Gita Govindam 1 Sanskrit UTF.pdf

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Chapter[Sarga]1UTFenabledtextAllpervasiveExuberantKrishna

PoetJayadevawishingtoportraythedivineloveofRdhaandKrishnainhis

immortalsonggiitagovindamstartsthiswithabenedictoryversethatindicatesthethemeofhispoeticwork,aspoetsarerequiredtostarttheirpoeticworkswithashiish,namaskriya,orvastunirdeshanam.

VerseLocatorRoman Itrans

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11.Tiika/wordorder/meanings:hraadhe=hey!RdhaambarammeghaiH

meduram=sky,withclouds,thickwithtamaaladrumaiH=withtamaala,treesvanabhuvaH=wood,landsshyaamaaH=areblackenednaktam[caabhivartate]=night[isalsodrawingnigh]bhiiruHayam=[naively]timorous,thatone[Krishnais]tat=therebytvameva=you,aloneimamgR^ihampraapaya=him,tohome,seehereaches[leadhimforth]itthamnandanideshitaH=thisway,byNanda,shewhoisinstructed[Rldha]chalitayoH=whilebothareonthego[tohome]rldhaamaadhavayoH=ofbothRdha,Mdhavayamunaakuule=onYamuna,banksofprati=each,ateachandeveryadhva=onpathwaykunjadrumam=inarbour,attreerahaHkelayaH=sequestered,[Gr.ers,orepithymia,orphilianotjustlove]playsofpassion[thatarethehappenstances,bechancedevents]jayanti=wonover,fructified[letthembetranscendentallyexquisite.]

"h!Rdha,cloudsarethickeningonthesky,blackTamaalatreesblackenthewoodlands,andnightisalsodrawingnigh...andthatoneisnaivelytimorous...thereby,youaloneleadhimhome..."thiswaywhenNandainstructedRdha,bothRdhaand



Mdhavaareonthegohomeward,andthenthehappenstancesoftheirsequesteredplaysofpassion,oneachpathway,ateverytree,andineachandeveryarbouronthebanksofRiverYamuna,aretranscendentallyexquisite.[11]

Thisisthe'worm'seyeview'ofthispoeticwork,butnottheinvocationofdeityof

speech/poetics.Theinvocationisinnextverse.Aparableissaidaboutthisverse.Asusualwithanyotherpoet,Jayadevawasalso

saidtobeatwiddlerofhisthumbs,andseeingthismaternaluncledauntshimfornottakingupanyjoborprofessionlikeanyotheryoungster.Jayadevarefusestrivialjobsanddeclareshimselfasapoetofparexcellence,andhecanportrayayam'that'godinaninnovativemannerandinoffthebeatentrack.Thenhismaternalunclequestionswhothatgodis,andthethemeof'that'poetry,about'that'god.ThenthispoememergedfromthedepthsofheartofJayadevaaboutayam,thatgodandhissequestereddeeds.Atthelastwordsofthisverse,thatunclespranguptohisfeetinire,andalmostsaidtohavestifledJayadevatodeath,forutteringsuch'blasphemouspoetry'on'that'god.

ThenJayadeva,tostandbyhisownselfdeclarationasaneminentpoet,startedtocomposetherestofthiswork,andputthenextverse,aninvocatorypoem,tostylus.Thus,thoughunconnected,thispoemremainedattheheadoftheworkasaprologue,preambleetc.,inthepatternofaashiirvaada,vastunirdehsa,mangalaaadiini'asortofblessings,indicativeofthetopicofpoetry,andforauspiciousbeginningofthepoeticworksetcwhichthepoetsusuallyemploy.HerethelovegameofRdhaandMdhavaitselfbecametheauspicious,blessingapriori,andcontentofthispoeticwork.Thatway,withoutnaminghimasKrishna,Govinda,orMdhavaetc.,thepoetputsthepronounonthetongueofNanda,thefatherofKrishna,asayam,ayambhiiruH...onthelinesofkaalidasa,whodidthesameinhiskumaarasambhavam5ayamjanaaHprahR^iShTamanaaHtapodhaneHowever,thepoetreallystartshisworkwiththenextverse.

raadhesaidbyNandahasthreeshadesanunayavaakya'Rdha,pleasetakehimhome,forheisstillaboy...kopauktisaidinanger...''Rdha,don'tyouknowthatheisboyishandnaivelytimorous...whenitisduskinganddarkening...whatisityouplayinnights...yougohome,andwhilegoingtakethisfellowalsotohishome...nonightwanderings...'tattvaukti'withsomesubtext...'Rdha,tvamevayoualonearehis,gR^iham'house,personifiedbywifeyouonbecomingwife...'praapaya'makehimprosperous...''OnyouraccountKrishnabecameahouseholderhenceyoualoneleadhimforthandenrichhisprosperityashiswife...'

Rdhadidnotgethercherisheddesirefulfilledinatrice,oratasnapoffinger.Shehadtoundergoherhistoricalordeal,puttotestbyKrishna.Whyshouldshe?Whensheiswilling,whenKrishnaisatherside,whenfatherNandapermitted,whenhermaidencouragesher...isshestillputtotest?Thesewouldbethepertinentdoubtsthatarise,thoughtheyarenotthequestionsinreality.Yes!SheisputtolitmustestbythismostmischievousKrishna,andshehadtoshedhertears,sobhersobs,frownherresentmentsetc.Whereallthishashappened?Oneachandeverypathwaytohome,ateachandeverytree,andineachofthebowers.Krishnaseemstobethere,butactuallyheisnottherethoughheissupposedlyunavailable,buthisflutingisaudibleverynearly.So,todepictthatatruedevoteehastoundergoastepbystepprocessfortheculminationofhis/herardentdesire,thepoetindicatesthattherearemanyapathwaytotread,manyarethetreesofwisdom,andmanyarethebowerstocontemplatelonelyandsolitarily,notonlyforRdhabuttoanydevotee.Allthesearegodsendgiftsofnatureandhumans.



Thecloudsspreadingonskywillnaturallybemany.HerethewordmeghaiHisalsoinplural,butthecommentatorslimitthemtonumbernine,withoutthesenseofinnumerability,andsimilethemwiththeninestates,outofthetenstatesoflovepangsormanmathaavasthas:

manmathaavasthasdRîk,manas,sankalpa,jaagaraaH,kRîshataa,aratiH|

hriityaago,unmaada,muurcChaa,antaa,itianangadashaadasha1]eyeing2]heartloosing3]endeavour4]sleeplessness5]shrivelling6]

disinterestednessinanything7]shamelessness8]maddening9]swooning10]tryingtoendoneself.Thewordambaramskysuggests'openness,skyisthelimitforenjoymentelateyourselvestosky...'Andthewordvanabhuva'woodlandareasarelikeheavens,lonely,secluded...thusasecretedheavenissaidtobethereonearth,onthebanksofRiverYamuna...'becauseKrishnaispresentthere.Andnaktam'nighttime'isthepropertimeforsuchactivity,sinceitisforbiddenfromdawntodusk.Andyamunaakuule'onthebanksofYamuna,excitingenvironofYamuna,withbreezeswaftingcoolnessofYamunawatersandfragrancesofflowersontoitsbanks.Theopenness,solitude,rivers,waters,flowers,fragrances,allofthemmadethatplaceheavenly.Aboveall,ayam,'that'godishere.Thenwhatmoredoesadevoteerequireforhis/herdedication,inordertocommingleinhimphysically,inmortal'sparlance,andpsychicallyinadevotee'sexperience.

OntheuseofultramundanewordmaadhavalakSmii's,husbandVishnumaybeobserved,evenwhenKrishnaismanifestlyamortal,andavailablejustbeforetheeye.ThoughKrishnaisVishnuandthoughRukmini,hisfirstconsort,islakSmii,Krishna'slongingforanephemeralandpoeticembodimentcalledRdhaismore,anditsuggeststhatgodisinclinedmoretowardsrealdevotees,ratherthanforhiscoequals,likeRukminiorlakSmiiandthelike.

AestheticsinfoforSanskritstudents:Thewholeworkrevolvesroundthefollowingaesthetics.1]uddipanaabhaavaaHexcitantsofmood:clouds,woodlands,night,arboursandbowers,riverside,coolbreezesetc2]aalambanabhaavaaHmoodfordevotement:Rdha,Yamunabanks,arboursandbowers,solitudeetc.3]anubhaavaindicativesofmoodtimorousness,prudishness,coynessofallcharacters4]vybhicaarabhaavaaHdeviatingmoodsecstasy,fear,interestedness,embarrassmentetc5]sthaayiibhaavaaHcommonmoodlonging,desperation,jealousy,resentmentetc.,withthesemoods,itissambhogavipralambhasRîngaaraandthemetreofthisverseisshaarduulavikriiDitam.

Thoughthemoodsareavailableineachfootofwholepoem,theymaynotbebroughtinhere,astheydonotmeananythingthesedays.Butinaprimadonnaishfashion,somearesaidhere.FrommeghaiHtopraapayaitisvipralmbhasRîngaaraiththamtokelayaHitissambhogasRîngaarashyaamaatamaala,radhaamaadhavoHareinanupraasaaaalnnkaarafirstpartofversehassamuccayaalankaarawhilethelaterpartishavingashiiralankaaraandontotalitissaidinsamshRîSTialankaara.AndthefirstverseitselfisindicativeoftheactivitiesofKrishna,andhisplayfulacts,disporting,orthefrolickingthatistermedasraasaliila,raasakriiDa,krishnaliila,whichwillbeheartpleasing.




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12.Tiika/wordorder/meanings:vaakdevataa=speech,deityofcharita=withlegendofchitritachittasadmaa=depicted,[painted,withmurals,embellishedwith]heart[soul,][called]housecaraNa=feetcaaraNa=[whichare]massagedbypadmaavatii=GoddesslakSmiichakravartii=wheel,mover[eitherHisownSudarshanadisc,orthewheelofworld,i.e.,bythegraceofonewhosefeetaremassagedbyGoddesslakSmii,Vishnu,thePrimeMover]padmaavatii=padma=lotusvatii=onwhohandlesit,[onewhoispresidingdeityofaSTaakSharihymn,]GoddesslakSmiicharaNa=atfeetchaaraNa=byservingchakravartii=onewhobecamekinglypoetpadmaavatii=Padmaavatiaspropernoun,onenamedasPadmaavati,poet'swifecaraNacaaraNa=withfeet,bymoving,bymakingthefeetofhiswifePadmaavatitodancechakravartii=onewhobecamekinglypoetshrii=epitomeofFortune,lakSmii,hereRdhavaasudeva=vasudeva=earth's,deityof[Krishna]ratikeli=epithalamicpassion[Gr.eros,epithymia,notjustlove,orlust,]playskathaasametam=episodes,alongwith[comprisingof]etam=this[onethatisabidingintheheartlikehousewithmurals,poeticwork]prabandham=poeticworkjayadevakaviH=Jayadeva[named,]poetkaroti=[heis,or,Iam]doing[authoring.]

Saraswati,thepresidingDeityofSpeech,embellishinghissoulwithherlegends,likeahomeeverembellishedwithmurals,andhewhohasbecomeanemperoramongpoetsbyhisserviceatthefeetofGoddesslakSmii,suchapoetJayadevaisnowauthoringthispoeticlorecalledGitaGovindamthatissofarabidinginsuchasoulwithsuchmurals,whichlorecomprisestheepisodesofplaysofpassionofRdhaandKrishna.[12]

OrSaraswati,thepresidingDeityofSpeech,embellishinghishomelikesoul,ever

embellishedwithmuralslikelegendsofherliterarygrace,andhewhohasbecomeanexpertinpoetrybythegraceofonewhosefeetareevermassagedbyGoddesslakSmii,namelyVishnuorKrishna,whoalsoisthePrimeMoverofthisworld,suchapoetJayadevaisnowauthoringthispoeticlorecalledGitaGovindamthatissofarabidinginsuchasoulwithsuchmurals,whichlorecomprisestheepisodesofplaysofpassionofRdhaandKrishna.

OrSaraswati,thepresidingDeityofSpeech,embellishingmysoulwithherlegends,

likeahomeeverembellishedwithmurals,andIwhobecameanemperoramongpoetsbymyserviceatthefeetofGoddesslakSmii,andevenbytheservicerenderedbymywifePadmaavati,forshetightlyfastenedmylyricstotuneandrhythmwithherdancingfeet,suchasIam,IthekinglypoetJayadeva,amnowauthoringthispoeticlorecalledGitaGovindam,whichissofarabidinginmysoul,anditcomprisestheepisodesofplaysofpassionRdhaandKrishna.

ThisinvocationstartswithvaakdevataaafterKalidasa'svaakarthaavivasampR^iktauinepickumaarassambhavam.Inthosedays,poeticnarrationaboutone'sownwifeoraboutherperformingartswasataboo.Jayadevapoohpoohedthiswiththeabovestanza,questioningastohowSatyabhamadancedbeforeKrishna,andhowPaarvatialwaysdanceswithalwaysdancingShiva.Further,devotiondoesnotequatewithsolitaryselfsurrender,orbyhermeticsainthood,orbymurmuringhymnssingly.ThatisfordevoteesofnirguNabrahmaandthis'bhaagavatadevotion'culminatesonlywhenupacaaraas'devotionalofferings'areoffered,andthesinginganddancingaretheendpartofanyworship.Eventodaythiscustomcontinues,butonlyasalipservice,



Chatramdhaarayaami,caamaramviijayaami,giitavaadyanRîtyampradashayaami'Iholdupanparasol,Ifanyou,Ishowdance,sing,playmusicinstruments...oh,godgivemewhatIwant...'Insteadofworshippingwithadialogue,JayadevaandPadmaavatidanced.ItissaidtheJayadevarecognisednotonlyadancerinhiswife,butabhaagavatiipratipatti'femaledevotee'inher,andthusbothhaveadoredtheirgodjointly.

TheanalogybetweenVaasudevaandJayadevaisvasubhiHdiipyataitivaasudeva'oneshinesforthwithhiswealth...'IfKrishnaisresplendentwithhischarm,Jayadevaisglisteningwithhiswordplay.tasyaapatyamvaasudeva'hissonisVaasudeva...'meaningthatonewhohascomeoutofhisindebtednesstowardshisfather,henceafreebirdtotakehisownwingsandtoflirtashemay.Jayadevaisequallyfreetoflirtawayfromtheorthodoxyofpoetics.

Aesthetics:Heartandhouseareinsimile,henceruupakaalankaaraandatsametametamitisanupraaalankaaravyanjanavyRîttenakaavyaguNaojariitigaudiiyavRîttibhaaratimetrevasantatilaka.


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13.hsatjanagaNa[adhyaahRîta,elliptedword]=oh,gracious,people,

assemblage[roundedofftooh,graciouspeople]hari=onHari,onKrishnasmaraNe=inmeditationmanaH=soulsarasam=with,elixir[ofdevotion]yadi=if,[shoulditbefilledwith,plethoricwith]vilaasa=inflirtaceous[women's]kalaasu=arts[artsofcoaxing]kutuuhalamyadi=curiousness,if[shouldyouhave]tadaa=thenmadhura=mellowlykomala=delicate[willowy]kaanta=heartpleasing[mellifluous]padaaavaliim=words,medleyofjayadeva=[about]glorious,godKrishna[or,poetJayadeva's]sarasvatiim=divinespeech,praisesongshRîNu=belistened.

Oh,graciouspeople,shouldyourheartsbeplethoricwiththeelixirofdevotionformeditatingonKrishna,andshouldyoubecuriousenoughabouttheartsofcoaxingofflirtaceouswomenkind,thenlistentothepraisesongofJayadevaonthatgloriousgodKrishna,whichisamedleyofwillowywords,wordedmellowlyandmellifluously...[13]

Thisversewillbeat4thplaceinNorthIndianversionsandinSouth,itisasabove.Thewordusedmathuramelodiousmellowly,meaningthatthewordsusedhaveshabdagata,arthagata,maadhuryamsoundbasedandmeaningbasedmelody.InthemsoundbasedmelodyoccurswhenharshsoundingconsonantslikeThaDhaarenotused,whilethemeaningbasedmelodyoccurswhenthosewordsareprimarilyheartpleasing,yetalittlethinkingisnecessarytoderivetheirmeanings,unlikethewordsofabsolutephilosophy,whichdonotgiveanysatisfactioneveafterdelvingdeepintothem.Againthekomalahasthetwoaspectsofmeaning.Inthem,soundbaseddelicacyoccurswhentoomuchofcombiningvowelsandconsonantsisnotadoptedasinnistriaguNya,tymbakaandthelike,whichusageiscalledascakrabandhapadmabandhawayofcompounding.Andthewordkaantaisalsothesame,inthatthepoeticworkisdesirableforithassoundbasedlissomness,andmeaningbasedlitheness.TheusefulnessofthisverseisharismaraNa,vilaasavidyasikShaNameditationonKrishna,andhowthecoaxingandcombingofwomenfolkwillbedelightfullyinciting.Thus,thiswork's



subjectmattercontainscognizablegodinKrishna,ifitismulledoverbyhiscognitivedevoteessmaaryasmaarakabhaavadiipakaalankaarapaancaaliiriitikaishikiivRîttivRîttamdRîtavilambitaWiththisinvocatorypoemthepoetisembarkingontheusualprologuesnecessaryforapoeticwork.


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14.umaapatidharaH=PoetUmaapatidhara,[acontemporarypoetofJayadeva]vaachaHpallavayati=words,spreads[useswordswithprolixityandexpansilemeanings]sharaNaH=poetSharanaduruuhadrute=impossible,tothink,inspeediness[wordsareunpronounceablyspeedy]shlaaghyaH=praiseworthy[Sharanapoet]shRîngaara=romancerachanaiH=withwritingsuttara=before[prioritized]sat=bestprameya=inferablesubjectofpoeticwork[or,sat=byscholars,prameya=inferable,knowableaachaaryagovardhana=scholar,poetGovardhanaspardhii=antagonistkaHapina=anyone,even,notthereshrutidharaHvishrutaH=poetShrutidhara,renowned[forheisawordsmith]dhoyiikavikShmaapatiH=Dhoyii,poet,poets,kingof[but]giraam=ofwordssandarbhashuddhim=situational,pureness[properness]jayadevaevajaaniite=Jayadeva,alone,knows.

OrumaapatidharaHvaachaHpallavayati=Umaapatidhara,words,spreads[verbose]

sharaNaH=Sharanapoetduruuhadrute=impossible,tothink,inspeediness[wordsareunpronounceablyspeedy]shlaaghyaH=praiseworthy[Sharanapoet]shRîngaara=romanceuttara=before[prioritized]sat=byhisworkcalledsaccaritaprameya=inferable[asapoetbyhisworkcalledsaccitra]rachanaiH=withwritingsaachaaryagovardhana=for[pedagogic]scholar,poetGovardhanaspardhii=antagonistkaHapina=anyone,even,nottheredhoyiikavikShmaapatiH=Dhoyii,poet,poets,kingofshrutidharaHvishrutaH=whathehasheard,heretains[parrotedpoetry,]thusrenownedgiraam=ofwordssandarbhashuddhim=situational,pureness[properness]jayadevaevajaaniite=Jayadeva,alone,knows.

PoetUmaapatidharauseswordswithprolixityandwithexpansilemeaningspoetSharanaispraiseworthyforhisunpronounceablespeedywordplaynoneisanantagonisttothescholarlypoetGovardhana,forheinferentiallyprioritisesromancepoetShrutidharaisrenownedasanexpertwordsmithpoetDhoyiiisakingamongpoetsbutpoetJayadevaaloneknowsthesituationalpropernessofwordsandwordplay.[14]

OrPoetUmaapatidharaisverbosewithprolixwordsandexpansilemeanings,hence

heisapoetasterwithstridentandshrillywordsvaagaaDambarampoetSharanaispraiseworthyforhisunpronounceablespeedywordplay,henceheisunintelligibleandunexplainablenoneisanantagonisttothescholarlypoetGovardhana,forhe



prioritisesromancealone,andwhenheisbereftofotheraestheticsheisunfittobecalledasapedagogicscholar,namelyaachaarya,forhistreatiseonalankaarashaastranamedaaryaasaptashatipoetDhoyii,aselfstyledkingofpoets,isrenownedforhisparrotedpoetry,thusheishardlyapoetbutpoetJayadevaaloneknowsthesituationalpropernessofwordsandwordplay,hencehealoneisthepoetoftheday...

Thesecondmeaningisnotaridiculethrownatotherpoets,butitislike'throwinghatinthering...'andavoweddeclarationthathealoneisgoodatpoetry.Itwasapracticetosayoneortwoversesinpraiseofgoodpoetsandinscornatbadpoetssukaviprashamsa,kukavininda.ThisisinsamuccayaalnkaarashaarduulavikriiDitamisitsmetre.


aSTapadi1dashaavataarakiirtidhavalam

FromhereontheaSTapadiswillbecoming.Thesewillbeineightfootedstanzas,witharepeatablestanzaattheirend.Thoughallthestanzasareasingleverse,theywillbedividedintoseparateunitsforthesakeofeasyreadingandforeasyincorporationofcommentsection.TheseaSThapadiswillnotbegivenaruuningnumber,buttheyarenumberedseparately.Heretheyaregivennumberslikeapa11,apa2,whereaparepresentsaSTapadi,eightfootedverse,1,and1,2,3areitsunits.

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apa11.dhR^itamiinashariira=ondonning,fish's,bodykeshava=oh,Keshavapralaya=completely,commingled[deluged]payodhi=oceans'[allcommonnouns,jaatiekavacana]jale=inwatersvihita=makedo[improvising]vahitra=[likea]shipcharitram=legendaryvedam=Vedas

Or,vihitavahitracharitramvedamvihita=thosethatarepreordainedtobevahitracharitram=ships,historyontheanalogyofshipsvedam=VedasVedasthatarepreordainedtobeanalogoustoshipsintransportingsoulstoothersideoflifesseashore

a+khedam=without,weariness[indefatigably]dhR^itavaanasi=upheld,youarejagatiisha=worlds,theAlmightyofhare=oh,Harijaya=hailtothee.

Whenallthewatersofallsevenseasdelugedtheearth,oh,keshava,donningthebodyofafishyouindefatigablyupheldallthefourVedas,whichbythemselvesareforeordainedtobeanalogoustoshipsintransportingsoulstotheothershoreoflife,therebyoh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofalltheworlds,hailtothee...[apa11]

ThewordKeshavaisaformationofkaiishavawherekaHisBrahmaiishaisShivavabornfromVishnukaitibrahmaNonAmaeSoahamsarvadehinaamavaamtaangesambhuutautasmaatkeshavonaamavaanniruktabhaaSyam.ThusBrahmaandShivaarebornfromthebodyofVishnu.jagadiisha'youarethecontrollerofallworldsandwhentheyhavebecomeuncontrollableyousettheminorder...thattooindefatigably,hencewearereassuredofyourpresence...'Hari'hewhostealsawaythe



troublesofhisadherents...'sthaayiibhaavautsaaharasaviiranaayakalakShaNadhiiralalitaalankaaraupamaatishayoktiriitiarthamaagadhiNext,theincarnationoftortoiseistakenup,sequentially.NowletusseesomeofthedancegesturesforthisstanzafromnrityalakShaNasamhita:

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apa12.dhRîtakacChaparuupa=assuming,tortoise,formativipulatare=very,wide,muchindegree[widest,ormassive]dharaNi=onethatissustainedbyearthmountaindharaNa=bybearingtheweightofsuchaMt.MantharawhenMilkyOceanwaschurnedkiNa=crustaceous[back],shellbecamecrustaceouswithhexagonalcrustsbythefrictionofMt.mantharachakragariShThe=circular,oncarapaceshelloftortoisetavapRîShThe=onyour,backkShitiHtiShThati=earth,isabidingkeshavajagadiishahare=asabovejaya=asabove.

Assumingtheformofatortoise,oh,Keshava,youpositionedearthonyourtortoiseshellthathasalreadybecamecrustaceouswhenMt.manthararaspeditduringthechurningofMilkyOcean,wherebytheearthisunsinkablyabidingonyourback,eventoday...thereby,oh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa12]

ThistortoiseliftedMt.mantharaonce,andlatertheearthfromsinkageintowaters.ThewordtiSThatiisinthetenseofvartamaananirdesha'presentcontinuous'sotheearthisonthebackofthattortoise,eventoday.

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apa13.dhRîtasuukararuupa=onassuming,wildboar's,formkeshava=o,keshavatavadashanashikhare=onyour,fang's,edgelagnaadharaNii=becamestuck,earthshashininimagnaa=inmoon,embeddedkalaN^kakalaiva=blemish's,streak,likevasati=islodgedjagadiishaharejaya=asabove.

Assumingtheformofawildboar,Oh,Keshava,youliftedupthesinkingearthwithyoursnout,butstuckandlodgedontheedgeofyourotherwiseblemishlessfangs,she



lookedmoreliketheblemishembeddedontheotherwiseblemishlessmoon,yetyou,asaneternalsustainerofearth,allowedhertoabideandspinthere,whereofoh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa13]

Krishna,earth,andwildboarareblackwhileboar'sfangandcrescenticmoonlikefangarewhite.Whiletheearthisspinningonthetipoffang,itsblacknessisappearingasthedeermarkinthemoon.Theearthis,inaway,ablemishtogodforhecreatedit,butitseparateditselffromhim,anditsinmatesalwaysdocertaindeedsthatbringmoreblemishestohim.

Thegodsdonotcomeintophysicalcontactwithearthandearthlings.Ifgodshaveanerrandonearththeyhavetotransmogrifytheirformstodwellonearth.Ifanyearthlinggoesintotherealmofgods,itisablemishonthegodswhoentertainedthem.Here,blemishorotherwiseHariisbearingearthonhisfang.

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apa14.dhRîtanarahariruupa=onassuming,man,lion,formkeshava=hkashavatavakarakamalavare=onyour,hand,[called]lotus,thebestadbhutashRîN^gam=wondrous,tipfingersthathaveawondrousnailsdalitahiraNyakashipu=thathavelacerated,hiraNyakashyapa'stanubhRîN^gam=body,[calleda]honeybeenakham[bhaati]=suchnails,[shineforth]jagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailtothee.

Assumingtheformofmanlion,oh,Keshava,youwithyourlotusypalmsthathavewondrousnailstorethestonybodieddemonhiraNyakashyapa,aswondrousasapetalinetinerendinghardbodiedhoneybee,thusthosefingernailsevershineforthfortheireliminationofviceonearth,wherebyoh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa14]

ThepetaluminLateLatinmeansmetalplate.Itisusualforahoneybeetostingandlaceratedelicatelotusesfornectar.Butlotuslaceratingthickskinnedhoneybeeisunusual.Thoughthepalmsofgodarelikedelicatepetalsoflotus,theyhaveverysharpandslashingtipsoffingernails,liketheclawsoflion,onlytobisectthickskinnedvice,calledmonstrosity.Hencethosetipsoffingernailsevershineforthasawarningforevil.alankaararuupaka.

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apa15.adbhuta=oh,astoundingonevaamana=oh,demoneliminatorpadanakhaniirajanitajanapaavanapadanakha=fromfoot's,toenailniirajanita=withwater,thatemergedjanapaavana=people,oh,sanctifierofdhRîtavaamanaruupa=whenassumed,dwarf's,mienvikramaNe=whiletreading[threeworlds]balimchhalayasi=EmperorBali,isbeingdeludedjagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailtothee.



Oh,astoundingone,oh,eliminatorofdemons,oh,sanctifierofpeoplewiththewaterthathasemergefromyourtoenail,namelyRiverganga,oh,deluderofantagonistslikeEmperorBaliwhenyouincarnatedasadwarfboy,wherebyoh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa15]

WhenVishnutookincarnationofdwarfboyheseeksdonationofathreefootspacefromEmperorBali,andBalibeinganonaysayer,accordsit.Thenthedwarfcoversentireearthwithonefoot,entireheavenwiththesecond,andasksBaliwheretokeepthethird.BalishowshisheadandtheboyplaceshisthirdfootontheheadofBali,subduingBalitonetherworlds.Indoingso,whenthatdwarfboyraiseshisfoottocoverheavens,histoegoesstraighttothepresenceofBrahma.ObservingthattoeashisfatherVishnu'stoe,Brahmaanointsitwithsacredwaters.WhenthatdwarfboywithdrawshisfootfromheaventoplaceitonBali'shead,thenthesacredwaterpouredonthattoenailbyBrahma,rushedontoearthasRiverGanga.HerethepoetissayingthatBaliisbeingdeludedeachtimeineachcycleoferas,asapresentcontinuousaction.

:

apa16.dhRîtabhRîghupatiruupa=onassuming,sageBhrigu'slegatee[ParashuRama,]saviour's,mienkeshava=o,keshavakShatriyarudhiramaye=Kshatriya,blood,filledupwithpayasi=insuchwaters[poolsofblood]apagatapaapam=swervedoff,sinshamitabhavataapam=ceased,worldly,torridityjagat=world[people]snapayasi=youmakethemtobathe[inpoolsofbloodofkings]jagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailtothee.

AssumingthemienofParashuRama,thesaviouroftheworld,Oh,keshava,youfilledfivepoolscalledshamantapancakawiththebloodofatrociousKshatriyakings,andmakingtheworldtobatheinit,thusceasedistheworldlytorridityofpeopleandswervedaretheirsins,wherebyoh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa16]

Inthisrasabhiibhastanaayakadhiiroddhataalankaarasvabhaavoktiareitsaesthetics.

:

apa17.dhRîtaraamashariira[or,raghupatiruupa]=onassuming,Rama's,bodykeshava=o,keshavadikShu=inalldirections,dikpatikamaniiyam=directions,presidingdeitynamelyindra,orthepresidingdeitiesofdirections,asdesiredby[him,orthem]ramaNiiyam=heartpleasing,muchwantedactdashamukhamauli=ten,faceddemon,[octahedronRavana's],headsbalimraNevitarasi=asoffertories,inwar,youaregenerouslygivingjagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailtothee.

AssumingtheformofRama,O,keshava,youaregenerouslyofferingthetenheadsofRavanaasoffertoriesinaritualcalledwar,whichisamuchsoughtafteractbythe



lordandeverypresidingdeityofalltendirectionsofcompass,wherebyoh,Hari,asaneliminatorofevileverandanon,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa17]

TheactisheartpleasingbecausetherearetenpresidingdeitiesofquartersandRavanahastenheads,andthesacrificeissymmetricalhence,heartpleasingtous,andeventothosetendeitieslikeAirgod,Firegod,andRaingodetal.Ravanawasaterrortothesetengods.WhenRavanacomesout,airgodfearstobegusty,firegodbecomecoolant,notadropofrainfallsonhisbodysosaysRamayana.naayakadhirodaataalankarajaatyalankaara.

Next,thoughtheincarnationofKrishnaistobeeulogisedasperruleraamoraamaHcakRîSNaHca,butbalarama'sincarnationisalsotakenup,accordingtoanotherflexofthisrulevanjauvanjaukharvaHtriraamiisatapo.atapaHAndevennonVedicBuddhaisalsonarratedinhere.Thus,thedevotionalscriptsdonotcareforisms.

:

apa18.dhRîtahaladhararuupa=onassuming,plough,wielder,formofkeshava=o,keshavavishadevapuShi=onwhitish,bodyjaladaaabham=water,giver[cloud,]inshinewithhalahatibhiitimilita=byplough,hit,fearblentwithyamunaaabham=likeRiverYamuna,inshinevasanamvahasi=raiment,youbear[youarecladin]jagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailtothee.

Assumingtheformofploughwieldingbalaraama,Oh,Keshava,youarecladinblackishraimentonyourwhitishbody,whichroberesemblestheblackraingivingcloudandripplingblackwatersofRiverYamuna,forshealwaysripplesafraidofasmitefromyourplough,wherebyoh,Hari,asacontrollerofnaturalresources,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa18]

OncebalaraamalaidholdofRiverYamunatogratifyhisdesireandwhenshedidnotyieldhebeleaguersher.Thisisaccordingtomythology.Accordingtowatermanagement,hechangedthecourseofherflowbydiggingamammothtunnelwithhisforcefulploughforirrigationpurposes.Thus,Yamunaisalwaysfearfulofbalaraama,assheisunawareastohowmanymoretunnelsheisgoingtodigandalterhercourse.

:

a.pa.19.dhRîtabuddhashariira=onassuming,Buddha's,bodysadayahRîdaya=with,kindness,inhearto,keshavashrutijaatam=scripturalwords,collectionofyaj~navidheH=inVedicrituals,methodsofdarshita=shown[taughtbyscriptures]pashughaatam=animal,killingnindati=faultfindingahaha=aha,aha,aha[expressionofsurprise]jagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailtothee.

AssumingthebodyofkindheartedBuddha,O,keshava,youfindfaultwiththeanimalsacrificesinthemethodsofVedicritualstaughtbyscriptures,andevenwiththecollectionofthosescripturalwordsthemselves,whatarevampinreligiousmethods...aha,aha,aha,wherebyoh,Hari,asamodifierofsystemyouaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa19]



:

apa110.dhRîtakalkishariira=onassuming,Kalki,bodyofo,keshavamlecChanivahanidhane=fractious,groupsofrace,ineliminatingkaraalam=adreadfulonesworddhuumaketumiva=acometwithsmokytail,aswith[or,dhuumaketu=smoke,assymbol]Kalkiwieldsaswordwhosegoldenhandleiscomparedtoburningfire,andbloodstainedbladewithredsmoke]karavaalam=sword,kalayasi=youarebrandishingkimapi=why,even[whattotellfurther,unimaginabletodetailthem]

AassumingtheformofKalkiattheendofKaliyuga,O,keshava,youwillbebrandishingacometlikeswordtoeliminatethegroupsoffractiousraces,andunimaginableareyourhorrendousdeedstodetail,henceoh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,thushailtothee...[apa110]

Theappearanceofacometintheskyisabadomenandwhenthatcomethitstheearthitisstillworse.AndwhenKalkibrandisheshisswordasgodsbrandishcomets,itisunimaginableandthatsuggeststheendofthatera.naayakadhiirodaattarasabhayaanaka.

Next,thepoetisminglingalloftheseincarnationsintoKrishna'sincarnation,alongwithanappealtolistentohispoetryinhisglory.

:

apa111.jagadiishahare=asabovedhRîtadashavidharuupa=onewhocanassume,ten,kinds,offormso,keshavaudaaram=excellentonesukhadam=comfort,giver[blithesome]shubhadam=wellbeing,giver[blissful]bhavasaaram=worldlylife,havingpith[togetreleasefromit]jayadevakaveH=Jayadeva,bypoetuditam=articulatedbyidam=thisshrii=shriisuukti=auspicioussayingshRîNu=youlistenjaya=hailtothee.

Oh,Keshava,O,Hari,theAlmightyofworldswhoassumedtenkindsofformsforthesakeofhumanity,pray,listentothisauspiciousarticulationofpoetJayadeva,whichhasanexcellentpithandkernelofworldlyliving,andwillbeanaidforblissfulandblithesomereleasefromthisworld,hailtothee...[apa111]

Withthisstanzathepoetisdedicatinghisworkinhisgodandaskinghimtobeartestimonyforhiswork.AndifKrishnaendorseshiswork,thiswillbeasgoodascanonisedbyhim,sothatthisworkwillbecomeavaliddevotionalsong.rasashaantaalankaaraparyaayokti.Thepoetissummarisingalltheseincarnationsthataresofarsaidseparately.Thiscanbesunginmaalavaraagaruupakataala.




:

15.vedaanuddharate=Vedas,onewhorevivesjagatnivahate=world,onewho

bearsupbhuugolamutbibhrate=earth,globeof,up,liftedtosupportdaityamdaarayate=demon[Hiranyakashyapa,]onewhoslashedbalimcChalayate=Bali,onewhodeludedkShatrakShayamkurvate=Kshatriyas,annihilation,onewhodoespaulastyamjayate=Pulasya'slegatee,namelyRavana,onewhoconquershalamkalayate=plough,onewhowieldskaaruNyamaatanvate=pity[nonviolence,]onewhofostersmlecChaanmuurcChayate=fractiousraces,onemakesthemtoswoon[manglerof]dashaakRîtikRîte=ten,semblances,onewhoputsonkRîShNaayatubhyamnamaH=[suchasheis]Krishna,foryou,myreverence.

AsareviverofVedasasafish,bearerofthisearthastortoise,uplifterandsupporterofearthaswildboar,slasherofHiranyakashyapaaslionman,deluderofBaliasdwarfboy,annihilatorofKshatriyasasParashuRama,conquerorofRavana,thelegateeofPaulastya,asRama,wielderofploughasbalaraama,fostererofnonviolenceasBuddha,mangleroffractiousracesasKalki,youalonecanputontensemblances,thusoh,Krishna,myreverencesareuntoyou...[15]

InalltheincarnationsVishnuhasnottakenaselfsamephysiqueexceptinginKrishnaincarnation.VishnuwillbeinhismilkyabodeandKrishnaisbroughtupinamilkyenviron.VishnucomfortablyreclinesonThousandhoodedserpent,whileKrishnahasneverbeeninanyuncomfortablepositionlikeRama,ParashuRama,andVishnuhasthreewiveswhereasKrishnaishavingeightofthem,soonandsoforth.Hence,thepoetisfocussinghisattentiononKrishnaalone.alankaaradiipakacChandamkiitidhavalashaarduulavikriiDitamisitsmetre.Withthis,theauspiciousbeginningofthepoeticworkisoverandheisenteringintothesubjectmatterofthiswork.Inthenextverse,thepoetisextollinghisleadcharacterKrishnaandhisattributesandendowments.


aSTapadi2harivijayamangalaacaraNa

.

:

apa21.jaya=hailshrita=sheltered[whorled,embraced]kamalaa=byGoddesslakSmiis[wherekamalamislotus,shewhoabidesinlotus]kuchamaNDala=bosomy,



roundletsbustdhR^ita=bedeckedkuNDala=earknobse=thisisaalaapanaandcanbetakenasaanaddressing,orasye=hewhoiswearing[thisismusiciansdelightanddroppedindancetreatises]kalita=adornedwithlalita=exquisitevanamaala=garlandknottedwithTulasi,Ocimumsanctum,basil,leavesandotherflowersdeva=onewhoaccordsfelicity,onewhomanifestsbyhisselfluminosityhare=Hari,viz.,onewhostealssinsofadherers,here,Krishnajaya=hailtothee.

HailtheeforthinechestiseverwhorledintheembraceofGoddesslakSmiiwithherbosomybustwhichchestiseveradornedwithanunfadinggarlandofbasilleavesandflowersthatdanglesuntothykneethineearseverbedeckedwithgoldenknobbyearhangingsstuddedwithninejewelsthustothee,thefelicitoussinremovingselfluminositycalledKrishna,hailtothee[apa21]

Attheverystartofextollinghisheroofhispoeticwork,thepoethasgonestraighttothebosomybustsofherosconsort,andtohearthis,itprimarilyappearstobeaneroticword,andifthehearerhappenstobeanOedipus,hewillbeexcitedevenbyhismothersmammaries.ButhereGoddesslakSmiiistheSupremeMotherandshehasDivinemammae,andletmillionsandmillionstakebirth,shecanfeedthem,indefatigably.SimilaristhewordusedforlalitainlalitasahasranaamaavalikaThinasthanamaNDalaaasoneamongmanyofhermotherlyattributes.

HerelakSmii,thepersonifiedfortune,isabidinginthelotuslikeheartofVishnu,sayKrishna,thusundifferentiatedarethechests,eitherasthatofamaleorasthebustofafemale.Sheissaidtobeshritawhorledaroundhimlikeaclimbingplantontoatree.So,thepoetattemptstodistinguishwhichiswhich,andsaysthatheiswearingagarlandofbasilleavesandflowers,whichhealonewears,hencerecognisehimasKrishna.Becauseheissotightlyembracedbythepersonifiedfortune,heneverbecomesapauperandheeverendowsshelterunderthatabsolutefortunetohisdevotees,calledaashrayaNiiyatvam.So,anyonecanseekforhisshelter,assuchheiscalledshrayaHpatiHOmnishelterer,ofcourse,undertheaegisofGoddesslakSmii.Withoutherheisnothing.Andvanamaalaindicateshaleandhealthiness,thusreadytospringtohisfeetintheperiodofcrisis,i.e.,Omnipotent.Earknobsindicatelearnedness,fortheywereaccordedaccordingtoonesownscholarliness,calledmakarakuNDala,candrakuNDala,likethepresentdaygraduate/postgraduategownsandheadgears.Hence,thisisindicativeofhisOmniscience.

EnvisioningKrishnafromtoptotoeindicateshissupremeandauspiciousphysiquedivyamangalavigrahambesidesdeifiedfortuneisinhisheart.Hencehealoneisadorable.

:

apa22.jaya=haildinamaNi=days,jewel,namelysunmaNdala=hisspherelike[selfglowingsolarsystemlike]maNDana=anembellisher,onehavingsuchformKrishnabhavakhaNDana=presentworld[karmiccycle,]onewhowhittlesmunijana=forsaintly,peoplemaanasa=mind[called,maanasasarovar]hansa=aswanjayadevahare=asabove.

Hailtheethoughyondandyonder,thouartfunctionalfromwithinthesolarsystem,wherethatsunisjustagemofsolarsystem,whilethouartanembellisherofthatsysteminitsentiretyasaswanswimsinmaanasasarovar,ablissfullakein



Himalayas,thouswimmestinthemindsofsaintlypeoplethuswhittle,whittlethekarmiccyclesofthysaintlydevoteesthustothee,thefelicitoussinremovercalledKrishna,hailtothee[apa22]

Itiseasytosaythat'thouhastthesemblanceofsun...thineformisbrilliantlikesun...'Butitisreverse.Sunisbrilliantlikeyoubecauseyouaretheembellisherofsolarsystem...Thou,fromwhomthedaystarderivedhiseffulgence...asSWJhastputit,wouldbenearest,becausemaNDanaistheembellisherofdinamaNimaNDala.

ThisconnotesVedicimportinsayingthatSupremePerson,whoisfarbeyondthesolarorbit,butfunctionalthroughsolarsystem.Iniishaavaasyopanishad,athymn15,wehearthefollowingmantra,hymn.

hiraNmayeNapaatreNa=bygolden,disclikelidsatyasya=oftruthmukham=

faceapihitam=coveredtattvat=that,yoursapaavR^iNu=slideasidesatyadharmaaya=Iastruthful,righteousonedR^iSTaye=tovisualise,[thatwhichisbeyondyou.]

Onlookingattherisingredsun,thedevoteeisasking"Oh!Pooshan!GodSun,nourisheroftheuniverse,thetruenessoftheSupremePersoniscoveredbyyourgoldendisklikelid,i.e.,yoursolardisk,slideitaside,forasatruthfulandrighteousdevotee,Iaspiretovisualisethatwhichisbeyondyourgoldensolardisc

Thejewelofthedayetc.,indicatewhilesunisafriendlyentitytohumans,Krishnaisfarmorefriendliertothem,ashehassthirasakhitvameverfriendlylikesunsaamarthyamcapabilitytoalleviatefromthetroublesofkarmiccyclessatsahavaasamamiablefraternity.

Extollinghiminthiswayindicatesthathealonehasaccordedreleasetomanyasaintlysoul.Hence,healoneistobeveneratedforhenotonlyaccordsdeliverance,butalsobecomesablissfulpartnerduringlifetime.

:

apa23.jaya=hailkaaliya=onecalledKaaliiya,multihoodedserpentviShadhara=venom,bearerofganjana=abominatorofjanaranjana=people,fascinatorofyadukula=yadu,lineagenalina=[called]lotusdinaiisha=day,rulerofsunjayadevahare=asabove.

HailtheeforthouarttheabominatorofvenomousmultihoodedserpentcalledKaaliiya,thusthouhastbecomethefascinatorofpeopleasthesunmakestalotusabloom,thouartthesunforthebloomoflotuscalledyaduslineage,O,Krishna,hailtothee[apa23]

Hiscapabilityinabominatinganderadicatingenemies,therebyhisgladdeningthepanickedfriends,hisimpeccablelineageareextolled,makingthepoeticattributesofherosublime,calleduttamanaayakalakShaNa.

Heincarnateshimselfonearthtosavepeoplefromthetortureimposedbycertainnegativeforces.Thereforehealoneisworshipworthy,forheincarnateshimself.So,letushailhim.



:

apa24.jaya=hailmadhumuranaraka=Madhu,Mura,Narakademons

vinaashana=annihilatorofgaruDaaasana=Garuda,theDivineEagle,asyourseat[asvehicle]surakula=gods,stockofkeli=fortheirdisportingnidaana=primecausejayajayadevahare=asabove.

HailtheeforthouarttheannihilatorofendangeringdemonslikeMadhu,Mura,andNarakasittingonthinefleetlyDivineEagleGarudathouartfleetestinattendingdevotees'straitsthustothee,theprimecauserofunhindereddisportingforthestockofdevoutdivinities,O,Krishna,hailtothee[apa24]

Thebasicfunctionofgodsistoattendtotheproblemsofordinary,intimeeliminateevildoerslikethesedemons,anytime,andtoenjoyliving,everytime.

:

apa25.jaya=haila+mala=not,blemished[dispassionate,unbigotednotpure,cleanetc]kamaladala=whitelotus,petal[like]lochana=eyedonebhavamochan=mundanelife,releasertribhuvana=triad,ofworldsbhavana=becoming,[manifestation]nidhaana=primecause[or,asinothermms:tribhuvana=triadofworlds]bhavana=calledahousingnidhaana=indweller,oratreasuretrovejayadevahare=asabove.

Hailtheeforthouarttheprimecauseforthemanifestationofaresidenceforthetriadofworldsthouartthereleaserofdevoteesfrommundaneexistencewiththinelotuspetalineeyesthatareunbigoted,O,Krishna,hailtothee[apa25]

BecausetheheroissaidtobethereleaserorsaviourhisattributeisparamaaanandalakShaNa,everlastingblissfulness.

:

apa26.jaya=hailjanakasutaa=Janakas,daughter,SeethakR^itabhuuShaNa=madeyou,asherornamentjitaduuShANa=conquered[mitigated,]demonDushanaissamarashamita=inwar,mollifieddashakhaNTha=ten,throatedone,octahedronRavanajayajayadevahare=asabove.

HailtheeforJanakasdaughterSeethamadetheeasherpendantornament,forthoureposeonherbust,thustothee,themitigatorofdemonDushanaandthemollifierofoctahedralRavanainagivenwar,hailtothee[apa26]

ThereisanothershadeforanornamenttoSeetha'.RamadecoratesandpaintsfoliatedesignsonthebodyofSeetha,withanerasabletattooing.Thus,itmeansthatnolessthanRamamadedecorationsonSeetha.Secondly,whenSeethawasillateasetowearsariofananchoress,whengivenbyKaikeyiwhilegoingtoforests,Rama



demonstratesthefolding,tying,andwearingofthatdress.Thusbythesetwo,theheroisqualifiednotonlyasaromantichero,butaknowerofallartssarvakalaavishaarada.Asabraveandboldenemysubjugator,Ramaisdepictedasreleaserfrommortality,byreleasingdemonDushanafrommortalitywhichiskaaruNyabhaavabymollifyingtheselfconceitofRavana,histaaruNyabhaavaareindicated.

: apa27.jaya=hailabhinava=freshlynewjaladhara=water,bearer[black

cloud]sundara=handsomelikethatclouddhR^itamandara=sustainer,ofMt.mandara,orMantharashriimukhachandra=whoforGoddesslakSmiis,face,moonformoonlikefaceofshriichakora=chakorabirdjayadevahare=asabove.

Hailtheeforthouarthandsomelikeafreshandvapouryblueblackraincloud,yetthousustainedvoluminousMt.mandarawhenMilkyOceanwaschurnedyetthou,likeatenuouschakorabirdthatgazesatthemoontoswillmoonshine,artgazingatthemoonlikefaceofGoddesslakSmiitoswillhersheen,hailtotheeapa[27]

SofarthepersonalityofSupremePersonisportrayedwithhisattributesandendowmentssvaruuparuupaguNavibhuutiandnowthepoetisappealingonhisown,andonbehalfoffellowdevoteestobestowbeneficence.

:apa28.jaya=hailhare=oh,KrishnatavacaraNepraNataa=atyour,feet,

adoringvayam=weareitibhaavaya=thus,youdeemkurukushalam=makehappen,blessingpraNateShu=amongadorersjayadeva=asabove.

Hailtothee,oh,Krishna,deemthatweadoreyourownfeetandnothingelse,thusletyouradorersbeblestbyyourblessing,andthus,oh,felicitoussinremover,hailtothee[apa28]

Thisversemaynotbefoundinothermms.NextthepoetistakinguptheclosingverseofthiseightfootverseaSTapadi.

:

apa29.shriihare=oh,ShriKrishnaujjvala=brilliantgiitam[or,giiti]=songidamjayadevakaveH=thisone,byJayadeva,poetmaN^galam=auspicious[te=toyou]mudamkurute=rejoice,makingjayajayadeva=hail,hail,oh,god.Or,idammangalmgiitam=this,auspicious,songjayadevakaveHmudamkurute=toJayadeva,poet,rejoice,causingOrtemangalagiitam=onyou,auspicious,songjayadevakaveH=ofJayadeva,poetmangalamkurute=auspiciousness,causing[tosingersandlisteners]

Oh,ShriKrishna,letthisbrilliantsongonyourenderedbypoetJayadeva,beauspiciousandrejoicingtoyou,hail,hailtothee,oh,god



Oh,ShriKrishna,thisbrilliantandauspicioussongrenderedonyou,isrejoicingthepoetJayadeva,hail,hailtothee,oh,god

Oh,ShriKrishna,letthisbrilliantandauspicioussongonyourenderedbypoetJayadeva,beauspiciousandrejoicingtothesingersandlistenersaswell,hail,hailtothee,oh,god[apa29]

ThisissunginbhairaviraagatripuTataalachandasmangalanaayakalakShaNadhiiralalita,shR^ingaaritaalalalitaaalaapanaisavailableattheendofeachfoot.


:

16.padmaa=GoddesslakSmii'spayaHdhara=milk,bearersbosomstaTii=

perimeterparirambha=onembracing[pari=inoverarchingmannerrabh=embracing]lagna=touched[speckled]kaashmiira=saffron[vermilionmarkonforehead]mudritam=imprintedvyaktaanuraagamiva=manifest,fondness,like[heartilyfondness]khelat=pulsating[twinkling]anangakheda=byplaysofpassion,strainedsvedaambupuuram=sweat,water[drops,]filledwith[pouringforth]hR^idayaanuraagamiva=heartilyfondnesslike]madhusuudanasya=demonMadhu,eliminatorof[Krishna's]uraH=chestvaH=youall[naH=usalso]anupuurayatu=willaccordfulfilmentpriyam[a+priyam]=likes[anddislikes.]

OntightlyembracingtheperimeteroflakSmii'sbosom,speckledisherforehead'svermilionmarkonhischestthatispouringforthsweatsinceitisstrainedintheplaysofpassionwithher,whereonthatvermilionmarkistwinklinglikeanimprintforhisheartilyfondnessthatisabouttomanifest,andeffusiononhischestashisheartilyfondnessinegress,forherandforallus,henceletthatchestofKrishnaaccordfulfilmenttoourlikesanddislikes...[16]

ThatvermilionmarkonhischestappearsasaseallakSmiihasput,becausethereisnotoogenerousaccordoffortune.Itissealedincertaincases.Ifthisgodisgoingonaccording,whereisanendforit?

Whyhisheartshouldblessuswhenhehasfourhands,ofwhichoneissaidtobeablessinghand?Therewillbethreeitemsofannihilation,namelydisc,mace,andconchinhisthreehandsandthefourthoneissaidtobeabhayahasta,ablessinghand.Isitwithdrawnnoworwhat?Notso,thatblessinghandissymboliconewhenhealonefunctions.HerehischestisnowundertheauspicesoflakSmii,andthusbothofthemareblessingaheartilydoubleblessing.

Asaconsortsheknowsthathisheartfeelsfondnessforanyone,butsheisunbotheredifthatfondnessisforsomedevotee.Itwillbebothersomeifthisgodbringsinanotherladylove,apartfromthehostthatisalreadyavailable.So,asealissealed,mudritamonhisheartwithhervermilionmark,kumkuma,tilaka,asasignaltoprospectiveladyloves,ofcourse,invain.Byherdoubting,wemustinferthathehas'suchafondness'fornotonlyforRukminiandSatyabhamaandthelike,butevenmoreforRdha.

Thisisforestablishingthepoeticsaboutthehero.naayikamugdhanaayaka



kushalarasasringaaraalankaarautprekSha,aashiis,anupraasavasantatilakaisitsmetre.Next,Rdha'sdispositionisbeingnarratedaccordingtopoetics,assheistheleadingladyofthiswork.


:

17.vasante=inspringseason[springcausingspringfever]kandarpajvara

janita=byLovegod's,[love]fever,causedbychintaaakulatayaa=byanguish,disquietedvalat[calat]baadhaam=recurrently,distraught[Rdha]vaasantiikusuma=[delicate]vernal,flower[like]sukumaaraiHavayavaiH=withdainty,limbed[physique]bhramantiimkaantaare=meandering,inwoodlandsbahuvihita=inmany[ways,]makehappen[thesearch]kRîShaNaanusaraNaam=Krishna's,onewhoisfollowing[searching]raadhaa.m=toRdhasahacharii=agirlfriendsarasam=with,romanticism[romantically]a+mandam=not,slowly[hastily]idamuuche=this,said.

InspringseasonKrishnaplayingtruant,Lovegodignitinglovefever,Rdhaisdisquietedlyanguisheddistraughtrecurrentlythatdaintilylimbedgirlsimilartoadelicatereddishvernalflowermeanderedinwoodlands,unavailinglysearchingforKrishnainmanyawaytosuchadisgruntledRdha,hergirlfriendsaidthishastily,yetromantically...[17]

Becausetheherohasnotcometoher,inspiteofherearnestlonging,theheroineisvirahautkaNThita.AherohavinguniforminterestinallofhiswomenisdakShiNanaayakasringaaramvipralambhariitivaidarbhialankaaravRîttianupraasaluptaupamavRîttamsikhiriNiisthemetreofthisverse.


aSTapadi3maadhavautsavakamalaakaram

.



:

apa31.lalitalavangalataa=slimly,clovegillyflowerplants,tendrilsof

parishiilana=[lexically]onexamining,[breezeongoingoverthoseflowers,interwovenwiththeirfragrance]komala=gentlemalayasamiire=Mt.malaya[withsandalwoodtrees]breezesmadhukaranikara=honey,makers[honeybees]swarmsofkarambita=intermingledwithkokilakuujita=bykokila[blacksingingbird]croonedkunjakuTiire=inbowery,cabins

virahi=without,having[theirloversattheirside,estrangedcouples]janasya=ofsuchpeopledurante=non,stopendless,incessant[unrequited][ellipted]vasante=insuchaspringtimehathasallthisparaphernaliaunrequitedarelovelornpeopleinvernalseason

or,durantevasante=foradverse,end,tospringfever=terminableisspringfeverinspringalonetheunrequitednessoflovelornpeopleisterminablelovelornpeopleareunrequited,otherwisehariHiha1sara2savasante

saH=he,[forwhomyouaresearchingwherethesecondsabecamesaH[saHvasanteviharatinRîtyatica]hariH=Hari,Krishnavasante=inspringseasonyuvatiijanena=withgirlsofage,folkssamam=evenas[attheverymoment]viharatinRîtyati=frolicking,dancingsakhi=oh,dearsara=comeon[whenthefirstsawithrabecamesara=moveon,comeon]

samam=with,glory[gloriously]yuvatijanenRîtyati=withgirlsofage,folksof,dancessarasavante[vasante]=withsapfulbliss,inclusiveof[springseasonthatwhichcontainsthesapfulbliss]na=isn'the[phaticexpressionminus?mark]virahati=frolicking.

InthisspringtimegentlevernalbreezesfromMt.malaya,theabodeofsandalwoodtrees,thatswivelroundtheslimlytendrilsofclovegillyflowerplantsbreezegently,interwovenwithboththefragrances...inthisspringtimethathasbowerycabinsmadelivelywiththeintermingledbuzzesofhoneybeesswarmsandcroonsofKokilathrongs...hewhomyouareseekingthatKrishnaisgloriouslyfrolickinganddancingwithfolksofgirlsofageinBrindavanrightatthismoment,forthisisspring,isn'tit...oh,dear,therefore,comeon...let'sgo...lovelornpeopleareunrequited,otherwise...[apa31]

Heretheheroinecomparedtocloveplantandherotobreeze,henceuddipanavibhaavaanideaescalated.

:

32.utmada=heightened,rejoicemadanamanoratha=lust,longings[lustfulness]pathikavadhuujana=[lexically]ofitinerants,women,folksofloverlessladylovesjanitavilaape=caused,ruefulnessalikula=byhoneybee,stockof[swarmsof]sankula=hurleyburleykusumasamuuha=flowers,groupsof[bunchesof]niraakula=fullofvakula=Mimusopselengi,anyofvariousacaciaplantswithshowyyellowflowerskalaape=inthicketsannexablehariHihaviharati...durante.



Inthisspringtimethathasthicketsfullwithbunchesofshowyyellowflowers,onwhichswarmsofhoneybeesarehurleyburley...theseasonthatheightensthejoysandlongingsofwomenfolkdistancedfromtheirlovers,onlytolandtheminruefulnessandlovesickness,thatKrishnaisgloriouslyfrolickinganddancing&c...[apa3]

:

apa33.mRîga=deermada=fat[musk]saurabha=offragrancerabhasa=speediness[instantaneous]vashanvada=selfsurrendered[one'sown]navadala=havingnew,tenderleavesmaala=enwreathing[theenviron]tamaale=havingtamaalatreesyuvajana=young,people'shRîdayavidaaraNa=heart,rendingmanasija=ofmind,bornone,[Lovegod,forhetakesbirthinone'sownmind]nakha=ofnailsruchi=inshinewithkinshuka=Buteafrondosa,withbloodredflowersjaale=bunchesofannexablehariHihaviharati...durante.

Inthisseasonthathasblacktamaalatreesenwreathingtheenvironswiththeirnewtenderleavesthathavetheirownfragranceakintotheinstantaneousfragranceofdeer'smusk,andbunchesofreddishflowersthatanalogoustothetenderandroseatenailsofLovegodreadytorendtheheartsofyoungstersofage...insuchaspringKrishnaisfrolickinganddancing&c...[apa33]

:

apa34.madana=Lovegodmahiipati=land,lord[king]kanakadaNDa=golden,sceptreruchi=inshinewithkesharakusuma=Kesara[Mimisopselangi]flowersvikaase=bloomedmilita=commingledshiliimukha=iron,faced=arrow/honeybee[beesaremetaphoricaltothearrowsofLovegod,shliSTaruupaka]paaTalipaTala=cuplikedaffodilflowers,bunchesofkRîta=madeas[renderedas]smara=Lovegod'stuuNavilaase=quiver,infashionof.

NowthebloomedgoldenflowersofkesaraareinshinewiththesheenofthegoldensceptreofkinglyLovegod,therulerofspringbunchesofcuplikedaffodilsareinthefashionwithhisquiversbeesswarmingonthoseflowersarerenderedashisarrowsreadytoboltonunrequitedlovepairsinsuchaspringKrishnaisfrolickinganddancing&c...[apa34]

TheLovegod,Manmatha,hasonlyonequiverandonebow,andonlyfiveflowerarrowsaravindam,ashokam,cuutam,navamallika,niilotpalabutheretheygetmultipliedasthelovepairsaremany.

apa35.virahi=lovelornonesvigalita=completely,tumbled[utterlybereftof]



lajjita=havingprudishnessjagat=world[lovelornpeople]avalokana=onespyingtaruNakaruNa=tender,whitishkarunaflowerskRîtahaase=made,laughat[or,jagatvigalitalajjita=atpeople,whoareutterlybereftofprudishnessavalokana=onespyingtaruNa=youngstersofagewhoarewiththeirladyloves]karuNa=piteouslykRîtahaase=making,saddishgrins=[youngsterswhoarewiththeirladylovesaregrinningsadlyatthosethatarebehavingoddlyastheyaredevoidoftheirprudishness]virahi=lovelornonesnikRîntana=[asthough]tolunge,tearasunderkuntamukhaakRîti=spear,faced,inshapeketaka=ketaka,mograflowersdanturitaashe=fullwith,directionsofcompass.

Nowthefullybloomedtenderwhitishflowersofkaruna,espyinglovelornpeople,appeartobelaughingatthemfortheyareutterlydevoidoftheirprudishnessinlovesickbehaviour...whilethelongandlancelikemograflowersarealsoinfullbloominalldirections,asthoughreadytolungeandtearasundertheheartsoflovelornpeople...insuchaspringKrishnaisfrolickinganddancing&c...[apa35]

:

apa36.maadhavikaa=ofmaadhaviflowerplantGaertneraracemosaparimala=fragrancelalite=ingentlenessnavamaalika=doublejasminejaati=jasmines,Jasminumgrandiflorumsugandhau=withpleasantfragrances[or,asinothermms:navamaalikajaatisugandhau=doublejasmines,jasmines',withthefragrancesof]munimanasaamapi=saints,hearts,evenmohanakaariNi=baffle,causersof[bafflersof]taruNa=foryoungstersofagea+kaaraNabandhau[iva]=without,reason[unexpected,]kinsman,[like.]

Thisspringtimefragrantwiththegentlefragranceofmaadhaviflowers,doubledwiththepleasantfragranceofdoublejasmineandjasminescancausebafflementeventotheheartsofsaintlysaints,nottosayofyoungsters,assuchseasonisbecominganunseasonableguestforthoseyoungsters,insuchaseasonKrishnaisfrolickinganddancing&c...[apa36]

:

apa37.[vasante=inspringseason]sphurat=vibrate,titillatingatimuktalataa=maadhavi,tendrilsparirambhaNa=byoverarched,whorledmukulita=havingbudspulakita=ticklishchuute=mangotreesparisara=around,surgingparigata=around,going[flowinginanenwreathingandsurgingmanner]yamunaajalapuute=byRiverYamuna,waters,sanctifiedbRîndaavanavipine=inBrindavana,woodlands

OrbRînda=groupofyearners,yearningforloveofgodavane=thatwhichcan

alleviate,accordrelease,mokShavipine=ilderness,solitude.Inthisspringseason,wherethetitillatingtendrilsofmaadhaviclimberswhorl

aroundbuddingmangotreesinanoverarchingmannerticklingthosemangotrees...



whereRiveryamunaissurging,enwreathingandsanctifyingthatplacewithherwaters,whereagroupofyearnersareyearningfortheloveofKrishnaforfinalrelease,mokSha,isobtainablethere...insuchasecludedplacecalledBrindavana,Krishnaisfrolickinganddancing&c...[apa37]

Theclimberplantsarefeminineandthemangotreesaremasculine.Accordingtothesayingvanita,kavita,lata,naaashrayamvinaashobhateamaid,poetry,oratendrilcannotpossiblyoutshinethemselves,withnotalegtostandon.Thus,whensessilebeingsarethrillingandticklinginspring,howaboutotherlivingbeings.

:

apa38.shriihari=ShriKrishna'scharaNa=feetsmR^iti=remembrancerofsaaram=havingsapfulbliss,[or,smR^itisaaram=formeditatingsaaram=thebestsarasa=playsofpassion,sapfulbliss,onehavingsuchingredients

Orsarasa=congenialpoetry]vasantasamaya=spring,timevana=woodlands[or,

aboutgregariouslyreclusiveBrindavana]varNanam=havingdepictationanugata=ingoing,imbibedmadanavikaaram=withpassional,immoderationsidamjayadevabhaNitam=this,Jayadeva,utteredby[poetry]udayati=dawning,emerging,comingup.

ThispoemcanbearemembrancerofKrishna'sfeet,forithasalltheingredientstoobtainasapfulblissfromthemthisisevenabestandcongenialpoemtomeditateuponthosefeetasthishasasapiddepictationaboutthegregariouslyreclusiveBrindavananditsspringtimewoodlandsevenimbibedarethepassionalimmoderationsofspringtimelovefeverssuchapoemisnowcomingup,asutteredbyJayadeva,onthefeetofShriKrishna...[apa38]

InthisaSTapadi:alankaarajaatinaayikamadhyanaayakadakShiNarasavipralambhasringaarachandalayaraagavasantataalajhampa.Thus,thisaSTapadinamedmaadhavotsavakamalaakaramconcludeshere.


:

18.dara=alittle,justvidalita=unfolded,bloomingmalliivalli=jasmine,

intertwinesoftendrilschanchat=onjigglingparaaga=bypollenprakaTita=madeknown,disseminatingpaTavaasaiH=withperfumedpowdersprays[asinplayingholifestival]kaananaanivaasayan=woodlands,onmakingfragrantketakiigandhabandhuH=ofketakiflowers,fragranceof,arelativelike[inleaguewith]prasarat=ramblinga+sama=anunequalledone[Lovegod's]baaNa=bow,[Lovegod'sbow]praaNavat=hislives,asif[or,forcefullybyLovegod]gandhavaahaH=perfume,



carrierbreezeiha=nowchetaHdahatihi=hearts,burning,indeed.Jigglingontheintertwinesofjasminetendrilsfullwithjustbloomedjasmines,the

springtimebreezeisdisseminatingtheirpollen,likethespraysofperfumedpowdersprinkledinspringtimecolourfulplayscalledholikamahotsavam,sayholiwhileramblingso,itisevendisseminatingthefragranceofketakiflowers,inleaguewiththatofjasmines,renderingwholewoodlandsfragrantmoreoverthisbreeze,thoughacoolantfragrancecarrier,ithasbecomeasifthelifebreathofLovegod,andnowitisforcefullyburningtheheartsofestrangedcouples,indeed...[18]

Thisversehas:alankaarasamaasokti,vrittyanupraasa,upamasringaaravipralambhariitipaancaalimetremaalini.


:

19.madhugandhalubdha=honey,fragrance,greedyofmadhupa=by

honeybeesvyaadhuuta[viaadhuuta]=upheavedunmiilat=unfolding,justsprouted[tenderleaves]chuutaankurakriiDat=inmango,tenderleaves,playingkokila=Kokila,singingbirdskaakalii=pleasantkalakalaiH=withsingsongcoocooing[kila,kilasonomatopoeicwords]udgiirNakarNajvaraaH=heightened,ear,fever[frenzy]amiivaasaraaH=these,daysdhyaana=ruminationanudhaana[avadhaana]=interestedin[daydreaming]kShaNa=foramomentpraaNasamaa=lives,coequal[alterego]praaptasamaagama=bechanced[cametomind,]togethernessrasaullaasaiH=inmouthwatering[inravishing,]felicitykathamkathamapi=somehow,somehow,evensopathikaiH=byitinerantsniiyante=ledaway.

Honeybeesgreedyforthefragrantnectarofmangoflowersareupheavingthejustsproutedleafletsofmangotreessingingkokilabirdsflittinginthoseleaves,equallygreedytonibblethenewleafletsofmangos,aresuddenlydisturbedwhenbeesswarmedmangoflowersandtheyaretakingtotheirwingswiththeirpleasantsingsongcoocooinglisteningtheseclarioncallsofKokilasheightenedisthefrenzyofearsofitinerants,fortheiralteregoslikeladylovescametotheirmindforamoment,butunavailinglythustheyaresomehowspendingspringtimebydreamyruminationontheirdreamyravishingfelicitytogetherwiththeirladyloves,asindaydreaming.[19]

Thisspringtimeismorebothersomethanthebotherofseparationfromtheirladyloves,andhencetimehaspredominanceonearthlings,mayitbehumansorothers.Buthumanscanquenchtheirdesiresindreams,andwhentheycandreamaboutembracingtheirladyloves,theycanevendreamabouttheallembracingKrishna.HereRdhaisnotadvisedtobedreamy,buttoquicklyreachhergoal,namelyKrishna.Springistheonlyseasonforpastoralpoetryandhenceitisextolledthusfar.alankaarakaavyalingariitigauDishringaaravipralambhametreshaarduulavikrriDitam.




:

110.asausakhii=this,girlfriend[ofRdha]anekanaarii=notone[many,]womenofageparirambha=inembracingsambhrama=anxiousofsphurat=erratic[scintillatingone]manaHhaari=heartstealingonevilaasalaalasam=infrolicking,interestedmuraarim=demonMura's,enemyaaraat=invicinitysamakSham=withineyeshotupadarshayanti=sheisshowinghimraadhikaampunaHaaha=toRdha,again,telling.

ThisgirlfriendofRdhaistellingheragainbyshowinghimwhoisinthevicinityandwithineyeshot,whoisscintillatinglyanxioustoembracenotone,butmanywomen,onewhoisaheartstealerandaninterestedoneinfrolicking,moresoanenemyofMura,namelyKrishna.[110]

ThisversehassringaarasambhoganaayakadakShiNaalankaaraanupraasmetrevamshastha.


aSTApadi4saamodadaamodarabhramarapadam

.

:

apa41.Showinghimwhosegetupis:chandana=withsandalpastecharchita=

bedaubedniilakalevara=onbluish,bodypiita=[palebrownishyellow]ochryvasana=silkcloths[cladin]vanamaalii=onewhowearsagarlandofbasilleavesandflowerskelichalat=whileplaying[whileromping,]moving[swaying]maNikuNDala=gems[gemstudded,]knobbyearhangingsmaNDita=by[earknobs]embellishedgaNDayuga=cheeks,pairsmitashaalii=asmilerwithsuchdispositionagleefulonehariHiha=Krishna,nowvilaasini=ravishing[damsels]mugdha=coylyvadhuunikare=damsels,ingroup[amidstcoterie]vilasati=frolickingkelipare=ingame[hereinrondeFr.ronde=n.adanceinwhichthedancersmoveinacircle,raasaliila,raasakriiDa]rapturous[game.]

HisSapphirinebodybedaubedwithsandalpaste,cladinochrysilks,garlandedwithagarlandofbasilleavesandflowers,cheeksembellishedwithflappinggemstuddedknobbyearhangingswhileheisromping...seethatgleefulKrishnanowamidst



acoterieofravishingandcoylydamsels,inarapturousronde[apa41]AllthesestanzasaregirlfriendsdialoguewithRdha,buttheaddressingoh,

Rdhaisomitted.Withthisshehasalsosaid,whenyouarehere,anexpertinromanticamusement,leavingyouKrishnasfrolickingwithcoyly,simplisticandnavegirlsisunbefittingforhimhence,yougoatoncenaayikautkaNThita.

Manytakethewordniilakalevaraasanabsoluteblackcolourofbody,whileitisskyblueblack,onparwithskybluepinkn.&adj.n.animaginarycolour,orsomewhatsemisapphirineblueandsimileswiththeskyitself,asskyistheAbsolutekhambrahma.Hence,somehexvalueistobederivedforthishueofskyblueblackatleastnow,orsaidassomewhatsapphirinebluishcolour.Andpiitaambaraandvanmaalaarenotjustrustlingochrysilksandgarlandofwildleaves,butthosebasilleavesandsilkengarmentsarealsotheremoversofsins.

:

apa42.kaachit=someonegopavadhuuH=milkers,damsel[milkmaid,vadhuu

neednotbeabride/wifealways]piinapayodhara=withbosomy,bustbhaarabhareNa=weight,carrying[bytheirweightiness]saraagam=with,longingharim=atKrishnaparirabhya[ramya]=inover[archingmanner,]hugging[cleavingto]udanchita=inaheightenedpanchama=fifth[note,octave]raagam=melodiouslyanu=intunewithhisfluting]gaayati=singingannex:haririhakelipare=asabove.

Someone,amilkmaid,eagertoeasetheweightinessofherbosomybustiscleavingtoKrishnainaoverarchingmanner,andtheninaheightenedoctavesheissingingmelodiouslyintunewithhisflutinghence,hethatgleefulKrishna&c[apa42]

Thedamselishuggingevenbeforetheherotriestoembraceherhence,sheisineagernessashernaayikalakShaNaismugdha,ameekishheroine.Somescholarstranslatethiswordmugdhaasafoolishgirl.Thistranslatesasinnocent,ignorant,artlessrhetoricalnaayika,artlessinsofarasromanticadvancesareconcerned.Ifthisblackboyandwhitegirlcombinationissetasideforawhile,itisthetwosomeofdevoteegod,tryingtoachieveoneness,inwhichthedevoteehastomakehis/herfirstmovetoembracethegod,asinmarkaTanyaayamothermonkeyandchildmonkeysyndrome,thatcontrastswithmaarjaalanyaayacatkittensyndrome.Swellingbosomssuggestsswellingmilkydevotion,wherebothemergefrombosomalone,contrarytoalipservice.

:

apa43.kaaapi=someone,evenmugdhavadhuuH=meekish,damsel[onewho

isaninexpertinromancing,sringaaraceSTaaHabhaava]vilaasa=byromanticgesticulations[ofeyes][haavabhaavaceSTaaHshuunyataofKrishna,orofthat



milkmaid]vilola=verily,flusteredvilochana=wide,eyeskhelana=bytheirplay[ofeyes,slanting,sidingglances]janita=causedmanaHjam=mind,causerof[onewhocangiverisetoLovegod,Krishna,personifiedpassion]madhusuudana=demonMadhus,eliminator[Krishnas]vadana=facesaraHjam=lake,born[lotus,beautifullotuslikebeautifulface]adhikamdhyaayati=highly[fixatedly,]contemplating.

SomemeekishdamselhelplesslyremainingonthesidelinescameintothesightofsidelongglanceswithromanticgesticulationsofflutterywideeyesofKrishna,andpassionisenkindledinherbutthatgirl,inexpertinromance,atoncestartedgazingatthebeautifullotusyfaceoftheeliminatorofdemonmadhu,namelyKrishna,andfixatedlycontemplatedonit...thus,thatgleefulKrishna&c[apa43]

OrSomemeekishdamselisalsoimpassionedforsheistherewithhiminherinexpert

gesticulationsofromance,liketactlesssidelongglanceswithherflusteredwideeyes,shecaughtasightofthebeautifullotusyfaceofKrishnafromthenonshefixatedlycontemplatedonthatface,forsheisanexpertincontemplationthus,thatgleefulKrishna&c[apa43]

Allmaynotbeexpertdanseusesorsongsters,butlovingnessiscommoninall.Somegirlcamethere,butshebecameathirdrowballerina,orfourthrowchorusgirl,eventhenthatenvironenkindlesakindofbelongingnessinher,andshelongedforhiminherwayprekSyaprekSakariiti.Usuallycontemplationscomeinwhentheobjecttocontemplateisnotbeforetheeyes.Butheisverymuchthere,eventhen,sheiscontemplating.Again,sheismugdha,somewhatartless,meekishheroine.Reachinghimisthegoal,whetheritisabodilyreaching,orreachingthroughcontemplation.SomederivethewordmadhusuudanavadanasarojambasingontherootSuudakSharaNeasmadhu=honey,nectarsuudana=spillingthatlotuslikefaceispouringforthpotablenectarofgrace.

:

apa44.kaaapi=someone,evennitambavatii=onewithbigbuttocksshrutimuule=ear,baseof[atholeonearlobe]kimapi=something,evenlapitum=tosaymilitaa=onreachinghisbentearthatisnowpulakaiHanukuule=bytickles,madeconvenient[whenKrishnasfaceistickly,hischeekisbentforherconveniencetokissit]kapolatale=oncheeks,surfacedayitam=himthatlover[Krishna]chaaruchuchumba=goodly[amusingly,]kissed.

SomefatbummedgirlnearedhimfeigningtosaysomethinginhisearreachingherloverKrishnawhoseticklyfaceisnowconvenientlyturnedsidewaysinallearsforherbutsheamusinglykissedhischeekinatriceinpreferencetoawhisperthusthatgleefulKrishna&c...[apa44]

pulakitatickly,whenladylovetouchedhisears,hisbodybecameticklyandthushehadtomovehischeekssideways,whichshethoughtagesturetolistentoherwhispernitambavatibecauseherbuttocksareheavyshecouldnotrunaracewithKrishna,henceshepausedhiminhisdancesayinglistenthisandthencarriedoffherwishnaayikaprauDha[somewhatartfulone]naayakaanukuula[acquiescentone.]



:

apa45.kaachit=someonekeli=[manmathakeli]playsofpassionskalaa=

artistrykutukenaca=withenthusiasm,also[parihaasenaca=withglee,also]yamunaajalakuule=RiverYamuna,waters,onitsbankmanjula=beautifulvanjulakunja=ashokatree,bowergatam=onewhohasgonethere,frolickinginthereamum=himdukuule=byhisdresskareNa=withherhandvichakarSa=luggingalong.

Anothermilkmaidenthusiasticintheartistryofplaysofpassion,andpassionatetoplayinthewatersofriverYamunaalongwithKrishna,foundhimfrolickinginabeautifulboweratthatashokatree,andseizinghisgarmentsheisgleefullydrawinghimtowardswater,thusthatgleefulKrishna&c...[apa45]

Krishnaisotherwisebusyanyaasaktasoshehadtolughimalongbycatchinghissilkuppercloth.naayikaadhiira.TheexpressionyamunaakuulewouldhavebeensufficientforYamunariverbank.ButitissaidarivercalledYamunathatcontainswaterandbanks.Arivernaturallycontainswaterandbanks,thenwhythatredundantusageofwaterplusbanks?IthastwopurposessheisinterestedinsportinginwaterwithKrishna,andtheotheristoindicatethatwaterscoolingeffectandsanctificationshaityatva,paavanatvaandhencethewordwatersisusedemphatically.

:

apa46.yuvatiH=amaidenkaratala=hand,surfacewithpalmstaala=by

clappingrhythmicallytarala=movingvalaya=[valayaangada]=heavywristmetalroundletsavali=agroupof,asetofsuchbraceletskalita=intermingling[touchingonetoone,clanking,clanksminglingwithfluting]kalasvana=avyaktamadurasvana=undefinabledulcetclanksvamshe=onewhohasafluteva.msha=bamboomohanavamshii=nameofKrishnasbamboofluteraasa=raasakriiDa=inplaysofpassion,inronderase=zealous[Krishna]saha=alongwithnR^ityaparaa=indancing,engrossedhariNaa=byHari,Krishnaprashashanse=[thatmaidenis]commended.

WhileamaidenisengrossedinrondedancingalongwithzealouslydancingKrishna,sheisclappingherpalmsinrhythmtohisfluting,whiledoingsosetsofherheavybraceletsareclankinginundefinabledulcetclanks,interminglingwiththatfluting,thusthatflautistofmohanavamshi,theDivineFlute,namelyKrishna,isflutingthepraisesuntoher...thus,thatgleefulKrishna&c...[apa46]

Byemployingthewordrasaraaseitissaid,thoughthisgirlisaninexpertinsuperfinesinginganddancing,sheisexpertinherrustic,moorish,andboorishdances,hencesheisawareofbeatandrhythmlayataalaj~naana,therebysheispraiseworthy.



:

apa47.saH=suchasheis,hethatKrishnakaamapi=someone,evenshliSyati=cleavestokaamapichumbati=someone,even,kisseskaamapi=someone,evenraamaam=delightfuldamselramayati=hedelights[her]smita=beamingcaarutaraam=beauty,inhighdegree[mostbeautifullass]aparaam=anotheronepashyati=seestoher,payattentiontovaamaam=leftist,aflightygirlanu=intowgacChati=goesafter.

SuchfrolicsomeKrishnaisevencleavingtosomeonekissingsomeonedelightingsomeonewhoisadelightfuldamselpayingattentiontoanothermostbeautifuldamselwithbeamingsmilesfollowingaflightygirlwithslantingglances,thus,thatgleefulKrishna&c[apa47]

HerethewordraamaamisgenerativefromrootramuramukriiDaayaamonewhogivesandtakesdelightinwhichsheisdelighted.ThiswordisontheanalogyofthenameofRamainRamayana.Whenthesyllableaisprolongedtoaaraamaaitbecomesfemininedelighterandthedelighted.Andsmitacaarutaraamor,smitacaaruparaambeaminglysmilingindicatesherreadinessforintimacy,expressedinasmileitself.Hence,thispieceofpoemisfloridlysmiley.Thewordvaamaamisdispleased,irritated,peeved,vexed,querulousgirl.Evenifsheweretobeso,hecantamehershrewdnessandbringherroundbygoingafterher.nayakacatura[artful.]

Alltheseactsareperformedsequentiallyoratatime?Atatimeonlyistheanswer.HowcanoneKrishnabecomemanyatatime,isitssequel.Thatiswhatraasakriidaorraasaliilais,andunimaginablearehisacts,deeds,orplaysofpassion.Thusthispoetry,thoughexpressedinmundaneparlance,attainsasupramundaneeros[aspirationtowardvalue]adivinelusting.ThepoetsaysinthenextfootthatiswhythisisanamazingactofKrishnaadbhutam.

:

apa48.vR^indaavanavipine=inBrindavana,woodlandscharita=whatthat

happensyashasyam=endowinggloriousness[ifsungordancedtoitstunes]keshavakelirahasyam=Krishnas,playsofpassion,arcanenessofjayadevabhaNitamidam=byJayadeva,articulated,thisadbhutam=anadmirablepoemlalitam=exquisite[pleasuregiver]libretto,[withdoubleentendre=n.awordorphraseopentotwointerpretations,oneusu.risquorindecent,herethewholepoem]shriishriisuukti=felicitous,saying,poemshubhaanivitanotu=prosperities,letitradiate[tr.transmitordemonstratelife,love,joy,etc.radiateshappiness].

ParsingInanotherway:yashasyam=endowinggloriousness[ifsungordancedtoitstunes]vR^indaavana

vipine=inBrindavana,woodlands[whatthathappens]lalitam=exquisite[pleasuregiver]adbhuta=admirablekeshava=Krishnaskelirahasyam=playsofpassion,



arcanenessofidam=thisjayadevabhaNitam=byJayadeva,articulatedshriishriisuukti=felicitous,saying,lyric,libretto,[withdoubleentendre=n.awordorphraseopentotwointerpretations,oneusu.risquorindecent,herethewholepoem]shubhaanivitanotu=prosperities,letitradiate[tr.transmitordemonstratelife,love,joy,etc.radiateshappiness.]

Thissong,whichendowsgloriousnesstothedevoteesofKrishna,ifsungordancedtoitstunes,andwhichcontainsthearcanenessabouttheexquisiteplaysofpassionofKrishnainequallyarcanusBrindavana,isarticulatedbyJayadeva,thusletitradiateprosperitiestooneandall[apa48]

Withthisthepoetconcludesthislyric.HereKrishnahimselfisanadbhutam,becauseheismanifestseparatelytoeachofthemilkmaidinatrice,thoughremaininghimselfasoneentity.Inthislyricthewordskelirahasyamareusuallytranslatedassecretssports,orsecretlovegamesetc.,takingthemtoberahasyakelikalaapam,butthewordrahasyamqualifiesthewordkeli.Thentheyarethesecretsaboutthoseplays,ofwhichthepoetwishestotell,butnothowsecretlytheplaysareplayed,andKrishnaisnocovertplayer,eitherinthesedancedramasofBhaagavataorinthepoliticsofMahaBhaarata.chandaslaya.


:

111.sakhi=oh,friend,RdhamugdhaH=charming[notmeekish]hariH=KrishnavishveShaam=forallintheworldanuranjanena=tocausemutualintimacyaanaanandamjanayan=happiness,tocauseindiivara=blueblacklotusesshreNii=rowsofshyaamala=blueblackishkomalaiH=daintilyangaiH=withlimbsana.ngautsavam=Lovegod's,festival[vasantautsavam,carnivalesqueexcitation]upanayan=tonear,draw[todrawnigh]abhitaH=byall[externallimbsandinternalheartfeltfeelings]svacChandam=unreservedlypratia.ngam=each,limbvraja=countycalledVrajaprovincesundariibhiH=bybeautifuldamsels[ofVrajacounty]aali.ngitaH=embraced[Krishnaisembraced]shR^i.ngaaraHivamuurtimaan=romance,like,embodimentofmadhau=inspringtimekriiDati=playing[titillating.]

Or,inanotherway:sakhi=oh,friendhariH=Krishna[withhispersonage,thatis]mugdhaH=with

heartstealingvishveShaam=forallintheworldanuranjane=toaccorddelightaanaanandamjanayan=rejoice,tocauseangaiH=withparts[romanticisedfactorsthatareapttocausehappiness,like]indiivarashreNii=blueblacklotuses,clustersshyaamala=darker[ambiencewithblackTamaalatrees,nightfall,nightlyYamunariveretc.]komalaiH=softish[flowerbeds,greensward,sanddunes]ana.ngautsavam=Lovegod's,festivity[vasantosavamcarnivalesqueexcitation]upanayan=bringingoffabhitaH=alloversvacChandam=unreservedlypratia.ngam=every,



limbvrajasundariibhiH=bygoing,beauties[beautieswhoarepassingbyhim]aali.ngitaH=embraceablemuurtimaan=onehavingsuchabody,bodilypresenceshR^i.ngaaraHiva=[personified]romance,asthoughmadhaukriiDati=inspringtime,frolicking.

Oh,friendRdha,charmingKrishnaistitillatinginBrindavaninthisspringtime,causinghappinessandmutualintimacyamongalltheworldlybeings,andbythepresenceofhissapphirinebluishanddaintilylimbedbody,thatsimilewiththesprayeyrowsofblueblacklotuses,heappearstobefetchingtheannualvasantotsava,thecarnivalesqueexcitation,hencesuchlimbsareunreservedlyembracedbythebeautifuldamselsofVrajacounty,eitherwiththeirbodilylimbsorbytheirheartfeltfeelings,thusheisappearinglikeanembodimentofromance...[111]

OrOh,friendRdha,KrishnainBrindavaniswithadelightingpersonagethatisheart

stealingforallpeople,anditisapttocauserejoiceinoneandall,addedaretheromanticisedfactorsofBrindavan,likedarkishambiencewithblackTamaalatrees,nightfall,nightlyYamunariver,andsoftishflowerbeds,greensward,andripariansanddunes,andhisverybodilypresenceisasthoughthepersonifiedromance,bringingofftheannualvasantotsava,carnivalesqueexcitation,andthebeautiesofVraja,movingpasthimaredeemingthatpersonalityasanunreservedlydependableandembraceableembodiment,henceKrishnaisfrolickingwiththeminthisspringtime,ashereckonsthemasdependentsandembraceddevotees...

WhenitissaidviSveSaamanuranjanenaKrishnabeingcapabletodelightwholeworldinhisownnature,herehebecameamugdhapersonalitycharminglygracefulyoungster,notafoolishboy,anddelightedthemandgotdelightfromthem,thoughtheyarenowherenearhisOmniscience.

vasantotsavaincludesmanyfestivalslikesnaanayaatraablutionfestival,hindolayaatraswingfestival,raasayaatrafestivalofcirculardance,rathayaatrachariotfestival,dolaayatraorholifestival,inwhichpeoplecomeoutasincarnivalsandcoloursprayswaterandpowdersprinkledforamusement.ItisannualandtakesitrootinKrishnaliilasofBrindavan.

alankarashleSa,diipakariitivaidarbhirasasringaaarasharduulavikriiditamitsmetreandthisoneverseisrepletewithincommunicablereflectionsfrombhaaratiiyasringaarashaastratreatisesonaestheticsofromanticism,buttheyareleftoutforthepresent.


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112.shriikhaNDa=MalayashailaanilaH=mountain's,breezesnitya=always



utsa.nga=incloseproximityvasat=lives,inhabitsbhuja.nga=byserpentskavala=gluttonisedkleshaat=byagony[fromtheirfangs]iva=asthoughpraaleya=insnowwaterplavana=toplungedownicChayaa=desirousofiishaachalam=god's,mountain[iishaHacalam=Shiva's,not,mobilemountain,or,iishaaguruHacalaH=Paarvati,fatherof=Himalayamadhyamapadalopasamaasa]anusarati=following,coursingtoki.mcha=why,even[further]rasaalamauli=mangotrees,attopssnigdhamukulaani=tender[eatable,]sproutedbudsaalokya=onseeingharShaudayaat=rejoice,ondawning,burgeonedkalauttalaaH=inexplicablymelodious,heightenedintonekuhuuHkuhuuHiti=coo,coo[onomatopoeicwords,]thuspikaanaamgiraH=Kokilas,words,voicingunmiilanti=unfolding[sallyingforth.]

BothbreezesandserpentsinhabitinthesandalwoodgrovesofMtmalayawhereserpentsrepeatedlybitebreezesastheyfeedinguponthem,wherebybreezesundergofervidityandcoursenorthwardtotakeaplungeinHimalayansnowwaterstocooloffthatfeverishness,dealingoutlovefervidityenroutewhybreezes,evenhighrejoiceisburgeoninginkokilabirdsonseeingjustsproutedtenderbudsonmangotrees,suddenlysallyingforthcoocoovoicinginaninexplicablymelodiousandheightenedtones,onlytoheightenunrequitedrejoiceandlovesickness...thusthisspringtimeisblithesome...[112]

Thewordkuhu,kuhuuHalsomeansnomoonnight,withoutastreakofmoon.ThecooingofKokilasisabothertoestrangedcouple,yettheyaresinginginfifthoctavepancamasvaraonlytointensifythetroublesofsuchcouples.Themoonisanenemytotheestrangedcouple,forhisveryappearanceenhancestheiruneasypassion.Andsomehow,thenomoondayamaavaashyacanbetolerated.Thesoundsofblackkoelsarealmostlikenomoondaythatintimidatesthemoon.Butthesingingofkoelsismorepainful,andallthisculminatesintospringfever,arestlessorlethargicfeelingsometimesassociatedwithspring.

riitivaidarbhivarNaanupraasashabdaalankaaraupamahetuardhaaalankaarashaarduulavikriiDitamisitsmetre.Next,thepoetwhileclosingthefirstcantoistellingablessingbenedictionaashiirvaadaruupakamangalaaacaraNa.


:

113.premaandhayaa=bylove,blinded[heedless]raadhayaa=byRdharaasa=

inrondedanceullaasabhareNa=rejoice,repletewithvibhramabhR^itaam=overwhelm,bearers[thosegirlsthatbearanoverwhelmedmood=vivaciousgirls]aabhiira=milkmaidsvaama=withcurvedbhruvaam=eyebrowsabhyarNam=incloseproximity[drawingnighofhim]uraH=chest[ofKrishna]nirbharam=ardentlyparirabhya=huggedsaadhu=byfar[enthusiastically]tvatvadanam=your,facesudhaamayam=nectar,aboundingwithiti=thusvyaahR^itya=onsayinggiita=song[ofKrishna]stuti=eulogisingvyaajaat=onthepretextofutkhaTa=



excitedlycumbita=onewhoiskissed[byRdha]smita=bysmilesmanaHhaarii=heart,stealinghariH=Hari,KrishnavaH=us,allofuspaatu=ruleover[saveoursouls.]

BlindedbyherloveforKrishna,Rdhadrewnighofhim,whoisamongvivaciousmilkmaidswithcurvyeyebrows,andwhoarerepletewithrejoicewhileinrondedancing,butRdhaardentlyhuggedhischestamongallofthem,andenthusiasticallysaidthus,"Yourfaceisnectareous...thusyoursingingmustbenectarean...comesingnow...Andthen,onthepretextofeulogisinghissinging,shestartedtokisshim,andhewhoisthuskissedbyRdhaisallsmilesforher,andhewhostealsheartswithhisbeamingsmiles,thatKrishnamaysaveoursouls...[113]

InthislyricsringaaravipralambhanaayikapragalbhanaayakamugdhathemannerofhuggingiscalledvR^ikShaadhiruuDhatreeclimbingembracetarumivakamitaaramcumbanaaartaaadhiroDhumyadabhilaSatinaariitatcavR^ikShaadhiruuDhamthekissingstyleiscallednamitakawheremilkmaidsarehappyenoughwithkissingandkissesabhiirajaaHcumbanahaaryacittaaHalankaaraaashiis,aprastutaprasanga,vyaajoktiu,aakShepa,hetusinceRdhaadvanced,someheroine'sbraveryistherenaayikautsaaharuupaviirarasaanuvrittiaarabhaTiriitipaancaaligiitiarthamaagadhigaanasthitilayaItsmetreisshaarduulavikriiDitam.

.

Thus,thisisthe1stchapter,sAmodadAmodaram,ingiitagovindamofkavi

jayadeva.

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