Chng m u:

NH SNG V T NHIN.

1. NH SNG L G?*nh sng l sng in t - L cc ngun bc x in t trong t nhin , nhn to.Cc BXT c bc sng rt rng m nh sng ch l mt phn trong .tc truyn ca nh sng :-

-.Tc truyn ca nh sng :

C=. Trong l tn s nh sng.

-Ngoi tnh cht ht tnh cht in t c th hin bng 2 vect cng t trng E v B lan truyn v suy gim dn trong khng gian theo lut hnh sin

-nh sng t nhin l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc.

Hng ngoi

MtmQuang ph :Tm , xanh da tri , xanh lam,vng cam, .

Theo tiu chun quc t (CIE) a ra tiu chun phi mu:

380 439 498 508 592 631 780

nm 555

T ngoi Xanh Xanh lc Vng CamHng ngoi

41247051.5577600673

555nm l bc sng c kh nng gy cm gic th gic tt nht 2 C CU CA MT. Cu to ca mt :

Thy tinh thvng ngoiAVng gia

BVng mcNhn cu-Nhn cu thc cht l mt thu knh mm c kh nng iu tit tiu c ca n hng sng ca n vo vng mc-Vng mc l ni tp trung cc thn kinh th gic .C 2 loi chnh :

+Vng tp trung c 7 triu noron thn kinh hnh nn dng cm th mc chiu sng cao ,c chc nng th gic nh sng vo ban ngy v mu ca s vt .+Vng ngoi (xung quanh) tp trung 120 triu noron thn kinh hnh que dng tri gic nh sng mc thp ch nhn thc c mc trng sng hay ti ca mt.

3.TNH NNG NHN R CA MT

-Do cc t bo hnh nn tp trung gia vng mc nn mt v tri gic c r nt hnh nh cc tia sng tp trung vo gia vng mc .Ni cch khc khi chng ta nhn 1 s vt chng ta khng tri gic mu sc ca s vt ln cn .

-Nng lc nhn , cc th nghim cho thy mt co kh nng quan st phn bit c hai im quan st sai lch nhau 0,017 (gc ).

-Tnh nng nhn ca mt c nh gi bi hm Vph thuc bc sng nh sng V() ni ln kh nng quan st ca ngi.

V=1 tc nhin r 100%. V=0 khng nhn thy g .

Tnh nng nhn ca mt rt ph thuc vao bc sng khi nim ng cong hiu qu V() phn bit gia ngy v m.

Ban m

Ban ngy

(nm)Chng 1: CC I LNG C TRNG CHO NH SNG

Cc i lng nh sng :Quang thng

ri E Cng I chi Lnh lut Dalambert cho mi quan h gia Lv 1 . QUANG THNG . *Mi bc x in t ni chung gy ra cc hiu ng khc nhau :ha , nhit , in t vi di tn rt rng .Nu gi W()l ph tn nng lng ca nh sng th tng nng lng ca ngun bc x

W=)dTuy nhin trong ch mt phn

W= )d l nng lng to ra nh sng.Nhng xt n tnh nng ca mt ,xtn nng lng gy ra hiu ng nhn thy cho mt ngi ta inh ngha = ).V().d Quang thng ngun bc x l phn nng lng thc s gy hiu ng nhn thy cho mt.

[]-lin(lumen).

nh ngha quang thng:

Quang thng ca ngun sng l tng thng nng lng gy hiu qu nh sng vi mt ngi n biu din phn nng lng ca ngun to ra nh sng nhn thy *Hiu sut pht quang :

nh ngha: Nu 1 ngun sng tiu th cng sut l P(w) v quang thng c thng lng l th t s :

= [ lm\w]

c gi l hiu sut pht quang ca ngun.

l ch s quan trng ni ln tnh kinh t ca ngun .

VD: n si t 220v/100w = 1390lm 220v/40w =430lm

n si t =(1520)lm/w

hunhquang=(60:80) lm/w. 2. CNG NH SNG.

*Gc khi.-Nu t tm O ca qu cu bn knh R chng ta nhn thy din tch S trn mt cu th ngi ta nh ngha :

= -Gc khi steradian. Bit Scu=4 . R2 y=4(steradian).

Nhn xt :-Nu chng ta nhn s vt di cng mt gc khi khong cch tng ln k ln din tch tng ln k2 ln. *Cng nh sng I: c trng cho mc nh sng nh sng theo cc phng khc nhau.

-Ni chung nh sng khng phi pht i nh nhau theo cc phng khc nhau v vy c trng cho thng lng nh sng theo mt phng no -Xt ngun sng S gc khi :

SCng sng pht v im A:

I= =.thc cht I chnh l quang thng pht i theo 1 phng . [I]=cd

-nh ngha candela:l cng nh sng theo mt phng ca ngun bc x ,nh sng n sc c bc sng =555nm v cng nng lng theo phng ny bng 1/683(W/Sr); VD:Nu I=0.8cd(theo mi phng

n si t 40W/220V I=100cd n si t 300W/220V I=100cd n 150 cd khi lp trong b n . n dng hng , Bit quang thng :

I=. d=Id=I d=4I.I= .+Thc t thng gp n t trong qu cu m c h s thu quang E4 = 236,51

Tng t ta tnh c E3 = 181,92 lx

Tnh E1 = 40,8 + 50,02 = 90,32 (lx)

Kim tra : + ri trn MPLV E% = 5,4% => tt (E% 10%)

+ chi nhn n

y/c

EMBED Equation.DSMT4

EMBED Equation.DSMT4

EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Ltn = (cd/m)

- chi ca n = 75

Kch thc b n 1,24*0,18*0,1

Din tch b/k theo 2 hng nhn

Sbk ngang = ab.cos + ac.sin = 0,1775 m

Sbk dc = ab.cos + bc.sin = 0,0751 m

chi theo 2 hng L =

Tra ng cong trc quang ca bng n :

Ing(75) = 45.cd. => Lng = (cd/m)

Idc(75) = 30.cd. => Ldc = (cd/m)

=>Cc t s :

Rng = > 50 => Ko t

Rdc = > 50 => Ko t

Khc phc bng cch : + X l lm tng 1 ca trn

+ Chn li n theo hng tng Sbk

+ Gim chi ca n

*Kim tra t s E3/E4 K 0,5 E3/E4 0,8

C E3/E4= => tha mn

Nu t tha mn ta khc phc bng 2 cch :

+ Chn li b n v pha chiu sng m rng

+ Chn li cp b n

-Cch khc quan trng hn thay i p,q

*Kim tra theo s Sollvier

+ Chn 5 gi tr tnh L()

+ Sau v ng cong L() ln c tnh Soll ca b n cho

NX : Nu c tnh ta v c nm ht v bn tri => t

Chng 2 : Thit k chiu sng ng1: c im v cc tiu chun thit k chiu sng ngMc ch : Nhm to ra m hnh chiu sng tt , tin nghi , c bit cho ngi tham gia giao thng , qun l v x l chnh xc , nhanh chng cc tnh hung giao thng xy ra trn ng .

1.Cc c im .

-Thit k chiu sng (TKCS) cho ngi quan st chuyn ng , quan st c mt ng ln i tng cng ang chuyn ng .

-Khc vi chiu sng ni tht , y ly ri lm tiu chun u tin v quan trng nht lm tiu ch thit k , th y ngi ta quan tm nht n chi ca mt ng . Thc nghim cho thy ko phi ri m chnh chi mt ng mi quyt nh cht lng quan st ca ngi li xe.

=> Lyc tra theo tiu chun-Khc vi trong ni tht L ca tng , trn..tun th nh lut Lamberg v ko ph thuc vo hng quan st . chi ca mt ng ko tun theo quy lut v phn x trn ng l phn x hn hp v rt ngu nhin , n ph thuc ch yu vo b mt v cu to vt cht ca lp ph mt ng v gc quan st ca ngi li xe .

-TKCS cho ng cng ging trong ni tht l yu cu m bo ng u v chi theo chiu ngang , c bit theo hng dc ca ng .Nu ko m bp phn b chi ng u theo chiu dc th gp phi hin tng hiu ng bc thang gy mt mi thn kinh v gy bun ng cho ngi li xe .

-V thi gian chiu sng cho ng giao thng cng vi cng sut ca ngun cp l kh ln , cn ch n ch tiu tit kim in nng theo hng cn nhc la chn b n c hiu nng cao v tm cc bin php iu khin chiu sng theo cc gi cao , thp im .

-V chiu sng ng ch yu l cc khu th cc ch n tnh thm m , cnh quan , lm p.

2.Cc tiu chun.- chi ca mt ng : L l tiu chun u tin v quan trng nht quyt nh n quan st ca ngi li xe . Theo tiu chun ta quy nh phm vi quan st ca ngi li xe .

-Loi mt ng : lp ph , mt ng sch hay bn , vn tc xe.

-Gii php chiu sng

TCVN : LVN = 1,6 cd/m (cp A)

LCIE = 2 cd/m (cp B)

* ng u L

-c xt theo 2 phng : dc , ngang dc nh gi theo 2 thng s

+ ng u chung

Uo = 0,4 ph thuc cp ng A,B,C,D

Trong :_Lmin l chi nh nht trn li im chia theo tiu chun

_Ltb l gi tr trung bnh =

- ng u dc

U1 = 0,7 ph thuc cp ng

Trong : Lmin , Lmax l chi cc im trn li tnh theo chiu dc*Hn ch chi lo mt tin nghi .- Trnh cho ngi li xe ko b chi lo khi quan st n c nh gi theo ch s lo G c CIE nh ngha :

G = ISL + 0,97lg(Ltb) + 4,41lg(h) 1,46lg(P).

Trong : _ISL : l ch s ring c trng cho mc chi lo ca 1 b

n c cho rtrong l lch (36).

_Ttb : chi trung bnh ca mt ng

_h : chiu cao n so vi mt ng

_h = h-1,5 : chiu cao t n so vi mt ngi quan st .

_p : s n t trn 1 km chiu di ca ng .

-Ta c : G = 1 : chi lo qu sc chu ng.

G = 9 : ko cn chi lo.

G = 5 : ngng va chu c.

TCVN : 4 G 6.

******2: Phn loi ng theo tiu chun chiu sng

1.TCVN

Chia thnh 4 cp :

-Cp A : l ng ph cp th , ng cao tc c tc chy xe 80100 km/h v ph thuc vo lu lng xe tnh bng s lt / ng m ngi ta quy nh Ltb = 0,8 1,6 cd/m.

-Cp B : l ng cp khu vc c tc chy xe khong 80 km/h , theo quy nh Ltb = 0,4 1,2 cd/m.

-Cp C :l ng ni b (trong cc khu vc chung c ) c vmax = 60 km/h , quy nh :

+ lu lng ln hn 500 lt/h : Ltb = 0,6 cd/m ; Etb = 12 lx.

+ lu lng nh hn 500 lt/h : Ltb =0,4 cd/m : Etb = 8 lx.

=> Do tc cp C thp , ri ng vai tr quan trng , cn quan tm .

-Cp D : l cc ng nhnh nh cn li Ltb = 0,20,4 cd/m.

2.Tiu chun CIE (165).

-C 5 cp ng , cc tiu chun cao hn .

*****3 : Cc thng s hnh hc ca mt phng n v phn loi b n.1.Cc thng s hnh hc .

-L cc thng s kch thc chnh ca 1 phng n chiu sng ng , s trc tip nh hng n hiu qu v cht lng chiu sng . C s u tin a ra cc thng s cn li l chiu rng ca ng .

s : tm nh : 0-0,5-1-1,5-2m

: thn lm bng 15

a : khong cch hnh chiu ca mt ng ln va h

a > 0 : n chiu trn mt ng

a < 0 : n chiu mp va h

l : bc ct l khong cch gia 2 ct lin tip k c v 2 pha ng

2.Phn loi b n.

a.Cc kiu

*Kiu chp su

-C nh sng pht ra trong phm vi hp v vy trnh c chi lo v thng dung cho ni c a hnh c bit (cua gp , ng dc ).

*Kiu chp va

-nh sng pht rat rung bnh v c ng dng rng ri nht , thng dng vi n Na cao, thp p hoc n thu ngn cao p . Dng cho cc loi n thng thng.

*Kiu chp rng.

-nh sng pht ra rng theo mi hng do c kh ng gy chi lo cho ngi quan st thng c dng chiu sng cho va h , cho cc ng i ni b (bi , cng vin , ng cho ngi i b).

- hn ch chi lo thng dng qu cu m tng din tch , gim chi lo.

=> Cn c vo vic phn b quang thng , ngi ta a ra bng tra (168).

b.Gi v vic dng cc loi ngun sng cho chiu snh giao thng.

-n si t hin nay ko c dng trong chiu sng giao thng v ch tiu kinh t km , hiu sut pht quang thp.

-Vi loi ng cp A thng dng cc bng 125;150;250;400W Na cao p , h p.; n 250 W Hg cao p.

-Loi cp B,C thng dng n Na c cng sut thp 75;100;125W Hg cao p.

-Vi ng hm v li i ngm thng ng dng n ng hunh quang v n compact.

-Li vo cc to nh , cc ng i do v cc ng ph ph bin nht dng n compact.

***** 4 : Cc phng n b tr n

.B tr mt pha . -ng dng cho ng hp hoc mt pha c cy che lp , c bit l cc on ng cong phi b tr 1 pha gip nh hng cho ngi li xe , n c b tr ra pha ngoi ng cong (do tiu chun an ton).-iu kin p dng : nh sng phn b u theo chiu ngng th h l . y l iu kin rng buc chn chiu cao ct v chiu rng ng .

2.B tr 2 pha sole.

-ng dng cho ng rng , ng i c lu thng 2 chiu . iu kin m bo l h l , b tr ct thp hn so vi chiu rng lng ng.

3.B tr 2 pha nhng i din.

-ng dng cho ng rng v nhiu ln xe i . iu kin h l .

4.Kiu trc gia .

-ng dng cho cc ng i c di phn cch gia

-iu kin 1,5m G 6m , G l di phn cch .

-Trong tnh ton ch tnh cho 1 bn nhng phi xt nh hng ca c 2 bn.

=> Nu ng qu rng cho php phi hp cc phng php vi nhau.

*****

3 : H s s dng quang thng*nh ngha : h s s dngquang thng (fu) l t s gia quang thng nhn c trn mt ng v quang thng nhn c t b n.

fu = = f1 + f2.

-fu gm 2 thnh phn : _h s s dng pha trc f1

_h s s dng pha sau f2

+Nu a > 0 : fu = f1 + f2

+Nu a < 0 : fu = f1 f2

-Nh sn xut phi cho trong l lch ng cong HSSD ca b n (170).

VD: ng cong h s s dng ca b n (176)

H = 10m ; a = 1m ; l = 10m ;

-> Tnh : tg1 = 0,9 => f1 = 0,275

tg2 = 0,1 => f2 = 0,025

=> f = f1 + f2 = 0,275 + 0,025 = 0,3.

-Khi f2 qu nh th lm tuyn tnh ho tng on tnh t l .

VD : vn b n trn b tr khc

tg1 = 1.05

tg2 = 0.05

=> f1 = 0.3 ; f2(0.1) = 0.025

=> f2(0.05) = 0.0125 => f = f1 f2 = 0.2875

-> Nhn xt : H s fu cng ln quang thong nhn c trn mt n cng nhiu.Nu cn n di hoc t ct n gn mp va h th h s s dng quang thng cng ln.Mt khc chiu cao t n cng nh th fu cng ln

VD : B tr trc giafu = fuA + fuB

-> Tra fu

->Tra cnh sau n

fuB = f3 f4

(Nu tg2 > 1 th ly tg2 = 1 kim tra)

5 : Phng php t s R*S lc lch s TKCS ng :

-1940 : ln u tin c hng dn quc t rt s lc v chiu sng ng ph trong ly ri lm c s v yu cu tnh ton , thit k.

-1965 : CIE cng b phng php t s R trong tiu chun ri c thay th bng chi trn mt ng . Tuy nhin do phng tin c bit l my tnh cn rt hn ch nn tnh ton phn b nh sang gp rt nhiu kh khn v cc bin php tnh theo phng php ny c chnh xc hu hn nn ngy nay vn c s dng nhng ch tnh ton s b cho cc phng n la chn .

-1975 : CIE cng b phng php tnh ton chi im , v nguyn tc cho php tnh ton ri trn tng im ca mt ng v ngy nay c ng dng rng ri kim tra , thit k v ngi ta c nhng phn mm chuyn dng ng dng cho cc phng php ny.

+Ni dung : Khi thc hin 1 n thit k ngi ta thng cn nhc la chn 2 , 3 phng n kh thi gi l phng n so snh kim tra s b theo phng php ny .Sau khi chn kiu b tr n , kiu b n chng ta tin hnh cc bc tnh ton sau :

1.Xc nh khong cch gia cc ct , bc ct e ph thuc chiu cao ca ct nhm hng n mc ch nhm to ra ng u chiu sng c bit l theo chiu dc.Trong tiu chun a ra bng lmax (169).

2.Tnh quang thng ca b n tt-Quang thng tnh cho 1 nm s dng theo cng thc :

tt = Trong : + Lyc : tra theo tiu chun ph thuc cp ng

+V = V1.V2 = _V1: ph thuc thi gian qun l

_V2 : ph thuc mi trng

_ : h s b quang thng.

TCVN : = 1,3 : si t .

= 1,7: phng in

-T s R = : cho quan h gia ri v chi trn ng , tm ra theo thc nghim cho php nh gi s b mt ng .

TCVN

Tnh cht lp ph Gi tr R

Chp su Chp va-B tng : + sch 12 8

+ bn 14 10

-B tng nha : + mu sng 14 10

+ mu trung bnh 20 14

+ mu ti 25 18

-ng gch lt 18 13

-Ch : sau khi nhn c tt , ta chn thng khc nhau , do cn hiu chnh bc ct e . Chn li e theo cng thc : =

VD : Tnh c tt = 22000 lm

Bit n Hg cao p : P = 250W c = 14000 lm

P = 400W c = 24000 lm

-> Nu chn P = 250W th phi rt ngn e rt nhiu do ta chn P = 400W khi ethc = e.

3.Trnh t bi ton thit k s b.

-Bc 1 : Xc nh kch thc hnh hc , chiu rng , chiu di lng ng , va h , cp chiu sng , ph mt ng , sau cn c vo bng tiu chun chn cp chiu sng , Lyc, t s R , ph mt ng.

-Bc 2 : Xt n phng n b tr n : cn chn b n trn c s xc nh chiu cao ct , tm nh ca cn n s , a , phng n chiu sng , phn ny cn cn nhc la chn ra 1 s phng n so snh tnh ton v la chn phng n ti u.

-Bc 3 : Xc nh khong cch gia cc ct (bc ct) theo bng lmax , h , v kiu b n theo bng.

-Bc 4 : Tnh h s s dng fu , ri tnh tt ca b n cn lp theo cng thc c .

-Bc 5 : Cn c vo tt chn loi bng n ph hp . Sauk hi chn cn hiu chnh v cn nhc li bc ct v Lyc.

-Bc 6 : Kim tra ch s tin nghi chi lo . Tnh hm G -> so snh.

-Bc 7 : Tnh ton chiu sng cho va h (nu c) gi l chiu sng tng cng -> cn tnh chiu sng b xung phn quang thng cn thiu sau khi nhn c ngun cp t h thng chiu sng ng m bo yu cu ri ca va h .

4.Chiu sng va h .

*Theo TCVN quy nh th :

- Cc ng m c h ng 5m th phi tng cng chiu sng bo v

+ Etb > 31lx v Uo 0,25

+ chi l 2000 cd/m .

- Nu va h c rng 5m th c th c hoc ko cn chiu sng thm (ch chiu sng khi c yu cu c bit).Tnh chiu sng va h nh h thng n ng : fu = f1 f2.

Tnh tg1 -> f1

tg2 -> f2

=> Evh l ri do h thng chiu sng lng ng cp .

E1vh = =

vh = fu.v.

-Xc nh ri cn thiu b xung : E2vh = Eycvh E1vh. ri ny cn c thit k v b xung bng h thng tng cng ca va h .

******* 6 : Phng php chi im

1.Ni dung .

-Phng php cho php tnh ri , c bit l chi trn 1 li im c chia theo tiu chun trn mt ng qua c c s phn b ca E, L nhm kim tra cc tiu chun v Etb , Ltb , U0 , U1.

- tnh ton Ep ti P trn mt ng ta c cng thc :

Ep = -Dng bng I(c,) tra v ni suy Ip , tnh Ep , chi Lp. Do Ep , Lp ko tun theo nh lut Lamberg -> Lp ph thuc v tr quan st , theo tiu chun quy nh v tr quan st ca ngi li xe cch vng quan st 60m , cch va h khong l/4 , cao 1,5m.

-Cng thc tnh Lp = q.Ep trong q = q(,,) l h s chi . Tuy nhin do

EMBED Equation.DSMT4 nn q ph thuc ko nhiu vo v c th b qua => q = q(,)

=> Lp = q(,).

Ta nh ngha R(,) = q(,). l h s chi quy i

=> Lp = R(,).

-Xc nh Ip(c,) , tra bng kt hp vi ni suy.

-Xc nh R(,) , tra bng kt hp vi ni suy.

2.Cch xc nh Ip.

-Vi n cu : thng gp chiu sng va h

I = -Cc b n c trc i xng : I tra theo ng cong trc quang

-Cc b n chuyn dng cho chiu sng ng phn b quang thng rt phc tp c th hnh dung v s cc mt phng i xng i qua trc quang ca n . V vy trong l lch ngi ta thng cho 1 s cc ng cong trc quang chnh v 1 bng phn b I(c,).

-Mi im P (ta )

-Thng (c,) tnh ton c th khc gi tr trong bng => ni , ngoi suy

3.Tra chi quy i R(,tg)

-Ph thuc b mt ng , chia thnh 4 cp quy chun t R1->R4. Mi cp c c trng bi 2 thng s l :

+H s nhn r ao 0,05 (ti)

0,11 (sng)

+H s s dng S1 , cng sng th S1 cng ln

Cp S1 S1 in hnh Q0

R1 < 0,45 0,25 0,1

R2 0,450,85 0,58 0,07

R3 0,851,35 1,11 0,07

R4 > 1,35 1,55 0,08

*R1: l ng Bitum < 15% vt liu nhn to mu sng hoc ng btng mu sng.

*R2: l ng Bitum 1015% vt liu nhn to mu trng nhng kch thc ht 10 mm, kt cu rn chc .

*R4 : ng nha sau nhiu thng s dng .

4.Cch chia li im kim tra

-Theo chiu ngang ly 2 im cho 1 ln xe .

-Theo chiu dc : l 18m : 3 im l 36m : 6 im

l 54m : 9 im

Chng 6 :

Tnh ton chiu sng bng n pha

-n pha l loi b n c nh sng phn b hp dng chiu su trong cc khng gian rng v khong cch 1 : Cc thng s ca b n pha

1.Gc phn tn chm tia

-L gc gia tm ca chm tia sng vi trc quang , l hng c Imax v hng c cng nh sng bng 1/2 v 1/10 Imax , gc ny thng c th hin trn c tnh trc quang ca 1 b n -Cn c vo gc chia b n pha thnh 3 loi sau:

+B n c phn b nh sng hp 30

+B n c phn b nh sng va 30 60

+B n c phn b nh sng rng 60

2.H to xyz

-H ny c s dng khi 1 n t ti gc ca sn c chiu sng

-gc nhn n (ct n , trc quang),thng quy nh N 65.Khi hng ca I pht v A

+Gc B

+Gc

-Nh sn xut ca b n cho phn b quang thng I(B,) trong l lch

B= arctg

= arctg

=>ni suy I(B,)

3.Php dch ct v dch to

Nu dch ct 0 -> 0

-Dng cng thc chuyn h to xoy-> xoy

x= x - x1 y=y y14.Php quay h to xoyozo-Thc t trc quang ko nm trong mt phng yoz m thng quay i mt gc R hng b n vo sn v phn b nh sng ng u

VD: Tm Ea ti trung im 1 sn bng (105/65) ct t ti o (x1=-21m , y = -20m ) , R = 50 , v = 63 v chiu cao z = 42m.

******

2 :Thit k chiu sng sn vn ng

1.Cc yu cu , tiu chun

-Mt s yu cu , tiu chun TKCS cc cng trnh th thao bng 16.1 (211)

-Tiu chun tham kho TCVN 2003

2.Cc phng n b tr n

*Bn ct c gc quay R=0-u im : hiu sut s dng nh sng cao tuy nhin U thp

*Bn ct nhng c R0

-y l phng n hay c s dng .H s s dng ko ln lm nhng u im la ng u chiu sng rt tt, c bit l ng u dc tnh theo phng thng ng . phn b ng u nh sng trn sn ngi ta chia s b n trn mi ct thnh nhiu n nhm sau b tr cc gc quay khc nhau cho chng .

*Su ct c gc quay R=0-u im : h s s dng cao s ct tng s lm tng ng u chiu sng

-Nhc im : t tin , ko kinh t thng ch dung cho cc sn vn ng a chc nng

*Vi cc sn bng lien hp c chiu cao khn i > 26m th c th b tr dn n trn cc mi che khn i .Phng n ny va t tnh kinh t li va c tnh phn b nh sng ng u cao.

-Trong trng hp nu cc khan i 2 pha ko di c th khu vc cu mn b thiu nh sng khi cn b tr chiu sng tng cho khu vc cu mn

3.Khi nim v ng u dc v ngang

-V quan st ca cc cu th trn sn bng ko ch din ra trn mt sn gn vi ri ngang Eh (Eng) m trong ko gian cn quan st trn cc mt phng thng ng , cn quan tm n ri dc Ev v ng u ca chng

-Eh trn sn bng theo tiu chun l ri trn mt sn hay cch mt sn 1m

-Ev l ri tnh theo 2 phng x v y ti cao cch mt sn 1.5m

+Evx : ri ng trn mt phng vung gc trc Ox

+Evy : ri ng trn mt phng vung gc trc Oy- ng u dc v ngang l cc thng s phi kim chng theo thit k+ ng u ngang Uh=

+ ng u dc Uv=

-Cng thc tnh ri E=

+Trong cng thc ny cn phi tra kt hp vi ni , ngoi suy c I(c,). Cn phi ch xc nh ng gc trong cc trng hp khc nhau

= [ ca mt phng cn tnh E]

4.Tnh cng sut v loi n

*Quang thng tnh ton

Cng thc tt =

=1.05-> 1.1 v h thng n c bo dng v thay th lin tcS din tch sn

Theo tiu chun (400->500)h th phi bo dng , lau chi

bsd = 0.17->0.4 -.thp v nh sng pht ra hp ,chiu cao t n ln v t cch xa so vi sn

-Khi thit k bc u phi tm c lng ly gi tr trung bnh c0.2->0.25 Sau khi tnh ton th kim nh li bsd= nhn c trn sn / n *Chn loi bng n

-Cc n phng in c th dng n Na cao p c cng sut 100->1000W, Hg cao p 70->2000W ,hiu sut pht quang km hn, tui th thp hn nhng cht lng nh sng tt ,Ra=100.Nu cc sn quc gia c truyn hnh mu th c bit u tin loi ny.

*S lng bng n tnh theo cng thc

N=tt/ trong l quang thng ca 1 bng n-Ph thuc s ct -> s bng + b n trn 1 ct-Phn b cc b n thnh nhm , s nhm ph thuc s im ri ca trc quang phn b trn mt sn theo tiu chun .V n pha thng c phn b nh sng hp nn cc im ri c xc nh theo cng thc:

(n/h)max = 0.6 trong n l khong cch ln nht gia 2 im ri

VD: chiu cao ct h=30m -> nmax=0.6*30 = 18m

m bo ng u chiu sng khong cch gia cc im ri trn sn tho mn n < nmax ***** 3: Chiu sng cc cng trnh th thao ngoi tri

1.Cc nguyn tc chung

*Nhng vn cn kho st

-Hnh dng , kt cu v kch thc hnh hc ca cng trnh , cc khu vc cn chiu sng , vt liu xy dng , mu sc v tnh cht phn x ca mt tng, mt sn , khan i v c bit l cc v tr c th b tr lp t ct v n

-Yu cu v mc ch s dng ca sn :luyn tp , thi u ,c hay ko quay truyn hnh mu-c im ca ko gian ln cn :nm cnh khu dn c , cnh ng giao thng ,cng cc c im kh hu nh vn tc gi, m ,sng m

*Cc yu cu

-Etb , Ev, Eh , ng u U tra theo tiu chun

-Hn ch ti a hin tng chi lo cho cc vn ng vin v khn gi .Cn chn cc b n thch hp sau b tr gc nhn n U 65

-Khc phc ti a hin tng nhp nhy nu dng n phng in bng cch s dng nhiu pha

-Khi la chn bng n cn quan tm ti hiu sut , tui th D(h) ,h s suy gim quang thng, mu sc nh sng vsf ch s th hin mu .

-H thng iu khin chiu sng phi b tr tp trung v ni ti ngun d phng khi c s c . Trong quy nh bng d phng cho s c phi s dng loi n si t hoc n ng hunh quang nhng pha dng chn lu in t bt sng ngay ko c thi gian mi

- m bo hn ch chi lo v hiu qu s dng th chiu cao t n ti thiu c a ra trong bng tiu chun

2.Cc tiu chun chiu sng sn bng

*Phm vi chiu sng

-Sn bng thng thng phm vi chiu sng l mt sn c gii hn bi cc ng bin dc v ngang .

-Vi cc sn lin hp th thao c hiu l cc sn bao gm nhiu chc nng phm vi thit k chiu sng bao gm c ng chy v cc hng mc th thao khc ngoi sn bng .

* ri : c quy nh theo mc ch s dng sn

Mc ch s dng Eng tb (lx) Ung= Engmin/Engtb

Thi u chnh thc 500 0.6

Thi u thng thng 200 0.5

Luyn tp gii tr 100 0.4

*B tr n : Tu thuc quy m kt cu cng trnh , yu cu v cht lng nh sng m ngi ta c th t n trn ct hoc mi che khn i

Cch b tr S ct cao ti thiu Hmin(m)

Chiu sng 2 bn sn 8 0.35L1 H 0.6 L1

L2 H 4 L2

Chiu sng 4 gc 4 0.35L1 H 0.6L2

H 3 L2

3.Chiu sng sn tennis

*Phm vi chiu sng l ton b mt sn c dng thi u gii hn bi hng ro hoc khn i .

*Quy nh v ri v ng u

+Nu thi u chnh thc Engtb = 750 lx , Ung =0.6

+Nu thi u thng thng Engtb = 500 lx , Ung = 0.5

+Nu luyn tp gii tr Engtb = 300 lx , Ung = 0.4

*Quy nh cao n t Hmin

Mc ch Cng thc tnh Hmin

Thi u luyn tp H 5+0,4 L 10 H 3+0,4 L

Chng 7 : Thit k cp in cho chiu sng

1 : Mt s yu cu v c im ca h thng in chiu sng

1.Cc yu cu

-in p cung cp cho ngun chiu sng phi m bo st p tnh t u ra ca ngun ti ph ti xa nht ko c vt qu 3%

- tin cy cung cp in : l mc cho php mt in

-Ngun chiu sng tr cc c s m c cc phn t ng lc ko ng k cn ni chung v nguyn tc th cc ph ti chiu sng c yu cu cp in cao hn -> thng thit k theo nguyn tc c lp vi h ng lc bao nhiu th cng tt by nhiu (trong nh my thng ly ra trc tip t thanh ci tng)

-Kinh t :

+ Chn ngun sng c hiu nng pht quang cao nh n ng hunh quang , n phng in .

+ iu tit ngun sng ph hp theo gi c th ct bt cc ph ti chiu sng trong gi thp im ->tit kim nhng phi chp nhn phn b nh sng ko u .

+ Dng cc b n c nhiu bng ri tt bt bng trong b n

+ iu chnh in p iu chnh quang thng tuy nhin cn phi cn nhc n iu kin lm vic v khi ng ca n .

2.Cc dng ph ti thng gp trong chiu sng

-Gm cc loi chnh

*Cc ph ti tp trung VD: cc phn xng , ct n , bng Coi I u v cui ng bng nhau

*Cc ph ti phn b di u VD: n ng I trong cc on khc nhau do s thay th tng ng l 1 ph ti tp trung c cng sut l tng cng sut ca cc bng n v nm ti gia ng dy

*Ph ti ri u trong s phn nhnh -Vi mi kiu phn b ph ti cn c cch la chn tit din dy ph hp.

2 : Thit k trm in chiu sng

1.Cc dng mch cao p

-Cc mc in p gm cc mc 35,20,15,10,6 kv

*Hnh tia

-Mi ph ti u trc tip nhn ngun t 1 im. u im l kt cu li r rang vn hnh mch lc thit b bo v tng i n gin v d tin cy nhng gi thnh t.

*Dng lin thng

-u im : tit kim , r tin.

-Nhc im : khi vn hnh tnh c lp tng i ca cc ph ti thp hn .

*ng dy kp

-Dng cho ph ti c yu cu cao v tin cy*S mch vng

-c bit tin dng v ph bin cc th cc c s cng nghip. C 2 cch vn hnh :

+Mch vng kn nhng nhnh h , gia vng c my ct M , khi c s c th M ng ->tnh c ng cao , r .

+Vn hnh kn : t tin ,vn hnh v bo v phi s dng cc thit b bo v cao cp.

2.Trm phn phi in

-Gm c mt s kiu kt cu nh sau:

*Trm h l cc trm t ngoi tri c tng bao thng c ng dng ti cc nh my , x nghip hay khu vc nng thn ni c mt bng rng-u im : kinh ph r*Trm kn : t trong nh , thng s dng trong cc phn xng cng nghip, trong cc khu dn c th ni c mt bng tng i rng*Trm treo :MBA c t trn ct

-u im : kinh t , r tin , tit kim din tch-Nhc im : ph v cnh quan

->ch yu dng cho nng thn,vng su vng xa do b cm s dng trong thnh ph .

*Trm hp b (Kiog)

-Ton b t cao, h p v MBA thng c t trong 1 v thng lm bng kim loi v composit

-u im :kt cu gn p , tnh c ng cao

-Nhc im :gi thnh t .

3.S nguyn l trm in

-T cao p thng c cc phng n

*Dng DCL + CC

-u im dng cho cc trm n gin , r , cng sut nh tin cy thp

-DCch ng vai tr cch ly v dng ct MBA khi ngun khi ko ti

-CC bo v ngn mch*Dng NCFT + CC

-C th ct c MBA ngay c khi mang ti ,tuy nhin vn cn dng cu ch bo v ngn mch

-t tin-My ct ng ct ph ti :ti ch ,t xa ,v ng ct c iu khin .

-Bo v :ngn mch ->c nng lc ct ,ct c dng ngn mch ln ,bo v qu p-Trong h thng chiu sng dng cc MBA rt nh nn thng dng DCL

-Trong cc nh my ngun chiu sng cn c ly c lp nht vi ngun ng lc v vy thng c ly ngay sau thanh ci ca trm h p .Cc ngun cng sut chuyn dng nh ng giao thng thng dng cc trm c cng sut nh v thng dng trm treo ti cc th trn th t .Trong th thng s dng nht l trm Kiog

*****

3: La chn cc TB , KC cho li h p

1.iu kin chung la chn

a.Theo in p nh mc

-L lng dy vi thit b 3 pha l cc thng s cho trc trong l lch thit b . l in p theo quy nh cho php thit b lm vic lu di m ko gy h hng (1.05 -> 1.1)Um

-iu kin la chn Umtb Um li .Vi cc thit b khc th sai lch in p phi c nhn vi cc h s nh sau :

+Cp in lc ,khng in ,bin dng ,bin p , cu ch k=1.1

+Trng hp khc s cch in , DCL , my ct phi nhn 1.1

+Cc thit b chng st th k=1.25

CT : Imtb Icng bc

Trong Icng bc l dng in ln nht m thit b phi mang trong hon cnh b s c m vn phi m bo cung cp in lin tc cho ph ti

-Sau khi chn theo 2 iu kin Um, Im th thit b m bo lm vic lu di trong tnh trng xc lp .Tuy nhin mi thit b la chn vn c th h hng khi c s c*Cc s c xy ra trong li in

-S c in p(qu p)

+qu p kh quyn do st nh_nh trc tip (ct thu li)

_st cm ng

+qu in p ni b xy ra khi ng ct bt thng ,ti cm, dung ->bo v bng cc thit b bo v chng st.

-S c dng : ln ,b ca I

+S c qu ti I = 1.2 -> 1.4 Im ->nh hng n tui th my -> dng Rn, Rt, Rs

+S c ngn mch gy ra dng in v nng lng rt ln c th lm h hng nhanh chng thit b .Do cn c khc phc tc th :Rt(RM), Rt, Rs V vy sau khi la chn mun thit b lm vic tt cn phi kim tra s c cho n c bit l s c ngn mch 3 pha .Kim tra ngn mch 3 pha theo 2 iu kin:

_iu kin n nh ng thit b : kh nng n nh ca thit b do tng tc v lc in t gia cc b phn mang dng ngn mch i qua thit b

X mTB IxbITBm (kA) c trong l lch thit b

Ixb = .1,8.In ; In:gi tr xc lp ngn mch_iu kin n nh nhit : kim tra n nh ca thit b khi b hu hoi do nhit pht sinh do dng ngn mch ln .Thng c qu trnh v din ra chm hn so vi n nh ng

K kim tra Bnm tb Bn sc ; B: xung lng nhit

In tb .Tn In.Tc = Bn

In tb In. trong Intb, Tntb c trong l lch tb-Nu l cp hay dy dn kim tra theo 2 cch

+Cn c vo nhit cui cng khi ngn mch ko c vt qu nhit cho php 2n cp ; 2n nhit cui

+Cn c vo tit din nh nht c n nh nhit ca dy dn

Smin= < Schn ; C tra theo bng

Loi dy 1n 2n C

Td ng 70 300 171

Td nhm 70 200 87

Cp 10kv ng 65 250 159

Cp 10kv li nhm 65 100 90

*Cc thit b khc kim tra theo tt c cc iu kin trn

2.Phng php chn v kim tra cc thit b in*Chn my ct in-Chn Um Ul

Im Icbc-Kim tra _nng lc ct TB Ict In

_n nh ng TB I Ixb

_n nh nhit TB In In.

*MCFT : Chn la nh trn

*DCL :chn nh trn

*Cu ch

-Chn theo Um, Im sau kim tra theo iu kin cng sut ct nh mc v dng in ngn mch nh mc*Thanh dn

-Chn dng in pht nng lu di k1.k2.Icp I

+k1= 1 nu thanh dn thng ng ; k1=2 nu thanh dn nm ngang

+k2 :h s hiu chnh theo mi trng -> kim tra , n

_ : btbm tt nhm b = 700 kg/m

ng b = 140 kg/m

_n : F a.In. trong Tc: thi gian ct ca thit b a : bn knh gia cc pha (cm)

*Bu , Bi chn theo Um,Im , chn theo ph ti m chng phi mang , iu kin n nh ng , n nh nhit..

*****

4: Chn tit din dy dn trong mch chiu sng

1.Nguyn tc chung : ng thi m bo

-K n nh nhit , pht nng cho php Schn Scho php(tra theo Itt)

-K tn tht Ucp :U Ucp =3% .Um = 6,6V

C th ly 1 iu kin lm vic ri kim tra iu kin cn li, thng ly theo iu kin 2 trc-Nu ng dy c tng tr Zd= Rd + jXd =Zd d th

U= R.I.cosd. I.sindTrong thc t cc mch chiu sng thng c bQ nng cao cos0.85

U=R.I = I..l/s Cu = 22 (.km/mm )

Al = 35 (.km/mm )

2.Ph ti ri u trn 1 trc (n ng)

*Chn 1 tit dinI =

U = Ucp = 6.6V => S

*Chn 2 cp dy S1,S2

-Chn trc cc tit din S1, S2 cn c vo S chn S1 v theo cc cp dy tiu chun

1.5-2.5-4-6-9-10-16-25-35-50-70-90-120.

S2 c th chn nh i 1, 2 cp

-C dng u cc on ng dy:

Bi tp :l =30, n=20, U=380/220; cos =0.85; Pm= (100+20), Cu

3.Bi ton hnh cy

a.L thuyt

*Thc hin theo 4 bc

-Tnh dng in Ii ti cc u ng dy (cn thn)

-Chn trc c s (TCS) :

+nh ngha :TCS l trc c U ln nht k t u ngun

Trc c Umax trng vi M ph ti max

M= i:ch s cc on thuc trc+ Chn tit din Si cho trc c s Tnh h s A= . _ i :trc c s

Chn tnh Sitt = A.

T Sitt chn theo tiu chun Si Stt

+ Kim tra U cho trc c s c U= VD:TCS 0_1_3_5 th U =U1 + U3 + U5

Nu U Ucp = 0.6 V =>t

- Chn tit din cho cc on cn li

C Ui Ucp- cc on trn

VD :U4= 6.6- U1 - U2 - U3

+ Chn S4

Ch :Nu Si 1.5mm th theo tiu chun u phi chn Si=1.5mm =Smin

VD : U= 220 V ; cos =0.85 ;Cu

-> Gii

-Tnh Ii :

I2 =n2 . =A.n2.P =7.140.1,787 = 1,75 (A)

A= ==1.787

I4= A.n4.P4= A.6.140= 1,5 (A)

I5= A.n5.P5= A.5.275= 2,46 (A)

I3= A.n4.P4 + I4+ I5 =11,56 (A)

I1= A.8.275 + I2 + I3 =17,24 (A)

-Chn trc c s 0-1-3-5

+tnh

A=) =6.28

+Tnh cc Sic ho trc c s S1= 6,28. = 26,07 (mm)

S3= 6,28. = 21,35 (mm)

S5=6,28. =9,85 (mm)

+Chn S1=25 (mm) hoc S1=35 (mm) S3=25 (mm) S3=16 (mm)

S5=10 (mm) S5=10 (mm)

-Kim tra U cho trc c s

U=U1 + U3 + U5

U=

U=

=>Ui =

=> U1=

U3= 1,71V ; U5=0,14V

=> U= 2,69+ 1,71 + 0,14 =4,54 (V) < 6,6V

+Chn tit din cc on cn li :

_Chn S2: U2cp 6,6 - U1= 6,6-2,69 = 3,91 (V)

U2= => S2 0,84 mm ->chn S2= 1,5 mm_Chn S4 : U1cp 6,6 - U1 - U3 = 6,6 - 2,69 1,71 = 2,2 (V)

=>S4 1,125 -> chn S4= 1,5 mm

=> Kim tra mi tit din theo iu ki n pht nng cho phpL lch : Vi dy ng 25 mm : Icp= 140A 17,24 A

****** F5

S

h

K thut chiu sng aDngz no1gun_n_roses@yahoo.comPage 2

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