Google 1

Google

Google Inc.

Type Public

Traded as NASDAQ: GOOG [1]

NASDAQ-100 ComponentS&P 500 Component

Industry InternetComputer softwareTelecoms equipment

Founded Menlo Park, California, U.S.(September 4, 1998)[2][3]

Founder(s) Larry Page, Sergey Brin

Headquarters Googleplex, Mountain View, California, United States

Area served Worldwide

Key people Eric Schmidt(Executive Chairman)Larry Page(Co-founder & CEO)Sergey Brin (Co-founder)

Products See list of Google products.

Revenue US$ 50.18 billion (2012)[4]

Operating income US$ 12.76 billion (2012)[4]

Profit US$ 10.74 billion (2012)[4]

Total assets US$ 93.80 billion (2012)[4]

Total equity US$ 71.72 billion (2012[4]

Employees 53,861 (Dec 2012)[4]

Subsidiaries AdMob, DoubleClick, Motorola Mobility, On2 Technologies, Picnik, YouTube, Zagat

References: [5]

Google Inc. is an American multinational corporation that provides Internet-related products and services, includinginternet search, cloud computing, software and advertising technologies.[6] Advertising revenues from AdWordsgenerate almost all of the company's profits.[7][8]

The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while both attended Stanford University. Together, Brin and Page own about 16 percent of the company's stake. Google was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. The company's mission statement

Google 2

from the outset was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful"[9] and thecompany's unofficial slogan is "Don't be evil".[10][11] In 2006, the company moved to its headquarters in MountainView, California.Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond thecompany's core web search engine. The company offers online productivity software including email, an office suite,and social networking. Google's products extend to the desktop as well, with applications for web browsing,organizing and editing photos, and instant messaging. Google leads the development of the Android mobileoperating system, as well as the Google Chrome OS browser-only operating system,[12] found on specializednetbooks called Chromebooks. Google has increasingly become a hardware company with its partnerships withmajor electronics manufacturers on its high-end Nexus series of devices and its acquisition of Motorola Mobility inMay 2012,[13] as well as the construction of fiber-optic infrastructure in Kansas City as part of the Google Fiberbroadband Internet service project.[14]

Google has been estimated to run over one million servers in data centers around the world,[15] and process over onebillion search requests[16] and about twenty-four petabytes of user-generated data every day.[17][18][19][20]

As of December 2012, Alexa listed the main U.S.-focused google.com site as the Internet's most visited website andnumerous international Google sites as being in the top hundred, as well as several other Google-owned sites such asYouTube and Blogger.[21] Google also ranks number two in the BrandZ brand equity database.[22] The dominantmarket position of Google's services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright,and censorship.[23][24]

HistoryGoogle began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhDstudents at Stanford University in California.[25]

While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on thepage, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships between websites.[26] They called thisnew technology PageRank, where a website's relevance was determined by the number of pages, and the importanceof those pages, that linked back to the original site.[27][28]

A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services designed by Robin Li was, since 1996,already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking.[29] The technology in RankDex would bepatented[30] and used later when Li founded Baidu in China.[31][32]

Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine "BackRub", because the system checked backlinks toestimate the importance of a site.[33][34][35]

Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the word "googol",[36][37] thenumber one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine wants to providelarge quantities of information for people.[38] Originally, Google ran under the Stanford University website, with thedomains google.stanford.edu and z.stanford.edu.[39][40]

The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997,[41] and the company was incorporated onSeptember 4, 1998. It was based in a friend's (Susan Wojcicki[25]) garage in Menlo Park, California. CraigSilverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.[25][42][43]

In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time, an 8.4 percentincrease from May 2010 (931 million).[44]

In January of 2013, Google announced it had earned $50 billion in annual revenue for the year of 2012. This markedthe first time Google had reached this feat, topping their 2011 total of $38 billion.[45]

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Financing and initial public offering

Google's first production server.Google's production servers continue

to be built with inexpensivehardware.[46]

The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of US$100,000from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Googlewas even incorporated.[47] Early in 1999, while still graduate students, Brin andPage decided that the search engine they had developed was taking up too muchof their time from academic pursuits. They went to Excite CEO George Bell andoffered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer, and later criticizedVinod Khosla, one of Excite's venture capitalists, after he had negotiated Brinand Page down to $750,000. On June 7, 1999, a $25 million round of fundingwas announced,[48] with major investors including the venture capital firmsKleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.[47]

Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later on August 19,2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to worktogether at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[49] The company offered19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[50][51] Shares were sold in a uniqueonline auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse,underwriters for the deal.[52][53] The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a marketcapitalization of more than $23 billion.[54] The vast majority of the 271 millionshares remained under the control of Google, and many Google employeesbecame instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited because it owned 8.4 millionshares of Google before the IPO took place.[55]

Some people speculated that Google's IPO would inevitably lead to changes in company culture. Reasons rangedfrom shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would becomeinstant paper millionaires.[56] As a reply to this concern, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised in areport to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[57] In 2005, however, articles inThe New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evilphilosophy.[58][59][60] In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief CultureOfficer, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to developand maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on: a flatorganization with a collaborative environment.[61] Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism fromformer employees.[62][63]

The stock's performance after the IPO went well, with shares hitting $700 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[64]

primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.[65] The surge in stock price wasfueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.[65] The companyis now listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG and under the Frankfurt StockExchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1.

GrowthIn March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.[66] The next year, against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine,[67] Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.[25] In order to maintain an uncluttered page design and increase speed, advertisements were solely text-based. Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bids and click-throughs, with bidding starting at five cents per click.[25] This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com, an Idealab spin-off created by Bill Gross.[68][69] When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's

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pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo! and renamed Yahoo! SearchMarketing. The case was then settled out of court, with Google agreeing to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo!in exchange for a perpetual license.[70]

During this time, Google was granted a patent describing its PageRank mechanism.[71] The patent was officiallyassigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. In 2003, after outgrowing two otherlocations, the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in MountainView, California.[72] The complex has since come to be known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex,the number one followed by a googol zeroes. The Googleplex interiors were designed by Clive WilkinsonArchitects. Three years later, Google would buy the property from SGI for $319 million.[73] By that time, the name"Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google" to be added to the Merriam-WebsterCollegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as "to use the Google search engine to obtaininformation on the Internet."[74][75]

Acquisitions and partnerships

Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003

Since 2001, Google has acquired many companies, mainly focusing onsmall venture capital companies. In 2004, Google acquired Keyhole,Inc.[76] The start-up company developed a product called Earth Viewerthat gave a three-dimensional view of the Earth. Google renamed theservice to Google Earth in 2005. Two years later, Google bought theonline video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock.[77] On April 13,2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for$3.1 billion, giving Google valuable relationships that DoubleClickhad with Web publishers and advertising agencies.[78] Later that sameyear, Google purchased GrandCentral for $50 million.[79] The sitewould later be changed over to Google Voice. On August 5, 2009,Google bought out its first public company, purchasing video software maker On2 Technologies for$106.5 million.[80] Google also acquired Aardvark, a social network search engine, for $50 million, and commentedon its internal blog, "we're looking forward to collaborating to see where we can take it".[81] In April 2010, Googleannounced it had acquired a hardware startup, Agnilux.[82]

In addition to the many companies Google has purchased, the company has partnered with other organizations foreverything from research to advertising. In 2005, Google partnered with NASA Ames Research Center to build1,000,000 square feet ( m2) of offices.[83] The offices would be used for research projects involving large-scale datamanagement, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry. Google entered into apartnership with Sun Microsystems in October 2005 to help share and distribute each other's technologies.[84] Thecompany also partnered with AOL of Time Warner,[85] to enhance each other's video search services. Google's 2005partnerships also included financing the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, along with other companiesincluding Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson.[86] Google would later launch "AdSense for Mobile", taking advantage ofthe emerging mobile advertising market.[87] Increasing its advertising reach even further, Google and Fox InteractiveMedia of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on (at the time)popular social networking site MySpace.[88]

In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the video-sharing site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.[89] Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[90] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 YouTube revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[91] In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, a service that follows Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve,[92] using Google Earth to "track Santa" in 3-D for the first time,[93] and displacing

Google 5

former sponsor AOL. Google-owned YouTube gave NORAD Tracks Santa its own channel.[94]

In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution(0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg AirForce Base on September 6, 2008.[95] Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of LifeMagazine's photographs as part of its latest partnership. Some of the images in the archive were never published inthe magazine.[96] The photos were watermarked and originally had copyright notices posted on all photos, regardlessof public domain status.[97]

In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project, putting $38.8 million into two windfarms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, orenough to supply 55,000 homes. The farms, which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce fossilfuel use in the region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty percent stake in the projectto get funding for its development.[98] Also in 2010, Google purchased Global IP Solutions, a Norway-basedcompany that provides web-based teleconferencing and other related services. This acquisition will enable Google toadd telephone-style services to its list of products.[99] On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed theacquisition of the mobile ad network AdMob. This purchase occurred days after the Federal Trade Commissionclosed its investigation into the purchase.[100] Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount.[101] In July2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years.[102]

On April 4, 2011, The Globe and Mail reported that Google bid $900 million for six thousand Nortel Networkspatents.[103]

On August 15, 2011, Google made its largest-ever acquisition to-date when announced that it would acquireMotorola Mobility for $12.5 billion[104][105] subject to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe. In apost on Google's blog, Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that Google's acquisition ofMotorola Mobility is a strategic move to strengthen Google's patent portfolio. The company's Android operatingsystem has come under fire in an industry-wide patent battle, as Apple and Microsoft have taken to court Androiddevice makers such as HTC, Samsung and Motorola.[106] The merger was completed on the May 22, 2012, after theapproval of People's Republic of China.[107]

This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones andwireless technologies to help protect it in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,[108] mainly Apple andMicrosoft[106] and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android.[109] After the acquisition closed, Google began torestructure the Motorola business to fit Google's strategy. On August 13, 2012, Google announced plans to layoff4000 Motorola Mobility employees. [110] On December 10, 2012, Google sold the manufacturing operations ofMotorola Mobility to Flextronics for $75 million.[111] As a part of the agreement, Flextronics will manufactureundisclosed Android and other mobile devices [112] On December 19, 2012, Google sold the Motorola Homebusiness division of Motorola Mobility to Arris Group for $2.35 billion in a cash-and-stock transaction. As a part ofthis deal, Google acquired a 15.7% stake in Arris Group valued at $300Million.[113]

On June 5, 2012, Google announced it acquired Quickoffice, a company widely known for their mobile productivitysuite for both iOS and Android. Google plans to integrate Quickoffice's technology into its own product suite.[114]

On February 6, 2013, Google announced it has acquired Channel Intelligence for $125 million. Channel Intelligence,a technology company that helps customers buy products online, is active globally in 31 different countries andworks with over 850 retailers. Google will use this technology to enhance it's ecommerce business. [115]

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Google data centersGoogle Inc. currently owns and operates six data centers across the U.S., plus one in Finland and another inBelgium. On September 28, 2011, the company announced plans to build three data centers at a cost of more than$200 million in Asia (Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan) and purchased the land for them. Google said they will beoperational in one to two years.[116][117]

Products and services

AdvertisingIn 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived from its advertising programs.[118] For the 2006 fiscal year, thecompany reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and otherrevenues.[119] Google has implemented various innovations in the online advertising market that helped make it oneof the biggest brokers in the market. Using technology from the company DoubleClick, Google can determine userinterests and target advertisements so they are relevant to their context and the user that is viewing them.[120][121]

Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examiningclick rates for all the links on a page.[122] Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-partprogram. Google's AdWords allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network,through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view scheme. The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website ownersto display these advertisements on their website, and earn money every time ads are clicked.[123]

One of the disadvantages and criticisms of this program is Google's inability to combat click fraud, when a person orautomated script "clicks" on advertisements without being interested in the product, which causes that advertiser topay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were infact fraudulent or invalid.[124] Furthermore, there has been controversy over Google's "search within a search",where a secondary search box enables the user to find what they are looking for within a particular website. It wassoon reported that when performing a search within a search for a specific company, advertisements from competingand rival companies often showed up along with those results, drawing users away from the site they were originallysearching.[125]

Another complaint against Google's advertising is its censorship of advertisers, though many cases concerncompliance with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. For example, in February 2003, Google stopped showing theadvertisements of Oceana, a non-profit organization protesting a major cruise ship's sewage treatment practices.Google cited its editorial policy at the time, stating "Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocatesagainst other individuals, groups, or organizations."[126] The policy was later changed.[127] In June 2008, Googlereached an advertising agreement with Yahoo!, which would have allowed Yahoo! to feature Google advertisementson its web pages. The alliance between the two companies was never completely realized due to antitrust concernsby the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result, Google pulled out of the deal in November 2008.[128][129]

In an attempt to advertise its own products, Google launched a website called Demo Slam [130], developed todemonstrate technology demos of Google Products.[131] Each week, two teams compete at putting Google'stechnology into new contexts. Search Engine Journal said Demo Slam is "a place where creative and tech-savvypeople can create videos to help the rest of the world understand all the newest and greatest technology outthere."[132]

Google 7

Search engine

On February 14, 2012, Google updated itshomepage with a minor twist. There are no red

lines above the options in the black bar, and thereis a tab space before the "+You". The sign-inbutton has also changed, it is no longer in the

black bar, instead under it as a button.

Google Search, a web search engine, is the company's most popularservice. According to market research published by comScore inNovember 2009, Google is the dominant search engine in the UnitedStates market, with a market share of 65.6%.[133] Google indexesbillions[134] of web pages, so that users can search for the informationthey desire, through the use of keywords and operators.

Despite its popularity, it has received criticism from a number oforganizations. In 2003, The New York Times complained aboutGoogle's indexing, claiming that Google's caching of content on its siteinfringed its copyright for the content.[135] In this case, the UnitedStates District Court of Nevada ruled in favor of Google in Field v.Google and Parker v. Google.[136][137] Furthermore, the publication2600: The Hacker Quarterly has compiled a list of words that the web

giant's new instant search feature will not search.[138] Google Watch has also criticized Google's PageRankalgorithms, saying that they discriminate against new websites and favor established sites,[139] and has madeallegations about connections between Google and the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Central IntelligenceAgency (CIA).[140] Despite criticism, the basic search engine has spread to specific services as well, including animage search engine, the Google News search site, Google Maps, and more. In early 2006, the company launchedGoogle Video, which allowed users to upload, search, and watch videos from the Internet.[141] In 2009, however,uploads to Google Video were discontinued so that Google could focus more on the search aspect of the service.[142]

The company even developed Google Desktop, a desktop search application used to search for files local to one'scomputer (discontinued in 2011). Google's most recent development in search is its partnership with the UnitedStates Patent and Trademark Office to create Google Patents, which enables free access to information about patentsand trademarks.

One of the more controversial search services Google hosts is Google Books. The company began scanning booksand uploading limited previews, and full books where allowed, into its new book search engine. The Authors Guild,a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors, filed a class action suit in a New York City federal court against Googlein 2005 over this new service. Google replied that it is in compliance with all existing and historical applications ofcopyright laws regarding books.[143] Google eventually reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scans tobooks from the U.S., the UK, Australia and Canada.[144] Furthermore, the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google inlate 2009, asking it to remove the works of La Martinière (Éditions du Seuil) from its database.[145] In competitionwith Amazon.com, Google plans to sell digital versions of new books.[146]

On July 21, 2010, in response to newcomer Bing, Google updated its image search to display a streaming sequenceof thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at. Though web searches still appear in a batch per page format, on July 23,2010, dictionary definitions for certain English words began appearing above the linked results for web searches.[147]

Google's algorithm was changed in March 2011, giving more weight to high-quality content[148] possibly by the useof n-grams to remove spun content.[149]

Productivity toolsIn addition to its standard web search services, Google has released over the years a number of online productivity tools. Gmail, a free webmail service provided by Google, was launched as an invitation-only beta program on April 1, 2004,[150] and became available to the general public on February 7, 2007.[151] The service was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009,[152] at which time it had 146 million users monthly.[153] The service would be the first online email service with one gigabyte of storage, and the first to keep emails from the same conversation together in

Google 8

one thread, similar to an Internet forum.[150] The service currently offers over 7600 MB of free storage withadditional storage ranging from 20 GB to 16 TB available for US$0.25 per 1 GB per year.[154] Furthermore, softwaredevelopers know Gmail for its pioneering use of AJAX, a programming technique that allows web pages to beinteractive without refreshing the browser.[155] One criticism of Gmail has been the potential for data disclosure, arisk associated with many online web applications. Steve Ballmer (Microsoft's CEO),[156] Liz Figueroa,[157] MarkRasch,[158] and the editors of Google Watch[159] believe the processing of email message content goes beyondproper use, but Google claims that mail sent to or from Gmail is never read by a human being beyond the accountholder, and is only used to improve relevance of advertisements.[160]

Google Docs, another part of Google's productivity suite, allows users to create, edit, and collaborate on documentsin an online environment, not dissimilar to Microsoft Word. The service was originally called Writely, but wasobtained by Google on March 9, 2006, where it was released as an invitation-only preview.[161] On June 6 after theacquisition, Google created an experimental spreadsheet editing program,[162] which would be combined withGoogle Docs on October 10.[163] A program to edit presentations would complete the set on September 17,2007,[164] before all three services were taken out of beta along with Gmail, Google Calendar and all products fromthe Google Apps Suite on July 7, 2009.[152]

Enterprise products

Google's search appliance at the2008 RSA Conference

Google entered the enterprise market in February 2002 with the launch of itsGoogle Search Appliance, targeted toward providing search technology for largerorganizations.[25] Google launched the Mini three years later, which was targetedat smaller organizations. Late in 2006, Google began to sell Custom SearchBusiness Edition, providing customers with an advertising-free window intoGoogle.com's index. The service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008.[165]

Google Apps is another primary Google enterprise service offering. The serviceallows organizations to bring Google's web application offerings, such as Gmailand Google Docs, into its own domain. The service is available in severaleditions: a basic free edition (formerly known as Google Apps Standard edition),Google Apps for Business, Google Apps for Education, and Google Apps forGovernment. Special editions include extras such as more disk space, APIaccess, a service level agreement (SLA), premium support, and additional apps.In the same year Google Apps was launched, Google acquired Postini[166] andproceeded to integrate the company's security technologies into Google Apps[167]

under the name Google Postini Services.[168]

Additional Google enterprise offerings include geospatial solutions (e.g., Google Earth and Google Maps); securityand archival solutions (e.g., Postini); and Chromebooks for business and education (i.e., personal computing run onbrowser-centric operating systems).

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Other products

Nexus 4, the latest "Google phone"

Google Translate is a server-side machine translation service, which can translatebetween 35 different languages. Browser extensions allow for easy access toGoogle Translate from the browser. The software uses corpus linguisticstechniques, where the program "learns" from professionally translateddocuments, specifically UN and European Parliament proceedings.[169]

Furthermore, a "suggest a better translation" feature accompanies the translatedtext, allowing users to indicate where the current translation is incorrect orotherwise inferior to another translation.

Google launched its Google News service in 2002. The site proclaimed that thecompany had created a "highly unusual" site that "offers a news service compiledsolely by computer algorithms without human intervention. Google employs noeditors, managing editors, or executive editors."[170] The site hosted less licensednews content than Yahoo! News, and instead presented topically selected links tonews and opinion pieces along with reproductions of their headlines, story leads,and photographs.[171] The photographs are typically reduced to thumbnail sizeand placed next to headlines from other news sources on the same topic in orderto minimize copyright infringement claims. Nevertheless, Agence France Pressesued Google for copyright infringement in federal court in the District of

Columbia, a case which Google settled for an undisclosed amount in a pact that included a license of the full text ofAFP articles for use on Google News.[172]

In 2006, Google made a bid to offer free wireless broadband access throughout the city of San Francisco along withInternet service provider EarthLink. Large telecommunications companies such as Comcast and Verizon opposedsuch efforts, claiming it was "unfair competition" and that cities would be violating their commitments to offer localmonopolies to these companies. In his testimony before Congress on network neutrality in 2006, Google's ChiefInternet Evangelist Vint Cerf blamed such tactics on the fact that nearly half of all consumers lack meaningful choicein broadband providers.[173] Google currently offers free wi-fi access in its hometown of Mountain View,California.[174]

In 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project with plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities.[175] On March 30, 2011, Google announced thatKansas City, Kansas would be the first community where the new network would be deployed.[176] In July 2012,Google completed the construction of a fiber-optic broadband internet network infrastructure in Kansas City, andafter building an infrastructure, Google announced pricing for Google Fiber. The service will offer three optionsincluding a free broadband internet option, a 1Gbit/s internet option for $70 per month and a version that includestelevision service for $120 per month.[14]

In 2007, reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor toApple's iPhone.[177][178][179] The project, called Android, turned out not to be a phone but an operating system formobile devices, which Google acquired and then released as an open source project under the Apache 2.0license.[180] Google provides a software development kit for developers so applications can be created to be run onAndroid-based phones. In September 2008, T-Mobile released the G1, the first Android-based phone.[181] More thana year later on January 5, 2010, Google released an Android phone under its own company name called the NexusOne.[182]

Other projects Google has worked on include a new collaborative communication service, a web browser, and even a mobile operating system. The first of these was first announced on May 27, 2009. Google Wave was described as a product that helps users communicate and collaborate on the web. The service is Google's "email redesigned", with

Google 10

realtime editing, the ability to embed audio, video, and other media, and extensions that further enhance thecommunication experience. Google Wave was previously in a developer's preview, where interested users had to beinvited to test the service, but was released to the general public on May 19, 2010, at Google's I/O keynote. OnSeptember 1, 2008, Google pre-announced the upcoming availability of Google Chrome, an open source webbrowser,[183] which was then released on September 2, 2008. The next year, on July 7, 2009, Google announcedGoogle Chrome OS, an open source Linux-based operating system that includes only a web browser and is designedto log users into their Google account.[184][185]

Google Goggles is a mobile application available on Android and iOS used for image recognition and non-text-basedsearch. In addition to scanning QR codes, the app can recognize historic landmarks, import business cards, and solveSudoku puzzles.[186] While Goggles could originally identify people as well, Google has limited that functionality asa privacy protection.[187]

In 2011, Google announced that it will unveil Google Wallet, a mobile application for wireless payments.[188]

In late June 2011, Google soft-launched a social networking service called Google+.[189] On July 14, 2011, Googleannounced that Google+ had reached 10 million users just two weeks after it was launched in this "limited" trialphase.[190] After four weeks in operation, it had reached 25 million users.[191]

Corporate affairs and culture

Then-CEO, now Chairman of Google EricSchmidt with Sergey Brin and Larry Page (left to

right) in 2008.

Google is known for having an informal corporate culture. On Fortunemagazine's list of best companies to work for, Google ranked first in2007, 2008 and 2012[192][193][194] and fourth in 2009 and2010.[195][196] Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world'smost attractive employer to graduating students in the UniversumCommunications talent attraction index.[197] Google's corporatephilosophy embodies such casual principles as "you can make moneywithout doing evil," "you can be serious without a suit," and "workshould be challenging and the challenge should be fun."[198]

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Employees

Eric Schmidt

Google's stock performance following its initial public offering has enabledmany early employees to be competitively compensated.[199] After thecompany's IPO, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidtrequested that their base salary be cut to $1. Subsequent offers by the company toincrease their salaries have been turned down, primarily because their maincompensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004,Schmidt was making $250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each earned a salaryof $150,000.[200]

In 2007 and through early 2008, several top executives left Google. In October2007, former chief financial officer of YouTube Gideon Yu joined Facebook[201]

along with Benjamin Ling, a high-ranking engineer.[202] In March 2008, SherylSandberg, then vice-president of global online sales and operations, began herposition as chief operating officer of Facebook[203] while Ash ElDifrawi,formerly head of brand advertising, left to become chief marketing officer of

Netshops, an online retail company that was renamed Hayneedle in 2009.[204] On April 4, 2011 Larry Page becameCEO and Eric Schmidt became Executive Chairman of Google.[205] In July 2012, Google's first female employee,Marissa Mayer left Google to become Yahoo's CEO.[206]

New employees are called"Nooglers," and are given a propeller

beanie cap to wear on their firstFriday.[207]

As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy often called Innovation TimeOff, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time onprojects that interest them. Some of Google's newer services, such as Gmail,Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independentendeavors.[208] In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's VicePresident of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed thathalf of all new product launches at the time had originated from the InnovationTime Off.[209]

In March 2011, consulting firm Universum released data that Google ranks firston the list of ideal employers by nearly 25 percent chosen from more than 10,000young professionals asked.[210] Fortune magazine ranked Google as number oneon its 100 Best Companies To Work For list for 2012.[211]

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Googleplex

The Googleplex, Google's original and largestcorporate campus

Google Mountain View campus garden

Google Mountain View dinosaur 'Stan'

Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as"the Googleplex", a play on words on the number googolplex and theheadquarters itself being a complex of buildings. The lobby isdecorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a projectionof search queries on the wall. The hallways are full of exercise ballsand bicycles. Each employee has access to the corporate recreationcenter. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus andinclude a workout room with weights and rowing machines, lockerrooms, washers and dryers, a massage room, assorted video games,table football, a baby grand piano, a billiard table, and ping pong. Inaddition to the rec room, there are snack rooms stocked with variousfoods and drinks, with special emphasis placed on nutrition.[212] Freefood is available to employees 24/7, with paid vending machinesprorated favoring nutritional value.[213]

In 2006, Google moved into 311,000 square feet ( m2) of office spacein New York City, at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan.[214] The officewas specially designed and built for Google, and it now houses itslargest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental in securinglarge partnerships.[214] In 2003, they added an engineering staff in NewYork City, which has been responsible for more than 100 engineeringprojects, including Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and others. Itis estimated that the building costs Google $10 million per year to rentand is similar in design and functionality to its Mountain Viewheadquarters, including table football, air hockey, and ping-pongtables, as well as a video game area. In November 2006, Googleopened offices on Carnegie Mellon's campus in Pittsburgh, focusing onshopping related advertisement coding and smartphone applicationsand programs.[215][216] By late 2006, Google also established a newheadquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[217]

Furthermore, Google has offices all around the world, and in theUnited States, including Ann Arbor, Michigan; Atlanta, Georgia;Austin, Texas; Boulder, Colorado; Cambridge, Massachusetts; NewYork City; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; Reston, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.

Google 13

Google's NYC office building houses its largestadvertising sales team.[214]

Google is taking steps to ensure that its operations are environmentallysound. In October 2006, the company announced plans to installthousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity,enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.[218]

The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on aU.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site inthe world.[218] In addition, Google announced in 2009 that it wasdeploying herds of goats to keep grassland around the Googleplexshort, helping to prevent the threat from seasonal bush fires while alsoreducing the carbon footprint of mowing the extensivegrounds.[219][220] The idea of trimming lawns using goats originatedfrom R. J. Widlar, an engineer who worked for NationalSemiconductor.[221] Despite this, Google has faced accusations in Harper's Magazine of being an "energy glutton",and was accused of employing its "Don't be evil" motto as well as its very public energy-saving campaigns as anattempt to cover up or make up for the massive amounts of energy its servers actually require.[222]

Easter eggs and April Fools' Day jokesGoogle has a tradition of creating April Fools' Day jokes. For example, Google MentalPlex allegedly featured theuse of mental power to search the web.[223] In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP, or ToiletInternet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down theirtoilet.[224] Also in 2007, Google's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper, allowing users to haveemail messages printed and shipped to them.[225] In 2008 Google announced Gmail Custom time where users couldchange the time that the email was sent.[226] In 2010, Google jokingly changed its company name to Topeka in honorof Topeka, Kansas, whose mayor actually changed the city's name to Google for a short amount of time in an attemptto sway Google's decision in its new Google Fiber Project.[227][228] In 2011, Google announced Gmail Motion, aninteractive way of controlling Gmail and the computer with body movements via the user's webcam.[229]

In addition to April Fools' Day jokes, Google's services contain a number of easter eggs. For instance, Googleincluded the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork bork," Pig Latin, "Hacker" or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon aslanguage selections for its search engine.[230] In addition, the search engine calculator provides the Answer to theUltimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything from Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to theGalaxy.[231] Furthermore, when searching the word "recursion", the spell-checker's result for the properly spelledword is exactly the same word, creating a recursive link.[232] Likewise, when searching for the word "anagram,"meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature displays"Did you mean: nag a ram?"[233] In Google Maps, searching for directions between places separated by large bodiesof water, such as Los Angeles and Tokyo, results in instructions to "kayak across the Pacific Ocean." During FIFAWorld Cup 2010, search queries like "World Cup", "FIFA", etc. caused the "Goooo...gle" page indicator at thebottom of every result page to read "Goooo...al!" instead.[234] Typing in 'Do a barrel roll' in the search engine willmake the page do a 360° rotation.

Google 14

PhilanthropyIn 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of $1 billion.[235] Themission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty.One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 miles per gallon.Google hired Dr. Larry Brilliant as the program's executive director in 2004[236] and the current director is MeganSmith.[237]

In 2008 Google announced its "project 10100" which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowedGoogle users to vote on their favorites.[238] After two years of silence, during which many wondered what hadhappened to the program,[239] Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars tovarious ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legaldocuments public and online.[240]

In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros to International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five annualInternational Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).[241] On July 2012, Google launched a "Legalize Love"campaign in support of gay rights worldwide.[242]

Tax avoidanceGoogle uses various tax avoidance strategies. Consequently, out of the five largest American technology companiesit pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. This is accomplished partly by licensing technologythrough subsidiaries in Ireland, Bermuda, the Bahamas and the Netherlands.[243] This has reportedly sparked aFrench investigation into Google's transfer pricing practices.[244]

Following criticism of the amount of corporate taxes that Google paid in the United Kingdom, Chairman EricSchmidt said, "It's called capitalism. We are proudly capitalistic." During the same December 2012 interviewSchmidt "confirmed that the company had no intention of paying more to the UK exchequer."[245]

Network neutralityGoogle is a noted supporter of network neutrality. According to Google's Guide to Net Neutrality:

Network neutrality is the principle that Internet users should be in control of what content they view and whatapplications they use on the Internet. The Internet has operated according to this neutrality principle since itsearliest days... Fundamentally, net neutrality is about equal access to the Internet. In our view, the broadbandcarriers should not be permitted to use their market power to discriminate against competing applications orcontent. Just as telephone companies are not permitted to tell consumers who they can call or what they cansay, broadband carriers should not be allowed to use their market power to control activity online.—[246]

On February 7, 2006, Vint Cerf, a co-inventor of the Internet Protocol (IP), and current Vice President and "ChiefInternet Evangelist" at Google, in testimony before Congress, said, "allowing broadband carriers to control whatpeople see and do online would fundamentally undermine the principles that have made the Internet such asuccess."[247]

Google 15

AntitrustIn January 2013, Google managed to avoid any fines in exchange for its agreement to discontinue certainanticompetitive activities.[248]

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External links• Official website (https:/ / www. google. com) ( Mobile (https:/ / m. google. com))• Corporate homepage (https:/ / www. google. com/ about/ company/ facts/ management/ )• Corporate history and timeline (https:/ / www. google. com/ intl/ en/ about/ company/ history. html)• Google (http:/ / www. googleblog. blogspot. com) on Blogger• Google's channel (https:/ / www. youtube. com/ user/ Google) on YouTube• Google (http:/ / www. crunchbase. com/ company/ google) at CrunchBase• Google Research (http:/ / research. google. com/ )• Google website from November 11, 1998 (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 19981111183552/ google. stanford.

edu) at the Internet Archive• Google (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Computers/ Companies/ Google,_Inc. / / ) at the Open Directory Project• Google companies (http:/ / opencorporates. com/ corporate_groupings/ Google) grouped at OpenCorporatesBusiness data• Google, Inc. (http:/ / finance. google. com/ finance?q=GOOG) at Google Finance• Google, Inc. (http:/ / finance. yahoo. com/ q?s=GOOG) at Yahoo! Finance• Google, Inc. (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ finance/ stocks/ overview?symbol=GOOG) at Reuters• Google, Inc. (http:/ / www. secdatabase. com/ CIK/ 1288776) SEC filings at SECDatabase.com• Google, Inc. (http:/ / www. sec. gov/ cgi-bin/ browse-edgar?action=getcompany& CIK=1288776) SEC filings at

the Securities and Exchange Commission• Google Inc. (http:/ / www. hoovers. com/ company-information/ cs/ company-profile. Google_Inc.

fb3f79c4d1791506. html) at Hoovers

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 26

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Googlelogo.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Googlelogo.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Google IncFile:Increase2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SarangFile:Google’s First Production Server.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Google’s_First_Production_Server.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Steve JurvetsonFile:Google page brin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Google_page_brin.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Ehud KenanFile:Google web search.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Google_web_search.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: GoogleFile:Google Appliance.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Google_Appliance.jpg  License: Trademarked  Contributors: BarabasFile:Nexus 4.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nexus_4.png  License: unknown  Contributors: LolametroFile:Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: JoiIto from Inbamura, JapanFile:Eric Schmidt at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 037.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eric_Schmidt_at_the_37th_G8_Summit_in_Deauville_037.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Guillaume PaumierFile:Noogler.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Noogler.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Tduk Alex LozuponeFile:Googleplexsouthsidesecondangle.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Googleplexsouthsidesecondangle.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Coolcaesar at en.wikipediaFile:Google Mountain View campus garden.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Google_Mountain_View_campus_garden.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Ashstar01File:Google Mountain View campus dinosaur skeleton 'Stan'.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Google_Mountain_View_campus_dinosaur_skeleton_'Stan'.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Ashstar01File:PONYA Inland Term 1 jeh.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PONYA_Inland_Term_1_jeh.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jim.henderson

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