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Lesson 1: Visual Aid 1
Project 2061and Scientific Literacy
Goal: Science, math
and technology literacy
for all Americans
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 1: Visual Aid 2
National ScienceEducation Standards
Content Standards
< Science as Inquiry
< Physical Science
< Life Science
< Earth and Space Science
< Science and Technology
< Science in Personal and SocialPerspectives
< History and the Nature of Science
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 2: Visual Aid 1
Piaget’s Stagesof Cognitive Development
< Sensorimotor Stage (birth – 2)
< Preoperational Stage (2 – 7)
< Concrete Operational Stage (7 – 11)
< Formal Operational Stage (11 – adult)
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 2: Visual Aid 2
Characteristics of thePreoperational Stage
< Egocentric thoughts and behavior
< Tendency to take all words andconversations literally
< Understand the world throughexperiences rather than through whatthey are told
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 2: Visual Aid 3
Arkansas CDELSScience and Technology
Children strive to understand
"the great mystery into which they are
born" by observing the world around them
and by experimenting.
Arkansas CDELS, 2016, p68
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 3: Visual Aid 1
The Scientific Method = Inquiry
< Observe and ask a question
< Make a hypothesis
< Test your hypothesis
< Form a conclusion
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 3: Visual Aid 2
Figure 2-1 in Worms, Shadows and Whirlpools- pg 19
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 3: Visual Aid 3
Process Skills
The ways in which we use our senses to learnabout the world.
< Observing
< Classifying
< Predicting
< Using Numbers
< Inferring
< Communicating
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 3: Visual Aid 4
Types of Data Representation
< Writing
< Graphs
< Sketches
< Diagrams
< Models
< Dramatic Play
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 4: Visual Aid 1
Elements of anEarly Childhood Environment
< Learning Materials
< Curriculum
< Physical Arrangement
< Health and Safety
< Adult Child Interactions
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 4: Visual Aid 2
Tools and Collections
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 4: Visual Aid 3
Science Displays
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 4: Visual Aid 4
Books That TeachMath and Science Concepts
< Fiction
< Information Books
< Concept Books
< Photo or Wordless Books
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 4: Visual Aid 5
Learning Activity
An experience for children in which specific
skills and concepts are targeted through
games, adult-guided large-and small-group
activities or child-initiated activities. Learning
activities are usually short in duration.
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 1
Piaget’s Conservation Task
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 2
Piaget’s Conservation Task
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 3
NCTM Focal Point
Children develop an
understanding of the meanings of
whole numbers and recognize the
number of objects in small groups
without counting and by counting.
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 4
Subitizing
Subitizing introduces:
< The concept of cardinality
< More and less
< Parts and wholes
< The beginnings of simple operations withnumbers
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 5
Cardinality
Understanding that the last number
counted in a collection of objects
represents how many objects
are in that collection.
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 6
Skills Involved in Counting
< Knowing the numeral names in order
< Understanding one to one correspondence
< Having a strategy for keeping track ofobjects already counted
< Understanding cardinality
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 7
Simple Number Operations
< Comparing and ordering
< Equal partitioning
< Composing and decomposing
< Adding to and taking away
< Grouping
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 8
Patterning
< Repeating Patterns
< Growing Patterns
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 9
Growing Patterns
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 5: Visual Aid 10
Numbers in Scientific Investigations
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 6: Visual Aid 1
What Is Physical Science?
< The properties of objects and materials
< The position and motion of objects
< The properties and characteristics of lightand sound
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 6: Visual Aid 2
“As children observe plants
and animals closely, they can
begin to think and talk about
how the parts of plants and
animals are useful to
them in meeting their needs…”
(Worth and Grollman, 2003, p. 26)
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 6: Visual Aid 3
Characteristics in Nature
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 6: Visual Aid 4
Basic Needs of Living Things
< Living things need protection to survive
< Most living things need food, water and airto live
< Some types of food are better for livingthings than other types of food
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 6: Visual Aid 5
“Young children have likely
heard many stories in which
animals behave as people do.
Children are also still quite
egocentric. As a result, they
are likely to attribute
intentionality to animal behavior
that is like their own.”
Worth and Grollman, 2003, p. 27
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 7: Visual Aid 1
Types of Geometric Thinking
< Shape awareness
< Spatial awareness
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 7: Visual Aid 2
For young children good spatialrelations skills often develop with
physical activities
Spatial Relations
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 7: Visual Aid 3
Map Example
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 7: Visual Aid 4
Five Steps of ComprehendingMeasurement
1. Children recognize that objects havemeasurable properties
2. Children make comparisons
3. Children determine an appropriate unit andprocess for measuring
4. Children use standard units ofmeasurement
5. Children create and use formulas to countunits
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 7: Visual Aid 5
Examples of Standard Unitsof Measurement
< Feet, inches, centimeters, pounds, grams,minutes
< Regulated by the National Institute ofTechnology, Weights and MeasurementsDivision
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 7: Visual Aid 6
Area Measurement
The total of two
dimensions of a surface
defined by borders.
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 7: Visual Aid 7
Capacity Measurement
The maximum amount a
container can hold
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 7: Visual Aid 8
Weight Measurement
The measurement
of the force of gravity
on an object
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 8: Visual Aid
Weather Data
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 9: Visual Aid 1a
Observing and makinga representational
drawing of the cab ofa truck as part of a
truck project. Collecting andcomparing leaves aspart of a leaf project.
Looking at booksabout dogs to gatherinformation as part of
a dog project.
Observing and makinga representationaldrawing of a cat aspart of a pet project.
Children Using Investigation Skills
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 9: Visual Aid 1b
Measuring andcomparing dog
biscuits as part of adog project.
Observing anddrawing a dog as part
of a dog project.
Observing a chickencoop as part of achicken project.
Making arepresentational
drawing in the cabof a truck as part of a
truck project.
Children Using Investigation Skills
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 9: Visual Aid 1c
Observing a firetruck as part of a fire
truck project.
Measuring thecircumference of awheel with Unifix®cubesas part of atruck project. Yarn
was used to measurethe wheel.
Measuring a stump aspart of a tree project.
Observing corn aspart of a corn project.
Children Using Investigation Skills
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 9: Visual Aid 1d
Observing feathers aspart of a bird project.
Observing and makingrepresentational paintings
of a chicken as part ofchicken project.
Observing and makingrepresentational
drawings of bulbs aspart of a plant project.
Children Using Investigation Skills
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 1a
Chart of egg, oil, andwater mixing as part ofa cooking project.
Tally marks used to chartfavorite smells as part of a
cooking project.
Tally marks of which tool movedthe most water as part of awater project.
Representation Examples
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 1b
Dramatic play as part of abakery project.
Tally marks of favoritesmells as part of a cooking
project.Making a model of a treeas part of a tree project.
Representation Examples, continued
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 1c
Sign saying “vet” as partof a pet project.
Venn diagram comparing twodogs as part of a dog project.
Representation Examples, continued
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 1d
Model of a dog andcat house as part
of a pet project.
Writing about caterpillarsas part of a bug project.
Representation Examples, continued
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 2
The Bone Project
This is a display of project on bones done by akindergarten class in Mexico City, Mexico. It appears
to be set up in a gym or multi-purpose room andfeatures photographs, bone drawings by the children
and a model of an X-ray machine.
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 3
The Apple Project
This is part of a display of a project on apples done by aPre-K class in Ohio. It features a photo panel and 3-D
models of apples made by the children.
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 4
The House Project
This display, set up in the display cases of aschool in Decatur, Illinois, was done by aPre-K class. The display features photos,
drawings, collections of child-dictatedwriting samples related to the topic of houses
and 3-D representations.
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 5
The Music Project
This is part of a display of a project on music doneby a Pre-K class in DeSoto, Illinois.
It features labeled paintings of musical instruments.
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 6
One Fish, Two Fish,Red Fish…NEW Fish:
A Preschool Fish Project
By Scott Brouette
Western Illinois UniversityPreschool Center
Macomb, Illinois
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 7
The Birds and Their Nests Project
by Liliana Elizondaand Lilian Valencia
South Dade Child Care Center
Homestead, Florida
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual
Lesson 10: Visual Aid 8
Cracks and Holes
Alicia Lindhorst and Beth Flick
Akin PreKindergarten
Southern Region EarlyChildhood Program
Franklin County, Illinois
Pre-K Math and Science Instructor Manual