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Role of GIS & GPS in Transportation

Group Members

Mohsin Raza (2009-MS-TE-02)

Muhammad Waqar (2009-MS-TE-08)

Contents of Presentation

What is GIS? Components of GIS GIS Application Areas GIS in Transportation Advantages of GIS Limitation of GIS What is GPS? Components of GPS How GPS works Uses of GPS GPS in Transportation

GIS stands for Geographic Information Systems.

A geographic information system (GIS) is a software tool for mapping and analyzing objects on Earth.

This system needs hardware, people and suitable data collection system.

What is GIS?

GIS Cont’d

A GIS is like layering mapped information in a computer to help us view our world as a system

GIS Cont’d

GIS allows you to collect, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial data and information. Spatial data is any data that deals with locations of things.

Just about anything you can imagine has a spatial component to it.

GIS Cont’d

A Geographic Information System is a collection of tools to build, maintain, and use electronic maps and associated databases

The main components of GIS are:Software Hardware People Data Methods

Components of GIS

The people are the component who actually makes the GIS work. People associated with a GIS can be categorized into

ViewersGeneral UsersGIS specialists

People

Procedures include how the data will be retrieved, input into the system, stored, managed, transformed, analyzed, and finally presented in a final output.  The procedures are the steps taken to answer the question needs to be resolved

The transformation processes includes such tasks as adjusting the coordinate system, setting a projection, correcting any digitized errors in a data set, and converting data from vector to raster or raster to vector.

Method/Procedure

Hardware consists of the technical equipment needed to run a GIS including a computer system with enough power to run the software, enough memory to store large amounts of data, and input and output devices such as scanners, digitizers, GPS data loggers, media disks, and printers.

Hardware

There are many different GIS software packages available today.  All packages must be capable of data input, storage, management, transformation, analysis, and output, but the appearance, methods, resources, and ease of use of the various systems may be very different.

Software

Perhaps the most time consuming and costly aspect of initiating a GIS is creating a database.  There are several things to consider before acquiring geographic data.  It is crucial to check the quality of the data before obtaining it.  Errors in the data set can add many unpleasant and costly hours to implementing a GIS and the results and conclusions of the GIS analysis most likely will be wrong.

Data

Normally when you think of data you think of something like the chart below. GIS let’s you turn this table:

It all starts with DATA!

Into this:

1999

Now you can see WHERE the population is.

Thematic Mapping

Using data regarding past natural disasters, you may create a map showing high risk areas.

3-D Visualization

You may wish to turn a two-dimensional map into a three- dimensional map.

3-D VisualizationYou can even make a 3D map of your city.

Created by: Greg Seltz, Gravette, Arkansas EAST student and CADIS participant.

Fayetteville, Arkansas 2003

GIS Application Areas

Business Business Solutions Financial Services Insurance Media and Press Real Estate

Defense Defense and Intelligence

Education Universities and Community

Colleges Schools (K–12) Libraries and Museums

Engineering Civil Engineering Surveying

GIS Application Areas

Health and Human Services Hospitals and Health Systems Public Health and Human Services

National Mapping and Cartographic Publishing Map, Chart, and Data Production

Natural Resources Agriculture Archaeology Caves Environmental Management Forestry Marine and Coast Mining and Earth Science Petroleum Water Resources

GIS Application Areas

Transportation Logistics Transportation Systems and

Networks Utilities

Electric and Gas Location-Based Services Pipeline Telecommunications Water/Wastewater

Government Economic Development Elections Federal Homeland Security Land Records and Cadastral

Solutions Law Enforcement Public Works Public Safety State and Local Sustainable Development Urban and Regional Planning

GIS applications are currently used broadly by transportation analysts and decision makers in different areas of transportation planning and engineering, from infrastructure planning, design and management, traffic safety analysis, transportation impact analysis, and public transit planning and operations to intelligent transportation systems (ITS).

GIS in Transportation

GIS in Highways

Planning Design Construction Management Operations Safety and Security Maintenance

GIS in Railways

Exploring both geographical and thematic components of data

Stresses geographical aspects of a research question Allows handling and exploration of large volumes of

data Allows integration of data from widely disparate

sources Allows analysis of data to explicitly incorporate

location Allows a wide variety of forms of visualisation

Advantages of GIS

Data are expensive Learning GIS software can be long

Disadvantages of GIS

What is GPS?

How do you use these satellites to calculate your position?

The Global Positioning System is a constellation of 31 satellites that is used to calculate your position.

GPS stands for Global Positioning System The United States' Global Positioning System

(GPS), which as of 2007 is the only fully functional, fully available global navigation satellite system. It consists of up to 32 medium Earth orbit satellites in six different orbital planes, with the exact number of satellites varying as older satellites are retired and replaced. Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is currently the world's most utilized satellite navigation system.

GPS

GPS Number of Satellites : 24 Active, 5 Spare Geometry : 6 planes, 4 satellites each Orbit MEO : 20,200 km (10,900 nmi) circular, 55° inclination

(Block I satellites orbited at 63° inclination) Orbit Period :12 hours Coverage : Global Initial Operational Capability (IOC) :1993 December 8 Full Operational Capability (FOC) :1995 April 27 Managed by: USAF NAVSTAR GPS Joint Program Office, Space

and Missile Systems Center Operated by: USAF 50th Space Wing

Reference: USAF GPS Website

Global Navigation Satellite System

Following are the three basic components of GPS:

Space

Control

User

Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Space Segment comprises 24 to 32 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit and also includes the boosters required to launch them into orbit.

Space Segment

The Control Segment is comprised of a Master Control Station, an Alternate Master Control Station, and a host of dedicated and shared Ground Antennas and Monitor Stations.

Control Segment

The User Segment is comprised of hundreds of thousands of Military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service .GPS satellites broadcast signals from space that GPS receivers use to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus precise time

User Segment

NavigationMap MakingLand surveying CommerceScientific UsesTracking and SurveillanceHobbies

Uses of GPS

GPS is used Transportation for the following Purposes:

Navigation Tracking and Surveillance Automated vehicle Location Fleet Management Asset Tracking Covet Surveillance Field Worker Management

GPS in Transportation

Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)

Automatic vehicle location (AVL) is a means for automatically determining the geographic location of a vehicle and transmitting the information to a requester. While GPS positioning and wireless communication services are used in the most common implementations, AVL is also implemented using GSM, RFID, or RTLS.

GPS in Transportation

Fleet management: when managing a fleet of vehicles, knowing the real-time location of all drivers allows management to meet customer needs more efficiently. Vehicle location information can also be used to verify that legal requirements are being met: for example, that drivers are taking rest breaks and obeying speed limits.

GPS in Transportation

Asset tracking: companies needing to track valuable assets for insurance or other monitoring purposes can now plot the real-time asset location on a map and closely monitor movement and operating status. For example, haulage and logistics companies often operate trucks with detachable load carrying units. In this case, trailers can be tracked independently of the cabs used to drive them. Combining vehicle location with inventory management that can be used to reconcile which item is currently on which vehicle can be used to identify physical location down to the level of individual packages.

GPS in Transportation

Field worker management: companies with a field service or sales workforce can use information from vehicle tracking systems to plan field workers' time, schedule subsequent customer visits and be able to operate these departments efficiently.

Covert surveillance: vehicle location devices attached covertly by law enforcement or espionage organizations can be used to track journeys made by individuals who are under surveillance

References

http://maic.jmu.edu/sic/gis/components.htmhttp://www.gjep.org/qol/disaster_map.html http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/forestresearch/ei/

maps/if-3d.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Global_Positioning_System

THANKS