarian minority is the largest in Europe, 2.5 million Hungarians live in the neighbouring countries: Romania 1.4 million, Slovakia 540 000, Serbia 340 000, Ukraine 150 000, Croatia 16 000, Slovenia 8000, Austria 7000In Hungary 99% of the population speaks Hungarian but 3.2% belongs to one of the national minorities: germans 62 000, slovaks 18 000, romanians 8000 and the gypsies as an ethnic minority 300 000 – 500 000.

V. Number of population: 9 938 000 (10. 2012.)Unemployment rate: 10%Structure of occupation: agriculture 4%, industry 27%, service industry 69%Inflation: 6% GDP-change: -1%

Vocabulary - Demographydemography demográfiacrude death rate halálozások számacrude birth rate születések számanatural increase természetes szaporodásnatural decrease természetes fogyáspopulation pyramid korfafigure ábraage group korcsoportsex nemdecisive döntőfactor tényezőinfant mortality csecsemőhalandóságlife expentancy várható élettartamdisease betegséginfectious fertőzőcancer rákcardiovascular szív- és érrendszerisuicide öngyilkosságsmoker dohányosalcoholic alkoholistaunhealthy egészségtelenminority kisebbség

migration vándorlásemigration kivándorlásimmigration bevándorlásengineer mérnökunemployment munkanélküliségemployee munkavállalóqualification képzettségstructure of occupation foglalkoztatási szerkezetagriculture mezőgazdaságindustry iparservice industry szolgáltatásokresearch and development kutatás, fejlesztésprimary elsődleges, primersecondary másodlagos, szekundertertiary harmadlagos, tercierquaternary negyedleges, kvaternerbranch of the economy gazdasági ágazatsector of the economy gazdasági ágCatholic katolikusCalvinistic reformátusLutheran evangélikusnon-believer vallástalan

Settlements of HungaryI. A settlement is a locality where people live and/or work. The settlements

interact whith each other, the national system of them is the network of settlements. Settlements meeting more demands develop catchment area around them.

II. Development of settlements is determined by two factors:1. Natural conditions: fertile soil, favourable climate, plain landscape, natural protection, river valley, source of drinking water, ford, minerals2. Social conditions: technology for processing raw materials, qualification, strength, lack or surplus of manpower, infrastructure

Infrastructure is all the institutions securing the operation of the economy. Hard infrastructure includes all material facilities (network of roads and railways, utility lines, relay stations, buildings and equipments of financial, medical, educational, cultural, scientific and sports institutions, means of public transport, airports, harbours, telecommunication network). Soft infrastructure includes all intellectual conditions (monetary system, education, healthcare, cultural and scientific activities, administration, other services) available for economic development.

III. The network of settlements in Hungary contains:a capital Budapest24 county cities centres for the counties + Dunaújváros, Érd,

Hódmezővásárhely, Nagykanizsa, Sopronother cities 303municipalities 2824

The largest unit of administration is the county (19) estabilished by István I. and the county cities (cities with a population above 50 000 people) operate independently as well.

IV. The most common and oldest type of settlements is the village, but as agriculture becomes mechanized villagers commute to cities to work and abandone the rural way of life.Types of villages by floor plan

1. The irregular street construction of a cluster village was formed by organic expansion.

2. The single street village is usual in the valleys of hilly and mountainous regions

3. The checkerboard floor plan village was constructed according to a design, streets are rectangular.

Vocabulary – Settlementslocality helyinteract kölcsönhatásban lenninational system országos rendszernetwork of settlements településhálózatmeet demand szükségletet kielégítcatchment area vonzáskörzetnatural condition természeti adottságsocial condition társadalmi feltételfertile termékenyfavourable kedvezőlandscape tájford gázlómineral ásványkincsprocess feldolgozraw material nyersanyagqualification szakképzettségstrength létszámlack of hiány vmibőlsurplus of többlet vmibőlmanpower munkaerőinfrastructure infrastruktúrainstitution intézmény

hard infrstructure anyagi infrastruktúramaterial facilities anyagi létesítményutility line közművezetékelectrical transmission line elektromos távvezetékpipeline csővezetéksewer system csatornahálózatrelay station átjátszó állomáspublic transport tömegközlekedésadministration közigazgatásmunicipality községmechanize gépesítcommute ingázikfloor plan alaprajzcluster village halmazfalusingle street village egyutcás falucheckerboard floor plan sakktábla alaprajzú falurectangular derékszögorganic szervesexpansion terjeszkedéshomestead tanyascattered settlements szórványtelepülés

The structure of BudapestI. Central business district

- governmental, jurisdictional and cultural institutions, monuments, banks, luxurious hotels and shops, currency exchanges, office buildings- Parliament, ministries, Prime Minister’s Office, Curia (Supreme Court), Constitutional Court, National Office for the Judiciary, Prosecutor General’s Office, Metropolitan Court, Hungarian State Treasury, Hungarian National Bank, Budapest Stock Exchange, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, National Archives of Hungary, National Széchényi Library, Saint Stephen’s Basilica, Buda Castle, Fisherman’s Bastion, Matthias temple, headquarters of banks and international organizations, Intercontinental, Hilton, Kempinski, Gresham, Astoria- I., V. districts

II. Central residential area- multi-storeyed blocks of flats, markets, halls, small specialised shops (second hand book-, antique-, do-it-yourself-, gift-, flowershops, greengrocer’s, jewelry, shoe store), non-stop shops, groceries, workshops (glazier, cobbler, tailor, carpenter), nightclubs, pubs, bars discotheques, post and bank outlets, shopping malls, small public parks, educational and health institutions, libraries, cinemas, theaters, cabarets, hotels, busiest public transportation lines- Lehel square, Hunyadi square, Rákóczi square, Garay square, Király street, Baross street, Szondi street, Kazinczy street, Hungarian National Museum, Comedy, Opera House, MÜPA, Millenáris, A38, Szóda, Szimpla, Moulin Rouge, Süss Fel Nap, Cha-Cha-Cha, Bahnhof, Fészek, Dürer-garden, Kertem, Kiadó, West End, Aréna, Mammut, Allee, Récsey Center, ELTE, SOTE, Károli, Pázmány, Szabó Ervin, Kino, Puskin, Művész, Corvin, Uránia, Vörösmarty, Cirko-Gejzír, Bem, Radnóti, Thália, Bábszínház, Karinthy, Katona, József Attila, Magyar- VI., VII., VIII., IX. districts (Terézváros, Erzsébetváros, Józsefváros, Ferencváros)

Vocabulary - The structure of Budapest I

central business district belső munkahelyövcentral residential area belső lakóövouter business district külső munkahelyövouter residential area külső lakóövmonument műemlékcurrency exchange pénzváltó helyoffice building irodaházSupreme Court Legfelsőbb BíróságCuria KúriaConstitutional Court AlkotmánybíróságNational Office for the Judiciary

Országos Bírósági Hivatal

Prosecutor General’s Office Legfőbb ÜgyészségMetropolitan Court Fővárosi TörvényszékHungarian State Treasury Magyar ÁllamkincstárBudapest Stock Exchange Budapesti ÉrtéktőzsdeHungarian Academy of Sciences

Magyar Tudományos AkadémiaNational Archives of Hungary Magyar Országos LevéltárNational Széchényi Library

Országos Széchényi Könyvtárcinema mozitheater színházlibrary könyvtár

Buda Castle Budai VárFisherman’s Bastion Halászbástyaheadquarter székhelyinternational organization nemzetközi szervezetblock of flats bérházmulti-storeyed többemeleteshall vásárcsarnoksecond hand book shop antikváriumantique shop régiség boltdo-it-yourself shop (DIY) barkácsboltgreengrocer’s zöldségesjewelry ékszerboltshoe store cipőboltworkshop műhelyglazier üvegescobbler susztertailor szabócarpenter asztalospost outlet postahivatalbank outlet bankfiókcabaret kabarépublic transport tömegközlekedés

III. Outer business district

- industrial firms, office buildings, warehouses, railway and bus stations, vehicle depots, specialised shopping centres, exhibition halls, public parks, sports fields, large health institutions, cemeteries, prisons, barracks

- Continental, RG, Dreher, Chinoin, GE-Tungsram, Csepel Works, Public Slaughterhouse, Police Palace, Duna Tower, Infopark, Graphisoft Park, Angyalföld, KÖKI, Zugló, Rákosrendező, Stadionok, Népliget, Mexikói street, Angyalföld, Praktiker, OBI, Baumax, Budapest Expo, Városliget, Népliget, Városmajor, FTC, BVSC, Honvéd, Kispest, Vasas, Kincsem Park, Szent István -, Szent László -, Szent Margit -, Szent János -, Heim Pál kórházak, Fiumei úti sírkert, Újköztemető, Farkasréti cemetery, Kozma street, MAglódi street, Petőfi Sándor barrack, Zrínyi Miklós barrack, Dózsa György street

- X., XIII., XIV., XIX.,districts

IV. Outer residential area

- modern housing estates, garden city, airports, industrial parks, logistic centres, large markets

- Békásmegyer, Káposztásmegyer, Újpalota, Rákosplalota, Kispest, Havanna úti housing, Pestszentimre, Pestszentlőrinc, Mátyásföld, Csepel, Liszt Ferenc airport, Tököl airport, Budaörsi airport, BILK, M3 logistic centre, Waberer’s, wholesale vegetable and flower market, car market

- IV., XV., XVI., XVII. districts

V. Satellite settlements

- detached houses

- commuting population

- Pomáz, Pilisvörösvár, Érd, Dunakeszi, Pécel, Vecsés, Gyál

Vocabulary – The structure of Budapest II

office building irodaházwarehouse raktárvehicle depot remizexhibition hall kiállítási csarnokbrewery sörgyárpaper mill papírgyárpharmaceuticals gyógyszergyártásengineering gépgyártáschemicals vegyiparmetallurgy vaskohászatnon-ferrous metallurgy színesfém-kohászatautomotive industry autógyártásarmament industry fegyvergyártástyre manufactoring gumiabroncs gyártáspublic park közparkplaying-field sportpályasoccer field focipályatennis court teniszpályaswimming pool uszodaathletic field atlétikai pályahippodrom lóversenypálya

hospital kórházinternal medicine belgyógyászatsurgery sebészetthroat specialist fül-orr-gégészetobstetrics szülészetgynecology nőgyógyászatemergency room intenzívbedlam tébolydacemetery temetőprison börtönbarrack kaszárnyahousing estate lakótelepgarden city kertvárosairport repülőtérindustrial park ipari parklogistic centre logisztikai központsatellite settlements agglomerációdetached house családi házsemi-detached house ikerházcommute ingázikcatchment area vonzáskörzet

Transport of Hungary

I. Transport with passenger transport and freight links dwellings and working places, settlements, our country and the world. Transport delivers raw materials for processing or finished goods for consumption.

II. Hard infrastructure includes all material facilities (network of roads and railways, utility lines, relay stations, buildings and equipments of financial, medical, educational, cultural, scientific and sports institutions, means of public transport, airports, harbours, telecommunication network).

III. The strucutre and quality of infrastructure reflects and influences the level of economic development of a country.

IV. Regarding transport the location of Hungary is favourable as it lies in a less indented basin-like area where roads connecting Western and Eastern Europe and Southern and Northern Europe meet.

IV. The network of roads1. The advantage of transport by road is being quick and door-to-door, it is

most economic by rapidly deteriorating or by small and valuable goods. It is expensive and endangers the environment.

2. The structure is strongly centralized and radially organized. The links connecting the highways in the countryside are not finished yet.

3. The main roads of the country are numbered starting with the most important one connecting the capitol with Western Europe from 1 to 8 and measured from Buda Castle

4. The number of the bridges over the Danube has risen recently (19 bridges: Vámosszabadi, Komárom – Erzsébet híd, Esztergom – Mária Valéria híd, Budapest – Megyeri híd, Újpesti vasúti híd, Árpád-híd, Margit-híd, Széchenyi lánchíd, Erzsébet híd, Szabadság híd, Petőfi híd, Rákóczi híd, Összekötő vasúti híd, Deák Ferenc híd, Dunaújváros – Pentele híd, Dunaföldvár – Beszédes József híd, Szekszárd – Szent László híd, Baja – Türr István híd).

5. The national network of roads is connected with international transport lines through frontier stations (Hegyeshalom-1, Rajka, Komárom, Esztergom, Parassapuszta-2, Balassagyarmat, Salgótarján, Bánréve, Tornyosnémeti-3, Záhony-4, Csengersima, Ártánd, Nagylak, Röszke-5, Tompa, Barcs-6, Letenye-7, Rédics, Rábafüzes-8, Sopron).

V. The network of railways1. Transport of people and bulk goods is most economic by railway, it is cheap

and environmentally friendly but is tightly connected with the railway line.2. The structure is strongly centralized and radially organized. The links

connecting the radial main lines are abroad as a result of the peace treaty of Trianon.

3. The technical standard of the railway network, the wagons and locomotives is out-of-date

VI. Air transport1. Air transport bridges large distances, it is important in transporting

passengers and small, valuable goods.2. International airports of Hungary are Liszt Ferenc airport receiving freight,

small airplanes and passenger traffic, Sármellék and Debrecen.VII. Water transport1. It’s clean and energy saving but very slow.2. Navigable rivers are: Danube, Tisza, Sió, Dráva, Maros, Körös, Bodrog,

Keleti-főcsatorna, Balaton, Velencei-tó2. Water regime in Hungary is fluctuating, water depth at many sections is

unsatisfactory for larger vessels and the number and standard of international harbours is low (Győr-Gönyű, Komárom, Budapest, Dunaújváros, Baja, Mohács).

Vocabulary - Transportpassanger transport személyszállítás

dwelling lakóhely

raw material nyersanyag

process feldolgoz

finished good késztermék

consumption fogyasztás

hard infrastructureanyagi infrastruktúra

material facility anyagi létesítmény

utility line közművezeték

relay station átjátszó állomás

public transport tömegközlekedés

telecommunication network távközlési hálózat

reflect tükröz, kifejez

influence befolyásol

indented tagolt (domborzatilag)

door-to-door háztól-házig

narrow gauge line keskeny nyomtávú vonal

freight teheráru, árut szállít, fuvaroz

flight repülőjáratcanal csatornacargo rakomány

deteriorate romlik

perishable romlandó

valuable értékes

endanger veszélyeztet

centralized központosított

radially sugarasan

countryside vidék

frontier station határállomás

environmentally friendly környezetbarát

energy saving energiatakarékos

air pollutants légszennyező anyagok

wagon vasúti kocsi

locomotive mozdony

water regime vízjárás

fluctuate ingadozikinland navigation folyami hajózásmarine navigation tengeri hajózásnavigable river hajózható folyóbulk carrier uszályfreighter teherhajóicebreaker jégtörőtruck, lorry teherautógoods traffic árufuvarozás

VIII. Exercise. Put the settlements on the railwayline and on motorway M5 in the right sequence!

Budapest, Paks, Érd, Dunaújváros, Sárbogárd, Dombóvár, Szekszárd, Komló, Szentlőrinc, Pécs

Cegléd, Szolnok, Lajosmizse, Dunaújváros, Kecskemét, Hódmezővásárhely, Szentes, Kiskunfélegyháza, Szeged, Röszke