Global 9 Review

Neolithic Revolution

• 10,000 years ago; people learned to farm and domesticate animals

Civilization

• Advanced technology; specialized workers; complex institutions; record keeping; advanced cities

Africa

• Scientists think humankind originated on this continent

Mesopotamia

• “Land between the rivers”

Hammurabi/Babylonians

• Developed first written law code

Chinese

• Invented paper, printing, silk production, and gunpowder

Middle Kingdom

• China’s ethnocentric name for itself

Mandate of Heaven

• Used to explain the cycle of dynasties in China

Indus Valley

• River valley civilization whose writing we’ve not yet deciphered; well-planned cities (e.g., Mohenjo-Daro)

Mauryan

• Indian Dynasty (321 BC to 185 BC)

Peloponnesian

• War between Athens and Sparta

Direct Democracy

• Type of government developed in Athens in 5th Century BC

Roman Contributions

• 12 Tables; Aqueducts; Concrete

Phoenecians

• Known for sailing, trading, purple dye, alphabet; occupied what is today Lebanon

Silk Roads

• Ancient caravan trade route stretching from China to the Mediterranean Sea

Han

• This Chinese empire shared many things in common with the Roman empire; thrived between 200 BC and 200 AD

Animism

• Belief that there are spirits or souls in living and non-living things

Buddhism

• Four Noble Truths are associated with this religion

Judaism

• Abraham and Moses are associated with the origins of this religion

Jerusalem

• City sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims

The Five Pillars of Islam

• Faith

• Prayer

• Alms

• Fast

• Pilgrimage

Korea

• Cultural bridge between China and Japan

Byzantine

• Empire credited with preserving Greek and Roman Knowledge

Justinian

• Byzantine emperor who developed code of laws

Sharia

• Code of law derived form Qur’an

Sunni and Shiite

• Disagreement about successor to Muhammad resulted in these two Islamic sects

Charlemagne

• Frankish king whose empire stretched across modern-day France, Germany, and part of Italy

Manorialism

• Feudalism : Political : : ______ : Economic

Anti-Semitism

• Prejudice against Jews

Crusades

• Resulted in growth of trade, towns, middle class; promoted religious hatred (c. 1100 – 1300)

Shinto

• Religion unique to Japan; stresses importance of nature

Chivalry

• Bushido : Japan : : __________ : Europe

Shogun

• In Japan’s feudal system, the title of the person who held the most actual power

Mongols

• In the 1200s, this group swept out of the grasslands of central Asia to build the largest empire in the world

Mughal

• Indian dynasty from 1526 to 1857

Marco Polo

• In the late 1200s, this traveler’s writings introduced Europeans to the riches of China

Russia

• Although Mongol rule brought many varied peoples into contact, it isolated this country from Western Europe

Zheng He

• Famous Chinese admiral of the early 1400s

Humanism

• Renaissance theme emphasizing individualism and Greek and Roman study

Vernacular

• Language as it is actually spoken by the people of a particular region

Printing Press

• Gutenberg’s invention, which led to an information revolution

Indulgences

• Forgiveness documents Martin Luther objected to

Jesuits

• A strong force in the Catholic Counter-Reformation was the formation of this group of missionaries founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Mali

• This west African kingdom lasted from 1200 to 1450; Timbuktu became a great trading city and center of learning

Terracing

• The Inca and their ancestors used this technique to farm in the Andes

Reconquista

• Name for the long effort to win back Spain from the Muslims; completed in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella

Encomienda

• System of forced labor in the Americas

Mercantilism

• Establishing colonies to benefit the parent country; developing a favorable balance of trade; acquiring as much gold and silver as possible

Ottomans

• In 1453, this group defeated the Byzantine Empire

England

• Petition of Right, Puritan Revolution, Restoration, and Glorious Revolution are associated with this country

Ivan the Terrible

• What Czar Ivan IV is better known as

Peter the Great

• Developed Russia’s first standing army; fought 20-year war with Sweden; fought the Ottomans for a warm-water port but failed; developed mining and manufacturing; human rights violations under his rule

Catherine the Great

• Successfully acquired Black Sea ports for Russia in 1795

Voltaire (free speech)

• “I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Locke

• Men are born with natural rights: life, liberty, property.