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Researchers took a group of teenagers who had never smoked and for oneyear tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health

changed. Those who began smoking within a month of the studys start were

four times as likely to be depressed at the studys end than those who did not

begin smoking. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps

thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in

teenagers.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A)Participants who were depressed at the studys start were no more likelyto be smokers at the studys end than those who were not depressed.

(B)Participants who began smoking within a month of the studys startwere no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit

smoking by the studys end.

(C)Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives ofother participants.

(D)Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depressionwithin the year of the study.

(E)The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.2Which of the following most logically completes the editorial below?

Editorial in Golbindian Newspaper:

For almost three months, opposition parties have been mounting daily streetdemonstrations in the capital in an effort to pressure the ruling party into

calling an election. Though the demonstrations were well attended at first,

attendance has declined steadily in recent weeks. However, the decline in

attendance does not indicate that popular support for the oppositions

demands is dropping, since

(A)the oppositions demands have not changed during the period when thestreet demonstrations have been mounted.

(B)No foreign governments have expressed any support for the oppositionsdemands.

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(C)The state-controlled media have ceased any mention of thedemonstrations, leaving many citizens outside the capital with no way of

knowing that demonstrations continue.

(D)There have not recently been any antigovernment demonstrations incities other than the capital.

(E)A recent sharp decrease in unemployment has led to increased popularsupport for the government.

3Plankton generally thrive in areas of the ocean with sufficient concentrations

of certain nitrogen compounds near the surface where plankton live.Nevertheless, some areas, though rich in these nitrogen compounds, have

few plankton. These areas have particularly low concentrations of iron, and

oceanographers hypothesize that this shortage of iron prevents plankton

from thriving. However, an experimental release of iron compounds into one

such area failed to produce a thriving plankton population, even though

local iron concentrations increased immediately.

Which of the following, if true, argues most strongly against concluding, on

the basis of the information above, that the oceanographers' hypothesis is

false?

(A) Not all of the nitrogen compounds that are sometimes found inrelatively high concentrations in the oceans are nutrients for plankton.

(B) Certain areas of the ocean support an abundance of plankton despitehaving particularly low concentrations of iron.

(C)The release of the iron compounds did not increase the supply of nitrogencompounds in the area.

(D)A few days after the iron compounds were released, ocean currentsdisplaced the iron-rich water from the surface.

(E)The iron compounds released into the area occur naturally in areas ofthe ocean where plankton thrive.

4One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount ofoxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly,

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entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of

drinking water, labeled SuperOXY, that has extra oxygen dissolved in the

water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance,

however, since the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so

that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs.

Which of the following, if true, would serve the same function in the

argument as the statement in boldface?

(A)the water lost in exercising can be replaced with ordinary tap water(B) the amount of oxygen in the blood of people who are exercising is

already more than the muscle cells can absorb

(C) world-class athletes turn in record performances without such water(D)frequent physical exercise increases the bodys ability to take in and use

oxygen

(E)lack of oxygen is not the only factor limiting human physicalperformance

5The violent crime rate (number of violent crimes per 1,000 residents) in

Meadowbrook is 60 percent higher now than it was four years ago. The

corresponding increase for Parkdale is only 10 percent. These figures

support the conclusion that residents of Meadowbrook are more likely to

become victims of violent crime than are residents of Parkdale.

The argument above is flawed because it fails to take into account

(A)Changes in the population density of both Meadowbrook and Parkdaleover the past four years.

(B)How the rate of population growth in Meadowbrook over the past fouryears compares to the corresponding rate for Parkdale

(C)The ratio of violent to nonviolent crimes committed during the past fouryears in Meadowbrook and Parkdale

(D)The violent crime rates in Meadowbrook and Parkdale four years ago(E)How Meadowbrooks expenditures for crime prevention over the past

four years compare to Parkdales expenditures.

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6Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the

atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life. One

plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in theoceans. When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being

burned for fuel.

Which of the following, if true, would indicate the most serious weakness in

the plan above?

(A)Some areas of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere do not containsufficient nutrients to support large seaweed farms.

(B)When a seaweed plant is burned, it releases an amount of carbon dioxidecomparable to the amount it has absorbed in its lifetime.

(C)Even if seaweed farms prove effective, some people will be reluctant toswitch to this new fuel.

(D)Each year about seven billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into theatmosphere but only about five billion tons are absorbed by plant life.

(E)Seaweed farms would make more money by farming seaweed to sell asnutritional supplements than by farming seaweed to sell as fuel.

7Because visual inspection cannot reliably distinguish certain skin

discolorations from skin cancers, dermatologists at clinics have needed to

perform tests of skin tissue taken from patients. At Westville Hospital,

dermatological diagnostic costs were reduced by the purchase of a new

imaging machine that diagnoses skin cancer in such cases as reliably as the

tissue tests do. Consequently, even though the machine is expensive, adermatological clinic in Westville is considering buying one to reduce

diagnostic costs.

Which of the following would it be most useful for the clinic to establish in

order to make its decision?

(A)Whether the visits of patients who require diagnosis of skindiscolorations tend to be shorter in duration at the clinic than at the

hospital

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(B)Whether the principles on which the machine operates have been knownto science for a long time

(C)Whether the machine at the clinic would get significantly less heavy usethan the machine at the hospital does

(D)Whether in certain cases of skin discoloration, visual inspection issufficient to make a diagnosis of skin cancer

(E)Whether hospitals in other parts of the country have purchased suchimaging machines

8The city of Workney, in raising bus fares from $1.00 to $1.25, proposed that18 fare tokens be sold for $20.00 to alleviate the extra burden of the fareincrease on the citys low-income residents. Critics suggested alternativelythat 9 fare tokens be sold for $10.00, because a $20.00 outlay would be

prohibitive for low-income riders.

The alternative proposal depends on which of the following assumptions?

(A)Low-income residents of Workney will continue to ride the buses in thesame numbers despite the fare increase.

(B)Low-income riders would be more likely to take advantage of the savingsafforded by the 9-token offer than would other riders.

(C)The outlay of $10.00 for the purchase of 9 fare tokens would not beprohibitive for low-income bus riders.

(D)The proposed fare increase is needed for the purchase of new buses forthe citys bus system.

(E)Buses provide the only means of public transportation in the city ofWorkney.

9As a large corporation in small country, Hachnut wants its managers to

have international experience, so each year it sponsors management

education abroad for its management trainees. Hachnut has found,however, that the attrition rate of graduates from this program is very high,

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with many of them leaving Hachnut to join competing firms soon after

completing the program. Hachnut does use performance during the

program as criterion in deciding among candidates for management

positions, butboth this function and the goal of providing

international experience could be achieved in other ways. Therefore,if the attrition problem cannot be successfully addressed, Hachnut should

discontinue the sponsorship program.

In the argument given, the twoboldfaced portions play which of the

following roles?

(A) The first describes a practice that the argument seeks to justify; thesecond states a judgment that is used in support of a justification for

that practice.

(B) The first describes a practice that the argument seeks to explain; thesecond presents part of the arguments explanation of that practice.

(C) The first introduces a practice that the argument seeks to evaluate; thesecond provides grounds for holding that the practice cannot achieve its

objective.

(D) The first introduces a policy that the argument seeks to evaluate; thesecond provides grounds for holding that the policy is not needed.

(E) The first introduces a consideration supporting a policy thatthe argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides evidence for

concluding that the policy should be abandoned.

10Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and

meatHowever, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world

averageper capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the worldaverageand it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of

meatThereforesince per capita income continues to risewhereas domestic

grain production will not increaseGortland will soon have to import either

grain or meat or both

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will notdecrease substantially

(B) The population of Gortland has remained relatively constant during the

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country's years of growing prosperity

(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is roughly the sameacross all income levels

(D) In Gortlandneither meat nor grain is subject to government pricecontrols

(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will notradically decrease their consumption of grain

11In Rubaria, excellent health care is available to virtually the entire

population, whereas very few people in Terland receive adequate medicalcare. Yet, although the death rate for most diseases is higher in Terland than

in Rubaria, the percentage of the male population that dies from prostate

cancer is significantly higher in Rubaria than in Terland.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the disparity between

the prostate cancer death rate in Rubaria and Terland?

(A)Effective treatment of prostate cancer in its early stages generallyrequires medical techniques available in Rubaria but not in Terland.

(B)Most men who have prostate cancer are older than the average lifeexpectancy for male inhabitants of Terland.

(C)Being in poor general health does not increase ones risk of developingprostate cancer.

(D)It is possible to decrease ones risk of getting prostate cancer by eatingcertain kinds of foods, and such foods are more readily available in

Rubaria than in Terland.

(E)Among men in Rubaria, the death rate from prostate cancer issignificantly higher for those who do not take full advantage of Rubarias

health care system than for those who do.

12A theory is either true or false. Galileos observations of Jupiters satellites

showed that the Ptolemaic theory of the motion of celestial bodies is false.

Therefore, since the Copernican theory of planetary motion is inconsistent

with the Ptolemaic account, Galileos observations of Jupiters satellitesproved the truth of the Copernican theory.

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The argument above is open to the objection that it makes the questionable

assumption that

(A)Whoever first observed something inconsistent with the truth of thePtolemaic theory should be credited with having proved that theory

false.

(B)There are some possible observations that would be inconsistent with theaccount given by the Copernican theory but consistent with the account

given by the Ptolemaic theory.

(C)The Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot bothbe based on exactly the same evidence

(D)Numerous counterexamples were necessary in order to show thePtolemaic theory to be false

(E)The Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot bothbe false.

13In the past, most children who went sledding in the winter snow in Verland

used wooden sleds with runners aend steering bars. Ten years ago, smoothplastic sleds became popular; they go faster than wooden sleds but are

harder to steer and slow. The concern that plastic sleds are more dangerous

is clearly borne out by the fact that the number of children injured while

sledding was much higher last winter than it was 10 years ago.

Which of the following, if ture in Verland, most seriously undermines the

force of the evidence cited:

(A) A few children still use traditional wooden sleds.(B)Very few children wear any kind of protective gear, such as helmets,

while sledding

(C)Plastic sleds can be used in a much wider variety of snow conditions thanwooden sleds can.

(D)Most sledding injuries occur when a sled collides with a tree, a rock, oranother sled

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(E)Because the traditional wooden sleds can carry more than one rider, anaccident involving a wooden sled can result in several children being

injured.

14An overwhelming proportion of the most productive employees at SaleCos

regional offices work not eight hours a day, five days a week, as do other

SaleCo employees, but rather ten hours a day, four days a week, with Friday

off. Noting this phenomenon, SaleCos president plans to increase overall

productivity by keeping the offices closed on Fridays and having all

employees work the same scheduleten hours a day, four days a week.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most reason to doubt that the

presidents plan, if implemented, will achieve its stated purpose?

(A)Typically, a SaleCo employees least productive hours in the workplaceare the early afternoon hours.

(B)None of the employees who work four days a week had volunteered towork that schedule, but all were assigned to it by their supervisors.

(C)Working ten hours a day has allowed the most productive employees towork two hours alone each day in their respective offices relatively

undisturbed by fellow employees.

(D)Employees at SaleCo are compensated not on the basis of how manyhours a week they work but on the basis of how productive they are

during the hours they are at work.

(E)hose SaleCo employees who have a four-day workweek do nottake any of their office work to do at home on Fridays.

15Several ancient Greek texts provide accounts of people being poisoned byhoney that texts suggest was made from the nectar of rhododendron or

oleander plants. Honey made from such nectar can cause the effects the texts

describe, but only if eaten fresh, since the honey loses its toxicity within a few

weeks of being made. In Greece, rhododendrons and oleander bloom only in

springtime, when they are the predominant sources of nectar.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly support the accounts of Greek

texts?

(A)There are no plants that Greece in ancient times that produce more

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nectar than rhododendrons or oleanders does

(B). In areas where neither rhododendrons nor oleanders grow, honey isnever poisonous.

(C)A beebives honeycomb cannot have some sections that contain toxichoney and other sections that contain nontoxic honey

(D) The incidents of honey poisoning that are related in the ancient textsoccurred in the springtime or in the early summer

(E)Whether the honey in a beehive is toxic depends solely on which plantswere the source of that was used to make the honey.

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