Giao Trinh Du Lich

8/14/2019 Giao Trinh Du Lich

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Li m u

i vi mi tnh nguyn vin, nhng ngi s thng xuyn phi iti nhng vng t hoang s, xa ri tin nghi ni thnh th, cc bn cn

chun b cho mnh nhng kin thc, k nng cn thit ng ph vinhng kh khn, thch thc m thin nhin t ra. Nhng chuyn ica cc bn khng phi nhng chuyn du lch bnh thng vi c bndn sn, vi nhng khch sn sang trng, tri li n tim n y ry gianlao nguy him, nhc nhn, vt v, bnh tt, i kht, sc cng lckit.... , cc bn ch c th trng cy vo chnh bn thn ca mnh.V vy, cc bn phi trang b cho mnh mt s k nng v kin thc cnthit. Nhng k nng ny, khng phi ch c sch v hay hc bngl thuyt sung, m phi thc hnh nhiu ln, nht l trong nhng dp

cm tri, thm du, kho st, d ngoi... ngn ngy. Cc bn cng cnphi rn luyn sc khe, chun b tinh thn v ngh lc, sn sng ngu vi mi th thch. D nhin l khi cc bn c chun b tt, thkh nng tn ti ni hoang d ca cc bn c an ton v bo mhn rt nhiu so vi nhng ngi t nhin b nm vo nhng ni xa lm cha chun b g, nhng iu quan trng nht vn l tinh thn, nghlc, s bnh tnh trc mi bin c xy ra.

Nhng k nng v kin thc quan trng m cc bn cn phi hc tp v

thc hnh l:- Kin thc v thin nhin, kh hu, thi tit, mi trng, ng thcvt...- Cc phng php tm phng hng- c v s dng bn v a bn- K thut di chuyn vt chng ngi- K thut lu tri v cc cch lm chi tr n bng vt liu thin nhin.

- Th cng, ngh rng.- K thut sn bn nh bt, mu sinh thot him- Bit bo v sc khe v phng chng cc bnh thng thng- Cu thng v cp cu...


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No hy lt sang nhng trang sch tip theo khm ph nhng kinthc v cng cn thit v cng rt th v ny nh.

Chng 1. Chun b cho chuyn i

S chun b tt l cn thit cho tt c nhng ngi du hnh trong tnhin. Mt s chun b tt cn nhng yu t sau:

Lun mong ch nhng iu bt ngNguyn nhn thng thy dn n ci cht trong t nhin l s khngchun b. th d, t vong do bnh cm thc ra do s thiu chun bcho nhng tnh hung c th xy ra trong t nhin. Ngi ta khng chtv bnh cm m cht v khng ng n hon cnh qu lnh.

Hy theo phng chmChun b cho iu t nht v hi vng ti iutt nht v lun trnh t tnh mng, sc kho ca bn cng nhnhng ngi ng hnh vo vng nguy him.

Trang b hp lTrang b tt v y l yu t quan trng t chc mt cuc sngni hoang d c tin nghi, an ton v thnh cng.Trang b cho nhng hnh trnh trong t nhin khc vi nhng cuc cmtri thng thng, v chng ta s mang theo nhiu lng kh, thuc

men, dng c cp cu, bn a bn, dng c pht tn hiu cp cu,my truyn tin... ty theo mc ch hoc a th, chng ta c th trang

b thm: phao vt sng, dng c leo ni... v mt vt khng th thiu l ti sinh tn (Survival Kit), l mt ti nh, trong ng nhngvt dng thit yu nht c th sinh tn ni hoang d (xin xem bnglit k vt dng).

Nhng cc bn hy lu : Vi th lc v i chn ca cc bn, cngvi on ng di m cc bn cn phi vt qua, cc bn khng thcng trn lng ton b ti sn ca mnh (cho d bn rt mun) m chc th tuyn chn nhng vt dng cn thit nht cho ph hp vi cuchnh trnh m thi. Cho nn ngi c trang b tt l: ngi c th tndng ti a mi chc nng ca mt s vt liu, dng c t i bng kinthc v ti tho vt ca mnh. (th d: ch vi chic gy i ng, cc

bn c th bin n thnh: thc o, v kh t v v tn cng, ct lu,


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cn by, so d su ca dng sng, cu vt khe, cn cuc, xng,cng cu thng...) Do , hnh trang cn gn nh, nhng y .

Thng bo chng ta s i u

Trc khi i, hy thng bo cho mt ai v hnh trnh ca bn, imn v khi no bn d kin quay v. Lc trong trng hp bn gpbt trc, s d dng hn cho i cu h tm ra bn.

Kim tra d bo thi titThi tit khc nghit c th s khin chuyn i ca bn tr thnh bikch. Do hy kim tra d bo thi tit trc khi i vo ni hoang d.Trong chuyn i hy s dng k nng d on thi tit.


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Chng 2.Vt dng mang theo

Danh mc cc vt dng di y ch gi cho cc bn chn la mthi, chng ta khng th no sc cng theo tt c c. Khi chnla, cc bn phi ty theo nhu cu, mc ch, nhim v, a th, khhu... m chn nhng vt dng thch hp v cn thit mang theo. Cmt s vt dng hi kh tm kim trn th trng, thng ch trang

b cho nhng ngi c cng tc c bit.

NHNG VT DNG CN THIT

- Ba l- S sch, giy vit, nht k hnh trnh...- Bn , v la bn- Thit b nh v ton cu GPS- ng h- ng nhm- My chp hnh & phim- My thu thanh (radio)

- in thoi di ng (nu vng c ph sng)- n pin & pin & bng n d phng- n bo, n cy- Dao sn (hoc dao rng, dao sinh tn...)- Dao b ti (a chc nng)- Ru, ra, cuc, xng, ca...- Dy c- Thuc thoa chng mui- Nhang ui mui

- Bnh lc nc loi nh (mini filter)- Ti liu, sch hng dn (cm nang)


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Y PHC

Ty theo thi tit, kh hu, thi gian hot ng... mang theo qun osinh hot v d phng.- o qun sinh hot & nn nh- o qun chng lnh & nn lng- o ma- o qun ng- o qun lt- o qun tm- o khoc

- Giy v- Dp guc- Gng tay

DNG C NU NNG & N UNG

- Ni, soong, cho, m nu nc...- Dao, tht- khui hp

- T, chn, da, ly, g mn...- V, mung a...- Bnh ng nc & ca ung nc & bao bnh ng nc- Gu, x xch nc, can ng nc- R, r...- Qut gaz ( hay dim khng thm nc)- L du hay bp gaz nh (mini) & du hay gaz d phng

THC PHM

- Go, np, bp, u, bt...- Gia v (mui, tiu, ng, bt ngt, hnh, ti, du n...)- Thc ung (tr, c ph, bt tri cy...)- Thc n ti (tht, c, trng, rau, qu...)- Thc n kh (tm kh, c kh, m, lp xng...)


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- Thc n ng hp

DNG C CM TRI NGH NGI

- Lu, bt...- Cc, dy, gy, di cui...- Tm lt- Vng- Ti ng, nm hi- Mng, mn, mng trm u

DNG C CU CU

- My truyn tin- Ha pho- Tri khi- Knh phn chiu- Pa-n, vi mu, c...- Ci bo hiu- n hiu

TI SINH TN

- Aspirin, vitamins- Qut gaz hay dim khng thm nc- Bng dn c nhn- Dao nhp, lui lam- n pin nh (mini)- Knh phn chiu hay ming kim loi bng- Dy cc, dy d, li cu c- Ca dy

- Thuc vin lc nc- Sp vin mui tiu hay mui x t- Ci cp cu- La bn nh (mini)


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TI CU THNG

- 1 chai Betadi (polyvidone iodee)- 1 chai oxy gi

- 1 chai thuc - 1 chai cn- 1 chai du gi- 1 chai Amoniaque- Bt Sulfamid hay bt Penicilline- Ko, kp, km...- ng tim & kim tim- Thuc chng st, gim au (Panadol, Cetamol, Aspirin...)- Thuc au bng, tiu chy (Ganidan, Parregorique...)

- Thuc chng st rt (Chloroquine, Fansidar...)- Thuc khng sinh (Ampicilline, Tetracyline...)- Ti cha rn cn (Snake bite Kit)- Ruu hi, vin hi (cha rn cn)- Bng vi, bng thun, bng tam gic...- Bng keo, bng dn c nhn- Bng gn thm nc gc (gaze), compresse

GHI NH:

TI CU THNG phi c gi gn cn thn, treo ln cao. Cc loithuc phi c dn nhn, ghi r tn thuc, ch tr, cch dng... v phi

b sung u sau mi ln dng.Ring v TI SINH TN, cc bn khng nn em ra s dng thng(tr trng hp bt c d), khi b hao ht, tht thot. V nukhng, n khi cc bn tht cn th li khng c hoc khng .


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Chng 3.Tm ngun nc

Tm ngun nc trong t nhin

Mt ngi c th sng nhiu tun khng n nhng ch sng c vingy nu khng ung nc. Do y l mt k nng cn thit.

S suy nhc c th v thiu nc

Triu chng u tin l s mt mi, tr c khng cn minh mn. Bnhtnh s ngy cng trm trng cho n khi s thiu nc dn n tvong. trnh mt nc cn ngh ngi, tr trong bng rm, tm ni tr ng.

Trnh n bo, ung cht cn-nhng th khi tiu ho s hp th ncca c th. Khng i n khi ht nc mi i tm thm.

Lm sao tm c nc trong t nhin

Hu nh trong mi trng t nhin no ta cng c th tm c nc. thnh cng cn hiu c mt s du hiu ca ncu tin hy tm nhng ngun nc trn b mt nh sng, sui, h,thc,..Nhng ni nc chy mt khu vc bit lp v trn cao th

nhiu kh nng l nc sch c th ung c. Tuy nhin hy thntrng nu nh ngun nc do bng tuyt tan ra chy n th c thc nhiu vi khun.

Nu nh khng chc chn nc c an ton hay khng th tt nht nnlm sch nc trc khi ung bng cch chng ct hay un si nc. khu vc m khng c nhng ngun nc trn b mt th hy o tm v lc nc bn. Cn thn vi nc ng m c v t du hiu cas sng.

Khi i tm ngun nc th nn lu tm nhng ch sau y:+ Thung lng hoc khu vc thp+ Khe c th cha nc ma tch li+ t m+ Ni c rau xanh l du hiu ca ngun nc gn y+ Ni mung th t tp c th l ni c ngun nc


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+ Chim chc, v chng thng ln quanh h nc+ Cn trng, v chng thng gn ngun nc

Thu thp nc

Nu khng tm c ngun nc trn b mt ta c th ly nc tkhng kh, cy c, hoc t bng.+ Ly nc ma hoc nc sngNc ma thng an ton nn ch cn hng ly nc ma ungC th ly nc sng bng cch cho mt mnh vi ngm nc t c

t sau vt nc thng vo ming ung hoc vo ca cha nc.+Ta cn c th tm thy nc ma ng li t trong cc hc cy ith, hoc trong cc lng tre b mt kin (tre b kin c mt). Nu lc

m nghe ting c ch, th kha pha di tng lng tre hng nc.Ta thng gp nhng cy tre bnh t (khng qu gi hoc qu non)cng cha nc

+ Ly nc nh s ngng tPhng php th nhtR cy ht nc t mt t. S dng kin thc ny c th ly nc m

khng cn o t.

Ct 1 chic ti nha vo cnh cy ch tip xc vi nh nng. Hinc bc ra t l s ngng t li trong ti.


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Phng php th hai

o mt ci h hnh phu, ng knh khong mt mt, su cngkhong mt mt, nhng khu vc m t. t di y h mt vtdng ng nc (ton, t, chn) ri ph ln trn ming h mt tmnylon sch v trong sut, dn t, cho kn chung quanh mp, gia

b mt cc lm cho tm nylon thng xung ngay ming vt cha

nc. Sc nng ca mt tri lm cho t m bc hi, ng li di tmnylon, chy di xung v nh vo vt cha nc di y h.

Cc bn c th p dng phng php ny nhng vng hoang mc khcn, nhng trc , cc bn phi lt mt s thn cy mng nc c cht nh (nh xng rng, sng i)

Hoc nhng cnh l cn xanh ti xung y h to m. Nu c th


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th dng mt ng nylon hay ng trc thng mt, cm mt u vovt ng nc, mt u ra khi ming h, khi cn th c th ht ncqua ng m khng phi m tm y ln.

Nc c sn xut theo phng php ngng t rt tinh khit.

Lc nc

C th s dng bnh lc nc by bn trn th trng

nhng ni hoang d, cc bn khng c vt liu ch nhng hthng lc nc hon ho, nhng cc ban cng c th lc nc vinhng h thng n gin nh sau:- Dng mt ng lon c nhiu l y (hay mt filter c-ph), ctvo lm bnh lc.

- Dng mt lng tre hay mt on thn cy rng, mt u nht c, haymt ni vi (hoc c vi ln c), ct vo lm bnh lc nc.- Cc bn cng c th dng ba mnh vi lm thnh gin lc ncnh hnh trn. Hai mnh trn cc bn ng ct, mnh di cng, nu cth th ng than.


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KH TRNG NC

Sau khi lc xong, cc bn cn phi kh trng nc trc khi ung. Cnhiu phng php kh trng, nhng cc bn ch chn nhng phng

php kh thi vi nhng g m cc bn c trong tay.- un si: y l phng php d dng v hiu qu nht, ch cn unsi nc chng 5 10 pht l c th trit tiu mi vi khun.- Dng thuc lc nc (drinking water tablets): L loi thuc c bntrn th trng, cc nh thuc Ty. Tuy nhin, bn ch c n khi bn c chun b t trc. B thuc vo trong nc (theo s hng dntrong toa thuc) lc u, chng vi pht sau th ung c.

- Nu khng ni, xoong un si, cc bn o mt l di t, ltmt tm plastic dy hay mt tm da th, ng cc dn chung quanh, nc vo.t mt ng si tht nng, ri gp b t t vo, cho n khi nc si

ln, b vo thm vi cc than hng ang chy kh mi.


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Chng 4.Lm sao to ra laNgn la c th si m v hong kh khi ta b t. C th dng la nu n, un nc, kh trng bng bng. Ngn la s ui th d v l

mt th quan trng lm tn hiu gip .

Hiu bit cn bn

to ra la th trc tin cn phi hiu rng cn 3 th to ra n:

khng kh, nng v cht t. Nu s dng ng t l ca 3 th trn tas to iu kin ngn la chy tt nht. Cng nhiu khng kh (oxi)th ngn la chy cng mnh.

Chun b

Vic u tin l phi tm ch to ngn la. an ton trnh t la gn nhng vt bt la nh cy ci. C th xp quanh ngn la gi nhit . Nu cn c th dng tng la hng nhit lng vo

hng ta mun.Lu phi chn ch kh thong, trnh ch m t.


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Nguyn liu

to ra ngn la cn dng n t t, bt u bng nhng mnh gnh, sau tip tc bng nhng mnh ln hn khi ngn la bt u lndn. C th chia nguyn liu cho ngn la thnh bi nhi, mi nhen lav cht t. Lu nhng cnh khong gia cy thng kh. ngnht nguyn liu trn mt t v thng b m.+ Bi nhiTrc khi mun lm ra la, cc bn phi chun b mt s bi nhi hay

vt dn la. y l nhng vt ti, xp, kh, d bt la, d chy:

cnh cy kh, l kh, c kh, hoa kh, tre kh, tri gn kh, dng x,ru hay a y kh, v cy kh, tri thng kh, lng chim, t chim, phnkh ca sc vt...

Nu khng tm c cc cht dn la thin nhin, cc bn c th dnggip vn, vi x nh, bng gc v bng gn trong ti cu thng, bnggn trong o bng, m ng vt, kem nhm la, xng du (nu c)....+ Mi nhen la: l vt liu d bt la cho vo ng bi nhi ang chy.

Cnh cy con, que ci kh l thch hp nht. N d chy khi t vom la nh.Mt khi ngn la ln th c th cho nhng cnh to vo ng la.

CC CCH TO RA LA


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Cc cch thng thngD nhin tt nht l chng ta c mt hp dim khng thm nc, mtqut gas gn gng tin li, hoc nhng vt dng nh la c bn trn

th trng nh: nh la (Flint Fire Starter), Ma-nh(Mangesium Fire Starter).

Dng thu knh

y cng l mt phng php kh d dng. Cc bn dng thu knhhi t t cc vt dng nh: knh lp, ng dm, my nh, knh cn hayknh lo cao , t chai trn...Cc bn a thu knh ln, t thng gc vi mt tri, on x dch sao

cho im sng hi t gom li thnh mt chm nh nht, chiu thngvo m bi nhi d chy. Vi giy sau khi s bc ln, ch khi thy cim la, cc bn cm bi nhi ln thi nh nh, la s bng ln. (Nucc bn c vi ht thuc sng hay phn di th ch vi giy sau la s

bng ln ngay)

Lu : Thi la t bi nhi ang chy ngn cho ngn la chy bngln l c mt kinh nghim. Khng th thi qu mnh hay qu yu mthi nh nh, khi thy khi cng ln nhiu th cng tng cng , vcho thm bi nhi vo, cho n khi la chy bng ln.


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CA TO LA

Cc bn dng tre hay na ch lm i, mt na c nh lm bn ma st,na kia dng lm ca. Lt p bn ma st xung vt ngang mt khe nh

c nh vt ca. n bi nhi vo di vt ct. t thanh tre vokhe v kin nhn ca, lc u ca chm chm, khi thy bt u bckhi, th tng dn nhp cho n khi thy c la th cho thm bi nhi vo v thi cho la bng ln.

GI GN V BO QUN LA

Nu c dim, bt la hay cc dng c nh la khc, th chng takhng cn phi gi la. Nhng nu khng c th chng ta phi bit mtvi cch bo qun cho la khng tt, v nh cc bn bit mt ln lmra la cng chng d dng g.Trng hp cc bn mt ch th rt d. Ch cn a nhng gc cykh, ln, vo ng la, gi cho chy sut ngy m. Nu cc bn muni vng mt vi ngy m khi quay v, la vn cn chy, cc bn ch cn

sp nhng gc cy di thnh mt hng, t gi ln nhau, ri t phatrn gi.


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- Ly mt on dy thng kh (loi thng c bn bng x da), tmt u dy cho chy ln ri thi tt, ch la chy ngn. Tu theo di ca si dy, cc bn c th gi c la t vi gi cho ti vingy. Khi cn, chng ta a u la vo bi nhi v thi cho la bng

ln.


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Chng 5.Ni tr n

Nu trong vng hoang d m cc bn c mt ch tr n tm tt, c

mt bp la si m... th cc bn s thy yn tm v th gin tinhthn. Nht l nhng lc ma gi (m ma rng th thng ko di rtlu) m cc bn khng c mt ch tr n cho ng hong th khngnhng d b bnh m cn d b hong lon v suy sp tinh thn.Tytheo iu kin kh hu, vt liu cc bn c sn, vt liu thin nhinchung quanh, thi gian chng ta lu tr... m chng ta kin to mt chtr n cho thch hp.

CH TR N N GINLu tri:Lu rt thch hp cho vic tm ngh qua m ri tip tc di chuyn. Tuynhin, mun dng mt ci lu cho an ton th phi lu :

- Dng lu ni t trng tri, bng phng, khng c lm chm,khng c r cy ln.- Dng lu g t cao hay hi thoai thoi cho d tho nc- Khng dng lu ch trng d b ngp ng khi ma

- Khng dng lu lng sui cn, nc l v khng kp tr tay.- Khng dng lu di tn cy cao, rt nguy him khi ma gi(st nh, cnh cy gy ri xung... )- Khng dng lu ni c bi rm, c cao, rt d b rn rt- Trnh hng gi thc vo lu


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n np tm thiTrng hp khng c lu bt m tri th ti, cc bn cn phi tmcho mnh mt ch tr n qua m. Cc bn nn tm ch tr n di

cc tn cy, thn cy i th c nhng r ln c th chn gi, thncy hay r cy ln ngang, hang ... hay b gy mt thn cyhoc dng dy ko mt tn cy xung thp che sng gi, cc

bn cng c th dng v cy, cnh cy, che tm qua m


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Lm chi tm bng vt liu thin nhinNu cc bn ch trong mt thi gian ngn trong ma kh, th cc bnc th dng nhng vt liu nhin nhin c sn ti ch nh cy, g,cnh l... lm thnh nhng ci chi tr n, gin chng m hay vch

chn gi... nh cc hnh minh ho di y.


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Tuy l chi n gin, nhng cc bn cng nn lm nhng ni caoro v thot nc. Nn lt mt lp l cy hay c kh ro. Nu c mttm poncho hay nylon th tri ln chng hi m. Ban m, nn t

mt ng la trc ca chi si m, xua ui th d, rn rt, cntrng... Nhng phi cn thn, dn sch l kh chung quanh, phngchy lan

Chi lm bng cy, dy leo v c mmMun thc hin mt ci chi nh th, cc bn ln lt tin hnh theotng bc sau:


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1- Gc gi cy hnh tam gic, cao khong 3-3,50m, rng 2,50 - 2,75m2- Sp cy hnh nn3- Tr ca4,5,6- Cch to ca

7- C th ko rng din tch (nu cn)8- Bn thm hng cy ph th nht9- Cch bn gi hng cy ph10- Bn thm hng cy ph th hai11- Cch bn vch12- Xn t mm13- Ly t mm14- p t mm chung quanh


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Lu du mcLm bng nhng cy so di khong 3,5 mt vi vi bt hay da thmay li. Lu m cng, thch hp vi cuc sng di chuyn ca nhngngi dn du mc v dng v tho d rt nhanh

CC CCH TO NI TR N KHC

- Trng hp cc bn c lu vi, nhng trong vng cc bn ang th ton l lau sy hay khng c cy ln c th dng c lu,

cc bn tm nhiu cy nh vo nhau lm khung. Sau , cc bnly tm bt trm ln, dn kn chung quanh bng cc vt nng. Nhvy cc bn cng c mt ni tr n kh tm tt.

Nu nhng vng ch ton l , cc bn c th cht cao ln theohnh mng nga, trm bt ln, cha ca ra vo, ri dn chungquanh. Nh vy l cc bn c mt ni tr n chu c ma gi


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TR N TRONG HANG NG

Hang ng l mt ni tr n rt l tng. Hang ng cho chng ta mtni , mt nhit n nh v mt ch kh an ton.

Tm Hang ng* Quan st nhng ni by di bay ra lc chp ti v bay v lc hngsng.* Quan st s xut hin v bin mt ca dng sui* nhng vng nhit i ma nhiu, nu thy c vi l thin th cth c hang ng gn . Kim tra cc khe nt, v c th l li vohang ng. n hi nc hay kh lnh ta ra t cc ng nt haykhe .

Lu


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- Khng t la trong nhng hang ng nh, cc bn s b ngp do mtoxy- Khng nhm la nhng ni c phn di, v s gy chy, n...- Nu t la trc ca hang ng, phi cn thn khng b chy lan

- cn thn vi: rn chung, di... mt s ng vt v cn trng khc.- Gp nhng hang ng su, ng mo him i qu xa, v c th gp knt, vc su, dc trn trt, l, lc li...- Cn thn v hang ng rt d thiu oxy ( xc nh, cc bn quan stngn n lng hay ngn n cy, nu thy c bt u ln dn v dngnh c bng ln, hoc cc bn cm thy kh th... th lp tc ri khihang ngay, v hang ang thiu dng kh)- i li trong hang ng, nu c th th nn i nn cng, v khng bitcc bn s t hay va u vo trn hang bt c lc no

- Ch nm phi lt cc cnh cy hay l, c tht dy chng m. Trnhcc lung gi trong hang- Coi chng ngp lt


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Chng 6. K nng tm ng-x c nh phnghng

I.Tht lc

THT LC KHNG NGI TM KIMTrong trng hp nyphi t mc tiu hng u l thot ra khi vng

nguy him cng sm cng tt, cc bn phi tm cho bng c conng ngn nht a cc bn ti khu dn c hay vng an ton gn nht.

Nu sau hai ba ngy m cha thot ra c, cc bn s hoang mang los, mt t ch, dn n tnh trng suy sp t th xc n tinh thn, yl iu ti k nht i vi mt ngi b tht lc.

Trong cn hong lon, cc bn s khng cn bnh tnh cn nhc suyxt, nn d a n vic i lng vng quanh qun trong khu rng, ckhi sau mt hi loanh quanh, cc bn li quay tr v v tr lc ban u,m trong dn gian thng gi l b ma dt. (Hin tng ny c ccnh khoa hc gii thch nh sau: Hai bc chn chng ta khng unhau, mt bc ngn, mt bc di. Khi i trn ng, chng ta tng chnh hng theo con ng. Cn trong rng, do i theo bnnng nn c khuynh hng i theo vng trn).V vy, thot nhanh ra khi vng xa l, cc bn cn phi tht bnh

tnh tm cho c hng ra, v thng trong cc trng hp ny, ccbn khng cch xa khu dn c l bao nhiu.

NH HNG TM NG

Cho d cc bn c la bn trong tay th cng v ch nu nh cc bnkhng bit chng ta phi i v hng no (la bn ch hu ch khi chngta bit khu dn c hng no hoc cc bn c bn c khu vc mchng ta ang ng v cc bn cng phi bit mnh ang v tr no

trn bn ).By gi coi nh chng ta khng c bn hay la bn g c, th lm thno chng ta vn c th tm c hng cn phi i. Hng lcon ng ngn nht dn n khu dn c gn nht.

lm c iu , cc bn c nhiu cch:


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Trc tin, cc bn chn mt im cao nht trong khu vc nh : cycao, nh i, g ... leo ln m quan st

Nu ban ngy, cc bn c th thy mt vi c im ca khu dn c

nh : ngn thp, cao c, ng rung, nh ca, khi ...Nu ban m, cc bn c th thy nh la, n in... Nhng ni cph th, d tht xa, th ban m nh sng cng ht ln bu tri mtvng nh ho quang.

Nu khu dn c gn, khi rng yn ng, cc bn c th lng nghe vngvng nhng ting ng ln nh ci xe, ci tu...Khi nh hng c ri, cc bn ch cn c quyt tm cao v mtvi k nng chuyn mn, l bn c th thot nn.Th nhng nu chng ta khng th thy hay khng th nghe g th phi

lm sao?Cc bn hy c tm cho ra mt con sui hay mt con sng v i xuitheo hng nc chy v pha h lu. Tuy khng d dng g v sngsui khng bao gi chy theo ng thng nn l trnh di chuyn baogi cng di hn rt nhiu. Hn na, hai bn b sng sui cy cithng rt rm rp, rt kh di chuyn. C th ni; y l con ng anton ch khng phi l con ng ngn nht.

Nu gp con sui cn, th cc bn c th i theo lng sui, va d dichuyn, va c hy vng gp sui ln hay sng (v nhiu c may tm

thy nc trong cc mch nc hay nhng vng nh). Khi n sng,nu c th, cc bn nn ng b th tri theo dng sng (Xin xemphn NG B).

tm ra sng hoc sui, cc bn c th tro ln mt im cao quanst, nu thy ni no c hng cy xanh chy di (nht l vo ma kh,th hy vng ni c sui hay sng). Hoc cc bn di chuyn xungtheo trin dc ca sn ni hay sn i. cui dc, thng c khehoc sui nh. Nu theo dng chy, cc bn s gp sng sui ln hn.


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Chng ta di chuyn men theo sui l do tt c mi con sui u rasng, m dc hai bn sng thng c nhng khu dn c hay lng chihoc c th gp thuyn ca ng dn, ca ngi i rng... cc bn s cc may c cu thot.Trong lc ang di chuyn, nu gp mt con ng mn th vn mayca cc bn s c nhn ln. Tuy nhin, cc bn cng cn xem xt

l ng mn c hay mi, do ngi hay th rng to nn, ng mndn vo rng su hay a ra khu dn c (Cc bn phn on bng cchquan st nhng nhnh r ca con ng, nu i su vo rng th thngc hnh ch V thun, ngc li, nu dn ra khu dn c th n c hnhch V nghch). Nu khng phn on c, cc bn di chuyn cho nkhi gp mt con sui ct ngang qua ng mn th c th tr li chngi i qua. V y, chng ta c nc ung v cng c th tmthy thc n ven sui. Nhng nu cc bn cm thy mnh cn khnng th sau khi ngh ngi v chun b y nc ung mang theo,

chng ta s ln ng i tip, hy tin rng; ni c ngi khng cnxa lm u.


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THT LC C NGI TM KIM

Trc khi vo ni hoang d, bn bo tin cho ai , nhng n ngyhn m cc bn khng v... Bn ri khi nhm, i u ri b lc...

Bn c giao i lm nhim v mt ni xa l ri mt tch... v nhngtrng hp tng t nh trn, th ngi ta s t chc nhng i cu hi tm kim cc bn. Nhng cn bn ? Bn phi hnh ng nh thno??Trong khi ch ngi n cu, cc bn hy lm theo nhng li khuyn

sau y:

- YN TI CH, nu khng tm c ng ra v chc chn mi

ngi s pht hin ra c s mt tch ca bn v s t chc tm kim.iu ny rt cn thit v n hn ch s tiu hao sc lc, nng lng ...trong khi bn ang thiu thn thc phm v c th b tn thng.

- TM HIU MI TRNG CHUNG QUANH, c th pht hinngun nc, thc phm, ch tr n, ci...

- DNG LN MT CH TR N tin nghi thoi mi, s lm cho bn

an tm, th dn, bt cng thng, lo s...

- TO RA CC DU D NHN THY cho nhng ngi i tmkim cc bn (hoc phi c bay ngang qua) d dng nhn ra ni cacc bn nh: t la ( ni trng tri), cng nhng tm vi mu, quno, nn m... ln cao hoc ni d thy.

- GY RA NHNG TING NG LN nh: thi ci, g vo nhngthn cy rng, t tre nguyn cy (s gy ra nhng ting n ln),bn sng (nu c)

- GI LA CHY LUN LUN nu ngun ci hay nhin liu chophp, lm tn hiu, xua ui th d, thu dn tinh thn ... (nhng phi


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phng chy rng)

- KIN NHN V THN TRNG. ng nng ny vi vng c sc

tm ng thot ra, v c th lm cho cc bn lc cng ngy cng xahn, gy thm kh khn cho nhng ngi i tm kim cc bn.

- HY AN TM v c th ca cc bn c th chu ng s thiu nctrong 3 ngy v thiu thc phm trong 3 tun. iu cc bn cn philm l yn ti ch, ngi ta s tm thy cc bn.

THT LC MT NHM

Nu l mt nhm c t chc sn th khng ni lm g, cn nukhng th phi chn mt ngui lanh li, tho vt... bu lm Tontrng, v cc thnh vin trong nhm phi tuyt i tun phc nginy. Nhim v ca Ton Trng l:- Phn cng c th cho tng ngi mt, tn dng mi kh nng, knng, s trng ca h.- Khng mt thnh vin no trong nhm suy sp tinh thn, gyhoang mang cho c nhm (Ton Trng d c b dao ng cng khng

l ra ngoi)- Ton Trng c th tham kho kin ca tt c mi thnh vin,nhng chnh mnh phi t quyt nh.- Gii quyt linh ng v hp l nhng vn thng xut hin trongton nh : mt nhc, i kht, bnh tt... v nhng va chm, ci c, gychia r ...- To nn mt bu khng kh lc quan, phn chn, mt tinh thn onkt yu thng gip ln nhau. An i ng vin nhng ngi b suysp tinh thn . l sc mnh v sinh lc gip nhm tn ti thot ra

khi ni nguy him.

KHI VO RNG


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C bn :- C mi 20 30 pht, kim tra li im ng ca cc bn trn bn ,so snh xem c ph hp vi cnh quang thc t chung quanh haykhng?

- Theo di v so snh hng gi v hng di chuyn ca cc bn, nuthy gi b lch hng so vi lc ban u, hy kim tra li hng dichuyn.- Chn mt im chun i ti, nh vy, cho d cc bn c i vngvo, cng khng b lch hng (Xin xem phn DI CHUYN & VTCHNG NGI)- Ghi nh thi gian v tc di chuyn ca cc bn, c tnh onng vt qua.- nh du trn bn nhng im c bit d nhn thy (nhng

khng c in trn bn ) nh : cy i th, gp , d hnh, g mi,hang , tp lu th rng, mch nc...

KHNG C BN

- li du vt d nhn thy lm tn hiu trn ng i ca cc bnnh : vt mt nht dao vo thn cy, b gy nhng cnh cy, ct tmnhng bi c cao, sp xp hay cnh cy theo mt quy c, ct vivn ln cc cy nh... Nhng du hiu ny phi d dng phn bit c

vi nhng du vt do th vt hay thin nhin to ra.- Phc tho mt s , ghi chp nhng im c bit ca a th, nhngim chn ca a hnh, cc cnh quang c bit, nh du nhng lni hng.- Theo di v ghi nh hng gi, hng mt tri, mt trng ln mc,quan st cc chm sao....

II.Tm phng hng


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CC PHNG HNG

Nhn vo la bn di y chng ta thy c 4 hng chnh l:

1. ng(East) vit tt E.2. Ty(West) vit tt W.3. Nam(South) vit tt S.4. Bc(North) vit tt N.

Bn hng ph l:1. ng Bc Vit tt l NE.2. ng Nam Vit tt l SE.3. Ty Bc Vit tt l NW.4. Ty Nam Vit tt l SW.


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CC CCH TM PHNG HNG.

C nhiu cch tm phng hng. Sau y l nhng cch thngthng, d s dng.

1. Bng mt tri:y l cch gin d nht m ai cng bit, nht l nhng vng nhiti, nng nhiu.Bui sng, mt tri mc hng ng v bui chiu ln hng Ty.

Nu cc bn ng dang thng hai tay, tay mt ch hng ng, tay trich hng Ty, th trc mt l hng Bc, sau lng l hng Nam.

Nhng cc bn cn lu l bui tra, mt tri hi chch v hngNam. Nh th th khong 9 10 gi sng, mt tri hng ng Nam.Khong 15 16 gi chiu th hng Ty Nam.

2. Bng ng h v mt tri:a) Bc bn cu:Dng mt que nh (c cy tm), cm thng gc vi mt t, que s chota mt ci bng. Ta t ng h sao cho bng ca cy tm trng lnkim ch gi.ng phn gic ca gc hp bi kim ch gi v s 12 cho ta hng

Nam, nh vy i din l hng Bc.


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b) Nam bn cu:Cc bn xoay ng h sao cho bng que trng ln trn s 12. ng

phn gic ca gc hp bi s 12 v kim ch gi s cho ta hng Bc.Nh vy, hng i din l hng Nam.


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3. Bng gy v mt tri.Phng php 1:

Cn gi l phng php Owendoff. Dng mt cy gy thng dikhong 90 cm, cm thng gc vi mt t. Ta ghi du u bng cagy, ln th nht gi l im A.Sau khong 15 pht, bng gy s di chuyn qua ch khc, ta linh du bng ca u gy th hai, gi l im B. Ni im A v B li,ta c mt ng thng ch hng ng Ty (im A ch hng Ty,cn im B ch hng ng). V d nhin hng Nam Bc th thnggc vi hng ng Ty.

Phng php 2:

Phng php ny lu hn phng php 1 chng vi gi nhng khchnh xc.- Dng mt cy gy thng di khong mt mt, cm thng gc vi mtt, trc gia tra.


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- V mt cung ca vng trn t im A vi tm ca gc cy gy.- Gia tra, bng gy s ngn li, nhng qu tra, bng gy s chm livng trn, ta nh du im gi l im B.- Chia ng AB ra lm hai phn u nhau. K ng thng t chngy i qua gia on AB, s cho ta hng Bc.

4. Bng sao Bc uMun tm sao Bc u, trc ht, cc bn hy tm cho c chm i


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Hng Tinh.

Chm i Hng tinh ging nh ci mung ln, gm 7 ngi sao, ccbn ly 2 ngi sao u ca ci mung, ko di mt on thng tngtng bng 5 ln khong cch ca 2 ngi sao , cc bn s gp mt

ngi sao sng lp lnh, d nhn thy, l sao Bc u.Cng c th tm thy sao Bc u t chm Tiu Hng tinh. Chm nycng c 7 ngi sao, nhng nh hn i Hng tinh. Ngi sao cht ca

ci ui Tiu Hng tinh l sao Bc u.

5. Bng mt trng.

- Trng Thng Tun: (t mng 1 n mng 10 m lch). Nhng ch


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thy r trng t mng 4 m lch. Trng khuyt, hai u nhn quay vhng ng.

- Trng Trung Tun: (t 20 n 29 30 m lch). Nhng ht thy rtrng t 25 m lch. Trng khuyt, hai u nhn quay v hng Ty.

Ngoi ra, cc bn c th vch mt ng thng tng tng i qua haiu nhn ca mt trng thng xung t, im tip xc l hngNam.

6. Bng gi.Vit Nam chng ta nm trong vng Chu gi ma vi hai loi gi

chnh. Gi ma ng Bc v Gi ma Ty Nam.- Gi ma ng Bc hot ng ko di t thng 10 nm ny cho n

thng 4 nm sau, thi t ng Bc n Ty Nam.- Gi ma Ty Nam ko di t thng 5 n thng 10 hng nm, thi t

Ty Nam n ng Bc.Mun bit gi thi hng no, cc bn nhn cc ngn cy, ngn c, l

c- Cm t ct bi, giy vn th xung xem gi cun i hng no.

7- Bng ru mc.Gp thi tit xu, khng nhn r mt tri, trng, sao v khng c a

bn, cc bn c th phng nh phng hng bng cch nhn vo thncy. Pha no m t nhiu l hng Bc (v mt tri khng i qua


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hng ny). T cc bn suy ra cc hng khc.

THIT B NH V TON CU GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONINGSYSTEMS)

Ngy nay, ngi ta tung ra th trng cc loi thit b nh v toncu bng tinh th lng rt gn, nh. Gip cho cc nh thm him, phiulu, khai ph, du lch bit c v tr chnh xc ca mnh trn hnhtinh ny qua v tinh. Nu c thit b ny, chng ta kh m b tht lc,

d trong rng rm, gia i dng hay trn sa mc.

S dng thit b SILVA GPS COMPASSTrc khi ri khi ni u xe, bn bm vo thit b, ghi nh ch u xel MY CAR. Sau , cc bn c vic ln ng. Vo chiu ti, khi

cc bn dng chn cm tri, hy nhp vo b nh ca GPS v tr t tril LOCATION 1. Ngy hm sau, cc bn ri t tri v tip tc

chuyn d ngoi. Bui chiu, cc bn mun quay v li t tri ccbn bm hin th ln mn hnh LOCATION 1 v x dch thit b chon khi mn hnh hin th hng i v V Tr 1. C i theo hng ,cc bn s v t tri. Ngy k tip, cc bn mun quay v xe ca mnh,

cc bn bm MY CAR. GPS s hng dn cc bn phng gic ithng v xe ca mnh.

Thit b SILVA GPS COMPASS c th ghi nh 79 v tr. Ngoi ra,thit b cn s dng cho nhiu chc nng khc.

GI HNG I

Sau khi nhn c hng m chng ta cn phi di chuyn, th ccbn phi bit cch gi ng hng i khi b lch.

* Khi khng c la bnNu khng bit phng php th c mi mt on, cc bn li phi mtcng leo ln cao kim tra li, nu khng th s b lc. V vy, cc bn

cn tm mt vt chun hay mt hng chun i n.


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- Nu vt chun to ln hay d nhn thy (nh nh ni, cy to giakhong trng) th kh d dng, cc bn ch cn nhm vo m i

ti.- So snh gc ca hng gi vi hng di chuyn, gi lm sao

khng b lch (lu khi tri tr gi)- Nu l ban m, c gng tm cho c sao Bc u hay sao Nam To lm im chn, v lun lun gi ng gc gia im chun v

hng di chuyn.- Nu trong rng, cc bn nhm mt ng thng tng tng xuynqua mt s vt chun d nhn thy (gc cy, gp , g mi). Chngta tm gi vt chun gn chng ta nht l im 1, tip theo l im 2chng ta i thng ti im 1, v t im 1 chng ta nhm mt ng

thng tip theo i qua im 2, (by gi n l im 1) n mt vt chun

khc v c tip tc nh th, chng ta gi c hng i.

*Khi c la bnNu bit c hng cn phi i, cc bn dng la bn ging

hng v la mt im chun no d nhn thy nht trn hng i lm ch n. Sau khi ti ni, cc bn li dng la bn nhm mt

im tip theo. Lm nh th, cho d chng ta c i vng vo trnhchng ngi trong rng, th chng ta vn gi ng hng i.

III.Vt sng sui


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Trn l trnh m cc bn ang di chuyn, nu c con sng hay sui lnct ngang, phi li qua. Trc ht, cc bn hy thm nh tnh hnh vquyt nh xem c cn phi vt qua hay khng? Nu cn th phi chn

phng php vt sng no an ton nht?C ba trng hp khi vt sng sui:- Sng sui cn, c th li b vt qua c.- Sng sui su, phi bi hay s dng phao, b vt.- Lm cu vt qua.

LI B QUA SNG

Chun b:

- Chn la v tr hp l vt sng: Nhng ni sng sui quanh co thnc chy chm hn nhng on thng, nhng coi chng c nhngxoy ngm.- Thm d chy xit ca dng sng, nhng ch cn thng rng vd vt hn nhng ch hp v su.- Khi hai dng sng sui gp nhau, chng ta nn vt phn trn cagiao im, tuy phi vt hai ln, nhng thng th nc cn vchy yu hn.- Kho st y sng, sui, nu c bn nhiu th khng nn mang giy,

v cc bn c th b dnh giy di bn. Nu l si th nn mang giy hn ch trn trt, gy thng tch, try xc- Lu n tc khc nhau ca dng chy khi gp cc chng ngivt, nhng ch c nc xoy vng trn.- Tm kim nhng im c th bm vu khi cn.


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- Nu gp dng sng chy sit v su th cc bn nn i ngc ln vngthng ngun, tt nht l ni phn nhnh ca dng sng.- Coi chng nhng thn cy, sc g, hoc nhng vt l tri theo dngnc.- Khng nn vt sng nhng on c vch , nhiu cy tri, ncchy sit, trn trt- Nhng ch nc xoy nh v cn th c th lm im tm dng ngh, nhng nu xoy mnh v su th tr nn nguy him, c th ltchm thuyn b v nhn chm cc bn.- Lu n nhng cn ma thnh lnh trong vng hay nhng cnging bo nhng ngn ni cao gn , n c th to nn nhng cn lqut bt ng, rt nguy him.


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Vt sng sui mt mnh:- Chn mt khc sng rng, cn, t bn, khng ln, nc trong, trngtri.

- Nu nc sng c, mang theo ph sa, rc rn, lc bnh tri ni.Cc bn dng mt gy di thm d pha trc mt. Di chuyn chmchm, a gy nh nh thm d nhng khng t ngi ln gy.

- Nu c hnh l th eo cao trn hai vai cho cn bng (khng khocmt bn vai v d mt thng bng) v khng b t, nhng khng nn

buc cht vo ngi, v khi cn, c th nhanh chng tho b.

Vt sng tp th

Dng dy:

- Nu sng khng qu rng v dy di th c mt ngi kho nht,bit bi li, khng mang theo hnh l, cm dy i nng theo dngchy m qua bn kia b, ri ct cht u dy vo mt gc cy hay gp.- Sau khi ct xong th nhng ngi cn li bn ny ko cng dy rict vo mt thn cy hay gp . Nh th l cc bn c mt ch

bm an ton vt sng.

- Ngi cui cng, tho dy, ct vo ngi c ton cng ko anh tasang.- Nu dy khng di th c nhm i theo hng mt, dy buc vohng, gy cm tay. Ngi kho mnh i u hay tip ng pha sau.


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- Di chuyn chm chm tng ngi mt, ngi ny bc th nhngngi khc tr li, khng nn ct bc cng mt lc, phng nu cmt ngi b t ng th nhng ngi khc khng b li theo.

Kt vng trn:

Phng php ny c th s dng nhng ni nc chy kh mnh, vphi c t 3 ngi tr ln, nhng cng ng qu ng.ng thnh vng trn, dang tay bm vo vai nhau. Ngi kho nht

ng chu u trn ca dng chy. Khi di chuyn, nn l chn st lngsng, ng gi chn ln cao, dng nc cun s lm cho cc bn mtthng bng. Nhc im ca phng php ny l nu c mt ngi btrt t, c th ko theo mt hai ngi, lm hng kt cu ca i hnh.

Dng so di:


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Tm mt cy so ng knh va tay cm, chiu di cho mi ngic th cng bm vo. Phng php ny dng cho nhng ni c dngnc chy mnh. Khi di chuyn, ngi mnh nht ng cui cy so,

pha di dng chy. Tt c mi ngi va chng li sc mnh cadng chy va i ngang sang b bn kia.

BI SANG SNG

Nu cc bn gp sng su, khng th li b qua sng c, nhng nubit bi, cc bn c th bi sang. Tuy nhin trc khi bi, cc bn cnlu :- Nhng con sng rng, c lu lng nc ln v chy mnh th rtnguy him, khng nn bi qua.- Chiu rng con sng thng rng ln hn chiu rng do cc bn clng bng mt.- Ngoi tr cc bn l vn ng vin bi li hay l ng dn, bngkhng th kh nng bi li ca cc bn thng dm hn bn tng.- Nu thi tit lnh, ng vt sng vo sng sm v khi c th ca cc

bn cha c lm nng.- Khi nhit nc xung qu thp (di 15C) cng khng nn quasng, cho d cc bn l ngi bi gii cng s nhanh chng b t cng.- Nn ci qun o, giy v ra, b vo ti vi hay ti nha tm li ri cthay i ln u.

- Khi bi, cc bn nn nng theo dng nc hao tn sc lc.- Nu c nhng ngi ng hnh khng bit bi hay bi d, th ngibi gii cng dy qua sng h bm vo m qua sng, nhng lc hqua cng cn c mt ngi bi gii bn cnh du v h tng,lm cho h an tm.

VT SNG BNG PHAO


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vt sng mt cch an ton, t tn sc, cc bn nn t to cho mnhnhng chic phao. Tu theo iu kin v vt dng cho php, cc bn cth lm nhng chic phao n gin sau y:

Dng thn cy:

Tm nhng thn cy kh (hay ti) c ni tt nh tre, chui, gn,thng... th xung nc ri cc bn bm mt bn bi qua.

Dng vi nha v cy c:

Nu c mt ti nha, mt tm nylon hay vi khng thm nc, th ccbn ly lc bnh (bo) ngt b r, c kh, l kh, cnh cy (inin...), cho vo ti hay ct tm li, bin thnh mt phao ni kh tt vt sng.

Dng dy v g:

Cht hai khc cy khong hn 1 mt (la loi cy c ni tt). Dngdy ct li vi nhau, cha mt khong cch c 40 50 cm. Cc bn c mt chic phao th ni rt tt.


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Dng thng g nh hay can rng

- Nu c mt thng g nh hay can rng, th cc bn m cng phatrc ngc v bi bng hai chn.

- Nu c t hai hay nhiu thng th cc bn kt li lm b hay phao.


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VT SNG BNG B

Khi cn chuyn ch nhiu, nhiu ln, nhiu ngi, nhiu hnh l....Hoc cc bn mun th tri theo dng sng.. . Nu c thi gian v dng

c th cc bn nn ng mt chic b chc chn. Tuy y l mtphng tin vn ti th s nhng kh an ton v tin li. ng mt chic b, trc tin cc bn phi chn mt s cy c tnhcht ni tht tt nh tre, bng, gn, thng... c kch thc tngng vi nhau v cng mt loi. Dng dy c sn hoc dy rng,cng vi s kho tay v ti linh ng tho vt ca cc bn ghpchng li vi nhau theo nh nhng cch di y:

a b sang sng theo nhp qu lc:

Khi cc bn cn qua li nhiu ln trn mt khc sng th hy chn mtkhc ngoc ca con sng c dng nc chy mnh. Ct b chnh gcvo mt gc cy (nh hnh minh ho). iu chnh dy ct b cho nkhi nh vo sc nc, b t ng a qua a li t b ny sang b kiam cc bn khng cn n sc cho chng.


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An ton khi th b tri sng

Nu cc bn mun lm mt chuyn du hnh di bng cch th b tri

dc theo dng sng th trc tin, bn hy tro ln cy cao hay mtnh i, phng tm mt tht xa nhn bao qut v pha h lu. iuny rt cn thit, v n s cho chng ta mt ci nhn tng th v cnhquang, ni chng ta s n.- Nn lm mt ci bnh li d iu khin b. Mang theo mt cy sohay mt mi cho cho chng, trnh cho b va p, vo cc chngngi, doi t, ngm...- Lng nghe nhng m thanh c truyn n t nc, n c th cnh

bo cho cc bn bit s hin din ca thc, ghnh hay vt cn... nhting nc .- Nu thy c ng chn tri ct ngang dng sng, lp tc tp b vo

b ngay, v c th l mt thc nc cao, d dng nh v hay nhnchm b ca cc bn.


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- Khi b sp tri n nhng ni c ngm, ghnh, thc nh, vng ncxoy hn lon, hy leo ln b ri giong b t t bng dy, nh b cva vo , b cun vo vng xoy hay ri vo ghnh... cc bn cngvn c th gi c an ton cho b.

- Hnh l trn b nn cho vo bao khng thm nc ri but cht vob, hoc ct vo mt mnh g nh, ni, nh nu c ri khi b, ccbn vn c th tm thy d dng.- Lu nhng dn sng l, v n c th n du nhng tng ngm, ddng lm lt tp b ca cc bn.


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Chng 7.K nng s cu

Khi cp cu ni hoang d, i hi cc bn phi c s linh ng, c

sng to v mt kin thc a dng, v , cc bn thiu thn miphng tin, dng c, thuc men. Cc bn cng va l cu thngvin, va l y s iu tr, cho nn trch nhim ca cc bn nng n hn.

* Chm sc vt thng:ng cho vt thng b nhim trng, ng cho rui b u vo,nht l loi rui rng (loi ny khng trng m trc tip ra utrng l nhng con gii, ln rt nhanh, c khot vt thng ca cc

bn).

* St trng vt thng: Ra vt thng bng nc un si ngui vix phng (nu c).

* iu tr vt thng: p thuc ln vt thngCm muKhi b mt vt thng chy mu, cc bn phi nhanh chng tm mi

cch lm ngng chy mu, hn ch mt mu nhiu c th gychong nng dn n t vong.* t tnh mch, ng mch nh hay mao qun: Trng hp ny, mu

chy trn ra t th vt thng t cm mu. Nu mu chy nhiu th hyp thuc ri bng li* t ng mch quan trng: Trng hp mu chy mu ti, phunthnh tia theo nhp tim, hoc tro mnh ra ngoi theo vt thng. Cc

bn phi nhanh chng s dng mt trong nhng bin php sau:

1.n chn vt thng:Dng thuc p ln vt thng, ri dng tay, bng hay khn sch nmnh vo vt thng. Gi cht cho n khi mu ngng chy. Nu mucha cm c, hy nng cao phn b thng ln cng cao cng tt.

Nu cn th buc (hi nh) thm ga r.


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Sau khi n chn ng mch, cc bn nn p cc loi thuc cm muvo vt thng v bng p li tht cht. Sau , ni tay ra t t, nuthy mu cn chy th lp tc n chn tr li.

3.t gar (garrot):L mt phng php cm mu hu hiu nhng rt nguy him, cn theo


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di mt cch cn thn khi p dng.Ly mt si dy chc, khng n hi (c vt, khn tay, khn qung...)ct mt vng quanh i, hay cnh tay, pha trn vt thng (gia vtthng v tim) chng 10cm. Dng mt cy thc k hoc mt on

cy ngn, nh, x ngang v xon li. Trc khi xon, cc bn nn mvo im mun nn mt vt hi cng (vin si bc vi, khn tay cunli...) mc ch l cho vt xung mch mu, khin cho mukhng lu thng c. Cc bn xon cho n khi thy mu ngng chyth dng dy mm ct que vo cnh tay hay i.C th t ga r vi mt si dy c tnh n hi (ng cao su mm):Cng thng dy ra, qun hai vng quanh cnh tay hay chn ri sit li.


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NGUYN TC T GA R:- t trn vt thng 10cm, l ra ngoi, d thy.- p cc loi thuc cm mu v st trng vt thng.- Khong 15 pht th t t ni lng ga r mt ln, nu thy mu cnchy th sit ngay li.GHI NH: Ga r ch nn dng khi khng cn bin php no khc v

phi chp hnh ng quy nh v ga r, v nu khng s dn n chthon ton on chi , phi ct b.


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BNG B: che ch vt thng hay cm mu hoc gi m ch b thngtrong trng hp gy xng, chng ta cn bit mt s phng php

bng b.* Cch bng bng bng cun:

VI IU CN LU :

1. Vi nhng vt thng nh, cn p thuc cm mu v st trng ri

mi bng li.2. K thut bng b cn ty thuc vo phn c th b thng, vi yucu: kn = phi bao bc kn vt thng. Gn v chc = khng qu chtkhin cho mu khng lu thng c, khng st s khi c ng.3. Khi cn cm mu, phi p bng cht.


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GY XNG:

trong vng hoang d, ni m thuc men v dng c y t thiu thnm b gy xng th tht l thm ha, cho nn cc bn cn phi thtthn trng trong lc lm cng vic, cng nh khi di chuyn, c gngtrnh mi trng hp c th dn n nhng tai nn, thng tch... Dnhin khng ai mun n xy ra, nhng nu c th cc bn cng cn

bnh tnh tm cch vt qua. Cc bn hy nh rng, cho d tnh hnhc ti t n u i na, th chng ta cng c th khc phc. Kh nngsinh hc t v ca con ngi k diu hn chng ta tng rt nhiu.C 4 trng hp gy xng c th xy ra:

1. Nghi ng gy xng.2. Gy xng kn3. Gy xng h4. B xngTrong mi trng hp gy xng, iu quan trng nht l cc bn philm bt ng ngay tc khc phn c th c xng b gy. Tuy nhin, vcc bn ang ni hoang d, cc bn l cu thng vin v chnh cc

bn cng l y s iu tr, cho nn trc khi cp np bt ng phn cth b gy, bng trc gic, s cm ng v c phn on, cc bn c

gng sp lm sao cho hai u xng ni vi nhau cho tht thng (chod c lm cho nn nhn au n), ri mi bng cng li (nu c vtthng rch da chy mu, th trng ch x l).Trong nhng trng hp ny, nn nhn c th b chong v qu aun. Cc bn c gng thao tc tht nhanh mi cng on nh: c nhxng gy, bng b sm, cm mu nhanh, m chng lnh, cho ungtr nng, nc ng, c ph m (nu c)... t nm chn cao hnu, lm cho nn nhn c tin nghi, vui v, an i ng vin tinh thnnn nhn. Cho nn nhn ung nhng loi cy l c tnh cht an thn,

gy ng nh: Vng nem, Lc tin (chm bao), Ba gc, tri thuc phinkh... hay qun l C dc ri ht nh ht thuc gim au, nhngnu thy c triu chng ng c th phi ngng ngay.

* Lm th no c nh xng gy?Dng nhng dng c c th lm np nh mnh vn, cnh cy, v cy...


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tuy nhin, khc vi cp cu l cc bn c th chn bt c vt g np. y cc bn phi chn la cn thn, v khi np vo ri th rt lumi c tho ra, cho nn np phi c nhng tiu chun sau:- Kch c phi ph hp vi phn c th nh np.

- Cht liu khng gy d ng cho da ca nn nhn.- Vt liu phi sch s, bn chc.(Nu c th th nn dng v cy go b ch xng gy, v v cygo c tnh cht lin xng).Trc khi np lm bt ng ni vt gy, cc bn hy m chungquanh vt thng (nht l nhng ch c mu li ca xng nh mt c,ci ch, cnh tay...) bng nhng vt liu m v sch nh bng gn,khn tay, o qun, chn mn... Lm nh vy khi chng ta np cngli khng lm cho nn nhn b au n, kh chu.

Khi b gy xng h, cn phi st trng vt thng tht sch trc khiko nn v v tr c.

C NH XNG GY:* Gy xng bn tay hoc khp c tay:- t mt cun bng hoc mt cun vi vo lng bn tay, sau khi sali cc phn xng gy.- t mt np t bn tay n qu c tay (cho hi tha u bn tay).- p thuc, dng bng c nh bn tay, cng tay vo np.

- Treo cng tay bng bng tam gic hay bng thng.

* Gy xng cng chn:Cc bn thao tc nh cch lm i vi gy xng cnh tay v cng tay.Khi cn thit phi di chuyn th phi dng thm mt cp nng..


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* Gy xng cnh tay, cng tay:Sau khi ko xng vo ng v tr c, sa cho tht thng, ri p thucln, dng np p hai bn theo chiu di xng, dng bng, dy, vi,khn... ct li c nh. Nu cn th treo tay hoc bng p vo ngi

bng bng tam gic, bng thng, mnh vi...


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* Gy xng i:Nu b gy xng i, i hi chng ta phi c mt s chm sc cbit v cn thn. Tuyt i khng nn di chuyn nu khng tht cnthit.Trng hp ny, khi b np, chng ta phi b di lun c phn cngchn nh hnh di y.


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Ghi ch: Nhng phng php b np c nh xng gy nh trn, chdng tm thi trong khi ch di chuyn nn nhn n bnh vin, nu cc

bn ang trong vng hoang d, khng lin lc c vi x hi th sdng nhng phng php hng dn sau:

NN LI CC XNG GY

Trc khi np v b thuc c nh on xng gy, cc bn phitm cch nn li cc xng gy (tht ra, cng on ny l dnh cho ccnh chuyn mn bnh vin hay cc trm y t, nhng ni hoang dth chnh cc bn phi t xoay tr ly, cho d i khi n khng c

hon ho lm, nhng cn hn l khng lm g).Nu cc xng c v t nhiu t th ng, khng thy bin dng thtt hn l ng di ng chng, c yn nh th m p thuc v npc nh.

Nu cc xng r rng t th khng ng, ch gy bin dng... Nuch gy cn mi, cc bn nn nn hay ko cho thng trc khi b (tuyrt au n, nhng cc bn hy ng vin nn nhn c gng chu ng,v xng cng nn sm bao nhiu th cng d dng v t au hn bynhiu).

* Lm th no nn xng c tay b gy?Cn c 2 ngi thao tc th d dng hn. Trc tin, cc bn dngkhn hay vi ct lng cnh tay nn nhn vo mt gc cy hay mt trc nh. Mt ngi nm bn tay nn nhn ko mnh v dt khot trongkhong t 5-10 pht, cc u xng gy gin ra v chm u vinhau.


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Ngi th hai nh nhng nn li cc u xng cho ngay ngn.

* Bao lu th cc xng gy lin li?Ch gy cng nng, nn nhn cng gi th s bnh phc cng chm. Trem th lin mt cch nhanh chng hn. Xng cnh tay th khong mtthng, xng cng chn cn gi 2 thng.

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