Global Studies Review

3200 B.C.-1700’s

Beginnings of Civilization

• Geography- study of humans and their interaction with the environment. Themes:1. Location (describes where something is)2. Place (features that make site unique)3. Regions (areas that share commons characteristics)4. Movement (looks at how + why people + things move)5. Human Environment Interaction

• Culture- a groups knowledge, beliefs, values and customs– Cultural Diffusion-spread of ideas from one society to

another.

Paleolithic Era

• 2.5 million B.C.-8000 B.C.

• hunting • gathering wild game• edible plants• living in nomadic groups• Old Stone Age

Neolithic Era

• 8000 B.C.- 3000 B.C.• farming crops• domestication of

animals• living in settlements and

villages• New Stone Age• Rise of cities and

civilizations

Features of a Civilization

• Cities

• Government

• Writing

• Religion

• Public Works

• Job Specialization

• Art & Architecture

• Social Classes

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Mesopotamia

Babylonians

Tigris & Euphrates Riverspresent day Iraq

• Mesopotamia• ancient Sumer • fertile crescent• Polytheistic• Ziggurats• Cuneiform• Wheel• Sail• plow

• Babylonians• advanced knowledge in

astronomy• Hanging Gardens• Hammurabi’s code (code

of laws “eye for an eye”)

Nile River

Egyptians

Nile RiverPresent day Egypt

• Polytheistic (many gods)

• pharoah (god/king)

• Hieroglyphics

• Papyrus

• Pyramids

• Mumification (Book of the Dead)

• Calendar (based on floods of Nile)

Indus and Ganges Rivers

Indus and Ganges Rivers

Indus-Pakistan

• Mohenjo Daro and Harappa Valley

• grid like pattern for city• plumbing• Organized government

Ganges-India

• Aryans– created caste system

• Based on occupation

– beginnings of Hinduism– (Vedas)– River sacred to Hindus

Huang He River

Ancient Chinese Civilization

Huang He and Yangtze Rivers

• China

• Shang Dynasty (1766 BC-1100BC)

• Mandate of Heaven- right to rule

• dynastic cycle-process of rule

• silk-bronze

• coin money

• Ancestor Worship

• Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC-221BC)

Other Civilizations

Phoenicians Hittites

Persians

Other Important

Civilizations

• Phoenicians (1500-300 BCE)– Lebanon– created alphabet– proficient sailors

• Hittites (1750-1180BCE)– Asia Minor– extracted iron from ore-able to create stronger weapons.

• Persians (550-330 BCE)– fertile crescent-present day Iran– barter economy

• zoroastrianism (religion)• Hebrews

– Israel– created monotheistic religion Judaism

Empires

• A collection of nations or people ruled by a single authority usually a monarch, but other systems of gov’t too

Empires of CHINA

1. Qin (221 BC-206 BC)– Shi Huang Di– Legalism (harsh)– Great Wall

2. Han (206 BC-220AD)– Gao Zu began Empire– Confucious gov’t

• Civil Service Exam• Filial Piety

– Emperor Wudi• Growth of Trade (Silk Road)

– Technology-Paper– Medicine-Anestetics

3. Sui (589-618 AD)

Grand Canal (1,000 ft links N-S China)

4. Tang(618-907 AD)– age of Buddhism– Footbinding– woodblock printing– Gunpowder– Paper Money– Magnetic compass

5. Song (960-1279 AD)– Moveable type– Porcelain

Shi Huang Di

More Asian Empires

• Mongols– Ghengis Khan(1206-1227)– conquered lands throughout China– Golden Horde (Tartars)

• Batu (grandson) controlled most of Russia

– Yuan dynasty (1279-1368)• Kublai Khan (grandson)

– Pax Mongolia: guarded trade routes (Silk Road)– Marco Polo

• Korea (name from Koryo Dynasty)

– -cultural bridge btwn. China and Japan

– Hermit Kingdom– Choson Dynasty

India• Maurya Empire (320 -185 BC)

– Chandragupta• United India• Strong government• Organized bureaucracy

– Ashoka• Expanded empire• Promoted Buddhism• Public works (roads + wells for travellers)

• Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)– Chandra

• Reunited northern India• Golden Age (peace, wealth, advancements)• Promoted Hinduism

Greece before Greece

Minoans

• Crete• 3,000BCE-1450 BCE• Knossus• King Minos-Labyrinth• Snake Goddess• Trade• Linear A• Arthur Evans

Mycenaeans

• 2200 BCE• Heinrich Schliemann • Linean B• Trojan War• Homer• Dark Ages

Ancient Greece (1750 B.C. -133 B.C.)

• Mediterranean Sea– Archipelago

• Main City States– Sparta

• military-discipline

– Athens• Democracy• Education• Intellectualism• Art• Drama• Philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)

A not so Greek

• Alexander the Great (359 BC- 326 BC)– not a “real greek”– conquered Greece, Persia, northern India,and

Egypt– Accomplishments

• Hellenistic civilization (Greek+Persian+Egyptian+Indian)• CULTURAL DIFFUSSION

Rome (509 B.C.-476 A.D.)• Central location helped create vast empire.• 756 BC Etruscans and Latiums established city of Rome: rule by Tyrants

• Republic 509 B.C.-31 B.C.– consuls,patricians,plebians controlled Roman affairs.– Twelve Tables (civil law)– Punic Wars-against Carthage, 3 wars, Hannibal, Rome won)

• Julius Caesar– great general– Dictator– popular for reforms– killed by rivals (“et tu Brute”)

• Empire 31 B.C.-476 A.D. Octavious/Augustus– Pax Romana (31B.C.-180A.D.)

• Roman Peace + stable gov’t

Roman Achievements

• Architecture– emphasis on grandeur

• Engineering– system of roads, bridges, harbors, and

aqueducts.

• Science– Ptolemy (earth center of universe) – Pliny the Elder(wrote many books on different

topics.

Roman Achievements

• Roman Law– Applied to all people-created stability-5

basic principles• People equal under the law• Accused can face accusers• Decisions based on fairness•Person is presumed innocent •Guilt must be clearly established

Fall of Rome

• Military Causes– Invasions from north– army lacked training and

discipline– hired mercenaries– Huns pushed Goths over

Empire’s boundaries

• Economic Causes– heavy taxes– middle class disappears– farmers left land-used

slave labor

• Political Causes– Gov’t too strict– Curruption– Empire divided.

• Social Causes– population decline

(disease and famine)– people became

selfish and lazy

Byzantine Empire395-1453 CE

• Extension of Roman Empire– (Greco-Roman heritage)

• Shaped developing cultures of Russia and Eastern Europe.

• Constantinople– capital of Eastern Empire– Protected by water + walls– Major trading power (Western Europe-Arab empire)

• Justinian and Theodora (527-565)– code of laws– Hagia Sophia– Tried to reunite east +west failed due to plague

• Orthodox Christianity

Middle East• Crossroads of the World (Europe, Africa, Asia)• Cultural diffusion-> Trade• Preserved ancient writings of Greeks and Romans• Islam• Abassid Empire 740s-900s)

– Shiite muslims– Trade increased

• Safavid Empire (1500-1722)– Persian muslims (shiite)

• Ottoman Empire (1300s-1919)– Controlled former area called Byzantine/Constantinople

• Shiite vs Sunni– Sunni: “people who follow the Sunna (way of the prophet)” caliph should

be good person– Shiite/Shia: caliphite must go to a descendent of Muhammad

Africa• Sahara desert-largest world barrier• Sahel-south of Sahara undergoing

desertification• Savanna-grasslands-supports farming and

herding• Animism-early religion-spirits present in

natural objects.• Oral history (griots)• Bantu Migrations (900s BCE)

– Migrations into South Africa

East Africa

• Influenced by Monsoons• Kush (Nubia)• Auxum (100-600 CE)

– Ethiopia– Christian– Traded w/ coins

• Ivory

• Gold

• People

• Swahili– Combination of Bantu +

Arabic language

West Africa• Land of Gold• Ghana (800s-1076 CE)

– Traded gold + salt

• Mali (1230s-1433 CE)– Sundiata (ruler + Epic

story)– Mansa Musa (1307)

• Devout Muslim: hajj = cultural diffussion

• Timbuktu: center fro education, religion, culture

– Ibn Battuta: wrote about travels in Africa

• Songhai (1460s)– Sunni Ali-great military

leader– Askia Muhammad-Golden

Age

Latin American Empires• Maya (300-900 CE)

– Yucatan Peninsula/Mexico– advancements in astronomy– Human Sacrifice

• Aztec (1200-1520 CE)– Central Mexico – conquered by Spanish (Cortes)– Human Sacrifice

• Incas(1438-1525 CE)– Andes mts./Peru– conquered by Spanish (Pizzaro)– road system + terrace farming

• All were polytheistic, highly complex,and well-organized

Empire of Japan

• Archipelago

• Ring of Fire

• borrowed culture from China

• terrace farming

• Shintoism (religion)

• Feudalism-land in exchange for military

• Bushido (code of conduct for samurai)

Europe

• Dark Ages (476 AD -800)– End of Roman Rule in western Europe– Rise of Tribes (Franks, Saxons, vikings)– no books– no learning/education

• Preserved by monks and muslims

– no government– no common language– no unity

Europe: Middle Ages (800-1300)

• 3 C’s (Clovis, Charles Martel, Charlemagne)• Feudalism

– fiefdom= system of loyalties– Manorialism-self sufficient estate– Chivalry-code of conduct

• Church-most powerful institution– political-economic-social organization– Holy Roman Empire

Europe Middle Ages• Agricultural Revolution (after 900)

– New inventions (harness for horses,3 field system, moldboard plow)

– More food =more people= more trade routes = fairs =towns• Crusades-Holy Wars (1095- 1270) resulted in increased:

– Trade, cultural diffusion, knowledge• Commercial Revolution(1500s)

– New business practices (checks, banks)– Capital = $ exchanged instead of bartering– end of feudalism– Important trade cities (Venice, Hanseatic League)

• 1348 Bubonic Plague=trade declined-church lost power-1/3 population died

• Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453– War between France and Britain over land

• Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648– Between German Princes and Holy Roman

Empire over religion– Treaty of Westphalia brought peace

Europe-> Renaissance (1300-

1650)

• Rebirth of Classics– Greek and Roman– Golden Age

• Begins in Italy b/c of:– Crusades– urban centers– wealthy merchants– humanism= focus on human achievements not just religion– Art focus=realism– Artists:

• Michelangelo, da Vinci-most famous

– Writers:• Machiavelli-The Prince (end justifies the means) rulers

should do anything to gain and keep power.• Johannes Gutenberg-printing press-#books increase,

vernacular, spread of ideas.

Europe->Reformation (1517)• Martin Luther-1517

– 95 Theses

– upset over selling indulgences.

• Henry VIII (1491-1547)

– challenged Pope over divorce issue

– Anglican church established (1534)

• John Calvin (1541-1564)

– predestination-born sinners

– Huguenots (French Calvinists)

• John Knox-Presbytarianism in Scotland (1510-1572)

• Counter Reformation

– Council of Trent (end abuses in Church)1545-1663

– Inquisition (Catholics on trial)

– Jesuits (remember practices of Jesus)

Europe: Exploration (1400-1700)• Search fo SPICES• God-Gold-Glory• Advances in sailing• Columbus• Magellan• Da Gama• Conquistadores

– Cortes (Aztecs)– Pizzaro (Incas)

• Destroyed Populations– Superior Technology– Disease– Slavery

• Columbian Exchange– Ideas, animals, plants

• Mercantilism– Power=wealth– Take raw materials

produce + sell exports

• Encomienda System– plantations– Class system

Europe: Absolute Monarchs(1500-1800)

• France (Bourbons)– ”Sun King”-Louis XIV– Built Versailles Palace

• Russia (Romanov)– Ivans’-> good and bad– Peter the Great

• Westernization• expansion

– Catherine the Great• modernization• expansion

• Prussia (Hohenzollerns)– Frederick II (the Great)– military hero

• Spain– Isabella and Ferdinand

• Inquisition

– Phillip II• Armada defeated by England

• England (limited monarchy)– Magna Carta (1215 King John)– Henry VIII (split with Pope)– Elizabeth I

• war w/Spain + religious toleration

– Oliver Cromwell • civil war/resentment

– William and Mary • Glorious Revolution-English Bill of

Rights 1689 limited power

• Austria-Hapsberg family– Maria Theresa (Holy Roman

Empire, very powerful)

Scientific Revolution

• 1543• Europe• Cause:

– Exploration +expansion of trade– Continuing study of ancient ideas– Geocentric (Church) vs Heliocentric (Copernicus)– Development of scientific method

• Effects:– People question Church (main authority)– Beginnings of modern science– Belief in progress & power of reason– New view of universe

Important Scientific Thinkers

• Copernicus• Brahe• Kepler• Galileo• Newton• Boyle• Bacon• Descartes

• Lavoisier• Leeuwnhoek• Linnaes• Harvey• Hooke• Vesalius

Enlightenment: 1600s -1700sPhilosophers used reason to find the truth, influenced

by the Scientific Revolution, promoted want for independence

• People:– Thomas Hobbes: people are bad, gov’t = order– John Locke: natural rights– Montesquieu: separation of powers– Rousseau: born good, gov’t = protection– Voltaire: against slavery– Diderot: Encyclopedie– Wollstonecraft & Smith: don’t forget the ladies– Smith: Laissez Faire (economy)

• Influenced Revolution around the world

Revolution

• The overthrow or replacement of a government or political system.

American Revolution

• 1776-1783• Where: North America (13 colonies)• Cause:

– British Colony– Mercantilism– “No taxation w/out representation”– Influenced by Enlightenment (Locke &

Montesquieu)

• Effects:– United States of America

French Revolution & Napoleon• 1789-1815• France• Cause:

– 3 Estates (3rd=high taxes + few rights)– Influenced by Enlightenment & American Revolution– 1789 3rd estate declares itself National Assembly;

Bastille stormed, Declaration of Rights of Man, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

– Effects– Reign of Terror-Robespierre-guillotine– Napoleon (1804-1814) many changes, expensive,

disaster in Russia (weather)– Congress of Vienna-restore balance of power

Latin American Independence• 1791-1835• Central + South America• Cause:

– Nationalism-influenced by American and French Revolution.

• Effects:– L’Ouverture (Haiti)– Bolivar (Liberator of Colombia, Venezuela, Peru,

Bolivia)– San Martin (Argentina)– Hidalgo & Morelos & O’Higgins (Mexico)– Lack of unity:Andes Mts & Amazon rain forest– Economic instability = Reliance on single crop economy

Industrial Revolution

• 1750-1850• Where:

– Britain-natural resources, harbor, navy, economic + political stability

• Cause:– Agricultural Rev-new inventions = food=People

– New Inventions=steam power, cottage-factories, mass production– Urbanization

• Effects:– Poor Working conditions-hours, pay, dangerous, child labor– Middle Class– Unions

• People & Ideas: Adam Smith (Laissez Faire), Charles Darwin (evolution, natural selection), Utopia (perfect society), Karl Marx (Communist Manifesto, workers unite and share equally-classless society)

Russian Revolution (1917)• Cause: cruel czars, losses in war, poverty

• 1905 (Bloody Sunday-marchers killed)

• March 1917 czar Nicholas abdicates

• Bolsheviks (Communists/Reds) take over-”peace,land & bread”.

• Lenin leads until 1924-USSR-NEP

• Stalin-totalitarian rule-Russification, 5 year plans, collective farms, secret police, forced famine, Great Purge, forced exiles, murders, millions killed died 1953

Chinese Revolution

• 1930s-1940s

• Cause: Nationalists (Guomindang w/leader Jiang Jeishi) vs. Communists (Mao Zedong)

• 1949 Communists were victorious– Mao Zedong– Great Leap Forward– Cultural Revolution “Little Red Book”

Imperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another

region /country• 1800-1914• Cause:

– resources, land + labor• Effects:

– Africa• lack of unity-not free until 1960s-boundary wars.

– Americas• Lead to USA policing region

– India• Sepoy Rebellion-rid foreigners-lost

– China• Opium Wars-British won, Boxer Rebellion -rid foreigners-lost

– Japan• Meiji Restoration-modernize

• Impact: – cultural diffusion– nationalism (#1)– destruction of traditional societies– improved standards of living– cause of WW I

Nationalism: pride in one’s country, want of self determination

• Germany: 1871 Otto Von Bismarck• Italy 1871: Guiseppe Garibaldi, Guiseppe Mazzini• Austria: 1869 Dual Monarchy becomes Austria-

Hungary• Turkey 1917 Kemal Ataturk• Israel: 1949 Balfour Declaration, Zionism• India:1948 Mohandas Gandhi• Africa: 1910-1079 Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela• Iran: 1925 Reza Khan

World War I (1914-1918)

• Cause: Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, assassination (Ferdinand) “Balkan Powder Keg”, alliances

• Central Powers=Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans) vs. Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, USA, Italy)

• Impact: several fronts, trenches, deadlier weapons-”Great war”

• Effects: Treaty of Versailles (unfair to Germany) League of Nations formed

World War II (1939-1945)• Cause: Germany + Italy = aggressive

• Impact: appeasement (give in), Germany invades Poland (starts war).

• Allies (B,F, USSR, US) vs Axis (G, I, J)

• Holocaust- genocide

• Pearl Harbor –involves US

• V-E Day May 1945

• Japan surrenders August 1945 after 2 A bombs dropped

• Effects: Nuremberg Trials, Japan loses military, Germany split, United Nations formed

Cold War (1946-1990)• USA vs USSR-hostilities-Democracy vs Communism• Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan-prevent communism,

strengthen democracy+capitalism• NATO vs Warsaw Pact=military alliances• Arms Race + Space Race• Korean War (n=c) (s=d)->no change• Vietnam War (n=c) (s=d) South=comm.• Cuba-Castro-missile crisis 1962-embargo on Cuba

w/US• End: détente (ease)

– Reagan for U.S.A. – Gorbachev (glasnost, perestroika), nationalism, fall of USSR– Yeltsin new president of Russia

Around the World• Poland

– -solidarity (union) Lech Walesa-No Communism

• Germany– Fall of Berlin Wall

• Ethnic/religious tensions– Bosnia– Ireland (Catholic vs Protestant)– Pakistan (Muslims) vs. India (Hindus)– Israel (Jews vs Palestinian Muslims)– Africa

• Apartheid (South Africa)• Somalia• Rwanda (Hutus vs Tutsi’s)• Darfur (Omar al-Bashir)

• Nuclear Warfare (North Korea, India, Pakistan)• Overpopulation (India, China-1 child policy)

• Urbanization:– Pollution (acid rain, deforestation, depletion of

ozone, desertification, global warming, endangered species)

• Green Revolution– fertilizers, farming techniques food.

• Computer Revolution (new technology)• Satellite Technology (Space)• Medical Advances-genetics, cloning, stem cells,

vaccines• Organizations: OPEC, OAS (Latin America), OAU

(Africa), ASEAN (Asia) EU (Europe)• Terrorism –hijackings, 9/11, suicide bombings