Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Towards a Global Civil SocietyTowards a Global Civil Society
Daniel LittleUniversity of Michigan-Dearborn
The role of ethics in development
l These are issues where clear thinking about values and principles can make a material difference in the quality of our thinking and planning.
lWe need to navigate well into the world of the 21st century; and thinking about social, political, and ethical values is a crucial part of our navigation.
Our choice
l The world of tomorrow will unavoidably be one of increasing global interconnectedness and interdependency. The question is, will this global interconnectedness be of a sort as to lay the ground for a just and peaceful future for humanity, or will it be such as to lay the seeds for continuing deprivation, injustice, and conflict?
The causal role of injusticeThe causal role of injustice
l The pursuit of justice and human equality throughout the world is itself a crucial component of a peaceful and humane future for world society
l Injustice stimulates conflict and violencel Just institutions lay the ground for
enhancement of community
Large processes of globalizationLarge processes of globalization
l Extension of markets and international trade; global competition
l Increased mobility of capital through liberalized financial markets
l Enlargement of foreign direct investmentl Extension of the reach of global medial Commercialization of traditional societies
Positive consequences of Positive consequences of globalizationglobalizationl economic growth in partner economiesl diffusion of technologyl create the potential for significant
improvement of human wellbeing; reduction of poverty
Negative consequences of Negative consequences of globalizationglobalizationl Nationalism and ethnic violencel Exploitation of the southl persistent inequalities of wealth, income,
and wellbeingl Dislocation of traditional societieslWeak labor standardsl environmental degradation
Practical utopias
l the importance of articulating a vision of a world towards which we are directing our efforts
l a vision of the world that is both desirable and feasible
l an alternative to fatalism and gradualisml where do we want the world to be in 50
years?
The “real utopias” project
– “The Real Utopias Project embraces a tension between dreams and practice. It is founded on the belief that what is pragmatically possible is not fixed independently of our imaginations, but is itself shaped by our visions. The fulfillment of such a belief involves ‘real utopias’: utopian ideals that are grounded in the real potentials for redesigning social institutions.”
• Erik Olin Wright, Joshua Cohen, Joel Rogers, ...
A vision of an attainable global A vision of an attainable global utopiautopialMulti-ethnic worldl High minimum standards of human
wellbeingl Democratic states embodying effective
protections of human rightsl Fair domestic and international economic
institutionsl a “global civil society”
Civil societyCivil society
l An important and multi-threaded theory of democratic society
lWhat is a civil society? Two concepts: – civility and – civil associations
l Theories--– Rousseau– Locke
Civil society
l Are these threads connected?– Civility sustains trust and assurance in
institutions– Associations lend power to citizens in
preserving the grounds of civility
The well-ordered society
l society “as a fair system of cooperation over time from one generation to the next, where those engaged in cooperation are viewed as free and equal citizens and normal cooperating members of society over a complete life” (Rawls 2001:4).
A well-ordered society
l Citizens within a well-ordered society respect one another; they have confidence that their most basic interests are fairly treated; and they have confidence that the basic institutions of society permit them fair access and permit them to pursue their conceptions of the good
l Just institutions reinforce stability and assurance
Civility
l the value within a community that is placed on mutual respect, tolerance of difference, and a commitment to the legal resolution of conflict
l a shared commitment to maintaining a structure of relationship among citizens that continually renews the basis of cooperation, respect, and non-violence
Shared civic values
l The thesis is that shared moral values, including particularly the values that determine the terms of social interaction, create the grounds of stability in a society.
l Profound disagreement about these values--or their embodiment in existing social institutions--creates the possibility of serious conflict.
Important shared values
l Justice--fair treatment by basic institutionsl Diversity--respect for the range of
differences found in human experiencelMutual respect for the worth of all citizensl Respect for the value of freedom
the value of civility
l This shared value in turn provides each citizen with the assurance that he or she needs to assume the sacrifices for the public good that citizenship requires. The broad availability of the value of civility gives citizens the confidence they need that their interests will be fairly treated
Civil association
l A society characterized by multiple associations; free activities and choices by individual agents; and a framework of law that assures rights and liberties.
l A society with multiple forms of power and influence, minimizing the potential for exploitation and domination by powerful elites or the state.
l Associative democracy
Sustaining civility
lWhat are the “social-psychological” requirements of civility?– solidarity—some degree of shared identity
among the individuals who make up the society as groups with interests in common
– a sense of justice—confidence that the basic institutions are fair to all
– confidence in the future, that one’s children will have reasonable (and improved) life prospects
Sustaining civility
l a sense of dignity—of being treated with human dignity, of being assigned equal human worth
l a need for stable, fair, and predictable institutions that give citizens the confidence that they can pursue activities, form associations, and engage in civil discourse without fear
What is a global civil society?
l a world in which all persons recognize and respect the human reality and worth of all others—near and far.
l a world in which people are tied together through cross-cutting civil associations—local, national, and international (labor organizations, women’s organizations, environmental organizations, or religious groups)
What is a global civil society?
l a world in which persons share a sense of justice—they share a basic agreement on the essential requirements of fairness of the institutions that govern their lives.
l a world in which all people have grounds for hope for the future—that there are opportunities for them to improve their lives,
What is a global civil society?
l a world assuring fair access to these opportunities, and that their children will have better lives than they themselves have had.
What is a global civil society?
l National states in a just international systeml a framework of treaties and international regimes
establishing a just system of cooperation l National societies embodying just institutionsl international relations governed by commitments
to non-violence and negotiated outcomes
What institutions might create a global civil society?l Multi-stranded associations from domestic to
international scales (e.g. labor organizations, environmental organizations)
l democratic political institutions at national and local levels; “associative democracy”
l institutions embodying social and economic justice--domestic and international
l strong commitments by wealthy nations to global economic progress
Justice in international Justice in international developmentdevelopmentl Respect for human rightsl enhancement of standards of well-being for
all people.l Gender justicel Extension of democratic institutions
Multiple vehicles of citizen influencel political participationl economic activityl private associations and organizationsl freedom of associationl democratic political institutions
International institutions
l the critical point: a completely unrestrained international system of trading does not have a built-in tendency to create or assure social safety nets;
l competition among capital over price in fact tends to erode the ability of national governments to provide such regulation and safety net.– (Kapstein, Stieglitz)
International institutions
l the critical need for effective new international institutions
l effective development assistance--OECD, World Bank; the need for greater participation
l new institutions for environmental regulation
l new institutions for labor standards
Ethnic identities
lWhat does the concept of a global civil society imply for the durability of national or cultural identities? Can the Brazilian, Sikh, or Muslim at the same time be a member of a global civil society? This question can be posed at virtually every level of scale—village, region, nation, or global system. And the answer is everywhere the same.
Ethnic identitiesEthnic identities
l One can be both cosmopolitan and Muslim, both Brazilian Catholic and citizen of the world . In other words, my conception of a just global civil society does not presuppose a process of homogenization of world cultures.
Ethnic identities
l Instead, it presumes the development of a cross-cultural consensus about the importance of civility as a necessary context for the many cultural, religious, or national differences that will persist and that constitute one of the positive engines of creativity that are available to the world’s people.
Example?
l And we find in the EU an emerging discourse of solidarity that may provide the political basis that will be needed to bring about global justice (and the international transfer of resources and knowledge that this will require).
Example?
l The European Union, and the pan-European institutions and identities that the EU is in the process of forging, offer a promising example of a system that can bring about a just international order. Here we find fledgling experiments in the creation of solidarities that transcend language, religion, nation, or place.
Conclusion
l Ethics matters to development.l It is essential that we “visualize” a feasible
future for the global world.l The moral elements of civility, democracy,
justice, and assurance provide an essential framework for a global civil society.
