Glazing Application and Design Assumption for Installation

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GLAZING APPLICATION AND DESIGN ASSUMPTION FOR INSTALLATION

Application of glasses in engineering esign are !"lti facete an are "se in !an#

areas of o"r societ#$ %esies t&e 'ino'(t#pe applications) glass *+ers are "ses in

ins"lation) so"n eaening) as *llers in plastics) an as reinforce!ent in plastic

la!inates$ Glasses can +e "se to trans!it or s&iel raiation$ Moreo,er

p&otosensiti,e glasses for -"iic e,ices are "se in !ac&ine controls$ Glasses are

'iel# "se in t&e foo in"str# +eca"se t&eir c&e!ical resistance an !an# foos

are processe in glass(line tan.s$ Pro+a+l# t&e largest "se of glass) #et !ostl#

ignore +# esigners an engineers) is t&e constr"ction in"str#$ Despite its &ig&

co!pressi,e strengt&) glass in general is ne,er "se as t&e pri!ar# str"ct"re$

Steel) concrete !asonr# or ti!+er or t&e !ost fre/"entl# "se !aterials for

constr"ction$ 0o'e,er) as t&e cost of !aterials increases) glass is no' fre/"entl#

"se as a seconar# str"ct"re for resisting transient loas$

Glass !"st +e e1pecte to carr# loas s"c& as 'in or i!pact or +last loas an

transfer s"c& loas to fo"r sie s"pporting fra!es t&at also s"pport t&e self 'eig&t

of t&e glass panel$ In aition ege clearances !"st +e large eno"g& to ens"re t&at

irect contact +et'een t&e glass ege an t&e fra!e is a,oie) no !atter &o' t&e

fra!e is e1pecte to e1pan or to e-ect an to allo' for eno"g& face clearance

+et'een t&e glass an t&e fra!e to a,oi irect contact an to accept sealant or

epo1ies$ T&is clearance !"st +e +et'een 234 to 5 in$ T&e fra!e e-ection is

li!ite to span3267 or 8 in) '&ic&e,er is less) !eas"re perpenic"lar to t&e glass

pane$ T&e Gla9ing Man"al p"+lis&e +# t&e Flat Mar.eting Association pro,iesaitional infor!ation 'it& regars to installation proce"res 'eat&er proo*ng$ As

'ater is etri!ental to ins"late an la!inate glass lites) fra!es !"st +e

esigne to 'eep or to e1cl"e an# 'ater t&at !a# ten to acc"!"late$ Ot&er

s#ste!s s"c& s"spene glass are possi+le) +"t !an# of t&ese are proprietar#$

It is in general) !ore cost e:ecti,e to &a,e t&e !an"fact"rer specif# t&e pro"ct

an t&e installation) ta.ing into acco"nt t&e costs relate e1penses 'it& regars to

researc&) e,elop!ent an testing +# t&ese co!panies to +ring t&ese pro"cts to

!ar.et an to pro,ie t&e 'arrant# for t&e pro"ct an its safe installation$ Glass!a# +e also installe in str"ct"ral gla9ing s#ste!s) in '&ic& t&e o"t of plane forces

of t&e s"rface of t&e glass are resiste +# a&esi,es or epo1ies acting in tension

an3or s&ear) rat&er t&an +# an enclosing fra!e$



Recentl#) *+erglass str"ct"res) s#ste!s an str"ct"ral s&apes are 'iel# +eing

intro"ce to t&e constr"ction in"str# especiall# in corrosi,e en,iron!ents$

Fi+erglass sol,es corrosion an !aintenance pro+le!s for !an# of t&e applications$

Most *+erglass str"ct"ral s&ape !an"fact"rers pro,ie esign !an"als for

esigners an engineers for "se an reference$ Arc&itect"ral applications of

prefa+ricate lig&t'eig&t *+erglass str"ct"res) &anrail) stairs) platfor!s anlanings can +e esigne to +len into e1isting arc&itect"re$

One s"c& e1a!ple is a ;6(foot tall) all(*+erglass) gol leaf cla Spire) installe atop

of t&e 77 stor# C<S %"iling is t&e golen &ig& point on t&e Atlanta s.#line$ T&e

*+erglass Spire is transparent to electro!agnetic 'a,es an &o"ses

co!!"nications antennae$ Arc&itects +elie,e t&e *+erglass Spire aest&eticall#

en&ances Atlanta=s tallest +"iling(!a.ing it t&e cit#=s lan!ar. s.#scraper$ In

aition) t&e Spire is e1tre!el# ,al"a+le real estate > pri!e antennae rental space

is scarce an e1pensi,e$

T&ere are #et !an# ot&er applications for '&ic& no esign !an"al or proce"re

e1ists) s"c& as? +oats) sc"lpt"res) i!pact fro! +last e1plosions) etc) an t&e esign

engineer !"st "se &is3&er creati,it# an inno,ati,e @"g!ent an co!!on sense)

pr"ence an t&e .no'lege of f"na!ental engineering principles to ens"re safe

installation$ Glass is i!portant in +"iling constr"ction +"t is &arl# "nerstoo +#

!ost esign engineers an +"iling an e/"ip!ent esigners$ &ile glass it is a

+rittle !aterial li.e concrete) +# its nat"re it cannot +e engineere +# traitional

loa factor or allo'a+le stress ass"!ption) "e to &ig&l# "npreicta+le fail"restresses$ Instea) esign stresses are gi,en at a pro+a+ilit# of +rea.age t&at is lo'

eno"g& to +e consiere accepta+le$ S"c& stresses are !oi*e for loa "ration

an t#pe of glass) '&ic& can +e anneale) f"ll# te!pere) &eat strengt&ene) or a

la!inate of an# of t&ese) epening on '&at is !ost appropriate to "se for t&e

partic"lar application$ %# "sing t&is approac& t&e esign engineer can eter!ine

'&at t#pe an t&ic.ness of -at glass to specif# for a gi,en pro@ect or application$

T&e a,antages of "sing glasses an glass *+ers are n"!ero"s) an t&e# 'ill

"lti!atel# increase t&e "sef"l) life span of t&e str"ct"ral an arc&itect"ral s#ste!s$

T&is is an e1a!ple of t&e ne' +"iling en,iron!ent pressing t&e constr"ction

in"str# to ne' le,els of ,al"e(ae perfor!ance) res"lting in s"perior sol"tions$



Desi B$ iss) M$S$) P$E$) is t&e Principal of DB Engineering) an ser,e as Part(Ti!e

Fac"lt# at California State Uni,ersit# F"llerton) Ci,il an Mec&anical Engineering

Depart!ents$ Mr$ iss o+taine &is Master Degree fro! CSUF an &as o,er ;

#ears of practical e1perience$ 0e can +e reac&e at 3 74(2$

Cop#rig&t H All rig&ts reser,e

Commercial Forms of Glass

Glass is marketed in various commercial forms to suit varying field requirements.

1. Sheet Glass:

Most extensively used in engineering works

Size ► Thickness of ! ."! #! $! " "." and %." mm► sheets u& to 1'" cm x 11( cm

sizes are also availa)le

Ordinary glazing quality: *sed for general glazing

Selected glazing quality: *sed for )etter quality works

Special selected quality: *sed for su&erior quality works such as show cases etc

. Plate glass:

+t is made in thickness varying from #mm to # mm and sizes u& to '"cm x ,(cmm.

+t is stronger and more trans&arent than the sheet glass

#. Tempered plate glass:

Glass &late is heated and then suddenly cooled to tam&er it

Tem&ered glass is much stronger than ordinary sheet glass.

*sed for glazing entrance doors! ta)le to&s! shelves! counters etc

$. Laminated glass:



Two or more glass &lates with intervening layers of trans&arent &lastics are )ound

under effect of heat and &ressure.

This ty&e of glass is not )roken into &ieces when it )reaks

-nsures safety at &laces where glass is lia)le to shatter

Glazing windows and doors

". Wired glass:

+t is a rough cast translucent semi trans&arent/ glass with s&ecial steel wire mesh of

(.$% to (."% mm dia.

0ire mesh com&letely em)edded )etween the layers of glass during manufacture

&rocess

ire resistant and safe during )reakage

%. nsulating glass:

Two layers of glass se&arated )y %mm to 1mm of air s&ace are sealed to &rovide

heat insulation

'. Colored glass:

2y adding oxides of metals to metal glass the finish &roduct get colored

*sed for decoration works in )uilding construction

3. Flint glass:

+t is lead glass which shines

*sed for glass work as o&tical glass! for making electric )ul)s.

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Glazing Application and Design Assumption for Installation