Getting to California progressivism – fixing government so it was more responsive to the needs of the people muckrakers – journalists who investigated

• progressivism – fixing government so it was more responsive to the needs of the people

• muckrakers – journalists who investigated poor social conditions and political corruption in America

• direct primary – people vote for their political party’s candidates rather than have them picked by the elite

• initiative – allows citizens to propose legislation (laws) to the state legislatures and ask them to vote on it

• referendum – legislation submitted to the voters for approval

• recall – allows voters to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office

• 17th Amendment (1913)–Senate to be elected directly by the people (no longer the state legislatures)

• Socialism, the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community as a whole

Ch 13 Sec 1 – The Roots of Progressivism

Intro 2

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Objectives

• Discuss the rise of the Progressive movement.

• Evaluate the impact of initiative, referendum, and recall and of the Seventeenth Amendment.

Section 1: The Roots of Progressivism

Section 1-1

Guide to Reading

Progressivism was a diverse response to the problems posed by industrialism and modern life.

• progressivism

Main Idea


Key Terms and Names

• muckraker • Jacob Riis • commission plan • Robert La Follette • direct primary • initiative

• referendum • recall

The Rise of Progressivism


• The era in American history from about 1890 to 1920 is known as the Progressive Era.

• Progressivism was a collection of different ideas and activities about how to fix the problems within American society.

(pages 418–420)(pages 418–420)

The Rise of Progressivism


• Progressives disagreed among themselves on the solutions, but agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving society’s problems caused by urbanization and industrialization.

(pages 418–420)(pages 418–420)

MuckrackersSuffragettes

PopulistsTemperance

Middle Class WomenLabor

Unions

CivilRights

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Progressives believed that first the government needed to be fixed and made more responsive to people before other problems could be addressed.

• Progressives also believed that they could fix society’s problems by applying scientific principles to society.

• The muckrakers were a group of journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption.

The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)

(pages 418–420)(pages 418–420)


• Their articles led to public debate on social and economic problems and put pressure on politicians to introduce reforms.

• Muckraker Jacob Riis focused on social problems in his book How the Other Half Lives, published in 1890.

• The book described poverty, disease, and crime in many immigrant neighborhoods in New York City.


(pages 418–420)(pages 418–420)


Making Government Efficient• There were many types of progressivism.

Progressives often took opposing sides on issues and on how to solve the problems.

• One group of progressives believed that problems in society could be solved if government was efficient.

• They felt that government could become efficient by applying the principles of scientific management.

• They thought that managing a city required experts, not elected politicians.

(page 420)(page 420)


• Progressives wanted to replace the existing system with a commission plan where a board of commissioners or a city manager with expertise in city services would select and hire specialists to run city departments.

• In 1901 Galveston, Texas, was the first to adopt the commission system.

• Many cities followed shortly after.

Making Government Efficient (cont.)



Democracy and Progressivism• Many progressives wanted more democracy in

society.• The governor of

Wisconsin, Robert La Follette, criticized how political parties ran their conventions.

• He pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary, a party election in which all party members vote for a candidate to run in the general election.


Section 1-13


• Three new reforms were introduced by progressives to force state legislators to respond to voter’s concerns.

• The initiative allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it.

Democracy and Progressivism (cont.)


PAST Successes of State Initiatives(many were later adopted by Congress)Abolition of poll taxes

Aid to dependent children, blind, mentally ill

Bottle deposit bills

Campaign finance reforms

Direct election of US Senators

Direct primaries

Food sales tax exemptions

medical marijuana

Merit systems for civil servants

Minimum wages

Mining reclamation

Mining severance & oil extraction taxes

Nuclear Freeze

Old age pensions

Open meetings

Prohibiting cyanide mining

Public school funding

State financial audits

Sunshine laws

Tax limits

Term limits

Victim rights

Women's suffrage

Workman's compensation

• PAST Successes of State Initiatives

Aid to dependent children, blind, mentally illBottle deposit billsCampaign finance reformsDirect election of US SenatorsDirect primariesFood sales tax exemptionsMerit systems for civil servantsMinimum wagesMining reclamationMining severance & oil extraction taxesOld age pensionsOpen meetingsProhibiting cyanide miningPublic school fundingState financial auditsSunshine lawsTax limitsTerm limits

Victim rightsWomen's suffrage

Workman's compensation

http://archives.cnn.com/2000/US/06/14/hawaii.marijuana/

















http://prop1.org/prop1/histnfz.htm














http://termlimits.org/Current_Info/State_TL/index.html











http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/nineteenthkobach.html

















• The referendum allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to the voters for approval.




• The recall allowed voters to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office.



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f9/Total_recall.jpg


• To stop Senate corruption, progressives wanted the direct election of senators by all state voters.

• In 1912 Congress passed the direct-election amendment.

• In 1913 it was ratified, becoming the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution.



Social Welfare Progressivism• Social welfare progressives created charities to help

the poor and disadvantaged and pushed for laws to help fix social problems.

• In 1900 over 1.7 million children under the age of 16 worked outside the home.

(pages 423–425)(pages 423–425)


Social Welfare Progressivism• The National Child

Labor Committee worked to end child labor.

(pages 423–425)(pages 423–425)


Social Welfare Progressivism• Many adult workers

labored in difficult and dangerous conditions.

• With the creation of building codes, workers’ compensation laws, zoning laws, and health codes, the work environment was made safer for workers.


(pages 423–425)(pages 423–425)

Social Welfare Progressivism• Some progressives favored zoning laws and building

codes to regulate how the land and buildings could be used.


(pages 423–425)(pages 423–425)

Progressives Versus BigBusiness• A group of progressives focused on regulating

big business, but they disagreed on the solutions.

• One side believed government should break up big companies to restore competition.

• The other group wanted the creation of government agencies to regulate big companies and prevent them from abusing their power.




• Socialism, the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community as a whole, was an idea shared by a small minority of progressives.

Progressives Versus BigBusiness (cont.)



• Eugene Debs led the American Socialist Party and was the party’s candidate for president in the election of 1912.

• Most progressives and most Americans believed in the American system of free enterprise.

Progressives Versus BigBusiness (cont.)


Populist Progressive Change

Direct election of Senators

Direct election of Senators

17th amendment

Progressive Income Tax

Progressive Income Tax

16th amendment

Women’s Suffrage

Women’s Suffrage

19th amendment

Prohibition Prohibition 18th amendment

Section 1-30

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. vote held by all members of a political party to decide their candidate for public office

__ 2. a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society

__ 3. a political movement that crossed party lines which believed that industrialism and urbanization had created many social problems and that government should take a more active role in dealing with these problems.

A. progressivism

B. muckraker

C. commission plan

D. direct primary

E. initiative

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.


B

A

D

Section 1-31

Checking for Understanding

__ 4. a plan in which a city’s government is divided into different departments with different functions, each placed under the control of a commissioner

__ 5. the right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voters or the legislature for approval

A. progressivism

B. muckraker

C. commission plan

D. direct primary

E. initiative

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.



E

C

Section 1-8

What kind of group were the progressives?

The progressives were a group with widely different views and ideas about how to fix society’s problems. They often disagreed with each other over the issues. They belonged to both political parties and were usually urban, educated middle-class Americans

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.



(pages 418–420)(pages 418–420)

Chapter Assessment 3



Reviewing Key Facts

What were the characteristics of the Progressive era?

The characteristics of the Progressive era were the belief that people could improve society, and that government should play an active role in reform.

Chapter Assessment 6



Critical Thinking

Analyzing Themes: Government and Democracy How did Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expand democracy in the United States?

He pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary, thus weakening the party caucus system.

Section 1-33

Reviewing Themes



Government and Democracy How did initiative, referendum, and recall change democracy in the United States?

They gave voters more power to introduce legislation, to approve legislation, and to remove elected officials.

Section 1-15



Why did the progressives want the direct election of senators?

The United States Constitution had originally called for each state legislature to elect two senators from each state. As a result, political machines often influenced the election of senators in exchange for federal contracts and jobs. Progressives hoped the direct election of senators by all state voters would end this corruption.



Section 1-26



How did social welfare progressives hope to solve society’s problems?

Social welfare progressives created charities to help the poor and disadvantaged, and pushed for laws to help fix social problems.

Social Welfare Progressivism (cont.)

(pages 423–425)(pages 423–425)

End of Section 1

Documents

Getting to California progressivism – fixing government so it was more responsive to the needs of the people muckrakers – journalists who investigated