g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotf / ;+3Lotf

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotf

g]kfn

sf] ;

+ljwfg

/ ;+3Lo

tf


of] k'l:tsf c:6]«lnof ;/sf/ / lb Plzof kmfp08]zgsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rflnt :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;anLs/0f sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o;df cleJoQm ljrf/x?n] ;+:yfut wf/0ffnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub}{gg\ .

klxnf] ;+:s/0f r}t @)&^ (March 2020)

5flkPsf] k|lt !)))

k|sfzs hg;+Vof tyf ljsf;sf nflu ;f+;bx¿sf] /fli6«o d~r, g]kfn kmf]g g+= )!–%&)^&#$, cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+

k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|sfzsdf lglxt

k|]; d]3f sn/ k|]; k|f= ln= sf7df8f}F, g]kfn

k|fSsygnfdf] ;dosf] /fhgLlts ptfr9fj / åGåkZrft\ g]kfnn] @)&@ ;fndf gofF

;+ljwfg kfof] . of] ;+ljwfgn] w]/} /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] ;fy} wfld{s :jtGqtf / n}+lus lje]b cGTosf] ;'lglZrt u/]sf]

5 . o;sf] Jojl:yt, kf/bzL{ tl/sfaf6 x'g] sfof{Gjogn] ljutsf ;d:ofsf] Go"gLs/0f x'g;S5 .

;+ljwfgdf ;d]l6Psf ljifosf] sfof{Gjog kIf r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . cNkljsl;t b]z,

ul/jL, clzIff, ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkgdf sdhf]/L, o'jfx¿sf] knfogn] xfdLnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjogdf cK7\of/f] kfg{ ;S5 . o; cfwf/df ;+ljwfg agfPsf

/fhgLlts zlQmx¿n] ljj]s / Ifdtf b]vfpFb} ;dGjofTds tl/sfn] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

;fj{ef}d g]kfnL hgtfsf k|ltlglwn] agfPsf] of] ;+ljwfg ckl/jt{gLo xf]Og . hgtf g} o; ;+ljwfgsf ;|f]t ePsfn] hgrfxgf adf]lhd o;nfO{ ;doqmddf

kl/dflh{t ub}{ hfg' kg]{ x'g;S5 . ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] rf/ jif{eGbf a9Lsf] of] ;dodf ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ ku]{Ng of] k'l:tsf tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;df xfdLn] ;+ljwfg agfpFbfb]lv o;sf] sfof{Gjog x'Fbf;Ddsf cg'ejx¿nfO{

;d]6]sf 5f}F . ;+ljwfg agfpFbf s] ;f]lrPsf] lyof] / sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf s] s:tf

;lhnf / hl6ntf b]lvP eGg] cg'ej oxfF hfGg vf]lhPsf] xf] .

;s];Dd ;a} ln+u, ju{, wd{, j0f{, If]q / ljrf/wf/fx¿ ;d]6]/ ;+ljwfg agfOPsf]

eGg] ts{ o; k'l:tsfsf n]vn] u/]sf 5g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv rln/x]sf] cflbjf;L, dw]zL, dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf cfofdx?nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf ;d6]sf] ljifo o; k'l:tsfdf k/]sf 5g\ . o;n] xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf] alnof] kIfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg]5 .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] qmddf ePsf sdhf]/LnfO{ b]vfpFb} o;n] sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf

s] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]vfk/] eGg] s'/f klg of] k'l:tsfdf k/]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg cfk}mn] Ifdtf a'l4 ljj]s afF8\g g;Sg] x'Fbf ePsf pknlAwsf] sfof{Gjog ub}{

;+;f]wgsf] af6f] ;dfTg'kg]{ ts{ 5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ljuts} k|rng cjnDag ul/Psfn] s]xL cfz+sfx? klg ul/Psf] 5 . vf;u/L k|zf;lgs

;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf] cfz+sf ul/Psf] xf] . ;du|df k'l:tsfdf ;d]l6Psf

n]vx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf pknlAwsf] /Iff ub}{ sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf b]lvPsf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Rrfpg cfx\jfg u/]sf] 5 .

oL ljljw cfofdx? ;d6\g xfdLn] ;DalGwt ljifosf 1ftf jf cg'ejLx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf lyof}F . k'l:tsfsf] ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug]{ qmddf ;+ljwfg ;efsf

cWoIf Pj+ ;+ljwfgljb\ dfggLo ;'jf;rGb| g]Djfª, /fli6«o ;efsf k|d'v k|ltkIfL bnsf g]tf Pj+ ;+ljwfgljb\ dfggLo /fw]Zofd clwsf/L, ;+ljwfgljb\ dfggLo

nId0fnfn s0f{, ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o Pj+ dlxnf g]t[ >L dxfnIdL pkfWofo l8gf / k"j{ d"Vo ;lrj tyf ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf lj1 8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL Ho"x¿n]

xfd|f] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsfg'{eof] . dfggLo ;'jf;rGb| g]Djfª / dfggLo /fw]Zofd clwsf/L;Fu xfdLn] cGtjf{tf{ u/L To;sf] ptf/ u/]sf lyof}F . o;/L tof/ ePsf]

n]vnfO{ pxfFx¿n] g} ;Dkfbg u/L k7fpg'ePsf] lyof] . c? n]v rflxF n]vsx¿n] g} k7fpg'ePsf] lyof] . o;/L cfgf cg'ej, b[li6sf]0f / ;'emfjx¿ /flvlbg'

ePsf]df pxfFx¿k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .

of] k'l:tsf tof/ kfg{ cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] lb Pl;of kmfp08]zg,

g]kfnnfO{ wGojfb 5 . hg;+Vof tyf ljsf;sf nflu ;f+;bx¿sf] /fli6«o d~r -PgPkmkLkL8L_;Fu ;fem]bf/Ldf ;xof]u k'/fpg] kmfp08]zgsf cdf]n cfrfo{k|lt

ljz]if cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . ;fy} ;+:yfsf k|d'v d]ug gfNaf], pk–k|d'v lk|lt yfkf tyf pQm ;+:yfs} zf;g lgb]{zs >L lji0f' clwsf/L, k/z'/fd pkfWofo, gldt jfUn] / ;'dLgf sfsL{ nufotsf] ;d'xnfO{ xflb{s wGoafb 5 . To;}u/L PgPkmkLkL8Lsf

cWoIf dfggLo lbns'df/L /fjn yfkf -kfj{tL_ / cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cd"No ;'emfj, /fo / k/fdz{sf nflu ljz]if wGoafb 5 . k'l:tsfnfO{ clGtd ?kdf

Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'ePsf >L /fd u'/fufO{ Pj+ ljljw sfo{df

;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df >L /fdafa' clwsf/L / >L lx/f clwsf/Lk|lt s[t1 5' .

cGtdf o; k'l:tsfdf cleJoQm ljrf/ n]vsx¿sf x'g\ . o;n] lb Plzof

kmfp08]zg / PgPkmkLkL8Lsf] ;+:yfut wf/0ffnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub}{gg\ .

8f= eLidgfy clwsf/L ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o sfo{qmd ;+of]hs

hg;+Vof tyf ljsf;sf nflu ;f+;bx¿sf] /fli6«o d~r

ljifo ;"rL

k[i7

!= ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fb]lv ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog;Ddsf] ofqf !

– df= ;'jf;rGb| g]Djfª

@= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tyf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf !@

– df= /fw]Zofd clwsf/L

#= ;+ljwfg aGg] qmddf ePsf sdhf]/L, pknlAwsf] /Iff / ;+ljwfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg @&

– df= nId0fnfn s0f{

$= dlxnf clwsf/sf cfofdx¿ $)

– dxfnIdL pkfWofo l8gf

%= g]kfndf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg %)

– 8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotf 1

cf/De

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;Gbe{df xfd|f] cfg} cg'ej 5 . ljutdf xfdLn] w]/}

;+ljwfg agfPsf 5f}F . o;eGbf cl3 h] hlt ;+ljwfg ag], ltgsf] ;|f]t

tTsfnLg zf;sx¿ /x]sf lyP . klxnf /f0ff / To;kl5 /fhf ;+ljwfgsf]

;|f]tsf] ¿kdf /x]sf lyP . o;af6 g} w]/} s'/f k|:6 x'G5, o;af/] w]/}

elg/xg' gknf{ .

kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|lqmofaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{

s'/f cl3 a9\of] . ;f]xL k|lqmofaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eof] . g]kfnsf]

;+j}wflgs Oltxf;df hgtf ;+ljwfgsf] ;|f]t x'g k'u] . To;}n], clxn]sf]

;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfd} æ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf] k|ltlglwsf] gftfn]

;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfP/ xfdLn] of] ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5f}FÆ eg]/

n]lvPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;df hgtfsf] k|ltlglwn] klxnf] k6s hgtfnfO{

;+ljwfgsf] ;|f]t agfO{ ;+ljwfg hf/L u/]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg agfpg] of]eGbf

dflysf] zlQm ca b]zdf 5}g . of] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . csf]{ s'/f, xfdLn]

h'g ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efaf6 agfof}F, Tof] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;a} lx;fan]

;dfj]zL agfof}F .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fb]lv ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog;Ddsf] ofqf

df= ;'jf;rGb| g]Djfª

2 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotf

b]zsf ;a} k[i7e"lddf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;+ljwfg;efdf pkl:ylt lyof] .

k~rfotsfnLg zlQm, k~rfotsf] lj/f]w ug]{ tyf k|hftflGqs d"No /

dfGotfdf ljZjf; ug]{ zlQm / ;z:q qmflGtsf] kIfdf plePsf nufot

;a} zlQmsf] ToxfF pkl:ylt lyof] . o; qmddf Pp6fdfq} ;ef;b ePsf

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] klg /fd|} ;+Vofdf pkl:ylt lyof] . em08} #! cf]6f

/fhgLlts bn ;+ljwfg;efdf pkl:yt lyP .

/fhgLlts / cGo ;a} b[li6n] Tof] ;+ljwfg;ef ;dfj]zL lyof] . b]zdf

;+ljwfg;efsf] b'O{k6s lgjf{rg eof] / b'O{k6s ;+ljwfg;ef u7g eof] .

klxnf]k6ssf] rf/ jif{df ;+ljwfg ag]g . sfd eg] w]/} ePsf lyP .

bf];|f]k6s xfdLn] klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;ef;Fu hf]8\b} ;+ljwfg agfof}F . b'O{

k6ssf] k|of;af6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg u¥of}F . ;xeflutfd"ns

9ª\uaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eof] .

z"Goaf6 dfly hfg] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k xfdLn] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]os cfk}mn]

agfof}F . To;dfly 5nkmn u¥of}F . ljw]os aGg'cl3 ;d]t hgtfsxfF uof}F .

hgtf sxfFaf6 kms]{kl5 ljw]os tof/ eof] . Tof] ljw]osnfO{ lnP/ klg

hgtfsxfF uof}F . clGtddf ;+ljwfg kfl/t u¥of}F . o;/L ;xeflutfd"ns

9ª\un] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u¥of}F . hgtfn] ;+ljwfgsf] gfd s]

/fVg] h:tf ljifodf ;d]t ;'emfj lbP . o;;DaGwL #% cf]6f ;'emfj lyP .

of] Pp6f pbfx/0fdfq xf] .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;'emfj ;+sngsf] ;Gbe{df JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut

¿kdf hgtfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fof}F . o; qmddf b]zaflx/ /x]sf u}/cfj;Lo

g]kfnLsf] ;d]t ;'emfj lnof}F . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{, ;dfj]zL ;+ljwfg;efaf6

;xeflutfd"ns 9ª\un] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg u¥of}F . o;/L

xfdLn] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, wd{ lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]lztfsf] cfwf/

ePsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u¥of}F .

xfdLn] lgs} nlrnf] ;+ljwfg agfPsf 5f}F . of] xfdLn] la;{g x'Gg . lsgeg]

o; ;DaGwdf xfd|f] cfg} cg'ej klg 5g\ . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg lgs}


/fd|f] ;+ljwfg xf] eg]/ xfdLn] eGof}F . o;f] eGbfeGb} klg Tof] ;+ljwfg

;+zf]wg tyf kl/dfh{g ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f :jefljs ¿kdf p7] . ToxLa]nf

xfdLn] g} eGof}F, æ^) jif{;Dd To;sf] …sdfÚ / …k'mn:6kÚ klg kl/jt{g

x'Fb}g .Æ kl/dfh{g / kl/jt{g gx'g] elgPsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ hgtfn] g} vf/]h

ul/lbP .

Tof] cg'ej ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ clxn]sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;fx|} nlrnf] Joj:yf

/fVof}F . To; cg';f/ /fli6«o cv08tf / hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qfafx]s

;a} s'/f kl/jt{g x'g;S5 . of] cfwf/df pleP/ xfdLn] elg/x]sf 5f}F, ca

/fhgLlts kl/jt{g ug{ cfGbf]ng ug'{kb}{g . zflGt :yfkgf / k|hftGq

:yfkgfsf nflu ca s;}n] cfGbf]ng ug'{kb}{g .

oxL cfwf/df xfdLn] elg/x]sf 5f}F — hgtfsf] dg hLt, JolQm k]m/, kf6L{

k]m/, h:tf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g klg ;+ljwfgdfk{mt\ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n]

ca /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng ug]{ lbg ;dfKt eP . xfdLn] oxL cfwf/df

pleP/ ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff u/]sf xf}F .

xfdLn] csf]{ klg ;Demg'kg]{ s'/f 5 . of] ;+ljwfg ;dembf/L / ;Demf}tfsf]

b:tfa]hsf] ¿kdf agfPsf 5f}F . h'g k|lqmofaf6 of] ;+ljwfg agfPsf 5f}F,

Tof] k|lqmofaf6 Jofks 5nkmn u/]/ ;xdlt sfod ub}{ ;+ljwfg agfpg]

k|of; u¥of}F . To;}cg';f/ of] ;+ljwfg aGof] . Ps jfSodf eGg'kbf{ of]

;Demf}tf / ;dembf/Lsf] b:tfa]h xf] .

xfd|f ljutsf cg'ej 5g\ . xfdLaLrsf 5nkmnaf6 tof/ ePsf ;xdltx¿

5g\ . ltg}sf cfwf/df of] ;+ljwfg aGof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6} s'/fdfq

pNn]v u5'{ . xfdLn] ;+;bLo Joj:yf g} ckgfPsf 5f}F . ;+ljwfgaf/] 5nkmn

ul//xFbf / lgjf{rgdf uO/xFbf 7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿dWo] sf]xL k|ToIf

lgjf{lrt /fi6«kltsf] kIfdf lyP, sf]xL sf]xL k|ToIf lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqLsf]

kIfdf lyP, sf]xL eg] j]i6ldG:6/ df]8ns} k|hftGqsf] kIfdf lyP .

t/, clxn] xfdLn] cfn+sfl/s /fi6«klt agfPsf 5f}F, ;+;baf6 lgjf{lrt

k|wfgdGqLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}F / ;'wfl/Psf] ;+;bsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}F .


;'wfl/Psf] ;+;b eg]sf] s] xf] t < pbfx/0fsf nflu Tof] ;+;bn] b'O{

jif{ k|wfgdGqLlj?4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj NofpFb}g . cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj

NofP/ k/flht ePsf] cj:yfdf k]ml/ Ps jif{ cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj Nofpg

kfOFb}g . ;+;bnfO{ k|wfgdGqLn] aLr}df lj36g ug{ kfpFb}g cyjf dWofjlw

lgjf{rgdf hfg ;Sb}g .

k|ltlglw;efn] ;/sf/ hGdfpF5 . ef/tdf h:tf] Joj:yf ug]{ ls eg]/

5nkmn u/]sf] xf] . t/, xfdLn] To;f] u/]gf}F . k|ltlglw;efdf lgjf{rg

xf/]sf JolQm Tof] sfo{sfndf dGqL aGg gkfpg] Joj:yf xfdLn] u¥of}F .

Pp6f JolQm PseGbf a9L lgjf{rg If]qdf n8\g gkfpg] Joj:yf /fVof}F .

;+;b lj36g u/]/ gofF lgjf{rgdf hfg] clwsf/ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ 5}g .

oL gofF ljz]iftfo'Qm Joj:yfnfO{ xfdLn] ;'wfl/Psf] ;+;b eGof}F . of]

gofF Joj:yf b]zdf klxnfsf] h:t} cl:y/tf gxf]; eGg] ;f]rdf cfwfl/t

5, h'g xfd|f] ljutsf] cg'ejsf] hudf plePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ;a}

/fhgLlts bnaLr Jofks 5nkmn u/]/ o:tf] 6'ª\uf]df k'u]sf xf}F .

xfdL t ce}m ;+;bsf] lgjf{rgsf] klxnf g} 7\ofSs} ldlt kf] tf]lslbg] xf]

ls eGg] kIfdf lyof}F — kfFr jif{df kmnfgf] ldltdf lgjf{rg x'g] eg]/ . o;f]

ubf{ slxn]sfxLF Ps b'O{ lbg otfptf x'Fbf ljleGg k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] x'G5 .

To;}n] 7\ØfSs} ldlt tf]lsPg . t/, lgjf{rgdf kfFr jif{d} hfg] xf] . s]xL

lbg otfplt x'g;S5 . of] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf u¥of}F . of]

;'wfl/Psf] ;+;b /fhgLlts bnx¿aLrsf] ;dembf/Lsf] kl/0ffd xf] . o:tf

y'k|} k|;+u 5g\, hxfF /fhgLlts bnn] ;dembf/L u/]sf 5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf xfdLn] ;+j}wflgs cbfnt agfcf}F eg]/ w'dwfd}

5nkmn u¥of}F . o;f] ubf{ b'O{6f ;jf]{Rr cbfnt x'g] / b'O{hgf k|d'v x'g]

s'/f rNof] . t/, clGtddf xfdL ;+j}wflgs Ohfn;df k'Uof}F . of] klg

bnx¿aLrsf] ;dembf/Lsf] kl/0ffd xf] . ;a}n] ;dembf/L / ;Demf}tf u/]sf

5g\ . o;nfO{ of] ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{k/L kIf dfg]sf 5f}F . o;af6 ;a}sf]

hLt ePsf] 5 .


hg;xeflutf

of] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] lbzfdf cl3 al9/xFbf ;a} /fhgLlts bnn]

;lqmo e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] ;a} k|lqmofdf

;fd]n ePsf 5g\ . t;y{ /fhgLlts bnx¿sf ;fy} g]kfnsf dw]zL,

blnt, hghflt, dlxnf, ;a} hflt, efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf hgtfn] of]

;+ljwfg agfPsf x'g\, eGg] d]/f] bfaL 5 .

;dfj]lztfsf] cEof;

;+ljwfgk|lt s]xL c;Gt'li6 5g\ . o;af/] d]/f] k|:6 wf/0ff 5 . c;Gt'li6

x'g' crDd xf]Og . ;+;f/sf] s'grflxF ;+ljwfg 5, h;df c;Gt'li6 gePsf]

xf];\ < xfd|f]df klg c;Gt'li6 5 . o;nfO{ :jfefljs ¿kdf lng'k5{ /

o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ hfg'k5{ .

ljutsf ;+ljwfg / clxn]sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ t'ngf u/]/ x]/f}F . ;dfj]lztfsf

;Gbe{df sNkgf gul/Psf pknlAw xfdLn] xfl;n u/]sf 5f}F . xfdLn]

o;sf kl/0ffd;d]t kfpg yfln;Sof}F . olt x'Fbf klg c;Gt'li6 x'g' eg]sf]

ce}m lrQ ga'em\g' xf] . of] g/fd|f] xf]Og . o;sf] cy{ kl/jt{gsf nflu cem

a9L cu|;/ xf]cf}F eGg] xf] .

Tof] kl/jt{gsf nflu cfPsf] rfxgfsf] cfwf/ s] xf] < o;sf] cfwf/

oxL ;+ljwfg xf] . lxhf] klg ;+ljwfg ag]sf lyP . k~rfotL ;+ljwfg

lyof] . @)$& ;fndf /fhfn] g} hf/L u/]sf] ;+ljwfg lyof] . Tof] ;+ljwfg

t'ngfTds ¿kdf nf]stflGqs g} lyof] . oL ;+ljwfg cl:tTjdf x'Fbf s'g

l:ylt lyof] <

To;a]nf xfdLn] ;dfh ;'wf/ u/f}F, eGbf ;'/Iff sfg'g cGtu{t y'lgPsf

JolQm xfdL g} xf}F . xfdL k|Zg;Dd p7fpg ;Sb}gYof}F . ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf

ubf{ /fhsfh d'2f nfu]/ ;ft dlxgf h]n kg]{ JolQm d g} x'F . sf7df8f}Fdf

e]nf eP/ xfd|f] /fO{, lnDa" ;dfhdf w]/} ljs[lt 5g\, ;'wf/ ug'{k¥of] eGbf


;'/Iff sfg'gsf] k'hL{ lbP/ dnfO{ kqmfp ug{] cfb]z ePsf] lyof] .

clxn] s] 5 < clxn] t Jofks hgtf clwsf/ ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .

o;nfO{ ce}m klg kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu 5nkmn rnfcf}F .

o;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs cfwf/x¿ tof/ kfl/lbPsf 5f}F . ;+ljwfg cg'¿k

cfjZos s'/fx¿nfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ hfcf}F . kl/jt{g / ;'wf/sf s'/f

p7fpFbf ca s;}n] y'gfdf a:g'kb}{g .

d}n] eGg] u/]sf] 5'— JolQm dg kb}{g eg] JolQm k]mg'{xf];\ . bn dg kb}{g

eg] bn k]mg'{xf];\ . of] bndf lrQ} a'e]mg eg] csf]{ bn btf{ ug'{xf];\ .

;+;bdf pkl:yt eP/ hgtfsf] efjgf adf]lhd hgtfs} cflzjf{b lnP/

kl/jt{g ug{ cufl8 ;g'{xf];\ .

lxhf]sf] h:tf] cfGbf]ng ug]{ lbg uP . ca s]sf nflu /fhgLlts

cfGbf]ng ug]{ < s]sf nflu hgtfn] aGb's af]Sg] < o:tf lbg ;lsP .

of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd kl/jt{gsf] lbzfdf cl3 a9f}F eGg] d]/f] cfu|x 5 .

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog

of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{ cl3 a9\g'k5{ . sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'/f

:jefljs ¿kdf r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . d}n] o;sf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/

;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] lbg @)&@ c;f]h # df ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIfsf]

s';L{af6 clGtd ;Daf]wg ub}{ eg]sf] lyPF — xfdLn] /fd|f] ;+ljwfg agfof}F .

ca ;a} ldn]/ sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu klg Pstfa4 x'g'k5{ .

;+ljwfgn] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 u/]sf] 5 . st{Jo

tf]lsPsf] 5 . xfdLn] /fd|f] pknlAw kfPsf 5f}F .

oBlk, hlt;'s} /fd|f] ;+ljwfg eP klg of] ;+ljwfgn] a'l4, ljj]s /

Ifdtf eg] afF8\g ;Sb}g . o:tf s'/f xfdL cfk}mn] b]vfpg'k5{ . To;}n],

;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjogdf a'l4, ljj]s / Ifdtf b]vfpg'k5{ . xfdLn] o:tf

s'/f slt b]vfpg ;s]sf 5f}F <


ef/tsf ;+ljwfg lgdf{tf aLcf/ cDa]8s/n] eg]sf 5g\ — ef/tsf] ;+ljwfg

/fd|f] 5 . ;+ljwfg v/fa 5}g . q'l6 jf sdhf]/L 5 eg] Tof] xfdLdf 5 .

oxL k[i7e"lddf xfd|f] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf ljifonfO{ x]g'{k5{ . ;+ljwfg

sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df xfdLn] dxTjk"0f{ sfd u/]sf 5f}F . ljleGg pknlAwx¿

xfl;n u/]sf 5f}F . tLg txsf lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/]sf 5f}F . s'g sfd

slxn] ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgd} pNn]v u/]sf 5f}F . oL ;a} sfd xfdLn]

u/]sf 5f}F .

tLg jif{df hgtfnfO{ df}lns clwsf/—;DkGg agfpg'k5{ eg]/ ;+ljwfgdf

n]lvPsf] 5 . xfdLn] of] cjlwdf df}lns clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'g agfPsf

5f}F . b]zdf hlt klg sfg'g 5g\, ltgnfO{ ;+ljwfg;Ddt agfpg'k5{ .

o:tf sfg'g ;+ljwfgsf] cIf/ / efjgf adf]lhd x'g'k5{ . o:tf sfd ub}{

xfdL cl3 al9/x]sf 5f}F . ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ug'{kg]{ sfd

t c¿ klg y'k|} 5g\ .

ag]sf sfg'gnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ klg c¿ sltko sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lgod

/ k|lqmofsf s'/fnfO{ cl3 a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

;+ljwfgdf ;femf ;"rLb]lv ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿ /fv]sf 5f}F . k|b]zsf cfgf

u'gf;f 5g\ . :yfgLo txsf klg cfg} u'gf;f 5g\ . :yfgLo tx eG5–

xfdLnfO{ t k|b]zn] af6} vf]lnlbPg . k|b]z eG5– s]Gb|n] af6f] vf]lnlbPg .

s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr ;dGjo s;/L ug]{ < logLx¿aLr ;dGjo

ug{sf nflu ev{/} sfg'g agfPsf 5f}F . Tof] ;dGjosf] sfg'gnfO{ klg

Jojxf/df ptfg'{ 5 . o;tk{m t xfdL ev{/} cufl8 al9/x]sf 5f}F .

sfg'g cfbfgk|bfgsf] vfFrf]

s]Gb|afx]s k|b]zdf klg y'k|} sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{ 5 . :yfgLo txn] klg

w]/} sfg'g agfpg' 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm sfg'gsf] cfbfgk|bfg x'g h?/L

5 . d]rLsf] Pp6f :yfgLo txn] s] sfg'g agfof] < dxfsfnLsf] Pp6f


:yfgLo txn] ToxL ljifodf s:tf] sfg'g agfof] < o:tf ljifodf Ps

csf{nfO{ hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ ls kb}{g < d]rLsf] hgtfn] dxfsfnLsf] sfg'g

hfGg'k5{ ls kb}{g < dxfsfnLsfn] d]rLsf] sfg'g hfGg'k5{ ls kb}{g <

;dembf/L / a'emfOdf x'g] sdLsf sf/0f xfdLn] ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf 5f}F .

o:tf sfg'g ;a}n] yfxf kfpg] u/L hgtfsxfF k'Ug ;s]sf] 5 ls 5}g

eg]/ k|Zg pl7/x]sf 5g\ .

;+ljwfg aGg'eGbf cufl8, cfGbf]ngs} a]nf / ;+ljwfg alg/xFbf eGof}F—

xfdL :yfgLo txnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf cl3 a9fpF5f}F . xfdLn]

Tolta]nf, l;+xb/af/nfO{ ufpF ufpF;Dd k'¥ofpF5f}F eg]/ nf]slk|o gf/f

nufof}F . l;+xb/af/nfO{ ufpFdf k'¥ofpF5f}F eg]sf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/,

Joj:yfksLo clwsf/, cfly{s clwsf/, Goflos clwsf/nufot sltko

clwsf/ ufpFdf k'¥ofpF5f}F eg]sf] xf] . xfdLn] To;} cg';f/ n]Vof} klg .

t/, tL clwsf/ ;fFRr} ufpFdf k'Ug ;s]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < o;af/] w]/}

k|Zg p7]sf 5g\ .

:yfgLo txsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfaf/] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f k¥of] . cbfntn]

^ cf]6f k|b]zsf] xsdf ;]jf ;'ljwf vf/]h u¥of] . ;+ejtM Ps gDa/

k|b]zsf] oyfjt 5 . cflv/ sfg'g agfpg]x¿ oxL b]zsf lyP . o;af/]

Pscsf{;Fu lsg 5nkmn ePg < sltko sfg'g Ps csf{;Fu 7\ofSs}

ldNb}g . ;DalGwt kIfx¿aLr ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;]ol/ª ePg . To;kl5

;d:of cfP . ToxL eP/ d}n] d]rLsf] sfg'g dxfsfnLn] yfxf kfpg'k5{

eg]sf] x'F . ca ;dGjo u/]/} cl3 a9\g'k5{ . o;df ljjfb} 5}g .

sf]xL eGg'x'G5— lj1 ;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x 5}g . sf]xL eGg'x'G5— xfd|f] t a;]/

lg0f{o ug]{ 7fpF g} 5}g . w]/} sdL sdhf]/L b]lvPsf 5g\ . oL / o:tf

k|;+u sfof{Gjog;Fu ufFl;Psf ;jfn x'g\ . ;d:of eP klg drflxF pT;flxt

5' . xfdL ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjosf] lbzfdf cl3 al9/x]sf 5f}F . sfof{Gjogsf]

qmddf sdL sdhf]/L 5g\, k|Zg p7]sf 5g\ . o:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ub}{

cl3 a9\g' g} ;a}eGbf /fd|f] ljsNk xf] . ePsf sdL–sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Rofcf}F .

/fd|f kIfnfO{ ;an agfpFb} cg'z/0f ub}{ cl3 a9f}F .


;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] r'gf}tL

;+3Lotf xfd|f nflu lgtfGt gofF cEof; xf] . of] g} ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf]

;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf] . k|b]zsf sltko ;fyLx¿sf b[li6df :yfgLo

tx cfjZos 5}g . dfly s]Gb| 5, tn k|b]z 5, e}xfNof] lg, :yfgLo

tx rflxFb}g eGg] s'/f 5 . :yfgLo txsf sltko ;fyLx¿ k|b]z rflxFb}g

eGg'x'G5 . l;+xb/af/ 5, To;kl5 xfdL 5f}F, eGg'x'G5 .

gofF k4lt / k|lqmof ePsfn] o:tf] ;d:of cfPsf x'g\ . t/ klg ;+ljwfgdf

h] Joj:yf u¥of}F, Tof] w]/} ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ /fv]sf xf}F . ;+ljwfgnfO{

;dembf/L / ;Demf}tfsf] kl/0ffd xf] eg]/ pNn]v g} ul/;Sof}F . ca

o;nfO{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfof{Gjog u/]/ x]/f}F . sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf

sltko ;jfn p7\g ;S5g\ . To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ cl3 a9\g'k5{ .

xfdLn] ;femf, Psn tyf ldl>t ;"rL tof/ kf¥of}F . xfdLn] lj:t[t ¿kdf

…js{ cfp6Ú u/]/ o:tf ;"rL Nofof}F . o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ r/0fdf

lgZro g} ;d:of cfpF5g\ . lxhf] s]xL klg gePsf] a]nfdf s'/f ug{

;lhnf] lyof] . clxn] :yfgLo tx 5, k|b]z 5, s]Gb| 5 .

:yfgLo txdf /xg] ;fyLx¿n] :yfgLo txnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ s'/f ug'{x'G5 .

k|b]zsf ;fyLx¿n] k|b]znfO{ k|b]znfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ s'/f ug'{x'G5 . s]Gb|sf

;fyLx¿n] s]Gb|nfO{ ;fd'Gg] /fv]/ s'/f ug'{x'G5 .

s'/fnfO{ ce}m k|:6 kfg{nfO{ Pp6f b[i6fGt /fV5' . s'g} 7fpFdf Pp6f

dGqfno dftxtsf] hUuf 5 . Tof] hUuf s'g} ejg lgdf{0f ug{ s;}nfO{

lbg'kg]{ eof] . s'/f t /fd|f] xf] lg . t/, ;DalGwt clwsf/L Tof] hUuf

c¿nfO{ dl/uP lbg tof/ 5}gg\ .

d]/f] cfg} cg'ej 5 . ev{/} Onfddf sfof{nox¿ agfpg ljz]iftM

cbfntnfO{ Pp6f ejg rflxof] . t/ hUuf kfpg d'l:sn eof] . o:t}

k|;+u emfkfsf] klg 5 . 6«flkms sfof{nonfO{ hUuf rflxof] . To;sf


nflu cfjZos hUuf s'g} dGqfnosf] dftxtdf /x]5 . Tof] hUuf Tof]

dGqfnonfO{ geP klg x'G5 . t/ pm hUuf lbg tof/ 5}g . s'g} hUuf

s;}sf]df knf{, s'g} s;}sf]df . To;nfO{ 5nkmn u/]/ Jofjxfl/s hl6ntf

k'msfof] eg] ;d:of /xFb}g . h'Fufsf] n8fOF ug{ yfn]kl5 ;d:of ;dfwfg

x'Fb}g .

s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;dGjoaf/] 5nkmndf /x]sf] ljw]os kfl/t

ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf nfg'k5{ . Psk6s k|wfgdGqL / k|b]zsf

d'VodGqLx¿aLr ;dGjo;DaGwL k|Zg cfP . ha ls, ;+ljwfgdf o;af/]

Joj:yf 5 . kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf 5 . kl5 k|wfgdGqLsf] g]t[Tjdf kl/ifbn]

sfd ug{ yfNof] . To;kl5 Tolt k|Zg p7]sf] 5}g . clxn] pxfFx¿ a]nfa]nfdf

5nkmn ug'{x'G5 . To;sf/0f sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ cg'ejn] ;RofpFb} cl3

a9\g'sf] ljsNk 5}g .

;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfgx¿ hgtf;Dd n}hfg'k5{ . t/, Pp6f s'/f s] /x]5 eg]

hlt nu] klg lrQ a'e\mbf] /x]g5 . Tof] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lg/Gt/ n}hfg'k5{ .

kmf}hbf/L ;+lxtfsf] s'/f u/f}F . To;sf] d:of}bf ;ldltsf] cWoIf sNof0f

>]i7 x'g'x'GYof] . b]jfgL ;+lxtfsf] cWoIfrflxF lvn/fh /]UdL x'g'x'GYof] .

5nkmn rn] . d:of}bf k|lqmofdf lgs} nfdf] ;do nfUof] . ljw]os ag]kl5

;+;bdf cfof] . t/ k|lqmof cufl8 a9]g . TolQs} l;l4of] .

of] ;+ljwfg nfu" ePkl5 o;nfO{ km]l/ cl3 a9fOof] . of] sfg'g hgtfsf

nflu lyof] / ;+ljwfgeGbf klg dfly 3/ 3/nfO{ 5'g] sfg'g lyof] eg]

o;nfO{ P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf kf; ug'{k5{ eg]/ hDd} Joj:yf d}n] ldnfPF . d

;efd'v x'Fbf o;df s;}n] klg ;+zf]wg k|:tfj NofPg eg]klg ;a} bkmf

pkbkmf kl/jt{g ug{ kfOG5, eg]/ ljz]if …?lnªÚ u/]sf] lyPF . xf]Og eg]

;+zf]wgdf dfq af]lnG5 . Tolt u/]/ Jofks 5nkmnkl5 sfg'g kf; eof] .

sfg'g kf; ubf{ ;d]t kf; ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{kl5 dfq nfu" x'g]

Joj:yf ldnfOof] . Ps jif{sf] ;do lsg t < Tolt~h]n;Dd sfg'gaf/]


hgtfn] yfxf kfpF5g\ . t/, clxn] klg ;/sf/L jlsnx¿ g} of] sfg'gaf/]

hfgsf/L g} ePg eGg'x'G5 . hlt ubf{ klg gk'Ug] . of] ljifo g} o:t} xf] .

olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg xfdLn] o;nfO{ hlt;Sbf] w]/} hgtfaLr k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

ljljwtfo'Qm g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfj]lztfsf] Joj:yf P]ltxfl;s pknlAwsf]

¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . d}n] t Ps} jfSodf eGg] u/]sf] 5', g e"tf] g eljiolt .

;a}nfO{ o:tf] df}sf cfpFb}g . xfdLn] wd{l/k]Iftf 3f]if0ff u¥of}F . ca s;}n]

u5'{ eGbf klg kfpFb}g . ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]zL k|fjwfg 3f]if0ff ul/xfNof}F .

ca s;}n] u5'{ eg]/ kfpF5 / < e]6df sltko lj1x¿n] ;f]Wg'x'G5,

æuhasf] Joj:yf u/]5f}F . t/, s;/L sfof{Gjog u5f}{ <Æ d t ljgd| zAbdf

r'gf}tL lbG5' – olt w]/} ljljwtfd}qL ;+ljwfg slxNo} klg ag]sf] 5}g .

ca o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{'k5{ . xfdL u5f}{F .


k[i7e"ld

g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;df @))& ;fn dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ jif{ xf] . of] jif{

g]kfndf PstGqLo kfl/jfl/s zf;gsf] cGTo eO k|hftGq cfPkl5 gofF

zf;g k2ltsf] ljsf; eof] . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs

If]qdf @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gn] gofF ljsf;sf] 9f]sf vf]Nof] . Toltdfq

xf]Og, g]kfnn] ljZj hutdf kl/lrt x'g] df}sf kfof] .

t/ @))& ;fnkl5 k|hftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|oTgdf s]xL s7LgfO

eof] . ;ft bzs leq ;ftcf]6f ;+ljwfg o; d'n'sn] a]xf]g'{k¥of] .

/fhgLlts :yfloTj ePg g} cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;d]t cj/f]w

eof] . @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 @)$& ;fndf ;+;bLo

k|0ffnLsf] k|hftflGqs 9fFrfsf] ;+ljwfg nfu" eof] . t/ To;df klg

cj/f]w pTkGg eof] . ;+ljwfg / /fHosf] lj?4df g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{

dfcf]jfbLn] @)%@ ;fnb]lv ;z:q k|lt/f]w ;'? u¥of] . !@ jif{sf] ;z:q

k|lt/f]wsf qmddf ;q xhf/eGbf a9L g]kfnLn] Hofg u'dfP, cfGtl/s

lj:yfkgsf] 7"nf] ;d:of b]vf k¥of] .

csf]{tk{m @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fhfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot k|bfg u/]klg

@)^! ;fndf tTsfnLg /fhf 1fg]Gb| zfxdf k|ToIf zf;g ug{] cfsf+Iff

knfof] . o; 36gfn] ;+ljwfg dfGg] /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ ;d]t /fhfsf]

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tyf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

df= /fw]Zofd clwsf/L


sbdsf] lj/f]w ug{ afWotf cfOk¥of] . oxL k[i7e"lddf g]kfnsf ;+ljwfg

kIfw/ ;ft /fhgLlts bn / tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL g]skf dfcf]jfbLaLr @)^@

;fndf zflGt ;+emf}tf eof] . oL b'a} zlQmn] tTsfnLg /fhfsf] sbdsf]

lj?4df @)^@÷^# ;fndf hgcfGbf]ng rsf{P . To;sf] ;kmntfkl5

@)^% ;fndf ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efdf g]skf dfcf]jfbL Pp6f ;zQm

zlQmsf] ?kdf b]vf k¥of] . klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g' cl3

@)^$ ;fndf dw];df ePsf] cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnnfO{ ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf hfg

afWo t'Nofof] . oL ;a} 36gfsf] cg'ejaf6 ;+ljwfg ;ef–! n] to u/]sf]

rf/cf]6f l;4fGt 6]s]/ @)&) ;fndf ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;ef– @ n] ;+ljwfg

agfpg] lgwf] u/]sf] lyof] .

;+ljwfg agfpg' cl3 to ul/Psf rf/ l;4fGt lyP– -s_ g]kfn u0ftGq

x'g]5, -v_ zf;g k2lt nf]stflGqs x'g]5, -u_ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf u/L

PsfTds /fHo Joj:Yffaf6 ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL x'g]5, / -3_ ;dfg'kflts

;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/ ul/g]5 .

;+ljwfg ;ef–! n] to u/]sf] rf/cf]6f l;4fGtdWo] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf]

j}7sn] g]kfnnfO{ u0ftGq 3f]if0ff u¥of] . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] lg0f{oaf6

b'O{ ;o jif{eGbf k'/fgf] /fh;+:yf ;dfKt eof] . t/ u0ftGqnfO{ /fhf,

/fh;+:yf kmfNg] s'/f xf], eGg] ;Lldt cy{df a'lemof] ls, eGg] kl5Nnf

36gfx¿n] b]vfpFb}5 . u0ftGqsf] kl/efiffdf /fHosf] cfFvfdf ;a} gful/s

a/fa/ x'g\, hGdsf] cfwf/n] sf]xL 7"nf] ;fgf] xF'b}g / u0ftGqdf sfg'gsf]

;jf]{Rrtf sfod x'g' kb{5 eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb x'g' kg]{ xf] .

;+ljwfg agfpFbf c+lusf/ ul/Psf] bf];|f] l;4fGtn] nf]stflGqs zf;g

Joj:yfsf] aofg u/]sf] 5 . lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf d'n'sn] ;+ljwfg jfbsf

cfwf/df pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ 9+un] rNg] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ nf]stflGqs

dfg]sf 5g\ . zlQm ;Gt'ng jf zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f, gful/ssf df}lns

xsx¿sf] ;+/If0f, k|]; :jtGqtf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, :jtGq Gofokflnsf

o;sf d"n cfwf/ x'g] ub{5 .


t];|f] l;4fGt cg';f/ ;+ljwfgn] ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;+3, k|b]z tyf

:yfgLo txaLr /fHosf] zlQmnfO{ afF8kmfF8 u/]sf] 5 . o;/L /fHo zlQm

afF8kmfF8 eO/xbf tLg txaLr p7g] ljjfbnfO{ lg?k0f ug{ zlQmzfnL t/

t6:y ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f cfjZos x'G5 .

;+ljwfg agfpFbf c+lusf/ ul/Psf] rf}yf] l;4fGtn] ;dfhsf ;LdfGts[t

/ lk5l8Psf] ju{nfO{ zf;sLo k|aGwb]lv /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,

;f+:s[lts ;a} If]qdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;+nUg Pj+

:yflkt ug]{ sfd u5{ .

oL rf/cf]6f l;4fGtnfO{ k5ofpg] u/L ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo /flvPsf]df

;+ljwfg ;ef–! n] cfgf] cjlw leq ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ ;s]g . ;+ljwfg

;ef–@ sf] lgjf{rg kl5 ;+ljwfg ;ef–! df /x]sf] g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] zlQm

g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ k|fKt eof] . ;f] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; klxnf] kf6L{

eof] . xf/fxf/Ldf g]skf Pdfn] klg pleof] . dfcf]jfbL / dw]zjfbL bnx¿

qmdzM t];|f] / rf}yf] zlQmsf ?kdf b]vf k/] .

;+ljwfg ;ef–@ n] cfgf] cjlw g;lsFb} cyf{t\ b'O{ jif{sf] cf;kf;df

@)&@ c;f]h # df ;+ljwfg hf/L u¥of] . t/ of] ;+ljwfg klg ljjfbd'Qm

eg] x'g ;s]g . oxL ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog kIfsf] af/]df of]

n]v s]lGb|t x'g] xf] .

;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5sf] cj:yf

@)&@ ;fndf ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] ljlQs} o;df c;Gt'i6 kIf -ljz]if u/L

dw];L bn_n] ;+ljwfg c:jLsf/ ug]{ 3f]if0ff u¥of] . g]kfnsf] dWo–blIf0fL

efu -ljz]if u/L xfnsf] k|b]z g+= @_ df 7"nf] cfGbf]ng eof] . Psflt/ dw]z

cfGbf]ng x'g' / csf]{ tkm{ xfd|f] dxTjk"0f{ l5d]sL ef/tn] cfly{s gfsfjGbL

ug'{ ;+of]u dfq lyPg . g]kfnsf] hghLjg g} c:tJo:t kfg]{ ;Ddsf sfd

eP . ;+ljwfg hf/L u/]sf] lgs} rsf]{ d"No g]kfnn] To;jvt ltg{' k¥of] .


@)&^ ;fnaf6 kms]{/ x]bf{, dw]z cfGbf]ng, ef/tsf] gfsfjGbL :d[ltdf

tfhf eP klg tL Oltxf;sf] Pp6f lx:;f eP/ /x]sf 5g\ . oltj]nf

;+ljwfg jdf]lhd ;+;bsf] lgjf{rg eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+;bsf] lgjf{rgdf

g]kfnsf ;a} hft–hftL, efiff–efifL Pj+ ju{sf hgtfn] ;lqmotfsf ;fy

efu lnPsf lyP . ;+ljwfg;Fu c;xdt x'g]x¿ ;+ljwfg c:jLsf/ ug]{

txaf6 ;+zf]wgsf] txdf cf]n]{sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg c:jLsf/ ug]{n] ;d]t

;+ljwfgsf] zky lnO;s]sf] 5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf rf/ l;4fGtaf/] d"nwf/sf]

/fhgLltaLr ;xdlt ePsf] cj:yf 5 .

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] kIf

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] kIfaf/] 5nkmn ubf{ sfg'g lgdf{0fsf] cj:yf,

clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]udf sl7gfO, ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf k|b]z tyf :yfgLo

txsf] cj:yf df Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

sfg'g lgdf{0fsf] cj:yf

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul//xFbf ljleGg /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf g]tfx¿aLr

;dembf/L cfjZos lyof] . t/ ljkl/t bz{g af]s]sf] g]tf / bnaLrsf]

;xdltdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{ ;lhnf] lyPg . To;}n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f

ul/FFbf /flvPsf k|fjwfgx¿ tTsfn k'/f ug{ ;lsg] / g;lsg] b'a} vfnsf

5g\ . ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf hfFbf d'n'ssf] cfly{s l:ylt / df}lns xsdf

of];Fu ;DjlGwt jfrfaLr 7"nf] a]d]n b]vf k/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu

lzIff / :jf:Yodf /fHosf] nufgL ug]{ Ifdtf / ;+j}wflgs k|ltj4tfaLr

7"nf] vf8n 5 . h;nfO{ dWodfuL{ t/ /rgfTds pkfo vf]hL gu/L ;'v

5}g . To:t} /f]huf/L, cfjf; nufotsf xsx¿ ;f]emf] cfly{s ljifo;Fu

;DalGwt 5g\ . /fli6«o cfo, pTkfbgdf j[l4 gu/L xfnsf] ah]6af6

cfly{s l:ylt / df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjog sfuhdf ;Lldt x'g] lglZrt

5 .


csf]{lt/ b]z PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfaf6 ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf uO;s]sf]

cj:yf 5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L ;+/rgf :yflkt ePsf 5g\ .

/fHo ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf hfFbf k'/fgf sfg'gn] sfd gug]{ eO;s], gofF sfg'g

agfpg' clgjfo{ 5 . tTsfn sfg'g agfpg ;lsGg eg]/ s]xL cjlw

k'/fg} sfg'g dfkm{t\ zf;g ug]{ ;f]r agfOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] cjlw ;d]t

lalt;s]sf] 5 . o; aLrdf s]xL sfg'g ag], s]xL aGg] ;'/;f/df 5g\ .

cfjZos ;+Vofdf sfg'g agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ ;+3 leqsf tLg txnfO{ g} clwsf/ 5 . t/ ;+3n]

sfg'g gagfpFbf;Dd k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txx¿n] sfg'g agfpg g;Sg]

cj:yf ;d]t 5 . ;+3sf] sfg'gdf tL cfl>t 5g\ . To;}u/L s}og sfg'g

k|b]zn] gagfp~h]n :yfgLo tx cndndf kg]{ cj:yf 5 . To;}n] ;'?sf

jif{x¿df, yLlt ga;'~h]n, ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr ;dembf/L / ;+od

cfjZos 5 .

;+3Lo ;+;bn] oLg} s'/fnfO{ dWo gh/ u/L k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df s]xL

sfg'g agfPsf] 5 eg] s]xL sfg'g aGg] qmddf 5g\ . ;Fu;Fu} k|b]z tyf

:yfgLo txn] klg sfg'g agfO/x]sf 5g\ .

sfg'g lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf s]xL c;Gt'li6x¿ b]vf k/]sf

5g\– ljz]if u/L k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;+3;Fu u'gf;f] 5 . Psn ?kdf

;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] clwsf/x¿df ;+3Lo sfg'gsf] x:tIf]knfO{ pgLx¿n]

g/fd|f] 7fg]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgnfO{ a'‰g] qmddf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf]

;dembf/Ldf cGt/ 5 . w]/} ;d:of /fhgLlts / sd{rf/L tGqsf] s]lGb|s[t

;f]rsf] kl/0ffd xf] .

pbfx/0fsf nflu k|b]z leqsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] ljifo k|b]z ;/sf/

dftxtsf] xf] . t/ ;+3af6 v6fOPsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] lg0ff{osTj

k|b]zsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yf dGqLsf] eGbf a9L 5 . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{

;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{nosf] cg'udgsf] clwsf/ ;d]t lbOPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg


lgdf{0f xF'bf g]kfn k|x/L ;+3Lo ;/sf/ dftxt /fVg} kb}{g eGg] ljifodf

ax; ePsf] lyof] . k|b]z ;/sf/ dftxt /fv] k'Ug] /fo klg cfPsf] xf] .

t/ of] ;'/Iff;Fu ;DjlGwt ljifo ePsfn] ljz]if1;Fu k/fdz{ lng ;DjlGwt

;ldltn] cfjZos 7fGof] .

To; qmddf kfFr sf/0fn] g]kfn k|x/L ;+3df ;d]t /fVg}kg]{ b]lvof] .

klxnf], d'n'sel/sf k|x/Lsf] tflndsf] dfkb08 Pj+ ;]jf k|j]zsf cfwf/x¿

aLrdf Ps?ktf Nofpg, bf];|f], k|b]zx?aLr u'Kt ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{,

t];|f], Pp6faf6 csf]{ k|b]zdf uP/ n's]sf ck/fwLnfO{ kqmfp ug{ ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg, rf}yf], s]Gb|Lo kmf]/]lG;s k|of]uzfnfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ / kfFrfF} g]kfn

OG6/kf]n ;b:o ePsf] gftfn] cGo d'n's;Fu hf]l8Psf ck/fw /f]syfddf

;xof]u k'¥ofpg kg]{ ePsfn] g]kfn k|x/L ;+3df ;d]t x'g' kg]{ / To;nfO{

;+ljwfgn] g} Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .

t/ ;Fu;Fu} of] klg :ki6 lyof] ls dfly plNnlvt sfdsf nflu ;Lldt

;+Vofdf dfq ;+3Lo txdf g]kfn k|x/L /xg]5g\ . t/ sfg'g lgdf{0fsf

qmddf ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u[x dGqfnon] ;+3Lo txdf /xg]

g]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;+Vof, clwsf/ s6f}ltdf s'g} k|oTg g} u/]g . a? of]

;+u7gleq cfgf] ar{:j sfod /fVg] p2]Zo;lxt ;+3Lo sfg'g ;+;bdf

k]z ul/of] . o; ljifodf k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu u+eL/ dte]b

b]vf k¥of] . ;+3Lo ;+;bn] s]xL ;'wf/ t u/]sf] 5 t/ kof{Kt x'G5 xF'b}g

x]g{ jfFsL 5 . ;'/Iffsf] ;DaGwdf dfq} o:tf] ePsf] xf]Og . jg, v]ns'Fb,

lzIff h:tf ljifodf k]z ul/Psf ;+3Lo ljw]osx¿ klg s]lGb|s[t ;f]raf6

g} u|l;t 5g\ .

xfn ag]sf / aGg] qmddf /x]sf ;+3Lo sfg'g PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{

;3fpg] lsl;dsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'?k ;+3Lo sfg'g

aGb} 5}gg\ . o;n] k|b]zx¿df cfgf] clwsf/ s6f}tL ePsf] eGb} lg/fzf

a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;ft dWo] 5 cf]6f k|b]z ;/sf/x¿ / ;+3sf] ;/sf/df


Pp6} kf6L{sf] jx'dt 5 . :yfgLo txdf klg ToxL kf6L{sf] jx'dt 5 .

olt xF'bfxF'b} klg k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf u'gf;f] ;+af]wg gx'g'nfO{ /fd|f]

dfGg ;lsFb}g .

oL gsf/fTds l6Kk0fL;Fu} ;sf/fTds kf6f] tkm{ klg xfd|f] Wofg k'u]g eg]

To;n] xfgL g} k'¥ofpF5 . ;+ljwfg adf]lhd aGg'kg]{ ;a} sfg'g gagfP klg

gful/ssf] df}lns xs;Fu ;DalGwt !^ cf]6f sfg'g ag]sf 5g\ . ag]sf

tL P]g sfg'gdf klg 7fFp7fpFdf, ætf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5Æ eGg] a]xf]/f n]Vbf

df}lns xs /x]gg\ eGg] l6Kk0fL;Fu zfob} ljdlt /fVg ;lsPnf . h]xf];,

;/sf/n] rfx]df ;+;bn] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd P]g agfP/ af6f] vf]lnlbPsf]

5 . of]] ;sf/fTds kIf xf] . o;nfO{ nfu" ug]{ s'/fdf gful/s txaf6

x'g] lg/Gt/sf] va/bf/Ln] ;xof]u ub{5 . bf];|f] s'/f, em08} b'O{ ;ocf]6f

P]gx¿ ;+ljwfg cg's'n ;+zf]wg ul/Psf 5g\ . cGo gofF P]gx¿ wdfwd

aGg] qmd, pkqmddf 5g\ .

k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfg} kxndf sfg'g agfpFb} 5g\ . :yfgLo txn] sfg'g

agfpFbf Wofg k'¥ofpg eg]/ gd'gf sfg'gx¿ agfP/ k7fOPsf] 5 .

To;df oyf;+ej k|fljlws ;xof]u klg lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;/L sfg'g

agfpFbf /fhgLlts txdf ePsf ;dembf/LnfO{ ljw]os lnlkj4 ug]{

Jofj;flos bIftf ;lxtsf] hgzlQmsf] cefj v6\lsFb}5 . o;df ;+3Lo

;/sf/n] ljz]if1 hgzlQm agfO k7fpg' h?/L b]lvG5 . cGoyf sfg'g

agfpFbf ;+ljwfg cg's"n gx'g], If]qflwsf/ ldlrg] ;+efjgf /xG5 . o;n]

;+3–k|b]z–:yfgLo txaLr c;dembf/L eO{ ljjfb x'g;S5 . of] s'/f ;'?d}

x]Ssf k'¥ofpg h?/L 5 .

clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]udf sl7gfO

cfgf] Psn clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ rfxgfn] :yfgLo / k|b]z txn] sfg'g

agfPsf 5g\ . Tof] ;+3Lo sfg'g;Fu aflemg uP klg j]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df ufO{3f6sf] lqo'uf gu/kflnsf k|d'vn] Ps cGt/lqmofdf


eg]sf lyP, ægu/kflnsf leqsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf st} lzIfs

a9L–ljBfyL{ sd, st} lzIfs sd – ljBfyL{ a9L, st} ljifout lzIfs

cfjZostf eGbf a9L, st} ltg} lzIfssf] cefj ePsf]] cj:yfdf lzIfs

;?jf jf Joj:yfkg gu/L ePg . To;sf nflu jxfnjfnf lzIff P]gsf]

k|lts"n ePklg gu/kflnsfn] cfgf] sfg'g agfP/ lzIfs ;?jfsf] sfd

ug]{ ;f]r /fv]sf] 5 .Æ ;+3Lo sfg'g;Fu aflemg uPklg :yfgLo ;d:ofn]

ubf{ pQm sfg'gsf] j]jf:tf ug]{ ;+efjgf 5 .

;+ljwfg agfpg] a]nf k|b]zx¿df cfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] egf{ nufot ;]jf

;'ljwf Pj+ j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu k|b]zleq} sd{rf/L egf{sf] clwsf/ cfjZos

7flgof] . To;}n] nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;+3 / k|b]z b'a} 7fpFdf ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf

/fVg] Joj:yf ldnfOof] . t/, Jojxf/df k|b]znfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L

xfn;Dd ;+3Lo nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 g} 5gf}6 ul/G5 . k|b]zx¿n] o;sf]

lj/f]w ul//x]sf 5g\ .

oL b'O{ 36gfn]– ;+3Lotf cg'?k clwsf/ If]q lgwf{/0f gu/L ;dodf sfg'g

gjgfpFbf c;dembf/L a9\g], ljjfb a9fpg], cbfntdf d'2fsf] rfk a9\g]

/ ;+3sf ljleGg txaLr tgfj a9fpg ;S5 . ufO{3f6sf] cGt/lqmofdf

d}n], æ;+3Lo sfg'g k|lts"n x'g]u/L :yfgLo sfg'g gagfpg'xf]nf . cGoyf

gu/kflnsf k|d'vn] ;+ljwfgsf] If]qflwsf/ gf3]sf] 7xl/G5 . o;n] sfg'gsf]

txdf c/fhstf NofpF5 . a? o;af/] ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] Wofg lvRg' /fd|f]

x'G5Æ eg]sf] lyPF .

t/ k]ml/ k|Zg p7\5, s] ;+3Lo ;/sf/ o:tf s'/f ;'Gg tof/ 5 <

hjfkmb]xL 9+un] k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ OR5's

5 < 5}g eg] tfnL Ps xftn] aHb}g eGg] s'/f ;+3Lo ;/sf/df a:g]x¿n]

a'‰g' h?/L 5 .

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf k|b]z

;+3Lo / k|b]z Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg / ;/sf/sf] u7g ;Fu;Fu} h:tf]

ePsf] xf] . k|b]zleq s]xL ug]{ pT;fx lnP/ gofF lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿


k|b]z Joj:yflksfdf cfPsf lyP . t/, ;dodf k|b]z;Fu ;DjlGwt sfg'g

;+3Lo ;+;bn] gagfpFbf hgtfaLr cfk"mn] u/]sf afrf÷k|ltj4tf k'/f ug{

sl7gfO eof] .

o;;Fu} k|b]zn] ;+ljwfgaf6 clwsf/ sd kfPsf] u'gf;f] klg 5 . :yfgLo

tx k|b]z dftxtdf /flvg' kg]{df ;f] gul/g'n] k|b]zsf] clwsf/ s6f}lt

ePsf] u'gf;f] k|b]zsf] g]t[Tjn] 7fg]sf] 5 . of] ljifo ;+ljwfg agfpFbf

hf]8tf]8n] p7]sf] lyof] . t/ Tolta]nf ljrf/ k'¥ofP/ g} :yfgLo txsf]

5'§} klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . k|b]z dftxt dfq

ltgnfO{ /fVbf k|b]zn] clwsf/ sd lbg] jf s6fP/ lbg] – To;df klg

;do nfUg] b]lvgfn] ;+ljwfgn] :ki6;Fu tLg txsf] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf

u/]sf] lyof] .

;+ljwfgn] k|b]z / :yfgLo tx b'a}sf] clwsf/ If]q tf]s]/} Joj:yf u/]sf]

5 . oBlk, k|b]zn] kfPsf] clwsf/ ;+3n] ;+s'rg ug{ vf]Hbf k|b]zn]

cfklQ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfOk/]sf] xf] . dfly plNnlvt cfGtl/s ;'/Iff,

jg, lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]ns'Fb nufotdf k|b]zsf] clwsf/dfly x:tIf]k ug]{

k|oTgn] k|b]z g]t[TjnfO{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/k|lt cfnf]rgf ug]{ cj;/ lbPsf]

5 . k|b]zsf d'VodGqL, dGqLx¿;Fusf] cGt/lqmofdf c;Gt'li6sf] dfqf

5rlNsPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo txsf] cj:yf

k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf :yfgLo txsf] cj:yf clns /fd|f] 5 . sfo{sfl/0fL

clwsf/ :yfgLo txsf k|d'vx¿n] k|of]u ug{ kfPsf], pkk|d'vnfO{ Goflos

nufot cg'udgsf] clwsf/ ePsf], j8f cWoIfsf] klg clwsf/ ePsf]n]

s]xL u5'{ eGg] rfxgf ePsf g]t[Tj k+lQmnfO{ u/]/ b]vfpg] cj;/ 5 .

:yfgLo txdf ah]6 klg pknJw 5 . clxn] :yfgLo txn] a]xf]g'{ k/]sf]

;d:of sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf] g} xf] . tf]lsPsf] ;+Vofdf b/aGbL adf]lhdsf]

sd{rf/L gk'Ug' / pgLx¿n] :yfgLo txdf sfd ug]{ ¿rL gb]vfpg] kIf


;d:ofsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 . To;dfly /fhgLlts g]t[Tj xfaL x'g] / sfg'g

ldr]/ sfd ug{ vf]Hbf sd{rf/Laf6 c;xof]u ePsf] b[i6fGt oy]i6 5 .

a]nfavtdf :yfgLo txaf/] e|i6frf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;dfrf/ k|]lift x'Fbf

;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] ;jfn clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] p7fpFb}

cfPsf] x'G5 . n]vf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non]

eGb} cfPsf] 5 . To:t} Goflos ;ldltsf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] klg cfnf]rgf

eO/xG5 . ;Fu} Psfw g/fd|f s'/fnfO{ a9fOr9fO k|:t't klg ul/Psf 5g\ .

s;}n] dxFuf uf8L r9\b}df, s]xLn] :yfgLo txsf] vr{df ljb]z e|d0f ub}{df,

;a} :yfgLo txnfO{ Pp6} t/fh'df /fv]/ tf}ng' Gofof]lrt b]lvFb}g . ;a}

:yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/Ln] e|i6 cfr/0f b]vfPsf 5g\ egL uf]Zjf/f ?kdf

;f]Rg' unt x'G5 . :yfgLo txnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ck]Iff / kl/sNkgf cg';f/

lgjf{w cl3 a9\g lbg' kb{5 .

olta]nf :yfgLo txn] lng] s/sf] sf/0fn] of] lgsfok|lt gsf/fTds

wf/0ff ag]sf] 5 . hgtfn] ltg{ ;Sg]eGbf a9L s/ p7fpg] k|fjwfg

agfpFbf :yfgLo g]t[Tj :jtM cnf]slk|o x'G5 . ;+Fu;Fu} s/ p7fPsf sf/0f

hgtfk|lt g]t[Tj k+lQm pQ/bfoL aGg;Sg] /fd|f] kIf klg 5 . p7fPsf]

s/af/] hgtfn] k|Zg p7fpg yfN5g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kf/blz{tfaf/]

k|Zg ;f]lwG5 . /fh:j / hgtfaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwn] bL3{sfndf :jzf;g,

:jR5tf / kf/blz{tfsf] ;jfndf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd Nofpg] ;+efjgf

plQs} 5 .

;+3Lotfsf] cEof;df xfd|f] d'n's klxnf]kN6 lxF8\b}5 . of] cEof; c¿sf]

gSsn u/]/ dfq ;kmn xF'b}g . n8\b} k8\b} cfgf] cEof;n] ;+3LotfnfO{

;'wfg]{ xf] . sfd ubf{ ;fgfltgf uNtL x'g;S5g\ . ghfg]/ u/]sf] uNtLnfO{

clgoldttf dfGg] / hfgLhfgL ul/Psf] uNtLnfO{ e|i6frf/;Fu hf]8\g]

sfd ug'{ h?/L 5 . :yfgLo txdf klg k|b]zdf e}Fm k'/fgf PsfTds

k|0ffnLsf sfg'g cj/f]w ePsf 5g\ . :yfgLo txn] ug]{ sfd w]/} cy{df

dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . :yfgLo txn] k|fKt u/]sf] clwsf/ cfk\mg} ;|f]t ;fwgsf]


k|of]uaf6 krf; k|ltzt dfq klg plrt 9+un] x'g ;s]df ;sf/fTds k|efj

hg:t/df b]lvg]5 . :yfgLo txk|lt cgfjZos ?kdf tTsfn} gsf/fTds

wf/0ff agfpg' xtf/f] b]lvG5 . a? o;nfO{ ;kmntf tk{m pTk|]l/t ug'{

cfjZos 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] pknlAw / r'gf}lt

;+ljwfg adf]lhd tLg txsf] lgjf{rg ePsf] 5 . ;DalGwt tx÷lgsfon]

cf–cfgf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ePsf] lgjf{rg kl5sf] cfwf

sfo{sfn klg ;lsPsf] 5}g . g t ljleGg txsf ;/sf/, Joj:yflksfsf]

sfdaf/] k|fl1s n]vfhf]vf g} ePsf] 5 . oltj]nf l56k'6 cg';GwfgnfO{

5f]8]/ ;du| k2ltsf] d"Nofs+g ug]{ cfwf/, k|];dfkm{t cfPsf ;dfrf/

;fdu|L g} x'g\ . tL ;dfrf/nfO{ 7Ls;Fu ;+Zn]lift ul/g;s]sf] cj:yf

@)&^ ;fn;Dd 5 . To;f] x'gfn] clxNo} 7f]; lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsFb}g .

of] ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efn] agfPsf] xf] . sltko JolQmx¿ xNsf 9+un]

jt{dfg ;+ljwfgnfO{ b'O{rf/hgf g]tfn] agfPsf] xf] klg eGb}5g\ . of]

JolQmk/s b[li6sf]0f xf] . o;f] eGg]n] lrQ a'‰bf] cfwf/ j]u/ af]Nb}5g\ .

of] ;+ljwfg Jofks hg;xeflutfdf ag]sf] xf] . ;+3Lotfsf] k[i7e"lddf

dw]z cfGbf]ng 5 . u0ftGqsf] k[i7e"lddf /fhfsf] k|ToIf x's'dL zf;g

ug]{ clenfiff lj?4sf] cfGbf]ng 5 . nf]stGqsf] k[i7e"lddf @))& ;fn

b]lvsf] lg/Gt/ n8fOF 5 . ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]lztfsf] k[i7e"lddf d'n'ssf]

ljljwtf / ;LdfGt ju{nfO{ p7fpg] k|oTg 5 .

plNnlvt ;+ljwfgsf rf/ l;4fGtnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ /fhgLlts zlQm

d'n'sdf sdhf]/ 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu /fhtGqsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{

kf6L{n] slt k|ltzt dt NofPsf 5g\ < lgs} yf]/} k|ltzt pgLx¿sf] 5 .

To:t} ;+3Lotf grfxg]sf] dt slt 5 < ;+ljwfg kl5 ePsf] hgfb]zn]

;+ljwfgsf] kIfdf dt lbPs} xf] . u0ftGq, nf]stGq, ;+3Lotf / ;dfg'kflts


;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ k|r08 ax'dt ;lxtsf] hgfb]z k|fKt 5 . nf]stGqdf

PSnf] JolQmsf] klg wf/0ffsf] sb/ x'G5 . /fhtGq, PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnL

nufotsf d'2f af]Sg]nfO{ klg ;+ljwfgn] /f]s nufPsf] 5}g .

t/ blnt, dw];L, hghftL nufot ;LdfGts[t ju{ ;d'bfoaLr c;Gt'li6

5 . n}+lus lx;fan] dlxnfx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ k5fl8 kfl/Psf] 7fGb5g\ .

pgLx¿n] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]lztfsf] k|Zgdf ;+ljwfg adf]lhd gePsf] u'gf;f]

5 . o;df cf+lzs ;Totf 5 . ;Fu;Fu} of] klg ;r]tgfk"j{s eGg' kg]{ x'G5

ls ;+ljwfgsf ;a} k|fjwfg t'?Gt} Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;lsPg xf]nf . ;+ljwfg

g} ;dfj]zL k|s[ltsf] ePg eGg' l;4fGttM unt xf] . ;+ljwfgdf k|:tfjgfn]

g} g]kfnnfO{ ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs d'n'ssf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

d]/f] ljrf/df blnt, dlxnf, dw]zL, hghftL cflb ;d'bfon] ;dfj]lztfsf]

;}4flGts kIfdf eGbf Jojxfl/s kIfdf k|Zg p7fPsf] x'g'kb{5 . ;+ljwfgn]

kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;dfj]lztfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ s;/L Jojxfl/s agfpg] eGg]

;jfn dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

o;df b]zsf] nf]stflGqs kl/kf6LnfO{ cem a9L Jojxfl/s / ;dfj]zL

agfpg s] ug'{k5{ eGg]af/] ;DalGwt ;d'bfo;Fu ;/;Nnfx u/]/ cl3

a9\g ;lsG5 . b]zsf sltko ;d'bfoaLr cGt/3'ngsf] ;d:of ce}m

5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu kxf8L / t/fO{sf ;d'bfoaLr sltko cj:yfdf

cGt/3'ng x'g g;s]sf] xf] ls eGg] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L blnt / u}/

blntaLrsf] lje]b ;fdflhs :t/af6 d]6fpg l9nf] eO;Sof] . blnt / u}/

blntaLrsf] ljjfx ;xh eO/x]sf 5}gg\ . lg/Gt/sf] ;+jfb / ;xsfo{kl5

o:tf ;d:of :jtM cGTo x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu xfdLdf ;fd'lxs ljj]s

ljsf; x'g cfjZos 5 .

xfdL ;+ljwfgn] lgb]{zg u/]sf] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf 5f}F . o;sf

nflu /fhgLlts ;dembf/L cfjZos 5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] b'O{


jif]{ cg'ej Tolt dL7f] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljBdfg k|b]z k|d'vsf]

avf{:tL / gofF k|b]z k|d'vsf] lgo'lQmdf ;/sf/n] Wofg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvPg .

avf{:tLdf k/]sf k|b]z k|d'vnfO{ /fHon] lgo'Qm u/]sf] lyof], tTsfnLg

;/sf/n] dfq u/]sf] 7fGg' x'g] lyPg . o;nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{

lyof] . To:t} ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbaf6 ePsf lgo'lQm ax'dtaf6 rog ul/g]

k|rng a;fOFb}5 . To;n] lgjf{rg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm h:tf] kbdf

lgo'lQm kfpg]sf] ul/df a9\b}g . o:tf ljjfbf:kb lgo'lQmn] /fhgLlts

c;dembf/L v8f ug{ an k'¥ofpF5 .

o:tf lgo'lQm ;dembf/Ldf ul/g]tkm{ ;/sf/sf] Wofg hfg'k5{ . ;+ljwfgsf]

cIf/ / efjgfnfO{ OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s nfu" ub}{ hfg'k5{ . g]kfn sDo'lgi6

kf6L{sf] ;/sf/n] klg cfgf sltko lqmofsnfknfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;+3Lo g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf]] ;/sf/nfO{ sfd ug]{

cj;/ lbg'k5{ . kfFr jif{;Dd} of] ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg'k5{ . lgjf{lrt

;/sf/ kfFr jif{ l6Sg g;Sbf d'n'sdf l:y/tf ePg . /fhgLlts–cfly{s

;a} If]qdf c:tJo:ttf eof] . zf;gdf kf/blz{tf / lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/fpg

;lsPg . s]jn Ps csf{df bf]iff/f]k0f u/L plDsg] k|j[lQ b]lvof] . o;nfO{

/f]Sg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] cfgf] k'/f sfo{sfn sfd ug{ kfpg' kb{5 .

;Fu;Fu} ;Qf kIf÷;/sf/ b'a}n] ;+;bdf /x]sf] c+s ul0ftLo zlQm zf;g

;+rfngnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;fwg dfq xf], eGg] a'e\mg'k5{ . a[xQ /fhgLlts

;dembf/L x'g ;s]g eg] c+sul0ftLo ;+;bLo zlQm tf;sf] 3/df kl/0ft

x'g ;do nfUb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu u'7L ljw]os ;+;baf6 ;lhn} kfl/t

u/fpg ;lsGYof] . t/, /fhgLlts c;dembf/Lsf sf/0f ;8sdf cf]ln{Psf]

hgtf;Fu Tof] c+sul0ftLo zlQmsf] s'g} hf]8 rn]g .


lgisif{

;+ljwfgsf] d"ne"t l;4fGtdf cfklQ 5}g eg] o;nfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg

lg/Gt/ k|oTgzLn x'g cfjZos 5 . /fhgLlts txdf ;+jfb ug{ cGt/

k|b]z kl/ifbnfO{ olta]nf lqmofzLn agfpg cfjZos 5 . h;sf] cWoIftf

:jo+ k|wfgdGqLn] ug]{ Joj:yf 5 / s]xL ;+3Lo dGqL tyf d'Vo dGqLx¿

To;sf ;b:o x'G5g\ . lg/Gt/ a:g] o:tf j}7sn] ;+3Lotfdf cfOk/]sf]

sl7gfO klxrfg ug{ / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u

ug]{5g\ .

;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/df ;+s'rg Nofpg] ;+3 jf k|b]zn] sfd

u/]df To; lj?4 pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ;d]t o;}n] u/]sf] 5 . To;sf

nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; lqmofzLn 5 . pknAw ePsf

oL ;+oGqx¿sf] k'/f pkof]u gu/L ;+ljwfgsf] ljsNk ;f]Rg x'Gg, ;f]Rg

;lsGg .

;+ljwfg ;kmn x'g o;n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+j}wflgs

a]~rsf] klg 7"nf] e"ldsf 5 . ;+j}wflgs a]~rsf] t6:ytf / ljZj;gLotfn]

dfq ;+ljwfgnfO{ hLjGttf k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf tLg txs}

ljZjf; of] ;+:yf dfly x'g' kb{5 / tLg txaLrsf] ljjfbdf lrQa'‰bf]

9+un] lg?k0f x'g ;s] dfq ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotfn] bL3{ hLjg kfpg] xf] .

cGtdf, Pp6f cd]l/sL k|;Ësf] pNn]v u/]/ of] n]v 6'+Uofpg rfxG5' .

@)$& ;fndf cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] æOG6/g]zgn lelh6/ k|f]u|fdÆsf] rf/

;b:oLo 6f]nLdf d klg uPsf] lyPF . Tof] sfo{qmddf ljleGg b]zsf

kRrL; ;b:o ;fd]n lyP . ljleGg ;x/df xfdLnfO{ nluPsf] lyof] . of]

k|;+u ldl;;LkL /fHosf] HofS;g l;6Lsf] xf] . ldl;;LkL o:tf] PSnf] /fHo

lyof] h;df clk|msg cd]l/sLx¿ jx';+Vofdf 5g\ elgGYof] . cfof]hsx¿n]

Pp6f clk|msg cd]l/sL k|fWofksnfO{ clk|msL cd]l/sL Oltxf;af/] af]Ng

nufPsf lyP . k|fWofksn] clk|msL cd]l/sLn] cd]l/sfdf a]xf]g'{ k/]sf]

b'Mv, si6, /+ue]b ;DaGwdf ;'? b]lvsf] O{ltxf;sf] ;l6s j0f{g u/] ls


xfdL;Fu} uPsL uf]/L ufO8n] k|fWofks;Fu emu8f g} ul/g\ . uf]/L ufO8sf]

egfO lyof], æcfuGt'saLr ltd|f] k|:t'ltn] cd]l/sfsf] 5lj ljuf/]sf] 5 .Æ

k|fWofksn] klg t'?Gt hjfkm lbP, æd tkfOFx¿n] af]nfP/ cfPsf] x'F . d]/f]

egfO{ em'7f] 5 eGg] nfU5 eg] tkfOFnfO{ r'gf}lt lbG5' . x}g eg] cd]l/sfsf]

O{ltxf;sf] of] sfnf] kf6f]nfO{ 9fs 5f]k ug{ ;lsGg .Æ

;Fu;Fu} tL cd]l/sL k|fWofksn] of] klg :d/0f u/] ls clk|msL cd]l/sgn]

cfhsf] :yfg clx+;fTds t/ sfg'gsf] km]/ ;dfP/ kfPsf x'g\ . cd]l/sL

;+ljwfg / Joj:yf k|ltsf] pgsf] cf:yf clt g} alnof] ePsf] klg d}n]

kfPF .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg d"ne"t l;4fGtdf cfklQ 5}g eg] Jojxf/af6 k|b]z

/ :yfgLo txdf clwsf/ a9fpFb} n}hfg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . ;+3nfO{

sd clwsf/ lbg] egL ;'? u/]sf] cd]l/sL ;+3Lotfdf cfh ;+3 alnof]

xF'b} uPsf] 5 . k|b]znfO{ yf]/} clwsf/ lbg d+h'/ ul/Psf] Sofg8fdf k|b]z

k|efjzfnL ePsf 5g\ . l5d]sL ef/tdf g} Pp6} ;+ljwfg ePklg /fi6«klt

zf;g nufP/ k|b]z ;/sf/ jvf{:t ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] nueu cGt ePsf]

5 . Jojxf/ / ;+zf]wgn] g} ;+ljwfgsf] sdL sdhf]/L ;'wfg'{sf] ;f6f]

;+ljwfg g} km]g]{ ljsNk ;f]Rg' xF'b}g .


;+ljwfg aGg] qmddf ePsf sdhf]/L, pknlAwsf] /Iff /

;+ljwfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

df= nId0fnfn s0f{

cf/De

;+ljwfg;efaf6 @)&@ ;fndf ;+ljwfg aGof], /fd|f] eof], To;sf pknlAwsf]

/Iff x'g'k5{ . t/, ;+ljwfg agfpg] qmddf k|lqmofsf] kfngf ul/Pg, ToxfF

q'6L /Xof] . ;+ljwfg agfpFbf slt k|ltzt dt cfof], Tolt dfq cfwf/

xF'b}g . agfpg] k|lqmofsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] lgodfjnLsf] kfngf eof] ePg,

Tof] clt g} dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg lyof] . k|lqmof kfngf gu/L ;+ljwfg agfpFbf

b]zdf Ps ;d'bfo c;Gt'i6 eP/ cfGbf]lnt /x] . b]zsf dw]zL, hghftL,

yf¿, d'lZnd, blnt, nufotsf kLl8t kIf cfh klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg s}

kIfdf 5g\ . ;fy} b'O{ jif{ ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ubf{ b]vf k/]sf] sl7gfO{n]

;+ljwfg k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/L g} /x]sf] 5 . To;}n],

o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf hl6ntf cfPsf] 5 . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg

ag]g t/ To;df w]/} sfd eO;s]sf] lyof] . nueu *)÷() k|ltzt sfd

eO;s]sf] lyof] . bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgofdfjnLn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{

k|yd ;+ljwfg;efn] lglj{jfb ul/;s]sf] ljifonfO{ n]vg ug]{ / ljjfbLt

ljifonfO{ ;+j}wflgs / /fhgLlts ;+jfb ;ldltaf6 ;j{klIfo ;+jfb u/L

;dfwfg ug]{ s'/f lgofdfjnLdf pNn]v lyof] . To;sf] nflu ;j{;Ddt /

ljjflbt ljifo lgSof}{n ug]{ ;ldlt agfO{of] .


bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgodfjnL agfpFbf d ;efklt lyPF . To;a]nf klxnf]

;+ljwfg;efn] ;j{;Ddt ?kdf agfPsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ dfg]/ cl3 a9\g] /

ljjfb ePsf ljifonfO{ ;dfwfg ug{lt/ nfuf}F eGg] k|:tfj /flvof] . o;sf

nflu Pp6f ;ldlt aGof] . To;n] k|ltj]bg lbof] . ljjflbt ljifonfO{

;Daf]wg ug]{u/L 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ g]t[Tjsf] ;+j}wflgs÷/fhgLlts ;ldlt

aGof] . o;} u/L, ljjflbt ljifonfO{ PsLs/0f u/L ljjfb ;dfwfgsf]

lgldQ pk;ldltsf] u7g eof] . To; pk;ldltsf] klg d ;+of]hs

lyPF . o; pk;ldltnfO{ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf, zf;sLo :j?kafx]s ;a}

;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{n]

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / zf;sLo :j?k;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] lhDd]jf/L

lng'eof] . Tof] a]nf xfd|f] lgodfjnL ;ldltn] ;j{;Ddt k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf

lyof}F .

klxrfg / ;fdYo{sf] cfwf/df /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb

lyof] . oxL k|of]hgsf nflu klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] clGtd ;dodf /fHo

k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . To; cfof]unfO{ klxrfg /

;fdYo{sf] cfwf/df /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ug{' eGg] sfof{b]z lbOPsf] lyof] .

gf} cf]6f k|b]z / blnt ;d'bfosf nflu Pp6f u}/ ef}uf]lns k|b]z x'g]

u/L cfof]un] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] lyof] . t/ o;nfO{ dflgPg . cyf{t\

lglj{jfb l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Pg . clxn] ;ftcf]6f k|b]z ag]sf] 5 .

o;df s;}sf] klg klxrfgnfO{ dflgPsf] 5}g . b'O{ gDa/ k|b]zdf dw]zLsf]

klxrfgnfO{ dflgPsf] elgG5 t/ Tof] klg cw'/f] 5 . ;fdYo{sf] sxLF s'/}

ePsf] 5}g . o;k|sf/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf ljlwsf] pNn+3g ul/Psf]

lyof] .

klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efdf ;+3 / k|b]zaLr clwsf/ afF8kmfF8sf] ljifo klg

lglj{jfb lyof] . kl5 dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx¿nfO{ klg yftL /fvL cl3 al9of] .

To;n] ubf{ clxn] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf hl6ntf cfPsf] 5 . ljutsf

lglj{jfb / ;j{;Ddt ljifonfO{ pNn‹g ubf{ o:tf] cfjfh ;]nfPsf] 5}g .


clwsf/ ;DkGg k|b]zsf] cfjZostf

;+3Lotfdf hfg] ljifodf dw]zL / hghfltafx]s s;}sf] k|fyldstf lyPg .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ yf]/} dfq clwsf/ k|b]znfO{ lbOof] . k|b]zsf] æ;f}tfÆsf]

?kdf :yfgLo tx hGdfOof] . :yfgLo txnfO{ alnof] agfpg] / k|b]znfO{

sdhf]/ agfpg] sfd eof] .1

clxn] :yfgLo txdf /fd|f];Fu sfd} x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] ;'?d} eg]sf

lyof}F— :yfgLo txnfO{ zlQmzfnL agfpg] xf] eg] To;nfO{ k|b]zsf]

dftxtdf /fVg'k5{ . o;f] ePdf k|b]zn] :yfgLo txsf] lgu/fgL / cg'udg

ug{ s7Lg xF'b}g . ufpFkflnsf agfP/ l;+xb/af/nfO{ ufpF ufpFdf k'¥ofpg]

eGg] xNnf ;d]t ul/of] . t/ l;+xb/af/n] k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] 6'KkL

;dft]/ a;]sf] 5 . of] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog cfhsf] cj:yf xf] .

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf y'k|} P]g ag] / aGg] qmd hf/L 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f !^ b]lv $^ ;Dddf #) cf]6f df}lns xs;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g nufot

! ;o %^ cf]6f P]g @)&^ ;fn;Dd alg;s] . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf

k|b]zsf k|x/L k|b]zsf] dftxt / ;z:q k|x/L an / g]kfnL ;]gf ;+3sf]

dftxtdf /xG5, eGg] k|fjwfg 5 . of] k|fjwfg @)^$ sf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg

;efdf lglj{jfb lyof] . Tolta]nf ;z:q k|x/L an klg k|b]znfO{ lbg] eGg]

s'/f lyof] . kl5 o;df ;xdlt ePg, ;+3d} /flvof] .

clxn] k|x/L P]g ;+3af6 hf/L eof] . k|x/Lsf] k"0f{ clwsf/ k|b]zsf] xf] .

of] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg d} 5 .2 o;nfO{ ;+3;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5}g . t/ clxn]

k|x/L P]gdf k|b]zdf /xg] k|x/L k|d'v / kbflwsf/L tyf kf]zfs ;d]t ;+3n]

tf]Sg] k|fjwfg ul/of] . csf]{lt/, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ;+3sf k|zf;sLo

k|d'v x'g\ . k|b]zsf] lgu/fgL / cg'udg klg k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln]

g} ug]{ h:tf] clwsf/ ;+3df g} lbFbfsf] cj:yfdf k|b]z k|x/L vl6Psf

1 x]g'{xf];\ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] cg';"rL %,^,( .2 x]g'{xf];\ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] cg';"rLsf] qmd ;+Vof ! .


5g \. o:tf] cj:yfdf k|b]zsf] u[xdGqLsf] e"ldsf s] x'G5 xf]nf eGg] k|Zg

:jfefljs 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog / pknlAwsf] /Iff

;+3Lotfdf hlt clwsf/ kfpg'kg]{ xf], Tolt cfk'mn] gkfPsf] u'gf;f]

k|b]zsf] 5 . t/ hlt clwsf/ kfPsf] 5, To;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu pkof]u

ub}{ hfg'k5{ . pknlAwsf] /Iff klg ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog xf] . xfdL

nf]stGqnfO{ lz/f]k/ u5f}{+ eg] ;jf]{Rr zlQm g} hgtf x'g\ eGg] s'/f a'‰g

cfjZos 5 . ;+ljwfgdf cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] Joj:yf 5, sf]xL ;f+;bn]

v/fa sfd u/] kfFr jif{df hgtfn] cfk\mgf] ljj]s k|of]u u5{g\ . v/fa sfd

u/] ;+3, k|b]z / kflnsf tLg} kIfsf] klg d"Nof+sg x'G5 . To;}n] k|b]zn]

cfk"mdf lglxt clwsf/sf] k|of]u ub}{ hfg'k5{ . h;n] cfk"mnfO{ clwsf/

;DkGg agfpFb} n}hfG5 .

/fd|f] ljZjljBfno vf]n]/ k|b]znfO{ ;d[4 agfpg ;lsG5 . c:ktfn

vf]n]df ;]jfsf] Joj:yf x'g;S5 . t/fO{df lghL c:ktfnx¿n] /fd|f] sdfO

ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljxf/df /fd|f] cfFvf c:ktfn gx'Fbf nfxfg, jL/u~hdf

v'n]sf c:ktfnn] /fd|f] k|ult u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/fO{df /fd|f pBf]ux¿

vf]Ng ;lsG5 . ;a} 7fpFdf vfgL gx'g ;S5 t/ ePsf ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{

pkof]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] To;n] ;d[l4 Nofpg ;S5 . o;y{ clxn]sf]

;+3Lo ;+/rgf / Jojxf/ ;Gtf]ifhgs gePklg Joj:yf ul/Psf pknlAwsf]

/Iff ug]{ / afFsLsf] nflu ;+3if{ hf/L /fVg' cfjZos 5 .

hg:t/sf sfo{qmd

hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd s]Gb| / k|b]z b'a}df 5 . sfo{qmd /fd|f] x'Fbfx'Fb}

klg plrt tfnd]n ldn]sf] 5}g . blntsf] 3/ agfOlbg] s'/f /fd|f] xf]

t/ sfddf l9nf;':tL x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] ljhf]u ePsf] 5 . blntsf] 3/

agfOlbg] gfddf Pp6f ;fgf] 6'qmf hldgdf ePsf] 3/ eTsfOlbg], Ps

jif{kl5 hu xflnlbg] / kfFr jif{kl5 k'/f ul/lbg] xf] eg] aLrsf] ;dodf


pgLx?n] sxfF 6fpsf] n'sfpg] < To:tf 3/x¿ eTsfOPsf sltko

dflg;x? hgk|ltlglwsxfF lg/f; eP/ Joyf kf]Vg cfpg] u/]sf pbfx/0f

5g\ . oL ljifodf Jojxfl/s hl6ntf klg 5g\ .

o;af6 kf7 l;s]/ sfd z'¿ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t

Ps jif{ leq 3/ k"/f ug]{ u/L k;f{ lhNnfdf @% cf]6f 3/ agfpg] of]hgf

z'¿ ul/Psf] 5 . of] of]hgf cGtu{t Pp6f 3/df b'O{cf]6f sf]7f, a/08f,

efG;f / zf}rfno /xG5g\ . df3af6 lgdf{0f sfo{ z'¿ u/]/ c;f/;Dd ;DkGg

ul/lbg] xf] eg] ;DalGwt kl/jf/n] kfgLaf6 x'g] ;d:of w]/} em]Ng kb}{gYof] .

o; sfdsf] nflu Pshgf ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf;Fu ;f+;bsf] x}l;otn] d}n]

;xsfo{ u/]F . nufgL a/fa/ h:t} lyof] . d}n] klg Ps s/f]8 /fv]F, pgn]

ufpFkflnsfsf] tk{maf6 (% nfv /fv] . Pp6f ;'?jft t eof] . nueu ^

s/f]8 hltdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . ;xsfo{ ug]{ xf] eg] w]/} /fd|f] sfd

ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLsxfF o:tf b[li6sf]0f / sfg'gsf] cefj 5 .

sfg'g lgdf{0f

k|b]z txn] sfg'g agfpg l9nfO ug'{ x'Fb}g . c? k|b]z / ;+3sf

sfg'gx?sf] cWoog u/]/ cfk\mgf sfg'gx? agfpg ;lsG5 . of] klg

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] lbzf xf] .

a'6jn hfFbf d}n] k|b]z g+= % sf] Ps ;]6 sfg''g lnPF . o:tf sfg'gx¿

;a}lt/ ljt/0f ul/g'k5{ . ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ /fhkq tyf j]a;fO6x¿

x]g{ nufpg'k5{ . sltko dGqLx¿n] o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ k9g'ePsf] 5}g xf]nf .

csf]{ k|b]zdf eO/x]sf] ultljlwsf] cWoog ug'{ klg dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .

sfg'g agfpg] qmddf Tolt w]/} 5nkmn ePsf] kfOFb}g . k|b]zdf klg

ljw]os dfly Toltljlw 5nkmn ePsf] kfOFb}g . ;ldltx¿ aG5g h;df

s]xL uDeL/ ljifo 5 eg] cln a9L 5nkmn x'G5, xf]Og eg] ;fdfGotf

;fdfGo 5nkmnd} ljw]os kf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;+3df klg 5nkmnsf]

a]nfdf u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'¥ofpg ufx|f] 5, k|b]zlt/ klg To:t} x'G5 . h]


eP klg sfg'g aGg' /fd|f] xf] . sfd ubf{ q'l6 klg b]lvPnf t/ To;nfO{

kl5 ;Rofpb}+ nfg ;lsG5 .

sfg'g agfpg] s'/fdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf-u};;_n]

klg ;xof]u ug{'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o u};;x¿n] cln uDeL/ eP/} sfd

ul/lbFb}gg\ . Pslbg uof], 5nkmn rnfof], kmls{of] . w]/} lzi6frf/sf s'/f

dfq eP . ;fFRr} ynf]df sfd ePsf] 5}g . ;ft k|b]zdf 6f]nL v6fP/

k|To]s 6f]nLn] Pp6f k|b]zdf rf/ lbg sfd u/]/ glthf lgsfn]kl5

To;dfly ;d]t d"Nof+sg x'g'k5{ . sfo{qmddf s;}n] kfFr ldg]6 af]n]sf]

s'/fdfq l/kf]6{df n]v]/ dfq x'Fb}g . To;sf] k|fl1s cg';Gwfgaf6 ;xof]u

x'g'k5{ .

ljjfb lg?k0f

ljjfb /fhgLlts xf] ls sfg'gL, o;sf] bfo/f k|:6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . x/]s

s'/f /fhgLltaf6} ;'? x'gfn] klxn] /fhgLlts ¿kaf6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg

ul/g'k5{ . ;lsPg eg] sfg'gL pkfo vf]lhg'k5{ . ;a}hgf ldn]/ ;d:of

;dfwfg ug'{ /fd|f] pkfo xf] . Jojxfl/s pkfokl5 sfg'gL pkfodf hfg

;lsG5 . sfg'gL lx;fadf hfg] xf] nueu @@ xhf/ d'2f ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf

5g\ . ca slt ylkG5g\ . w]/} sfg'gL emd]nfdf km;]df /fHosf] :yfloTjdf

c;/ k5{ . ljjfb lg?k0fsf] ;jfndf k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] s'/f ubf{

glhs /xg]n] g} :yfgLo txnfO{ lgu/fgL ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . :yfgLo txsf]

glhssf] lgsfo k|b]z xf] . :yfgLo txsf] ljjfb lg?k0fsf nflu k|b]z

g} pko'Qm 7xl/G5 . k|b]zsf] lgu/fgL / cg'udg hlt k|efjsf/L x'G5,

Tolt ;+3sf] x'Fb}g .

clwsf/ / st{JoaLr ;Gt'ng

s'g}klg clwsf/ ;+3if{ u/]/ k|fKt ul/;s]kl5, To;nfO{ ;DkGg ug{] st{Jo

/ g}ltstf ;d]t ckgfpg'k5{ . of] sfof{Gjogsf] kIf xf] . h:tf] kl/of]hgf


;~rfng ubf{ n]S; af]8{ /fVg' /fd|f] xf] . o;n] hgtfnfO{ hfu¿s

t'NofpF5 . eO/x]sf] sfdaf/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . t/ s'g} klg kl/of]hgfdf

st} klg n]S; af]8{ /flvPsf] kfOFb}g . o; sf/0fn] of]hgf ;+rfng

u'0f:t/Lo ePg . hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / rf;f] ePg . Ps 7fpFdf sNe6{

agfOPsf] /x]5 . /fd|f] sfd gePsfn] jiff{tdf au]/ uof] . d}n] cg'udg

ubf{ of] sfd u'0f:t/xLg eof] elg k|ltj]bg lbFbf jf:tf ul/Pg . olb

sfo{:yndf n]S; af]8{ /fVg] sfd ePsf] eP hgtfsf] lgu/fgL x'GYof] .

sfd /fd|/L ;DkGg ug{ ;lsGYof] . o;/L kl/of]hgfdf hg;xeflutf ug{

xfdLn] xfd|f] clwsf/ / st{JoaLrsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg'k5{ .

lzIff

xfdL;Fu kof{Kt sfg'g 5}g . k|b]z;Fu k'Ubf] sfg'g 5}g . lzIff P]gs} s'/f

u/f}F . ;fdflhs ;~hfndf b]Vg] ul/Psf] 5 ls, ;+3n] slxn] lzIfs

lgo'QmL aGb u/]sf] 5, slxn] lgb]{zg k7fP/ egf{ ug]{ s'/f ub{5 . k]ml/

slxn] s/f/df lzIfs egf{ gu/ eg]sf] s'/f cfpF5 . Pp6f k|:6 lgb]{lzsf

agfOlbPdf o;af6 w]/} ;dfwfg lg:sGYof] . k;f{sf] d]/f] lgjf{rg If]q

gDa/ rf/df b'O{ dlxgf 8'Nbf lzIffsf] :t/ sdhf]/ b]lvof] . sltko

:s'ndf lzIfs 5}gg\ . s;}n] aLP kf; u/]sf] 5 eg] p;nfO{ k|fylds

ljBfnodf k9fpg nufOG5 . dfWolds txdf k9fpg] of]Uotf ePsf]

JolQmnfO{ k|fylds txsf] tna lbPsf] x'G5 . o;n] lzIfsdf of]Uotf

cg';f/sf] sfd gkfPsf]df g}/fZotf pTkGg x'g;S5 . k7g kf7gdf c;/

x'g;S5 . o:tf] s'/fdf :yfgLo txn] of]Uotf cg';f/sf lzIfs egf{ u/]/

k7gkf7gdf ;'wf/ ug{;S5 . ;+3n]] ufpFkflnsfnfO{ clwsf/ lbP x'G5 .

of] ;f/f em~em6 lsg ;+3n] g} af]Sg] <

dw]zdf lzIffsf] cj:yf lgs} bogLo 5 . ufpFkflnsfn] ljBfnosf] sf]7f

ylklbG5 . ;+3n] klg ejg agfOlbg ;S5 . hgk|ltlglwx?n] klg

:s'n e|d0fdf hfFbf s]xL g s]xL agfOlbg] arg lbG5g\ . t/klg lzIffsf]


u'0f:t/ ;'wfl/Psf] 5}g . ?vd'lg a;]/ k9\g]n] klg /fd|} lzIff xfl;n

u/]sf lyP . ejgn] dfq lzIff /fd|f] x'Fb}g . /fd|f] lzIfs Nofpg'k5{ . of]Uo

lzIfs ePdfq z}lIfs u'0f:t/ a9\5 . o;df :yfgLo / k|b]z lgsfon]

klg kxn ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+3n] ;DalGwt :yfgLo of k|b]z

;/sf/nfO{ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f agfOlbg'k5{ . ;xhLs/0f ug{ lgb]{lzsf

agfOlbP/ :yfgLo txnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;f] geO ;+3n] cfk}m

clwsf/ /fVg vf]h]sf] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Tof] x6fpg'k5{ .

casf] af6f]

ca rf/cf]6f kIfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . klxnf], :yfgLo cfjZostf s] xf]

eGg] s'/f ;+3nfO{ eGbf k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ yfxf x'G5 . :yfgLo

clwsf/ s] xf] < ;+3sf] clwsf/ s] xf] / ;femf clwsf/ s] xf] eGg]

ljifo lgSof]{n ul/g'k5{ . bf];|f], k|b]z nf]s;]jf sfof{Gjogsf] kIf xf] .

t];|f], ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffaf6 gofF sd{rf/L / hgk|ltlglwx?

cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ Ifdtfjfg agfpg' cfjZos s'/f xf] . rf}yf],

;+ljwfg agfpg] a]nf Psk6s ePklg k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kYof]{ . ePg t/

ca x'g'k5{, h;n] xfd|f] ;+ljwfg sdhf]/ x'Fb}g, cem alnof] x'G5 eGg] xf] .

oL rf/cf]6f kIfnfO{ ;+If]kdf tn aofg ul/Psf] 5 .

clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8

@)&^ ;fndf k|:tfj ul/Psf] u'7L P]gdf klg k|b]zsf] clwsf/ vf]l;Psf]

5 . o;df k|b]zsf] k"0f{ clwsf/ 5 h'g g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL ^

sf] qm=;+= @! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/, P]gn] u'7Lsf] clwsf/ ;+3nfO{

lbg] Joj:yf u/L k|b]zsf] clwsf/ vf]:g] sfd eof] . @)&^ ;fpg ebf}df

ePsf] sf7df8f}Fsf] lj/f]wn] Tof] P]g lkmtf{ eof] . oL ;f/f s'/fn] xfd|f]

dfgl;stf / k|j[lQ s] xf] eGg] s'/f b]vfPsf] 5 . of] b]zdf u'7L cg]s

k|sf/sf 5g\ . kxf8df Ps k|sf/sf] 5 eg] dw]zdf csf]{ k|sf/sf] 5 .


sf7df8f}+sf] u'7L a]Un} 5 . To;}n] u'7L P]g agfpg] clwsf/ k|b]znfO{

lbOPsf] eP p;n] cfgf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] u'7L P]g agfpg] lyof] .

:yfgLo cfjZostf s] xf] eGg] s'/f ;+3eGbf k|b]znfO{ a9L yfxf x'G5 .

;f]xL sf/0fn] u'7L Joj:yfkg k|b]zsf] lhDdfdf cfPsf] xf] .

df}lns clwsf/ cGtu{t ;+ljwfgdf vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf] clwsf/sf] s'/f 5 .

o;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ clwsf/ ufpFkflnsfnfO{ lbg'k5{ . sf] ef]sf] 5 jf

5}g eGg] s'/f p;nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . of] clwsf/ ;+3df /fVbf cK7]/f] cj:yf

cfpF5 . l;+rfO{, lzIff h:tf clwsf/nfO{ ufpFkflnsf cGtu{t /flvPsf]

s'/f g/fd|f] xf]Og . ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfno Joj:yfkgsf] sfg'g ;+3n]

agfP klg Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf k|b]zsf] x'G5 . @)&^ ;fnd} lzIff P]g

cfO;Sof] . To;nfO{ klg s]Gb|Ls/0f ul/of] . ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ubf{ o:t}

lsl;dsf cK7]/fx¿ cfPsf 5g\ .

;+ljwfg ag]sf] tLg jif{ eO{;Sof] . ;femf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 clxn];Dd

klg ePsf] 5}g . ;femf clwsf/nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ k|0ffnL r':t x'g'k5{ .

xfdLn] ;+:yfut cfos/ ;+3sf] / JolQmut cfos/ k|b]zsf] x'g'k5{ eg]sf

lyof}F . t/ clxn] o;nfO{ ;femf clwsf/ cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . ca

;+3 / k|b]zsf] slt lx:;]bf/L x'g]eGg]af/] afF8kmfF8 x'g'k5{ . cg'bfgsf]

e/df k|b]z rnfpg] xf] eg] PsfTds Joj:yfsf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt /

clxn]sf] k|b]zdf s] leGgtf /Xof] < clxn] #@÷## ca{ cg'bfg afFl8Psf]

5 . cg'bfgaf6 k|b]z rNg] xf] eg] ;+3Lotfsf] cy{ /xGg . p;nfO{

s/ p7fpg] clwsf/ lbg'k5{ . ;femf clwsf/ afF8kmfF8sf] s'/f ;+ljwfg

sfof{Gjog x'g'cl3 g} 6'+uf] nufpg] ljifo lyof] . ;+ljwfg agfO;s]kl5

Joj:yflksf ;+;b ag]sf] a]nfdf g} o:tf sfg'g aGg'kYof{], o; ljifodf

clxn];Dd 6'+uf] nfu]sf] 5}g .

k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfof{Gjog

k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;+3n] g} sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ cldNbf] sfd ePsf]

5 . @)&^ ;fndf ;+3n] gf} xhf/ hlt sd{rf/L xtf/df egf{ u¥of] .


k|b]z:t/sf] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfg'g alg;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;+3n] klxnf

g} sd{rf/L egf{ ul/lbof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|b]z:t/sf] nf]s;]jf cfof]un]

s] u5{ < o;af/] w]/} unt JofVof eof] . ;+;bdf o;af/] k6s k6s

cfjfh p7fpFbf klg ;'g'jfO ePsf] 5}g . pN6f] nf]s;]jf cfof]un] sd{rf/L

egf{af/] lj1fkg ubf{ :yfgLo tx klg ;/sf/sf] Pp6f cË xf] eGg] ts{

;+3n] /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . k|b]zsf] sd{rf/L k|b]zn] g} egf{ ug{ kfpg'kg]{

xf] . :yfgLo txaf/] s'g} klg clwsf/ k|b]znfO{ lbOPsf] 5}g . Pp6f

clwsf/ s] 5 eg] :yfgLo txsf] sd{rf/L egf{ k|b]zn] u5{ .

sd{rf/Lsf] ;Gbe{df g} k|b]zn] b'O{ jif{b]lv cK7]/f] ;lx/x]sf] 5 . ;+3n]

sd{rf/L k7fpF5, rf/ dlxgfdf ;?jf eOxfN5 . o;f] x'Fbf k|b]zdf

sd{rf/Lsf] cefj 5 . b'O{rf/ dlxgfdf k|b]zdf d'Vo ;lrj km]l/g] ePsf]n]

sd{rf/Ldf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L a:g klg rfxFb}gg\ .

:yfgLo txsf tk{mb]lv ;d]t cK7\of/f Jojxf/ ul/Psf 5g\ . k|b]zsf

dGqLx¿n] ufnL u/]sf]n] sd{rf/L a:g grfx]sf] hfgsf/L ;d]t kfOof] .

o;af/]df ;DalGwt k|b]zsf] d'VodGqLnfO{, æsd{rf/L tkfO{+sf ;xof]uL xft

x'g, pgLx¿nfO{ hlt k|]d ug{'x'G5, Tolt g} sd{rf/Laf6 sfd kfpg'x'G5 .

cfgf] nflu Sjf6/ glng'xf];, sd{rf/LnfO{ Sjf6/ lbg'xf];\ .Æ Tolt

eg]kl5 s]xL ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g t eof] t/ l56f] l56f] sd{rf/L km]l/Fbf

k|b]zdf ck]lIft sfd ;s]sf] 5}g . k|To]s ufpFkflnsfnfO{ Pp6f ;/sf/

dfGg] xf] eg] Pp6f lgsfosf nflu lgo'Qm ul/Psf] sd{rf/LnfO{ csf]{df

k7fpg gldNg'kg]{ xf] . t/ Tof] eO/x]sf] 5 . of] jf:tljstf :yfgLo txdf

;d]t 5 . h'g ;+3Lotfsf] dd{ cg'?k 5}g .

csf]{tk{m df}lns clwsf/sf] wf/f $@-!_ n] of] b]zsf] k|To]s lgsfo

;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL x'G5, eg]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf klg oxL

s'/f n]lvPsf] 5 . t/ Jojxf/ rflxF ;+ljwfgsf] lj?å x'g] u/L eO/x]sf]

5 . Pp6f ufpFkflnsfn] b'O{cf]6f b/aGbL dfUof] eg] sxfFaf6 ;dfg'kflts

x'g] < o;n] ;dfg'kfltssf] cjwf/0ff klg ;dfKt ul/lbPsf] 5 .


nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;+3 / k|b]z b'a}df x'G5 . t/, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] dfkb08

;+3n] g} agfpF5 . ;+3n] dfkb08 / gLlt;Dd agfpg ;S5 . t/ o:tf]

s'/f a]n}df agfOlbPsf] eP k|b]zsf] nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf]

x'GYof] . w]/} l9nf] u/L dfkb08 agfOP klg slDtdf of] ag]sf] 5 . b'O{

tLgcf]6f k|b]zdf nf]s;]jf cfof]u u7g eO;s]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;+3Lotfsf]

dd{ cg'?k sfd ug{ lbg'k5{ .

hgk|ltlglwnfO{ tflnd

7"nf] sNkgf u/]/ :yfgLo txdf GofoLs ;ldlt agfOof] . h;nfO{ xfd|f]

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @!& n] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ s]xL clwsf/

klg lbof}F . clwsf+z :yfgLo txdf dlxnfnfO{ pkk|d'v agfof}F . k|d'vdf

k'¿if g} a;] . /f]rs pbfx/0f s] b]lvP eg] s'g} Pp6f ufpFkflnsfsf]

a}7sdf pkk|d'v -dlxnf_sf] k|ltlglwTj pgsf] >Ldfg\n] ubf{ /x]5g\ .

d]o/n] c?a]nf pgnfO{ a}7sdf a:g lbP klg ah]6 kf; ug]{ a]nfdf

a}7sdf a:g lbPg5g\ . o;n] ljjfbsf] ?k lnP/ n¶L xfgfxfgsf] cj:yf

cfP5, o:tf] pbfx/0f c? klg 5g\ . Pp6f :s'nsf] sfo{qmddf d hfFbf

o:t} cj:yf cfof] . Pshgfsf] kltnfO{ sfo{qmddf >LdtLsf] k|ltlglwTj

u/]/ af]nfOof] . kTgLsf] /fhgLlts lhDd]jf/L s;/L kltdf ;5{ < s'/f

crDdnfUbf] ePklg hgk|ltlglwn] cfgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf s'/f

ga'‰bf o:tf] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .

sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq xf]Og, hgk|ltlglwnfO{ ;d]t ;r]tgf, cg'zf;gsf]

kfngf, j[lQ ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DalGw tflndsf] vfFrf] 5 .

lgjf{rgdf lhTg] ljlQs} ;ayf]s hfGg] eGg] t x'Fb}g . pgLx?nfO{ ;d]t

lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;r]tgf of tflndsf sfo{qmd uPdf

;+ejtM k|ltlglwx? of pgLx?sf kl/jf/n] crDd nfUg] ultljlw ub}{gg\ .

;+ljwfg k'g/fjnf]sg

;+ljwfg alg;s]kl5 Psrf]l6 k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'kYof]{ . ;+ljwfg;efn]

agfPsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ clwsf/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bnfO{


lbg'kYof{] . ef/tdf klg ;+ljwfg ag]kl5 ToxfFsf] klxnf] ;+;bn] ;+ljwfgsf]

k'g/fjnf]sg u/]sf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg alg;s]kl5 sxfF s] s:tf sdhf]/L

/x] eg]/ x]g{'kYof]{ . o;f] ubf{ a]kmfObf x'Fb}gYof] a¿ /fd|} x'GYof] .

b]zdf ;+3Lotf cfof] . klxrfg, ;fdYo{ s] xf] eGg] ljifosf k5fl8 w]/}

hgf nfu] . ToxL ;+ljwfg;efsf k|To]s ;ldltdf /x]/ d}n] sfd u/]“ .

vf; clwsf/sf] s'/f s] xf] eGg]lt/ s;}sf] Wofg} uPg . /fhgLlts bnsf]

cfgf] b[li6sf]0f x'G5, ;+ljwfg ;efdf ToxL s'/f …O:o'Ú aG5 . w]/} ;do

;Ldf;DaGwL ljifodf s]lGb|t eof] . o;n] cf]em]ndf k/]sf s'/f cf]em]nd}

/x] . ;+ljwfgsf] h] d:of}bf eof], To;}nfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] sfd eof] .

o;/L k'g/fjnf]sg gubf{ ;+ljwfgdf ePsf sltko sdhf]/Lsf] clxn]

cg'e"t x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

clxn] ;efd'vsf] kbaf/] s'/f clNem/x]sf] 5 . ;efd'vsf] cg'kl:yltdf

pk;efd'vn] a}7ssf] cWoIftf u5{g\, t/ ;+;baf6 kf; ePsf P]g

k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ clwsf/ pk;efd'vnfO{ 5}g . ;efd'vn] k|ltlglw;efsf]

/ /fli6«o;efsf] cWoIfn] k|df0fLs/0f ug{'k5{ . ;+;bdf ag]sf s]xL P]g

kf; eO;s]sf 5g\ . s]xL k|dfl0ft ug{ afFsL 5g\ . k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu

k7fpg k|df0fLs/0f eGg] 5'§} cWofo 5 . To;n] eG5—a}7s ;~rfng

ug]{ clwsf/dfq pk;efd'vnfO{ lbPsf] 5 . @)&^ ;fndf ;efd'v kbdf

gePsf] a]nfdf pk;efd'vn] k|df0fLs/0fsf] sfd ug{ ;Sy] . ;+ljwfgdf

ePsf] sdL÷sdhf]/L ;Rofpg ;lsGYof] . ;+ljwfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg gubf{

o;df 5'6k'm6 uNtL ;'wf/]/ cem /fd|f] agfpg ;lsGYof] h'g xfdLn] ug{

;s]gf}F . ce}mklg ;+;f]wgdfk{mt k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 .

/ cGTodf

;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog / ;+3LotfnfO{ ;an agfpg lgDgfg';f/sf rf/cf]6f

sfd tTsfn} ug{'k5{ . klxnf], k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfg'g ;+3n]

agfO;s]sf] 5 . k|b]zn] klg agfPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf


n}hfg'k5{ . sltko k|b]zdf nf]s;]jf cfof]u u7g eO;s]sf 5g\ .

o;sf] sfof{Gjog ;xL lsl;dn] x'g] xf] eg] ufpFkflnsfb]lv k|b]z;Dd

ljBdfg sd{rf/L egf{sf] ;d:of x6\g]5 . bf];|f], ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo

txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLnfO{ 5'§} afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg' k5{ tyf clwsf/nfO{

:ki6 kfl/g'k5{ . o;f] u/]df k|b]zn] cfgf clwsf/sf s'/fnfO{ sfg'g

agfP/ sfof{Gjog u5{ . o;af6 ;+3Los/0fsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9\5 . t];|f],

tLg txsf ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Ldfq xf]Og hgk|ltlglw ;d]tnfO{ tflndsf]

lgtfGt vfFrf] 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ;anLs/0f ug{' ;}åflGts tyf Jofjxfl/s

ljifodf tflnd lbg'k5{ . rf}yf], ;+ljwfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'k5{ . o;n]

;+ljwfgdf /x]sf sdhf]/L kQf nufpg ;xof]u u5{ . ;+qmd0fsflng

clwsf/df afwf c8sfp k'msfpsf nflu af6f] v'N5 . st} bf]xf]l/Psf] s'/f

5 eg] To;nfO{ klg x6fpg ldN5 . Ps dlxgfsf] ;do lbpF, o;df ;a}

bnnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpF . ;+ljwfg k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ;a}sf] enf] x'G5 .


dlxnf clwsf/sf cfofdx¿ dxfnIdL pkfWofo l8gf

kl/jt{gsf nflu h'6]sf clwsf+z d'n'sn] ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df

sfg'gåf/f dlxnfclwsf/ ;'lglZrttf u/]sf 5g\ . t/, oyfl:yltd} /x]sf

g]kfnnufot s]xL d'n'ssf dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs lje]baf6 cfh klg

cfs|fGt 5g\ . Oltxf;sf] kGgf kN6fpg] xf] eg] xfd|f cu|hn] yfn]sf]

dlxnf d'lQmsf] cfGbf]ngn] Ps ztfAbL e]6fpg yfn]sf] 5 . /f0ff zf;gsf]

cGTosf nflu ePsf] cfGbf]ng;Fu} dlxnf clwsf/sf] :yfkgf / n+}\lus

lje]b cGTosf] cfjfh p7]s} xf] . t/, g]kfndf dlxnfdfly x'g] lje]b,

lx+;f, ck/fw cfh;Dd klg sfod} 5 .

ljleGg ;dodf p7]sf dlxnf cfGbf]ngaf6 ædlxnf clwsf/ g} dfgj

clwsf/Æ xf] eGg] efjgf hfu[t eO/x]sf] 5 . dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;+j}wflgs

;'lglZrttf ul/P klg Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;lsPg eg] d'n'sn] rfx]sf]

nf]stflGqs k4lt / o;sf d"No–dfGotfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; c;Dej 5 .

oBlk, dlxnfx¿sf] ;d:ofnfO{ x]g]{ /fHo / ;dfhsf] b[li6sf]0f ce}mklg

;+s'lrt b]lvG5 . k|Zg dlxnf clwsf/sf] dfq xf]Og, ;Eo ;dfhsf]

lgdf{0fsf] klg xf] . ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 ¿kdf ls6fg ul/Psf] cfdfsf] gfdaf6

gful/stf lbg] ljifonfO{ /fHosf] tNnf]b]lv dflyNnf] lgsfo;Ddn] s'g}

g s'g} axfgfdf k|ltaGw nufpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;n] xfd|f] ;Eotfdfly g}

k|Zg t]:of{Psf] 5 .


sfg''g lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] e"ldsf

@))$ ;fnkl5 rn]sf] dlxnf cfGbf]ng / ;Tofu|xs} sf/0f dlxnfx¿

b]zsf] /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g kfP . @)!% ;fnsf] cfdlgjf{rgdf

lgjf{lrt eP/ åfl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgL of] /fi6«sf] klxnf] dlxnf dGqL x'g

k'lug\ . dlxnfx¿sf] j}rfl/s / ;8s cfGbf]ng hf/L /xFbf /xFb} @)!&

;fndf k|hftflGqs ;Qf sAhf u/]/ s7f]/ tfgfzfxL k~rfotL zf;g

k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;n] dlxnfx¿sf] xs clwsf/dfq x}g, g]kfnL

gful/ssf ;Dk"0f{ df}lns clwsf/df uDeL/ Iflt k'¥ofof] . csf]{ b[li6n] x]bf{

#) jif{;Dd rn]sf] k~rfotL zf;g k|0ffnLn] g]kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] cfGbf]ngdf

phf{ yKg] sfd u¥of] . g]kfnL dlxnfx¿n] @)#^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng, @)$@

;fnsf] ;Tofu|x / @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x

u/] . Tof] ;dodf dlxnfx¿n] 3/–3/af6 lg:s]/ yfn 7f]Sg], s'rf] af]Sg]

tyf sfnf] k6\6L afFwL ;8sdf pqgfn] lkt[;QfTds ;f]r / k/Dk/faf6

u|:t ;dfhn] s]xL xb;Dd eP klg dlxnf clwsf/sf] cfjZostf /

cf}lrTonfO{ cg'e"t u¥of], h;nfO{ dlxnf clwsf/sf] sf]z] 9'ª\ufsf] ¿kdf

lng ;lsG5 .

@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 /fhgLlts bnn] yf]/}df !) k|ltzt dlxnf

pDd]bjf/ agfpg'kg]{ dfu p7\of] . kl/0ffd :j¿k /fhgLlts bnn] %

k|ltzt dlxnf pDd]bjf/ p7fpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgd} /flvof] . of]

k|fjwfg Tolt kmnbfoL /x]g . (% k|ltzt k'?ifsf] afx'No /x]sf] ;+;bdf

% k|ltztsf] cfjfh ;'lgFb} ;'lgPg . t/ klg dlxnfsf d'2f eg] kSs}

phfu/ eP . @)%^ ;fndf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] 5f]/LnfO{ 5f]/f ;/x

c+zsf] clwsf/;DaGwL k|:tfj ;+;bdf k|:t't u/], h'g ljifo @)^$

;fndf dfq cg'df]bg eof] . To;a]nfsf] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgn] gLlt lgdf{0f

txdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ :yfg lbof] . o;n] sfg'gL dfGotf klg

kfof] . ;doqmddf dlxnfx¿sf] g]t[Tj ljsf;df pT;fxhgs glthf cfpg

yfNof] . cfh To;}sf] cf8df :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf $) k|ltzt dlxnfx¿sf]

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ePsf] xf] .


@)^@÷@)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf cu|:yfgdf

b]lvof] . k'?if;Fu sfFwdf sfFw ldnfpFb} c;Ld lxDdt, hf]z, hfFu/ /

lg8/kgsf ;fy dlxnfx¿ xf]lDdPsfn] hgcfGbf]ng ;kmn ePsf] lyof] .

k|ltkmn:j¿k ;+ljwfg;efdf Ps ltxfO{ dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf x'g k'Uof] .

/fhgLltdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf b[li6n] g]kfn ;+;f/s} kfFrf}F /fi6«df k5{ .

@)^@÷^# ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng nuQ} @)^# ;fndf ePsf] sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wgaf6

n}+lus lje]bsf ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ Vff/]h ul/P . k'g:yf{lkt

k|ltlglw ;ef, @)^# n] /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf

x'g'kg]{ ;+sNk k|:tfj kfl/t ul/of] . o;af6 cGtl/d ;+ljwfg adf]lhd

;+ljwfg;efdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/of] .

o;}sf] pknlAw:j¿k @)^$ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf ;xefuL !(& hgf

dlxnf ;ef;bx¿n] dlxnfsf ljifodf kf6L{sf] bfo/feGbf dfly p7L dlxnf

;femf d~r -ss;_ lgdf{0f u/] . ss;n] dlxnfx¿sf] xs–clwsf/ :yflkt

ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nof] . dlxnf ;ef;bx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efdf Pstf

k|bz{g ub}{ dlxnf clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ / ;ldltdf

5nkmn ug]{–u/fpg] sfd u/] . tTsfnLg ;dodf tof/ kfl/Psf d:of}bfsf]

;"rL nfdf] 5 . dlxnfsf] k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs, cfdfsf] gfdaf6

c+lus[t gful/stf kfpg] clwsf/, dlxnflj?4 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf

cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfo{ u/]df sfg'gåf/f b08gLo x'g], kLl8tn]

sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs, k}t[s ;Dkltdf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{

;dfg xs, j+zLo cfwf/ tyf n+}lus klxrfg ;lxtsf] gful/stf, ;dfg

sfddf ;dfg kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cflb d:of}bfdf k/]sf

lyP . o;}u/L, ;+3Lo ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|To]s /fhgLlts bnaf6

lgjf{lrt s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] slDtdf PsltxfO ;b:o dlxnf x'g'kg]{,

/fHosf ;a} lgsfodf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df

;xefuL x'g] xs x'g'kg]{, dlxnfnfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs

;'/Iffdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g'kg]{,

;DklQ tyf kfl/jfl/s dfldnfdf bDktLsf] ;dfg xsh:tf dxTjk"0f{


clwsf/ d:of}bfdf k/]sf lyP . oL tdfd clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ g]kfnsf]

;+ljwfg @)&@ nfO{ ædlxnfd}qLÆ agfpg] sfo{ ;kmn /x\of], h;df dlxnf

;ef;b\nufot ;a} ;fe]mbf/x¿sf] of]ubfg /x\of] .

dlxnf clwsf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf

;+ljwfgn] dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fhGo sfo{nfO{ b08gLo

7x¥ofPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s ¿kn] kl5 k/]sf

dlxnfsf nflu ;xeflutf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 /fHo ;+/rgf tyf

;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 .

;+;bdf PsltxfO{ dlxnfsf] clgjfo{ pkl:yltsf] ;'lglZrtf ;+ljwfgdf

g} u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf] x/]s lgsfodf PsltxfO{s} k|fjwfg /x]tf klg

:ki6 ls6fg ul/Psf] /fi6«klt jf pk/fi6«klt, ;efd'v jf pk;efd'v,

cWoIf tyf pkfWoIf h:tf kbdf dlxnf clgjfo{ x'g'kg]{ Joj:yfafx]s

dGqLd08n / ;+;bsf ;ldltx¿df ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg nfu" x'g ;s]sf]

5}g . $) k|ltzt sfo{sfl/0fL kb;lxt k|d'v jf pkk|d'vdf Ps dlxnf

x'g'kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yfn] /fhgLltdf dlxnf ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ePsf]

5 . To;df klg :yfgLo txdf dlxnf ;xeflutf pT;fxhgs b]lvG5 .

oBlk x/]s kf6L{n] pkk|d'vdf dfq dlxnf pDd]bjf/L v8f u/]sf] kfOG5,

h'g lje]bsf/L b]lvG5 . csf]{lt/, :yfgLo txsf k|d'vaf6 sfo{qmd /

clwsf/af6 alGrt ul/Psf] u'gf;f klg k|;:t 5g\ .

olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg Nff]stGqsf] :yfkgf;F+u} k]zfut If]qdf dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr

j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf ;'/Iff lgsfodf dlxnf ;xeflutf j[l4

x'Fb} uPsf] l:ylt 5 . Gofofnodf klg dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf pNn]Vo j[l4

ePsf] 5 .

lzIff If]qdf dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr ;Gtf]ifhgs 5 . !% b]lv @% jif{eGbf

dflysf **=^ k|ltzt dlxnfsf] lzIffdf kx'Fr b]lvG5 . pRr lzIffsf] xsdf

ljBfjfl/lw eGbf d'lg $$=@ k|ltzt / ljBfjfl/lwdf !!=$ k|ltzt dlxnfsf]


kx'Fr b]lvG5, h'g ljut Ps bzssf] t'ngfdf lgs} pT;fxhgs cfFs8f

xf] . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] dlxnfnfO{ $) jif{sf] pd]/;Dd ;/sf/L ;]jfdf

k|j]z ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg /fv]sfn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] kx'Frdf j[l4

ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/, ;+3Lo tyf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf

ck]lIft ¿kdf sd 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu 5'6\6} dGqfno

/ dlxnf cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . !$ cf]6f k|d'v dGqfnonufot

/fi6«klt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL sfof{nodf ;d]t n}+\lus ;dfj]zLs/0f / dlxnf

;zQmLs/0fsf sfo{qmd ;~rflnt 5g\ . @)$^ ;fndf k|hftGqsf]

k'g:yf{kgf;Fu} g]kfndf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿sf] cfudg eof] .

cGt/f{li6«o ;ef—;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] pkl:ylt / dlxnf clwsf/;DaGwL

cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw—;Demf}tfdf g]kfn kIf x'g'h:tf 36gfqmdn] ;sf/fTds

e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf dlxnfsf d'2f

dlxnfx¿ lj?4 x'g] e]befj pGd'ng ;DalGw cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGw

-;LO{8LP8ANo', ;g\ !(&( o'Pg_, a]Olhª Kn; @% h:tf cGt/f{li6«o

;ef–;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutfn] n+}lus lje]b cGTo ug]{ lbzfdf

;sf/fTds df]8 NofPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf ul/Psf k|lta4tf

cg'¿k g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnfsf] df}lns clwsf/, :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf /

;fdflhs Gofosf] ;'lglZrtfsf nflu cg]sg\ kxn z'? ul/;s]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o ljsf;df ;xeflutf, lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if

k|fjwfg NofOPsf 5g\ . dlxnf a]rljvg, anfTsf/, 3/]n' lx+;fsf] cGTo

ug]{ k|oTg:j?k ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]] b'|tdfu{ cbfnt :yfkgf ug]{ cfb]z hf/L

ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;af/] k|rf/–k|;f/ klg z'? ul/;s]sf] 5 .

xfn} ;DkGg a]Olhª Kn; @% n] kfl/t u/]sf !@ cf]6f nIox¿sf] ;dLIffsf

nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿ aLrdf 5nkmn eof] . tL nIo


x'g\— != dlxnf / ul/aL, @= dlxnf / :jf:Yo, #= dlxnf lzIff / tflnd,

$= dlxnf lx+;f, %=dlxnf / ;z:q åGå, ^= dlxnf / cy{tGq, &= lg0ff{os

tx tyf zlQm ;+rodf dlxnf *= dlxnf pTyfgsf nflu ;+/rgfut ;+oGq,

(= dlxnf / dfgj clwsf/, !)= dlxnf / ;~rf/, !!= dlxnf / jftfj/0f,

!@= dlxnf / afnaflnsf .

xfn;Dd ePsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ dlxnf lx+;f, anfTsf/

nufotsf s's[To cGTo ug]{, dlxnf :jf:Yo ;'wfg]{, lg0ff{os txdf

dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] / dlxnfsf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'wfg{ cfufdL

lbgdf ljz]if sfo{qmd to ug]{ k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n]

cfufdL gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf o:tf ljifonfO{ cem k|efjsf/L lsl;dn]

sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lta4tf klg ;Dd]ngdf hgfPsf] lyof] .

;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfnfO{ cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0f

;dfhdf ;dfg clwsf/;lxt ;Ddflgt eP/ afFRg kfpg] dlxnfsf] dfgj

clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu /fHosf ;a} lgsfonfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg'g

sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;hu / ;r]t u/fpg' h?/L 5 . sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L

cfjZos ;a} ljlw / k|lqmof ckgfP/ dlxnfnfO{ n+}lus d"nk|jfxLs/0fdf

;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 . To;}u/L, æ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fÆ sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k

k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] dfGotfsf sf/0fn] lje]b / jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf

dlxnfnfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fO{ pknAw cj;/, ;|f]t–;fwg, ;]jf

tyf cfwf/e"\t clwsf/ pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .

;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fn] agfPsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf]

;DaGwnfO{ lnª\u -h]08/_n] hgfpF5 . g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf klg

lkt[;QfTds ;f]rsf] pkh xf] . nfdf] ;dob]lv dlxnfx¿ c;dfg /

e]befjk"0f{ ;+:sf/af6 u'lh|Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . n}+lus ;dfgtf eGgfn]] dlxnf,

k'?if / cGo klxrfgsf dflg;aLr ljBdfg c;dfg zlQm ;DaGwnfO{

k'gM ;Gt'lnt ug{ sbd rfNg'kg]{ ljifonfO{ ;Demg'k5{ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,


@)&@ n] dlxnfdfly x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befj cGTosf] ;'lglZrttf ul/;s] klg

lkt[;QfTds ;f]r, k|j[lQ / ;f+:s[lts s'/Lltsf sf/0f k|fKt clwsf/sf]

;b'kof]udf ;d:of b]vfk/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgcg'¿k x/]s lgsfodf

dlxnfx¿sf] PsltxfO{ ;dfj]lztfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ clgjfo{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{

sfg'g lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog h?/L b]lvG5 . ;dfhsf] x/]s ;+u7g /

;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf] clgjfo{ Ps ltxfO ;xeflutfsf nflu /fHo uDeL/

x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 .

n+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf

;/sf/L of]hgf, sfo{qmd Pj+ ah]6 th'{df ubf{ n+}lus ?kn] pQ/bfoL

eP/ ah]6 lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ æn+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6Æ elgG5 .

n+}lus;dfgtf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfly{s ;dfgtf cfjZos 5 . ljsf; /

nufgLsf pknlJwdf dlxnf / k'?ifdf ;dfg kx'Fr sfod ug{ cfjZos

cfly{s ;|f]tsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu

n+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6nfO{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ dflgG5 .

;g\ !((% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] rLgsf] a]Olhªdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] rf}yf]

ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng -a]Olhª ;Dd]ng_n] n+}lus d"n k|jfxLs/0fnfO{ Ps

k|d'v /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf lnO{ !@ cf]6f If]qx¿df kl/jt{gsf] k|lta4tf JoQm

u/]sf] lyof] . kfFr jif{kl5 ;dLIff ubf{ a]Olhª ;Dd]ngn] to u/]sf

k|lta4tf cg';f/ ljQLo ljlgof]hg gePsfn]] ck]Iffs[t pknlAw xfl;n

;s]g . To;kl5 n+}lus;dfgtf xfl;n ug{ ah]6sf] klg Joj:yf ug'{kg]{

dx;'; eO{ n+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6 th{'df ljlwsf] k|of]udf ljZjsf] Wofg

cfs[i6 ePsf] xf] . xfn ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx¿df n+}lus pQ/bfoL

ah]6 th{'df ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ;|f]tsf] ljlgof]hg ;'lglZrt ub}{ n}+lus

;dfgtfsf] /0fgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . s]xL ;do otf

g]kfnn] dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fsf] dxTjnfO{ c+lusf/

ub}{ cfPsf] / ;/sf/sf] cfly{s /0fgLltdf æn+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6Æ n]

:yfg kfPsf] 5 .


;g\ !((@ b]lv g} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] æn+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6Æsf]

cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfj]z ub}{ ah]6 Joj:yfkg sfo{ z'? u/]sf] xf] . t/ ah]6

sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg sfg'gL / gLltut, ;+:yfut / ;+/rgfut, ;|f]t–;fwg

/ Joj:yfksLo ;d:ofsf sf/0f g]kfndf æn+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6Æn]

ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;s]g . æn+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6Æsf] ljlgof]hg

k|efjsf/L gxF'bf dlxnfx¿ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf lzIff, :jf:Yo nufotsf

cfwf/e"t hLjgf]kof]uL ;'ljwfaf6 kl5 kl//x]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] cfFs8f

cg';f/ @*=$% k|ltzt k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf lsl;dn] æn+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6Æ

ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] æn+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6Æsf] :yfgLos/0f

u/L ufpF tx;Dd k'Ug] /0fgLlt agfPsf] 5 . /0fgLlt cg'¿k æn+}lus

pQ/bfoL ah]6Æ sfof{Gjogdf /fHosf] s'g} klg lgsfo uDeL/ / pQ/bfoL

b]lvGgg\ . æn+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6Æsf] kl/rfng dlxnfx¿sf] lzIff,

:jf:Yo, cfly{s pkfh{gdf ug'{k5{ . :jf:Yo, lzIffh:tf cfwf/e"t kIfsf]

kx'Fraf6 u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿ al~rt x'g gk/f];\ egL æn+}lus pQ/bfoL ah]6Æ

sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ . sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ub}{

o;nfO{ ce}m k|efjsf/L agfpg'sf] ljsNk 5}g .

dlxnf k|hgg\ tyf :jf:Yo clwsf/

hg;+Vof tyf ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng cfO{;LkL8Ln] dlxnfsf]

dfgjclwsf/nfO{ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo / hg;+Vof sfo{qmdnfO{ k|d'v l;4fGtsf]

¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s dlxnfsf] JolQmut clwsf/ / n+}lus

;dfgtfsf] klxrfg k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/df ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;a} bDktL

/ JolQmn] of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] pRrtd dfkb08sf] pkef]u ug{

kfpg'k5{ . o; cGtu{t dlxnfn] ;Gtfgsf] ;+Vof, hGdfGt/df :jtGq /

lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s lg0f{o ug{ kfpg'kb{5 . o; dfGotfnfO{ dha't agfpg

cfjZos ;"rgf / ;fwgx¿sf] kx'Fr x'g'kb{5 . of}g / k|hgg\ :jf:Yo;DaGwL

ljifodf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf ;xdlt hgfO;s]sfn] g]kfnsf]

;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ ;'/lIft dft[Tj / k|hgg :jf:Yo

;DaGwL xs x'g] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .


g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo;DaGwL xssf] cleGg

c+usf] ¿kdf ue{lg/f]wsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]] ;fpg @%, @)&$ df dxTjk"0f{ cfb]z hf/L

ul/;s]sf] 5 . ue{lg/f]ws ;fwg, ;]jf, ;"rgfdf ;dfg kx'Fr, pknAwtf

/ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ . o;af/] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{

k/dfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjog x'g h?/L 5 .

o;}u/L, xfn} cg'df]bg ul/Psf] ljw]osdf w]/} ljifo ;dfj]z u/L dlxnfsf]

:jf:Yo clwsf/ / :jf:Yodf kx'Frsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s

lszf]/–lszf]/LnfO{ of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo;DaGwL lzIff, ;"rgf tyf

k/fdz{ ;]jf, ljjfx x'g' klxn] / kl5 ;'/lIft dft[Tj;DaGwL k/fdz{, ;Gtfg

hGdfpg] jf ghGdfpg], uef{Gt/ / ;Gtfgsf] ;+Vofsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o

ug]{ clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm dlxnfnfO{ ;'/lIft

ue{ktgsf] clwsf/, ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ ;'Ts]/L x'g'cl3, ;'Ts]/L x'Fbf /

To;kl5 cfjZos ;Gt'lnt cfxf/b]lv cfsl:ds k|;"tL ;]jf Pj+ lzz'sf

nflu ;]jf tyf k/fdz{sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljw]osn]

;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] o:tf] sfo{df ;xof]u gk'¥ofP b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf

x'g] lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .

dlxnf hgk|ltlglwsf nflu rflng'kg]{ sbd

;+ljwfgsf] dd{cg'¿k :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf sfo{sfl/0fL

kb cWoIf÷d]o/ jf pkfWoIf÷pkd]o/ ;lxt $) k|ltzt x'g] k|fjwfgn]

dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt x/]s b[li6n] cy{k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . b]zel/df &%#

:YffgLo txdWo] ̂ dxfgu/kflnsf !! pkdxfgu/kflnsf @&^ gu/kflnsf

tyf $^) ufpFkflnsfdf #% xhf/ hgk|ltlglw r''lgPsf 5g\, h;df $)

k|ltzt cyf{t\ !$ xhf/ dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\ . o; P]ltxfl;s

pknlAwnfO{ dlxnfx¿ r'gf}tLsf ;fy ;fdgf ub}{ sd{If]qdf xf]ldPsf 5g\ .

oBlk, :yfgLo txdf clwsf+z pkk|d'v kbdf dlxnf ePsf]n] Goflos

;ldltsf] ;+of]hs x'g] sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5 . o;afx]s cGo clwsf/af6


dlxnf hgk|ltlglw al~rt ePsf u'gf;f] g;'lgPsf] xf]Og . ljsf; lgdf{0f

k|lqmofsf] lg0f{o / ah]6 lgwf{/0fdf k|d'v xfaL x'Fbf æn+}lus pQ/bfoL

ah]6Æ lgdf{0fdf ;d]t k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfsf] Ifdtf

clej[l4 nflu :yfgLo txsf] x/]s k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xefuL u/fpg]

k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf h?/L ePsf] 5 .

u|fld0f dlxnf zzlQms/0fsf k|fyldstf

g]kfnsf] clwsf+z hg;+Vof ufpFdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . ufpFsf] ljsf; ljgf

g]kfnsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g . /f]huf/Lsf nflu o'jf

ju{ ljb]lzg' kg]{ kl/l:yltdf dlxnf / afnaflnsf dfq ufpFdf /x]sf

5g\ . t;y{, dlxnf clwsf/;DaGwL /fHon] agfPsf] sfg'gsf] dd{nfO{

ufpFa:tL;Dd k'¥ofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . u|fdL0f dlxnfsf nflu ;anLs/0fsf

ljz]if sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ul/g'kb{5 . t/, s[lifdf k|bfg ul/g] clwsf+z

tflnddf k'?ifsf] k|e'Tj b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ Wofg lbFb} dlxnf nlIft s[lif,

3/]n' pBf]u ;~rfng / tflnddf hf]8 lbg'k5{ .

cGTodf /fHon] cfufdL lbgdf dlxnfaf/] ag]sf lje]bk"0f{ sfg'gx¿ oyf;L3|

x6fpg' kb{5 . dlxnfsf xs / clwsf/sf If]qdf lgld{t sfg'gsf]

sfof{Gjogdf ljgf k|zf;lgs emGem6 /fHosf ;a} c+ux¿ h'6\g' kb{5 .

n}+lus pQ/bfoL ah]6 sfof{Gjog ug{ tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf] dflyNnf]

txdf /xg] u/L Ps OsfO{ u7g ug{'kb{5 . of]hgf lgdf{0f / ah]6

ljlgof]hgdf n}+lus lx;fan] Vofn k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 . cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf

xfd|f] b]zsf] tkm{af6 ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;a} txdf cled'lvs/0f

ub}{ Jofks ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ k|lta4tf x'g' h?/L 5 . Jofks ?kdf

o"jfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf] cj:yfdf b]z leq /x]sf o'jf dlxnf

nlIft sfo{qmdsf] ;fy} dlxnf hgk|ltlglwnfO{ z;lQms/0f ug{' cfhsf]

k|d'v cfjZostf xf] .


g]kfndf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg

8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL

;+3Lotf

zf;g ;~rfngsf] :jfoQtf, ;xeflutf / hjfkmb]lxtf k4lt cGtu{t

;+3Lotf Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfofd xf] . PsfTds k|0ffnLsf] s]Gb|Lotf 36fpg],

;–;fgf /fHo ldn]/ ;an /fHo aGg] rfxgf, b]zsf] cfjZostf /

/fhgLlts ;xdltn] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

;/sf/sf ljleGg txdf zlQmsf] ;+j}wflgs ljefhg d"ntM tLg k|sf/n]

x'g] u/]sf] 5 M PsfTds, ;+3fTds / dxf;+3Lo /x]sf 5g\ -;'j]bL @)^%_ .

;+3Lotf c+u|]hLsf] ækm]8«flnHdÆaf6 cfPsf] xf] . of] zAb n]l6g efiffsf]

ækm]8;Æaf6 lnOPsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf x'G5 . h;sf]

p2]Zo ;Demf}tfsf kIfsf] vf; / ;femf OR5fx¿ k|j4{g u/fpg' xf] -sfld{;

/ gf]/Dofg ;g\ @))%_ . ;+ljwfgåf/f b]zsf] zlQms]Gb| / tNnf txsf

;/sf/df ljefhg ul/g] k4lt ;+3Lo zf;g k4lt xf] . /fHozlQmnfO{

txut afF8kmfF8 ubf{ Psn, ;femf / cjlzi6 clwsf/sf ?kdf afF8kmfF8

ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fd'lxs p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu /fHox¿n] ;+3Lo zf;g

k|0ffnL cjnDag ub{5g\ . hh{ P08/;gn], æ;+3Lotf ;+ljwfgn] :yflkt

u/]sf] k4lt xf] h;df plrt÷pko'Qm :jfoQtfsf b'O{ txsf ;/sf/

x'G5g\ . tL ;/sf/x¿ cfk"mnfO{ lgjf{lrt ug]{ dtbftf k|lt k|fylds ?kdf

hjfkmb]xL x'G5g\Æ eg]sf 5g\ -PG8/;g\ ;g\ @)!)_ .


;+3Lotfsf] ljifodf lkmlnkf]e / c?x¿n] lbPsf] kl/efiff vFlbnf] 5 .

pgLx¿sf cg';f/ ;+3LotfnfO{ ;fdfGotof zlQm / k|lt:kwL{ rfxgf

lgoGq0f ug]{ ;/sf/sf] l;4fGtsf] ?kdf a'lemG5 . clwsf/ ;Lldt x'G5 .

s'g} Ps lgsfon] clws lgoGq0f / Psflwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;dfhdf zlQm

k|of]u ug{ kfOFb}g . ;+3Lotfn] ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] ljrf/ lbG5 / ;dfg

:jtGqtf Pj+ Gofosf cwf/df :jzf;g / ;Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbG5

-lkmlnkf]e / c?x¿ ;g\ @))$_ .

;+3Lotf To:tf] zf;sLo k|0ffnL xf] h; cGtu{t b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L

txdf b]zsf] zlQm, clwsf/, ;|f]t ;fwg / lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ul/G5 .

Psn clwsf/ afx]ssf ;femf clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]unfO{ ;xsfo{ / ;dGjodf

ug]{ k|aGw ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . ;/sf/sf ;a} txx¿ ;xof]ufTds, ;xsfo{,

:jfoQtf / ;x–cl:tTjsf cfwf/df 5'§f5'§} jf ;Fu;Fu} /fHosf sfo{x¿

;Dkfbg ug{ u/fpg lqmoflzn x'G5g\ . ;+3Lotfsf] ;j{:jLsfo{ Pp6} 9fFrf

5}g . of] lg/Gt/ kl/dflh{t / lqmoflzn x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf

;+3LotfnfO{ /fhgLlts, ljQLo / k|zf;lgs u/L tLg tl/sfdf ljefhg

ug{ ;lsG5 . /fhgLlts ;+3Lotfn] ljQLo / k|zf;lgs ;+3LotfnfO{

g]t[Tj ub{5 . /fhgLlts / ljQLo clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg'g adf]lhd

k|of]u u/fpg] ;+u7gfTds :j?k / lj1tfsf ?kdf k|zf;lgs ;+3LotfnfO{

lng ;lsG5 . sfd / bfd eof] t/ stf{ ePg eg] To;sf] pkof]u

x'Fb}g . To;}n] k4ltut ljlw;Ddt / cfjZostf cg'?k jf:tljs stf{

k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf xf] . 8]le8 P;= ?a]g:6]Ogn] eg]sf 5g\, æ;+3Lo

lgsfo-Ph]G;Lh_ ;+3Lotfsf d'Vo v]nf8L x'g\ . tL lgsfon] s;/L sfd

ub{5g\, s;/L tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿ pQd 9+un] ;Dkfbg u/L k"/f ub{5g\

eGg] ;+3Lotfsf dd{:kzL{ k|Zg 5g\Æ -?a]g:6]Og ;g\ @)!%_ . k|zf;lgs

;+3Lotf s:tf] agfpg] eGg] lgwf{/0f /fhgLltn] ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm

k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf ;+3Lo sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf]


cfofdaf6 k|efljt x'G5 . ;/sf/sf txut Joj:yfleq ;xeflutfd"ns

e"ldsf / txut zlQm ;Gt'ngnfO{ k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfn] a9jf lbG5 .

k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfsf cfofd

k|zf;lgs ;+3LotfnfO{ zf;gsf] ;+/rgfsf ?kdf u|x0f ul/G5 . ;+:yfut

ax'Nftfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg / bIftfsf] ;+of]hg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . txut ?kdf

;+u7gleq ;–;fgf sfdsf] ;d]t afF8kmFf8 u/L sfd nufOg] ePsfn]

sfo{ut Pj+ ;+:yfut ax'Nftfsf] ?kdf /xG5 . 9fFrf lgdf{0fdf of] kIfnfO{

ljz]if Wofg lbg' k/dfjZos x'G5 . hl6n ;+/rgfsf ?kdf k|zf;lgs

OsfO{x¿ aLr sfdsf] ljt/0f, /fhgLlts k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf kbflwsf/LnfO{

r'gf}tL lbg] lghfdtL ;]jf / k|zf;lgs k|lqmof /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs

sfo{ ;Dkfbg / ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu k|zf;lgs ;+:sf/ Jofj;flostf /

lj1tf dxTjk"0f{ rl/qsf ?kdf /xG5g\ .

k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfdf cfGtl/s / afXo lgoGq0f k4lt lgld{t x'G5 .

sfg'gL l;4fGt, sfg'gL ;fwg, sfg'gL ax'ntf / ;+:yfut k|aGw sfo{ut

?kdf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfn] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ ;w} /f]Hg]

pNn]v ub}{ /f]a6{ :Rjfu/n] k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf cGtu{t s]Gb|n] dfkb08

/ u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f u/L :yfgLo txn] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] lg0f{o ub{5

eg]sf 5g\ -:Rjfu/ ;g\ !(((_ . xfd|f] of]hgf k|0ffnLdf eg] k'/fg} k|j[ltsf]

lg/Gt/tf b]lvG5 .

k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfdf txut Pj+ ;/sf/x¿aLr vf]hsf] k|lt:kwf{n]

;fj{hlgs If]qdf bIftf a9fpFb5 . hgtfn] /f]h]sf] ;]jfx¿ kfpg ;xh

x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;fdflhs jftfj/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf]

x'g'kb{5 . /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;+:sf/sf] cGt/;DaGwn] k|zf;lgs

;+3Lotfsf] k|ltkmn a9fpg ;3fpFb5 . cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGw;Fu klg

k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf ;DalGwt x'gfn] ;+3Lotfsf x/]s txdf of] pkl:yt

x'G5 . o;nfO{ k|:6 kfg{ tnsf] lrqn] d2t ub{5 .


;+3

;+3–k|b]z–:yfgLo

k|b]z–:yfgLo

;+3–k|b]z ;+3–:yfgLo

:yfgLok|b]z

;+3Lotfdf cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGw

dflysf] lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfsf] cGt;{DaGw txut

k|zf;lgs OsfO{;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ;a} txdf ;fd~h:o sfod u/L

;xof]ufTds sfo{ jftfj/0f agfpg' ;kmntfsf] s8L x'g]5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df

;+u7g lgdf{0f, hgzlQm Jj:yfkg / sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;a} txsf] ;dGjo /

;xsfo{ kmnbfoL x'g] b]lvG5 .

g]kfndf k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f %^ n] /fHosf] d"n ;+/rgfdf ;+3,

k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLg tx x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg adf]lhd

/fHozlQmsf] k|of]u ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ;+ljwfg / sfg'g adf]lhd

ub{5g\ . ;+ljwfgdf /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 Psn, ;femf / cjlzi6 u/L

;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ul/Psf]] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf]

sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f adf]lhd ;+3df *&#, k|b]zdf %^& / :yfgLo txdf #%%

sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 -g]kfn ;/sf/ @)&#_ . g]kfnsf] /fHo

zlQmsf] k|of]u ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+3Lo sfg'g, k|b]z sfg'g / ufpF;ef jf

gu/;efn] agfPsf] sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] k|:6 Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %&

df ul/Psf] 5 -g]kfn ;/sf/ @)&@_ .

5'§f5'§} /fHo ldn]/ -sldª 6'u]b/_ ge} clwsf/sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cyf{t\

-xf]lN8ª 6'u]b/_df cfwfl/t ;+3Lotf ePsfn] PsfTds k|0ffnLsf sd{rf/L


;d]tsf] pkof]u u/L k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug{' k/]sf]n] ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f #)@ df k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf] u7g / ;~rfngsf]

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos ;]jf

k|jfx ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 .1 ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf

avt ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg'g

adf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf

ldnfpg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg';f/ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g @)&% hf/L e}

sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hgsf] sfo{ ;lsPsf] 5 -g]kfn ;/sf/ @)&%_ . o;}

u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ sf] kl/R5]b !! df k|zf;lgs

;+u7g / sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 -g]kfn ;/sf/ @)&$_ . h;df

sfof{no, sd{rf/L b/jGbL, ljifout zfvf dxfzfvf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . of]

P]gn] k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfsf] husf] ?kdf :yfgLo txnfO{ lnPsf] 5 .

Jojxf/df eg] ;+3Lo tx zlQmzfnL 5 . o;af6 xfd|f] k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf

huaf6 xf]Og w'/Laf6 agfpFb} uPsf] k|tLt x'G5 .

;+ljwfgn] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ sfg'g agfO{ tf]lsPsf] clwsf/

tyf sfo{ lhDd]jf/L sfof{Gjog ug{;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] xfd|f] k|zf;lgs

;+3Lotf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tLg} txsf] sfg'g, ;+u7g ;+/rgf, hgzlQm,

b/jGbL, Joj:yf / sfo{ljlw tyf k|lqmofaf6 lgwf{l/t x'Fb} lqmoflzn 5 .

;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] k|:tfjgfdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds

zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfWodåf/f lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g ljsf; / ;d[l4sf]

cfsf+Iff k"/f ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 .2 ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;+3Lo

9fFrfdf ;/sf/sf tLg tx ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ;+ljwfg /

sfg'gnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbO{ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg u/L ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog

1 x]g'{xf];\, g]kfn ;/sf/ . @)&@ . wf/f %& . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn

;/sf/ .2 x]g'{xf];\, g]kfn ;/sf/ . @)&@ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn ;/sf/ .


ug{'kb{5 . sfof{Gjog k|lqmof rln/x]sf] 5 . tfklg ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf]

kfngf tyf ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog Pj+ hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf gofF cfofd,

hl6ntf / sfd ub}{ l;Sb} ug{' kg]{ cj:yf ePsfn] ljleGg ;jfnx¿ df}h'b

5g\ . h;nfO{ b]xfodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog

!= /fhgLlts g]t[Tj ;+3Lotfsf] k|0f]tf -d]G6/_ ;dembf/L / /fhgLlts

;+:sf/ .

@= ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg M ;/sf/sf txaLr cGt/;DaGw, ;xsfo{, ;dGjo

/ ;x cl:tTj Pj+ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg .

#= Psn ;"rL vlK6Psf] -cf]e/Nofk_ sfof{Gjog, h:t} :jf:Yo, lzIff,

hn;|f]t cflb .

$= ;femf ;"rL k|of]usf] 9fFrf / hjfkmb]xLtf .

%= gLlt ;dGjo, cGt/;DaGw / sfof{Gjog .

^= ljQLo ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u .

&= cfosf] ljt/0f, ul/jL Go"gLs/0f nlIft sfo{qmd .

*= k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng .

(= ;dfj]zL nf]stGq, kf/bzL{ sfo{z}nL, hjfkmb]xL /fhgLlt .

!)= ;/sf/sf txx¿df zlQm k[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f ;Gt'ng .

!!= k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cGt/;DaGw / sfo{ ljlw .

!@= /fhZj gLlt, ;+sng / afF8kmfF8 tyf pkof]u .

!#= of]hgf k|0ffnLsf] txut ;DaGw, PsLs/0f, cfof]hgf juL{s/0f /

:jfQtf .

!$= ljifout dGqfno -;+3sf_sf] :jfldTj, g]t[Tjsf] ;lqmotf, sfo{

;dGjo, sfdsf] juL{s/0f tyf dGqL / ;lrjx¿sf] hjfkmb]xLtf,

z'4tf Pj+ Psfu|tf .


!%= ;+:yfut ;Ifdtf M cGt/k|b]z kl/ifb\ /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ

cfof]u, ljQ kl/ifb / k|b]z ;dGjo kl/ifb, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg,

of]hgf cfof]ux¿ / ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ .

!^= ;fdflhs ;r]tgf, w}o{, gful/s ;xeflutf / ;+nUgtf -klAns

Oª\u]hd]G6_ .

!&= cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGw ;+3Lotf?kL d]l;gdf t]n /fv] h:t} xf] .

hgzlQm Ol~hg x'g\ eg] lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw rfns . s] o:t}

;DaGw sfod 5 t < o:tf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

!*= /fhgLlts k|zf;g / k|fljlws Jofj;flostfdf j[l4 / pkof]u

;+3Lotfsf] cfjZostf cg'?k ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . lj1tfsf] vf]hL

ubf{ j8f txb]lv g} cfgf] dfG5], xfDf|f dfG5] / Jofj;flos ;Lk

ePsf eGbf eg]sf] dfGg] eQmx¿sf] vf]hL ul/Psf] 5 . hfg]s} s'/f

xf], eQmn] elQm u5{, sfd k|fyldstfdf kb}{g .

!(= 7fn' -Oln6\;_ sf] ;xof]u / ;dy{g ;+3LotfeGbf s]Gb|Lotf k|wfg

5 .

hgzlQm Joj:yfkg

!= sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f cg'?k ;+u7g / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPsf]

5}g .

@= sfd, ;+u7g / hgzlQmdf c;Gt'ng 5 .

#= ;+u7gfTds ax'ntf, w]/} ;+u7g, st} w]/} st} yf/} sd{rf/L /x]sf]

cj:yf 5 .

$= ;+3sf] g]t[Tj -l8hfOg/_ / d'Vo stf{ ePtf klg ;+3d"vL k|j[ltn]

ubf{ af]lemnf] ;+3, wf]Nnf] k|b]z / ljljwtfo'Qm :yfgLo ;+/rgf ePsf

5g\ .

%= sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ef}lts ?kdf ePtf klg dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of sfod}

5 . hgzlQm / ;Lksf] ldnfg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cyf{t\ hgzlQmsf]

a]d]n -ld;Dofr_ ePsf] k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf hgk|ltgLlwsf] u'gf;f]

5 .


^= ;+u7g ljsf;, 9fFrf lgdf{0f / hgzlQmsf] b/jGbL to ubf{ sfdsf]

cfwf/eGbf ljBdfg ;+u7g / hgzlQm ldnfg xfaL x'g uPsf]

b]lvG5 .

&= sfg'gL ax'Nftf, kfngf, ;dGjo / ;+u7g lgdf{0fdf ;d:of / ljBdfg

sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf sd{rf/Lsf] Go"g k|lta4tfn] ;du|tf eGbf cfk"m /

cfgf] ;+u7gd'vL sfo{z}nL k|r"/ dfqfdf canDag ul/Psf] 5 .

*= ;'zf;g / k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] txut PsLs[t vfsf tyf sfo{of]hgfsf]

sdL 5 .

(= ljutb]lvs} ;]jf k|jfxsf] Go"gtf -8]lne/L 8]lkml;6_ ;Daf]wg ug{

PsLs[t dfgj ;|f]t Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; of]hgf aGg ;s]sf] 5}g .

ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / k|b]zdf k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] v8]/L 5 eg]

;+3df k|zf;gsf]] b/aGbL a9L/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

!)= lgwf{l/t sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] nflu vr{ cfjZostf lgSof]{n u/L ;+u7g,

hgzlQm, ;]jf k|jfx / ljsf;nfO{ ;|f]t afF8kmfF8 ug'{eGbf PsfTds

k|0ffnLs} ljlgof]hg / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g /

?kfGt/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

!!= sfo{;Dkfbg ;dGjo, ;xhLs/0f, ;+u7g lgdf{0f / sfo{ bIftfaLr

tfbfDotfsf] sdL 5 .

!@= k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] klg vf]hd"ns ;+u7g lgdf{0f, hgzlQm

Joj:yfkg / k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug]{ tkm{ eGbf ljuts}

k|rng cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . rflxg] k|fljlws hgzlQm vf]hL

ug{ kg]{df s/f/df lgo'Qm ug{ kfOg] ;lhnf] af6f] /f]Hg] rng a9]sf]

5 .

!#= ;+3Lotfn] vf]h]sf] gofF ;f]r -cfp6 ckm lb aS;_ eGbf ;+qmd0fsfnLg

Joj:yfkg g} ;a} sfd x'g uPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut z}nLdf kl/jt{g

cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

!$= j}slNks pkfoeGbf k/Dk/fut lgo'lQm, ;Nnfxsf/, cfof]u, ;+of]hs

/f]Hg] k|j[lt k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf df}nfPsf] 5 . ljBdfg ;+u7g /


hgzlQm kl/rfngdf eGbf gofF ;+u7g lgdf{0fdf k|b]zx¿sf] nfnr

a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

!%= j[lQljsf; / ljleGg vfn] sd{rf/L k|b]z Pj+ :yfgLo txdf Psfsf/

s;/L xf]nfg\ / ;+u7gdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpnf eGg] hgzlQm

Joj:yfkgsf] k|Zg cg'Ql/t 5 .

!^= sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an v:s]sf] / ;+u7gdf :jfldTjsf] sdL 5 eg] sfd

kG5fpg] k|j[ltdf sdL cfPsf] 5}g .

!&= /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtfsf] pkof]u, k|fljlws kIfsf]

;'g'jfO{eGbf cfgf] k|fyldstfdf hf]8 lbg] ljutsf] bafad'ns sfo{

jftfj/0fdf vf;} ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5}g .

!*= ;+3s} gSsn ubf{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf k|fljlws ;+u7g ;+/rgf,

k|f]T;fxg -:jf:Yo <_ / hgzlQm kl/rfngdf Wofg k'Ug g;s]sf]

cj:yf 5 .

!(= ;fj{hlgs vl/b Ifdtf clej[l4 gx'g', sfo{ljlw ;/nLs[t gx'g',

sfg'g agfpFbf, ;+u7g lgdf{0f ubf{, of]hgf 5gf]6 ubf{ ;+3n] tNnf

txsf cfjfhsf] sb/ ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf oqtq ;'lgG5 .

@)= ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L -kLkLkL_ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]n] lghL

If]qsf] ;+efJotfsf] pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

@!= k|fb]lzs nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;lqmo e} g;s]sf]n] k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf

hgzlQm Joj:yfkg c;xh ePsf] 5 .

;'emfj tyf cfufdL sfo{lbzf

;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . dfly

plNnlvt ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljleGg tl/sf x'g ;S5g\ . h;sf]

Pp6} 9fFrf / efiffdf ;'emfj lbg ;lhnf] 5}g . tfklg s]xL d'Vo ;'emfjx¿

o; k|sf/ lbg ;lsG5 .


;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog

!= /fhgLlts ;dembf/L, g]t[Tj, sfo{ jftfj/0f / hjfkmb]xL ;+oGq .

@= sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f cg'?k clwsf/ lgIf]k0f .

#= cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGw ;'b[l9s/0f / k|efjsfl/tf .

$= ;femf clwsf/sf] k|of]usf] 9fFrf, cfwf/ / dfkb08 .

%= ;+3Lo gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf, ;fem]bf/L / ;dGjo .

^= nlIft tyf /fli6«o sfo{qmddf cfk"tL{ eGbf dfusf cfwf/df to ul/g'

kg]{ .

&= txut lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng Pj+ zlQm k[ysLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L

agfpg] .

*= lgodgsf/L ;++3Lotfsf] 9fFrf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ -s;n] sxfF

lgodg ug]{ xf] :ki6 x'g' kg]{ ._

(= ljQLo cfof]usf] k"0f{tf / k|efjsfl/tf ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] cfTdf xf] .

!)= of]hgf k4lt PsLs/0f, ;dGjo / of]hgfsf] juL{s/0f .

!!= ;+3Lo dGqfnosf] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog of]hgf th{'df / sfof{Gjog .

!@= /fli6«o ;efsf] ;+3Lotfd'vL k|efjsf/L e"ldsf .

!#= ;+u7g lgdf{0f / hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf bL3{sfnLg ;f]r / sd

vlr{nf pkfo cjnDag .

!$= /fhZj ;'wf/ of]hgf / ;dGjo .

!%= ljkt Joj:yfkg / hnjfo' cg's'ngdf ;dGjo .

!^= ;]jf k|jfxsf j}slNks cfofdsf] vf]hL / k|of]u .

!&= txut ?kdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xL lgwf{/0f u/L

lgoldt ;dLIff Pj+ ;'wf/df lqmoflzntf .

!*= txut ?kdf a9\b} uPsf] nf]slk|otfjfbsf] Joj:yfkg / lbuf]

k|ltkmn .


hgzlQm Joj:yfkg

!= k|zf;lgs ;+u7g ;+/rgf k'g/fjnf]sg, kl/dfh{g / pko'Qm cfsf/

tyf ;+Vofdf ldnfpg] .

@= hgzlQm Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ljZn]if0f u/L Go"gtf / gldn]sf] s'/f

ldnfpg], sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f k|ltj]bg adf]lhd txut sfo{ ;Dkfbg

ug]{ .

#= 5l/tf] ;+u7g lgdf{0f / ax';Lko'Qm sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf .

$ ;+3Lo dGqfnon] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg k|aGw /fkm;fkm ug]{ .

%= k|b]zsf nf]s;]jf cfof]ux¿sf] k|efjsfl/tftkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] .

^= ;'zf;g / k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] PsLs[t of]hgf / sfof{Gjog .

&= ;]jf k|jfxdf ;"rgf, k|ljlw / ofGqLs/0f -c6f]d];g_sf] k|of]u .

*= k|zf;lgs vr{sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f / s7f]/ kfngf .

(= ;+u7gsf] ax'ntf eGbf sfo{;Dkfbg ;dGjo / j}slNks cfofd

cjnDag .

!)= sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] d"Nofª\sg, k|f]T;fxg / j[lQ ljsf; of]hgf,

b08xLgtfsf] cGTo / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf .

!!= /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf kbflwsf/Lsf] sfo{ljj/0f, hjfkmb]xL / glthf

dfkg .

!@= vr{ cfjZostf -PS;k]Gl8r/ lg8 P;];d]G6_sf cfwf/df ;du| ljQLo

;|f]t Joj:yfkg / lgodg .

!#= ;]jf k|jfx / sfo{ bIftfd'vL sfo{ljlw, ;+:sf/ / ;+u7g lgdf{0f .

!$= xfd|f eGbf /fd|f dfG5]sf] Joj:yfkg, ;+;f/df cfg} dfG5]n] wf]sf

lbPsf w]/} pbfx/0f kfpg ;lsG5 .

!%= Ifdtf ljsf; of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ / of]Uotd hgzlQm

cfslif{t ug]{ .


!^= ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L -kLkLkL_ cjnDag u/L :yfgLo ;|f]t

;+efJotf / lghL If]qsf] ;jn kIfsf] pkof]u u/L :yfgLo cfly{s

ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .

!&= k|b]z, :yfgLo tx / ;+3 tLg} txnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|zf;lgs

;+/rgf, hgzlQm Joj:yfkg / sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg],

sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] cjnDag . tby{ lg0f{o / of]hgf sfof{Gjog gug]{ .

!*= /fhgLlts txaf6 ag]sf gLlt, sfg'g, sfo{ljlw / dfkb08 sfof{Gjogdf

sd{rf/LtGqsf] k|lta4tf, ;lqmotf / hjfkmb]xL lgwf{/0f, dfkg /

k'/:sf/ Pj+ b08 Joj:yf sfof{Gjog .

!(= sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lgjf{xdf ;lqmo sd{rf/LtGq lgdf{0f u/L k|zf;g ;'wf/

/ hgzlQm ljsf;nfO{ ;dGjo u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

@)= ;a} txdf hgk|ltlglw / sd{rf/LaLr clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf]

;Ldfª\sg / sfof{Gjog .

pk;+xf/

bL3{;"qL /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0f g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L e} ;+3Lotfsf]

sfof{Gjogaf6 lsgf/f nfu]sf] 5 . clwsf/sf] txut afF8kmfF8 / ;+u7g

;+/rgfaf6 hgtfsf] glhsdf /fhgLlts, ljQLo / k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf

k'u]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfo k'g;{+/rgfaf6 :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;an zf;sLo

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Andreson, George. 2010. Fiscal Federalism A comparative Introduction : Forum of Federalism. London : Oxford University Press.

Filippov, Mikhail, Peter Cordeshook and Olga shvetsove. 2004. Designing Federalism: A theory institution. London : Cambridge University press.

Karmis, Dimitrios and Waync Norman. 2005. The Revival of Federalism in Normative Political theory, available at https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/318635203. Accessed on 19 February 2020.

Rubenstein, David S. 2015. Administrative Federalism as Seperation of Power. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=2595999, accessed on 19 February 2020.

Schwger, Robert. 1999. The Theory of Administrative Federalism: An Alternative to Fiscal centralization and decentralization. Available at : https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10911 4219902700303, accessed on 19 February 2020.


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