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1 2

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^yVH$mbrZ ì`pŠV-g‘wXm`, Xoe-àXoe, KQ>Zm Am{XH$mo boH$a CZHo$gwì`dpñWV H«$‘~Õ dU©ZH$mo "B{Vhmg' H$hm OmVm h¡. "B{Vhmg'H$s h n[a^mfmAÚVZr` h¡. H$maU Adí` hr {MÝVZr` h¢ {H$ÝVw `h gË` h¡ {H$ {Og ^maVr`naånam‘| {ZË`à{V H$‘go H$‘ VrZ ~ma {V{W-dma-nj-‘mg-F$Vw-df©-‘ÝdÝVa- wJ-H$ënH$m, ZjÌ-`moJ-H$aUH$m Am¡a {Og OJh ì`pŠVH$s pñW{Vh¡ dhm§go boH$a ybmoH$ n ©ÝVHo$ yJmobH$m CÀMmaU {ZË`à{V H$‘go H$‘ VrZ~ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Cgr ^maVr` naånam‘| B{VhmgH$m boIZ/H$WZ H$aVo g‘`H$mbm{XH$m CëboI H$aZm Amdí`H$ Zht g‘Pm OmVm Wm. dhm§ VH$ {H$ñdOZm|H$mo {bIo OmZodmbo gÝXoenÌm|‘| {‘Ë`m{X {bIZm ^r ~hþV nad{V©H$mb‘|ewé hþdm Wm.

dñVwV: "B{Vhmg'H$s n[a^mfm h‘mao `hm§ AmÜ`mpË‘H$ a“ br hþ r hmoZogoHw$N> {dbjU hr h¡. "B{Vhmg' eãXH$m {dJ«h ""B{Vh nmaån`m}nXoe AmñVoApñ‘Z²'' {H$`m OmVm h¡. VXZwgma CnXoenaånamH$m {Zê$nU H$aZodmbo J«ÝWH$mo"B{Vhmg' H$hm OmVm h¡. AVEd H$moe‘| H$hm J`m h¡:

Y‘m©W©H$m‘‘mojmUm‘² CnXoeg‘pÝdV§ nwamd¥ÎmH$Wm wŠV‘² B{Vhmg§ àMjVo

AWm©V², Y‘© AW© H$m‘ Am¡a ‘moj nwéfmWm]Ho$ CnXoe g{hV nwamVZ KQ>ZmAm|Ho$H$WZH$mo "B{Vhmg' H$hm OmVm h¡. "B{Vhmg'H$s `h n[a^mfm `Ú{n emór`Zht h¡ VWm{n nwamU Am¡a am‘m`U-‘hm^maV H$s {Zê$nU nÕ{VH$mo Ü`mZ‘|aIH$a ~ZmB© J`r hmoZogo CZHo$ Cna ^r `h n[a^mfm nyU©ê$ngo M[aVmW© hmoVr h¡.emór` naånam‘| Vmo "B{Vhmg'eãXH$m à`moJ Ho$db am‘m`U Ed§ ‘hm^maVHo${b o hr hmoVm Am`m h¡.

^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam|Ho$ gm‘Zo ‘wJb Am¡a A§J«oOm| H$s e¡{bHo$ B{Vhmg O¡gmAÝ` H$moB© à{Vê$n Z hmoZoHo$ H$maU Am¡a CZHo$ nwamU-am‘m`U-‘hm^maVH$s{Zê$nU nÕ{V ‘mÌgo n[aM` aIVo hmoZoHo$ H$maU na{d{V©H$mb‘| Omo B{Vhmg

{bIo J o, {Og‘| h‘ 84, 252 d¡îUddmVm©H$mo ^r {JZ gH$Vo h¢, CZ‘| h‘H$moKQ>Zm Am¡a M[aÌ H$m H«$‘~Õ {Zê$nU àmßV Zht hmoVm h¡. gmW hr gmW CZ‘|~moY/àoaUm, ‘mhmË‘ dU©Z Am{XH$m àmYmÝ` ^r XoIm OmVm h¡. `hr H$maU h¡{H$ O~ h‘ CZH$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a B{Vhmg {Zê$nUH$s AmYw{ZH$ e¡{b‘| {H$grKQ>ZmH$s narjm H$aVo h¢ V~ Mm{h o CVZr g“{V ~¡R>m Zht nmVo h¢.

h‘mao B{VhmgJ«ÝWm|H$s CŠV g‘ñ`mAm|H$mo Ü`mZ‘| aIVo hþdo, àmg{“H$hmoZogo, `hm§ Hw$N> {dMma lrJmonrZmWà wMaUm| (lrJmonr.à w.) H$s A{ZíM`nyU©^yVbna pñW{V Ed§ {VamoYmZ Ho$ gå~ÝY‘| Ed§ VXmZwf{“H$V`m AmnHo$ nwÌlrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ {df`‘| ^r H$aZm Amdí`H$ bJVm h¡. Bg gå~ÝY‘| gd©àW‘Vmo h Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ gåàXm`‘| A{YH$V‘ àm‘m{UH$ ‘mZo OmZo dmbo B{VhmgHo${H$gr ^r àmMrZ J«ÝW‘| Cn w©ŠV Xmo‘|go {H$gr ^r AmMm ©Ho$ {VamoYmZH$s g§dV²BX{‘ËWÝV`m CnbãY hmoVr Zht h¡. AVEd Bg gå~ÝY‘| AÚmd{Y Omo ^r‘mÝ`VmE§ àM{bV h¢ do AmZw‘m{ZH$ hr h¢.

lrJmonr.à^w.Ho$ {VamoYmZHo$ {df`‘| gåàXm`Ho$ à‘wIXmo B{Vhmg{dV² nmo. lrH$ÊR>‘Ur emór, H$m§H$amobr (lrH§$. emór)Ed§ lrÛmaH$mXmg narI, O{Vnwam (lrÛm. narI) Ho$ ~rM ~‹S>m^mar ‘V oX {XIbmB© n‹S>Vm h¡.

lrH§$. emórHo$ ‘V‘| lrJmonr.à w.H$m {VamoYmZ {d.g§.1620 ‘| hþdm Wm O~{H$ lrÛm. narIHo$ ‘VmZwgma {d.g§. 1599/1600 ‘|.

{d.g§. 1568 ‘| AmnH$m àmH$Q>ç ‘mZZo na, Omo {H$àm`: gd©‘mÝ` h¡, lrH§$. emórHo$ AZwgma lrJmonr.à w. yVbna52 df© n ©ÝV {dÚ‘mZ² Wo O~ {H$ lrÛm. narIHo$ ‘VmZwgmaAmnH$s yVbna pñW{V 32 df© hr Wr. (H${d OJZÝX AmnH$màmH$Q>ç {d.g§.1570‘| hþdm {bIVo h¢).

3 4

Bgr gÝX^©‘| CŠV XmoZm| B{Vhmg{dXm|H$s VwbZm H$sOm` Vmo lrH§$. emórHo$ ‘VmZwgma lrJmonr.à^w.H$m {VamoYmZCZHo$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ {VamoYmZHo$ níMmV² hþdm Wm O~{H$lrÛm. narIHo$ ‘VmZwgma VËnyd©.

XmoZm| B{Vhmg boIH$m|Zo VV²-VËH$mb‘| CZH$mo CnbãY à‘mUm|‘|go {H$grà‘mU/KQ>Zm {deofna A{YH$ Adbpå~V hmoH$a VÎmV² g§dV²H$m {ZYm©aU {H$`mh¡.

lrÛm. narI Ûmam {bpIV Am¡a ""lrÛmaH$mZmWOrH$s àmH$Q>çdmVm©''({d.g§.2023) Zm‘H$ nwñVH$Ho$ nÄM‘ àH$aUV`m àH$m{eV lrJmonr.à w. Am¡aAmnHo$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or Ho$ OrdZ M[aÌ; Ed§ lrH§$. emór Ûmam {bpIV Am¡a""H$m§H$amobrH$m B{Vhmg'' ({d.g§.1996) Zm‘H$ nwñVH$‘| àH$m{eV CŠV XmoZm|AmMm`m]Ho$ OrdZ M[aÌ Bg J«ÝW‘| àm`: `WmdV² {X`o J`o h¢. gmåàXm{`H$B{VhmgHo$ boIH$ lrào‘bmb Jmo. ‘odMm, nmoa~§Xa, Ûmam Cn w©ŠV XmoZm| boIH$m|Ho$J«ÝWm|H$mo AmYma ~mZH$a JwOamVr‘| {bpIV Am¡a g§dV² 2029‘| àH$m{eV CŠVXmoZm| AmMm`m]H$m OrdZM[aÌ ^r JwO©a^mfm^mfr bmoJm|H$s gw{dYm‘mÌH$s Ñ{ï>goBg J«ÝW‘| {X`m J`m h¡.

lrÛm. narIH$m EV{Ûf`H$ A{^àm` níMmÛVu h¡ Am¡a lrH§$. emór Ûmamn[aer{bV à‘mUm|go Hw$N> A{YH$ à‘mUm| na AmYm[aV hmoZogo Cgo ^r `hm§g§jon‘| XoI boZm CnH$maH$ hmoJm. lrÛm. narI {bIVo h¢:

{d.g§ 1599 (M¡Ìr 1600) ‘| Amn OJXrenwar‘| OJXreHo${dJ«h‘| hr brZ hmo JE. Bg KQ>Zmgo dhm§Ho$ bmoJ ~‹S>o à^m{dV hþE Wo.

lrJmonrZmWà wMaUm|Ho$ {VamoYmZH$mbHo$ gå~ÝY‘| à‘mU XoVo hþdo nmX{Q>ßnUr‘|do {bIVo h¢:

""lrZmWOrH$s àmH$Q>ç dmVm©'' ‘| lrJmonrZmWOrH$m ... (‘ybnwñVH$‘| hr g§dV² Zht Xr JB© h¡. ‘oao nmg CnbãY {dÚm{d^mJ, ZmWÛmamgo{d.g§. 2012 ‘| JwOamVr‘| àH$m{eV nwñVH$‘| lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ ñdYm‘nYmaZoH$s g§dV²H$m H$ht CëboI Zht h¡) {X`m h¡ Am¡a "gåàXm`H$ënÐþ‘'‘|{d.g§.1620 {X`m h¡. `o XmoZm| {V{W`m§ Aà‘m{UH$ h¢. Š`m|{H$ lrJwgm§B©OrAm¡a Xm‘moXaXmg Ho$ g§dmXgo1 lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ nwÌ

1. ""H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo lrJwgm§B©OrH$m¢ lrZmWOrHo$ ‘pÝXa‘| ~aOo h¢ OmoVw‘ lrZmWOrHo$ ‘pÝXa‘| ‘{V AmAmo. lrZmWOrH$s godmH$mo A{YH$ma lr‘hmà wOrZ|‘moH$m¢ gm¢ß`mo h¡. Am¡a lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or h¢ do YZr h¢. gmolrZmWOrHo$ godm-e¥§Jma Vmo lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or H$a¢Jo. `mV| Vw‘ ‘pÝXa‘| ‘{V AmC.Eogo H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo ~aOo h¢. V~ lrJwgm§B©Or lrAmMm ©OrH$mo godH$ Om{ZVWm A{YH$mar OmZH¢$ Amkm à‘mZ ‘mZV ^ o. gmo ‘mg N>¡ n ©ÝV lrJwgm§B©OrlrOrÛma nm§d Z Yao. gmo Vm

lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ A{YH$ma {df`‘| Omo J¥hH$bh hþAmdh {d.g§. 1605 ‘| hþAm {gÕ hmoVm h¡. Bggo 1605 Ho$ nyd©lrJmonrZmWOrH$m {VamoYmZ {ZpíMV hmo MwH$m Wm `h {Z{d©dmX{gÕ hmoVm h¡. lrZmWOrHo$ ^§S>maH$s Zm|Y‘|, {OgH$m Ajae…CÕaU Bg boIH$Ûmam

g‘¡ namgmobr‘| EH$mÝV ñWb‘| lrJwgm§B©Or nYmao. gmo dhm§ lrAmMm`©OrH$s~¡R>H$ h¡ gmo Vhm§ lrAmMm`©OrHo$ XagZ H$ao. nmN>o ~¡R>H$Ho$ gmpÝZÜ` ~¡{R>H¢$lr^mJdVH$mo nmam`U H$ao. gmo dm g‘¡ Vhm§ Xm‘moXaXmg hagmZr Am`o. V~Xm‘moXaXmg ~¡R>H$H$m| X§S>m¡V H$[aH¢$ ~¡R>¡. nmN>o lr^mJdVH$mo nmam`Z gånyaZ^`mo. Vm nmN>o lrJwgm§B©OrZo Xm‘moXaXmggm| H$ømo Omo ... V~ Xm‘moXaXmg H$h¡... BVZr ~mV H${h lrXm‘moXaXmg lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ MaZma{dÝX D$na T>ao. V~lrhñVgm| nH$[aH¢$ CR>mE. Aé H$hr Omo Vw‘ nm§ Z ‘{V namo. ... V~ H$hr Omog§H$moM H$mhoH$mo? ... Vwåhmao Ka h‘ ~oQ>m hmoB§Jo. ... VmV| h‘H$m¢ nm`Z naZmo

5 6

C{MV hr h¡. VmV| lr{J[aYa-Jmo{dÝXOy àJQ>o h¢. Aé lr~mbH¥$îUOy A~ àJQ>¢Jo....(*g§dmX n¥.200)

(""Aï>gImZH$s dmVm©'' ~{h:gmú` gm‘J«r, n¥.69, gånmXH$:Jmo.dm.lrÛmaH$mXmg narI,àH$meH$:à^wX`mb {‘Îmb, AJ«dmb àog, AJ«dmb ^dZ, ‘Wwam, àH$meZ g§.2007,dëb^mãX473)

* H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo O~ ... lr{dQ²>R>bZmWOr (lr{d.) H$molrZmWOrHo$ ‘pÝXa‘| AmZogo amoH$m Wm, V~ lr{d.Zo MÝÐgamodana N>: ‘mgn ©ÝV ... lrZmWOrHo$ {dahmZw d {H$`m Wm. Cg g‘` {ZË`à{V Xm‘moXaXmg... lr{d.Ho$ gå‘wI AmH$a ~¡R>Vo Wo. V~ Xm‘moXaXmggo Amn ‘mJ©H$s dmVm©,brbmH$m àH$ma, AmMm`©OrHo$ àmH$Q>ç Am{XHo$ àH$maH$mo nyN>Vo Wo. Cgg‘` Xm‘moXaXmg Amngo g~ gwZr Am¡a XoIr hþB© ~mV {ZdoXZ H$aVo Wo. CZd¥ÎmmÝVm|H$mo lr{d.Zo EH$ ghò íbmoH$m|‘| J«ÝW~Õ {H$`m h¡ Omo lrJwgmB©OrAm¡a Xm‘moXaXmgOr Ho$ "g§dmX' Zm‘go gåàXm`‘| à{gÕ h¡. `h g§ñH¥$VJ«ÝW gåàXm`‘| Aàmß` h¡ {H$ÝVw CgH$s AnyU© Q>rH$m d«O^mfmH$s gåàXm`Ho$AZoH$ ñWmZm|na {‘bVr h¡. ... Bg J«ÝW‘| Xm‘moXaXmgÛmam H$hm hþAmAmMm ©OrH$m àmH$Q>ç Am¡a AmnH$m M[aÌ ^r {‘bVm h¡.

(dmVm©gm{hË` EH$ ~¥hX² AÜ``Z, lrh[ahaZmW Q>§S>Z, n¥.42-43)

‘Wwamgo àH$m{eV AîQ>N>mnH$s dmVm©‘| {X`m J`m h¡2, lrJmonrZmWOrH$m{VamoYmZ {d.g§. 1599 ñnîQ> {bIm J`m h¡. BgH$s nwpîQ>

2.ZmWÛmaoH$s Zm|Y lr{J[aamOOr‘m§ g§dV² 1465 H$s gmb‘m§ d«Odmgr bmoJmo gXynm§So> Zamo~mB©

dJoamE JwßVgodm H$sXr. Vo nN>o g§dV² 1535 H$s gmb‘m§ à{gÕ hþdm Om nmN>|g§dV² 1549 ‘m§ lr‘hmà wOrH$mo lrZmWOrE PmS>I§S>‘m§ OVmì y§ Vo dmao AmnlrOrÛma {J[aamO Cna nYmao Amoa am‘Xmg Mm¡hmZHw$§ godm gm|nr nN>r lrOrZrñWmnZmH$mo {dMma lr‘hmà wOrZo {H$`mo. naÝVw Amo {dMma g§dV 1535 Vm§B© nmanS>çmo Zht. ... g§dV² 1587 Vm§B© Vmo lrZmWOr d¡îUdZHo$ Am¡a d«Odm{g`m|Ho$H$hbm o. Om nrN>o g§dV² 1592 lrdëb^mMm ©OrZm

‘moQ>m nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr godm H$aZ bmJo Am¡a g~ d{hdQ> d«OdmgrAmo AmoaH¥$îUXmg A{YH$mar H$aVo aho. gmo g§dV² 1600 H$s gmb‘| lrJmonrZmWOrbrbm‘m§ nYma J o. Om nrN>o BZHo$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or Xmo-Mma ~ag‘| brbm‘|nYma J o. ...

g§dV² 1991 ‘| n§. ‘mohZbmbmË‘O am‘MÝÐZo d¡îUd N>JZbmb ZmWm^mB©Ho${Z{‘Îm {bI {X`mo ^mÐnX H¥$îU 7 ¥Jwdma.

(""Aï>gImZH$s dmVm©'' Aï>N>mngo gå~pÝYV gm‘J«r n¥.79, gånmXH$-àH$meH$m{X:nyd©dV²)

`h Zm|Y H¥$îU^§S>ma, ZmWÛmaoHo$ EbH$ma ‘JZbmb B©ídaXmg ~hmXanwadmboZo §S>maH$s {H$gr Zm|Y nmoWrgo CVma br Wr. Cgo {d.g§.1991 ‘| N>JZbmb~hmXanwadmboZo CVadm br Wr. CZgo h‘| àmßV hþB© h¡. BgH$s ^mfm JwOamVr,‘odm‹S>r Am¡a d«O {‘{lV h¡. ZmWÛmaoH$m Zm‘m Bgr {‘{lV ^mfm‘| AmO VH${bIm Om ahm h¡. Bggo BgH$s àm‘m{UH$Vm ñnï> hmoVr h¡. BgH$m àË oH$ H$WZEo{Vhm{gH$ hmoZoHo$ H$maU ~‹S>m ‘hËdnyU© h¡. ~{h:gmú`m|go ‘mbm àg“Ho$ g§dV²‘|Xmo df©H$m AÝVa AmVm h¡. BgHo$ A{V[aŠV g~ g§dV² àm‘m{UH$ {gÕ hmoVo h¢....

(""Aï>gImZH$s dmVm©'' Aï>N>mngo gå~pÝYV gm‘J«r n¥.18, gånmXH$-àH$meH$m{X:nyd©dV²)

lr{dQ²>R>bZmWOrZo gd© àW‘ ñdVÝÌ ê$ngo H$s JB© {d.g§ 1600H$s~«O`mÌmgo hmoVr h¡. `h ñdVÝÌê$ngo Bg{b`o H$hr JB© h¡ {H$ Cg g‘`lr{dQ²>R>bZmWOrZo AnZo Zm‘H$m ‘WwamHo$ nwamo{hV COmJa Mm¡~oH$mo d¥{ÎmnÌH$ {bI{X`m h¡. Cg g‘` `{X lrJmonrZmWOr {dÚ‘mZ hmoVo Vmo do Cg `mÌm‘| Adí`hmoVo Am¡a CZHo$ hmWgo hr d¥{ÎmnÌH$ {bIdm`m J`m hmoVm.

lrÛm. narIHo$ CpëbpIV {Zê$nUH$mo XoIVo hþdo BZH$m ‘V lrH§$.emórHo$‘Vgo ~bdÎma àVrV hmoVm h¡. Š`m|{H$ lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ V¥Vr` nwÌ lr~mbH¥$îUOrH$màmH$Q>ç 1606‘| hþdm hmoZogo, CŠV g§dmXHo$ AZwgma, lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ gmW lrOrHo${dà`moJH$s KQ>Zm; AWm©V² J¥hH$bhH$s KQ>Zm `{X lr~mbH¥$îUOrHo$ àmH$Q>çHo$gpÝZH$Q>nyd© KQ>r h¡ Vmo lrJmonr.à w.H$m {VamoYmZ 1606 Ho$ nyd© hmoZm {gÕ hmoVmh¡. Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ Bg g§dV²H$s gË`mgË`Vm CŠV g§dmXHo$ àm‘mÊ`Ho$ AYrZh¡.

7 8

CpëbpIV CÕ¥Vm§e‘| lrÛm. narIZo lrà wMaUm|H$s ñdVÝÌ ê$ngo H$s JB©`mÌmHo$ g‘` VrW©nwamo{hVH$mo AnZo Zm‘go àXÎm d¥{ÎmnÌH$mo lrJmonrZmWOrH$sCg g‘` yVbna AZwnpñW{V‘| kmnH$hoVw ~Zm`m h¡. `hm§ VrZ ~mV| {dMmaUr`h¢: H$.à^wMaUm|Ûmam AnZo Zm‘go VrW©Ho$ nwamo{hVH$mo d¥{ÎmnÌ àXmZ H$aZmI.lrJmonr.à.H$m `mÌm‘| Z hmoZm Am¡a J.`mÌmH$s g§dV².

(H$) Bg {df`‘| lrÛm. narIH$m A{^àm` C{MV àVrV Zht hmoVm h¡.Š`m|{H$ Á oð>H$s {dÚ‘mZVm‘| H${Zð> ì`pŠV AnZo Hw$bHo$ VrW©nwamo{hVH$mo d¥{ÎmnÌ{bI Zht gH$Vm h¡ Eogm Z Vmo H$moB© {gÕmÝV h¡ Am¡a Z naånam hr. hm§, `hAdí` H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ `{X n[admaH$m Á oð> `mÌm‘| gpå‘{bV hmo V~Á oð> hr d¥{ÎmnÌ {bIVm h¡.

(I) Bg {df`‘| ^r `hr H$WZr` h¡ {H$ lrà wMaUm|H$s `mÌmHo$ ~IVlrJmonrZmWOr {X yVbna {~amO aho hmoVo Vmo do r d«O`mÌm‘| Adí` gpå‘{bVhmoVo Eogm ‘mZZo‘| ^r H$moB© hoVw Zht h¡. Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ lrH§$. emór Bg `mÌmHo$g‘` lrJmonr.à.H$mo yVbna {dÚ‘mZ² ‘mZVo h¢.

(J) `mÌmH$s g§dV²Ho$ ~mao‘| BVZm Vmo {Z:gÝXohê$ngo H$hm OmgH$Vm h¡ {H$,`{X à wMaUm|Zo EH$ go A{YH$ ~ma d¥O`mÌm H$s h¡ V~, d¥{ÎmnÌ Vmo AmnZo{d{Ynyd©H$ H$s JB© AnZr àW‘ d«O`mÌmHo$ g‘` hr {bIm hmoJm. d¥{ÎmnÌ‘|{H$ÝVw {‘Ë`m{XH$m CëboI {H$`m Z hmoZogo CŠV `mÌmH$s g§dV²H$m {ZYm©aUH$anmZm H${R>Z H$m © h¡. lrH§$. emór Am¡a lrÛm. narI XmoZm|Zo CŠV `mÌmH$sg§dV²H$m Omo {ZYm©aU (1600) {H$`m h¡ CgHo$ g‘W©Z‘| H$moB© à‘mU Zht {X oh¢.

à wMaU H¥$V d«O`mÌmHo$ g§dV² g{hV CëboI Xmo OJh àmßV hmoVo h¢. EH$Vmo H${d OJVmZÝX {da{MV ""lrJwgm§B©OrH$s dZ`mÌm''Ho$ dU©Z‘| Ohm§ mÌmaå^H$s{‘{V ^mXm| d{X, 12, {d.g§. 1624 {bIr h¡. Xygar `mÌmaå^H$s {‘{V ^mXm|d{X, 12, {d.g§. 1628 àmßV hmoVr h¡ Omo {H$ 252d¡. dmVm©‘|Ho$ lrà wMaUm|Ho$

{eî` lrnrVmå~aXmgH$s dmVm©‘| {bpIV h¡. CëboIZr` h¡ {H$ CŠV dmVm©‘|CnbãY d«O`mÌmH$m dU©Z H${d OJVmZÝX d{U©V `mÌmHo$ dU©Zgo AË`{YH$gmå` aIVm h¡. dZ`mÌmHo$ BZ Xmo dU©Zm|H$mo XoIVo hþdo `h {dídmgHo$ gmW H$hmOm gH$Vm h¡ {H$, g§dV²Ho$ {^ÝZ hmoZo na ^r, XmoZm| dU©Z EH$ hr d«O`mÌmHo$ h¢.`{X à wMaUm|Zo {d{Ynyd©H$/A{d{Ynyd©H$ `m 84H$mogr/ñWb{deofH$s EH$m{YH$d«O`mÌm H$s h¡ Vmo CZ‘|go `h `mÌm H$m¡Zgr hmoJr `h à‘mUH$s AZwnbpãYHo$H$maU BX{‘ËWÝV`m H$h nmZm H${R>Z h¡. dmVm©Ho$ AdbmoH$Zgo, {H$ÝVw, BVZm VmoAdí` ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ CŠV `mÌm AmnZo JmoHw$b‘| AnZm {Zdmg pñWa H$aZoHo$AZÝVa AWm©V² {d.g§.1628* Ho$ Amg-nmg H$s h¡.

CŠV `mÌmHo$ nyd© `{X lrà wMaUm|Zo H$moB© d«O`mÌm H$s h¡ Vmo dh AnZo Á oð>«mV¥MaU lrJmonr.à.H$mo gHw$eb d«O nhÿ§MZoHo$ AZÝVa Omo nÌ {bIm h¡ Cg

g‘` H$s hmoZr Mm{h o Eogm AZw‘mZ hmoVm h¡. Cn w©ŠV à wMaUm|Ho$ nÌ‘| {‘{VH$mCëboI `Ú{n Zht {‘bVm h¡ VWm{n nÌH$s ^mfm Am¡a {bpIV ~mVm| go bJVmh¡ {H$ dh nÌ AmnZo AnZr {H$emoa/ wdm AdñWm‘| {bIm h¡. nÌgo `h ^ràVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Á oð> «mV¥MaUm|H$s Amkm boH$a ñdVÝÌê$ngo Amn gå^dV:àW‘ ~ma hr d«Om{XH$s `mÌmHo${b o Ka(AS¡>b)go ~mha nYmao h¢. Bg pñW{V‘|CŠV `mÌmHo$ g‘` lrJmonrZmW à wMaUH$s yVbna CnpñW{V CŠV nÌgo àVrVhmoVr h¡.

lrJmonr.à w.H$m {VamoYmZ 1606Ho$ nyd© hmo OmZoHo$ {df`‘| lrÛm. narIEH$ AÝ` à‘mUV`m lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ ~m{bµJ hmoOmZoHo$ níMmV²; AWm©V² {d.g§.1605-1587#BOÝ‘ g§.#A = 18 df©Ho$ hmoZoHo$ níMmV² AnZo

* AmË‘Z: gwIdmgmWª ‘hmdZg‘rnV:`‘wZmVra‘² Am{lË` ñWb§ aå`‘² A`m{Mfw:AW ñdm{YH¥$V¡: y‘o: ņ g§ëbo»` yn{V:ñdZm‘‘wÐmg{hV§ Xr{jVoä`: VXm@n©`V²VVmo ‘m¡hÿ{V©H$m{Xï>o ‘whÿV} {d{Ynyd©H$‘²J«m‘§ "JmoHw$b'Zm‘mZ§ ñWbo VÌ Ý`dmg`Z²

9 10

AãXo@ï>ZoÌm“‘hr(1628)à‘mUo Vnñ`‘mgñ` V{‘ònjo{XZo(7) {XZoeñ` ew o ‘whÿV} lrJmoHw$bJ«m‘{Zdmg AmgrV²d¥ÎmmÝV{‘‘‘mH$Ê`© gOmVr`m: {ÛOmoÎm‘m:Hw$Qw>å~g{hVm: VÌ dmgmWª g‘wnmJ‘Z²

(dmYybd§emdbr).

AnZo A{YH$maH$m àíZ CR>mZoH$mo ‘mZVo h¢. Bg gå~ÝY‘| Xmo AË`ÝV ‘hÎdnyU©~mV| Ü`mZ XoZo mo½` h¢.

1. gd© àW‘ Vmo {H$gr ^JdËñdê$nH$s godmHo$ A{YH$maH$s àmpßVH$m AWdm^JdËñdê$nHo$ {~amOZoHo$ ñWmZna Am{YnË`H$m Am¡a gmåàXm{`H$ JwéËd/AmMm ©ËdH$s àmpßVH$m {gÕmÝVV`m Am¡a naånamZwgma ^r EH$-XygaoHo$ gmWAUw‘mÌ ^r gå~ÝY Zht h¡. AÝ`Wm ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©MaUm|H$molrZmWOrgo gwXya pñWV AS¡>b-MaUmQ> Z {~amOH$a lrZmWOrgo gpÝZH$Q>O{Vnwam‘| hr {~amOZm C{MVV‘ hmoVm. Bgr Vah `{X {H$gr ^JdËñdê$nHo$godm{YH$ma AWdm ñWmZ {deofHo$ Am{YnË`Ho$ H$maU JwéËd/AmMm ©ËdHo$àmßV hmoZoH$m {gÕmÝV gË` hmoVm Vmo H$‘go H$‘ J¥hH$bhHo$ emÝV hmoZoHo$~mX Vmo lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà^wMaUm|H$mo JmoHw$b‘| Zht {~amOH$a O{Vnwam‘| hr{~amOZm Mm{h o Wm.

2. Xygao H«$‘‘|, ~m{bµJ hmoZoHo${b o 18 df©H$s Am wH$m {ZYm©aU Am¡a CgHo$ ~mXd¡Ym{ZH$ê$ngo {H$gr A{YH$maH$s àmpßVHo$ à{V H$madmB© H$a nmZoH$m {gÕmÝVA§J«oOr H$mZyZHo$ N>m`m‘| ~Zm o J o AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` g§{dYmZH$s Ñ{ï>‘| Vmoghr hmo gH$Vm hmoJm {H$ÝVw 500 df© nyd© Y‘©emór` Xm`^mJHo$ {gÕmÝVHo$MbVo d`ñH$VmHo$ Bg {gÕmÝVH$s d¡Ym{ZH$Vm {H$VZr ñdrH¥$V hmoJr `hemoYH$m {df` bJVm h¡. d¡go `h OmZ boZm `hm§ gå^dV: CnH$maH$ hmoJm{H$ AH$~aZo {d.g§.1648 ‘| nwéf ~mbH$H$m {ddmh 16 df©H$s Am wgo nyd©Z H$aZoH$m H$mZyZ ~Zm {X`m Wm*. AVEd, lrÛm. narIHo$ AZwgma,lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ 12-13 df©H$s Am wHo$ g‘`

* Ñï>ì` ""^maVdf©H$m gånyU© B{Vhmg'' bo.lrZoÌ nmÊSo> , bmoH$^maVr àH$meZ, Bbmhm~mXn¥.126.

lrJmonr.à w.H$m {VamoYmZ hmo OmZo na AnZo H${WV godm{YH$ma/Á oð>m{YH$maH$mo hñVJV H$aZoHo${b o lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrZo AWdm CZHo$‘mV¥MaUm|Zo AWdm H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo 5-6 dfm] VH$ àVrjmH$aZoHo$ ~mX H$madmB© H$s hmoJr Eogm {H$gr R>mog Eo{Vhm{gH$ à‘mUHo$A^md‘| H$h nmZm AË`ÝV H${R>Z bJVm h¡.

Bggo `h AZw‘mZ hmoVm h¡ {H$ lrÛm. narIHo$ Ûmam CËào{jV J¥hH$bhH$sg§dV²: 1605 nwZ{d©MmaH$s Anojm aIVr h¡. hm§, lrJmonr.à^w.H$m {VamoYmZlrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ {VamoYmZ, J¥hH$bh Ed§ ~“m{b`m|Ho$ {ZîH$mgZH$s KQ>Zm go ^rnyd© hmo MwH$m Wm Bg ~mVHo$ g‘W©H$ AZoH$ à‘mU CnbãY hmoVo hmoZogo Bg A§e‘|lrÛm. narIH$m AZw‘mZ lrH§$. emórHo$ AZw‘mZgo à~b ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡.

lrH§$. emór lrJmonr.à w.H$m {VamoYmZ AmnHo$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ {VamoYmZHo$níMmV² ‘mZVo hmoZogo CŠV J¥hH$bh Ed§ {dà`moJ H$s KQ>ZmHo$ g‘` ^r dolrJmonr.à^w.H$s ^yVbna pñW{VH$mo ñdrH$maVo h¢. CZHo$ ‘VmZwgma Cg g‘`lrJmonr.à w. JwOamVHo$ b§~o àdmgna Wo. lrH§$. emórH$s `h ‘mÝ`Vm, {H$ÝVw,84 d¡îUddmVm©go g‘{W©V Zht hmoVr h¡. ~“m{b`m|H$mo lrOrH$s godm‘|go XyaH$aZoHo$ ~mXH$m d¥ÎmmÝV dmVm©‘| Bg Vah CnbãY hmoVm h¡:

(1) ""~“mbrZ²Zo gwZr Omo lrJwgm§B©Or lrJmodY©Z nYmao h¢ Am¡a qgJmaH$aV h¢. gmo gJao ~“mbr {‘bHo$ lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ nmg Am`o. ... V~ lrJwgm§B©OrAmnw lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ goì` lr‘XZ‘mohZOrH$m| XoHo$ H$ho Omo BZH$s godm Vw‘ H$amo''.

(84d¡.dmVm©, dm.à.2, n¥.285).

Cn w©ŠV dmVmªeHo$ AÜ``Zgo AZw‘mZ hmoV h¡ {H$ ~“m{b`m|Ho$ {ZîH$mgZH$sKQ>ZmHo$ g‘` ^r lrJmonr.à w. yVbna {damO‘mZ² Zht Wo. AÝ`Wm godmH$Vm©H$s

11 12

{dÚ‘mZVm‘| CgHo$ goì` ^JdËñdê$nH$mo {H$gr AmoaH$mo godmW© nYam XoZm {H$gr^r Ñ{ï>go C{MV Zht bJVm h¡. AVEd H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ O~ ~“m{b`m|Ho${ZîH$mgZHo$ g‘` hr lrJmonr.à w. yVbna {dÚ‘mZ² Zht Wo V~ CgHo$ níMmV²K{Q>V hþ r lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ {dà`moJH$s KQ>ZmHo$ g‘` AmnHo$ CnpñWV hmoZoH$m VmoàíZ hr I‹S>m Zht hmoVm h¡.

~“m{b`m|H$s CŠV KQ>ZmHo$ níMmV² dmVm©àg“ 7 ‘| H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marÛmamlrJmonr.à w.Ho$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$mo ‘mÜ`‘ ~ZmH$a J¥hH$bh H$admZoH$m dU©ZAmVm h¡:

(2) ""V~ H¥$îUXmg ‘Z‘| {dMmao Omo lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ XagZ ~§X H$aZo. gmo`m ~mVH$mo H$m¡Z àH$magm| Cnm` H$aZmo? V~ lrJmonrZmWOr, lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ ~‹S>o^mB©, {VZHo$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or hVo. gmo {VZgm| H¥$îUXmg {‘{bHo$ H$ho Omo Vw‘lrAmMm`©OrHo$ ~‹S>o nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr h¢ {VZHo$ nwÌ hmo. gmo Vw‘ Š`m| Mwn ~¡{R>aho hmo? ... Q>rHo$V Vmo Vw‘ hmo!''.

(84d¡.dmVm©, dm.à.7, n¥.602).

Bg dmVmªeH$m gmdYmZV`m AÜ``Z H$aZo na Xmo ~mV| ñnï> hmoVr h¢:

1.lrJmonr.à w. Ed§ lr{dÆ>bZmWà wMaU BZ XmoZm| ^mB© m|Ho$ ~rM aho AË`ÝVgm¡hmX©H$mo XoIVo hþdo lrJmonr.à w.H$s CnpñW{V‘| CŠV KQ>ZmH$m K{Q>V hmoZmgå^d Zht bJVm h¡.

2.CŠV dmVmªe‘| lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo${b`o à`wŠV "Q>rHo$V' eãX lrJmonr.à^w.H$s^yVbna AZwnpñW{VH$m ÚmoVH$ h¡. AÝ`Wm "Q>rHo$V' eãX dhm§ Ag“VhmoVm.

BZ Xmo dmVmªem|H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZoHo$ níMmV² {ZîH$f©V: lrJmonr.à w.H$m{VamoYmZ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$s {dÚ‘mZVm‘| hr hmoOmZoH$s lrÛm. narIH$s ‘mÝ`Vm

A{YH$ wpŠVg“V àVrV hmoVr h¡. B{Vhmg{gX² lrh[ahaZmW Q>§S>Z ^r ""dmVm©-gm{hË`''‘| {bIVo h¢:

""Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ (~“m{b`m|Ho$ {ZîH$mgZH$s) `h KQ>Zm g§dV² 1613Ho$ ~mXH$s h¡. H$m§H$am¡brHo$ B{Vhmg‘| àmo’o$ga H§$R>‘{U emórZo ^r BgH$m g§dV²1590 H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡. {Og g‘` h PJ‹S>m hþAm h¡, Cg g‘` {VbH$m`VlrJmonrZmWOr Wo. H$m§H$am¡brHo$ B{VhmgH$m `h CëboI ZE emoYHo$ AZwgmaAàm‘m{UH$ hmo MwH$m h¡ Š`m|{H$ lrJmonrZmWOrH$m {ZYZ g§dV² 1599 {gÕ h¡.

lrÛm. narI lrJmonr.à w.Ho$ {VamoYmZH$mbHo$ {ZYm©aUmW©, Cn w©ŠV hoVwAm|Ho$AmYmana, {d.g§. 1606H$mo gr‘maoIm ‘mZVo h¢. Bg gr‘maoIm‘| 5-6 df©H$s~‹T>moVar H$a gH$ZoHo$ Hw$N> à‘mU 84 d¡îUddmVm©‘| ^r CnbãY hmoVo h¢. AV:CZH$mo ^r `hm§ XoI boZm CnH$maH$ hmoJm.

lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà^wMaUm|H$mo hþdo {dà`moJH$s KQ>ZmHo$ dU©Z‘| AmVm h¡ {H$Cg g‘` {H$gr H$m ©de ~ra~bHo$ JmoHw$b OmZo na O~ CgZo lr{J[aYaOrgolrà^wMaUm|Ho$ gå~ÝY‘| n¥ÀN>m H$s V~ lr{J[aYaOrHo$ lr‘wIgo H¥$îUXmgA{YH$marÛmam lrà^wMaUm|na N>o ‘{hZogo lrZmWOrHo$ Xe©Z H$aZoHo${b`o amoH$bJmXoZoH$s ~mV gwZr. VËníMmV² O~ ~ra~bZo H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marH$mo Oob‘|S>bdmH$a CgH$s gyMZm lr{J[aYaOrH$mo AY©am{ÌHo$ g‘` JmoHw$b {^OdmB© V~lr{J[aYaOr am{Ì‘| hr Kmo‹S>ona gdma hmoH$a namgmobr nYmao Eogm dU©Z 84d¡îUddmVm©‘|AmVm h¡:

gmo am{Ìhr H$m| lr{JaYaOr Kmo‹S>m D$na Agdma hmo`Ho$ namgmobrHy$§ nYmao.gmo àmV:H$mb hr Amfm‹T> gwXr 6 AmB©. gmo lr{JaYaOr Om`Ho$ lrJwgm§B©OrH$m|Z‘ñH$ma H$[aHo$ H$hr Omo Amnw lrJmodY©ZYaHo$ ‘pÝXa‘| nYmamo Am¡a godm-qgJmaH$amo. V~ lrJwgm§B©Or Amnw lr{J[aYaOrgm| H$ho Omo H¥$îUXmgH$s Amkm hmo` VmoMb|. V~ ... lr{J[aYaOrZo H$hr Omo H¥$îUXmgHy$§ Vmo ‘Wwam‘| ~§XrImZo‘| {X`mo h¡.... V~ Amnw H$ho Omo H¥$îUXmg AmdoJmo V~ hr ^moOZ H$ê$§Jmo. gmo BVZmo gwZVhr lr{J[aYaOr VËH$mb Kmo‹S>m D$na Agdma hmo`H|$ lr‘WwamOr Am`o. ... V~lr{J[aYaOr H¥$îUXmgH$m| boHo$ namgmobr‘| nYmao.

13 14

CŠV àg“‘| d{U©V lr{J[aYaOrH$s gyP-~yP, {nVmH$s N>o ‘mg b§~rAZwnpñW{V‘| AHo$bo hr Ka-n[adma-godmH«$‘H$mo g§^mbZm, amÁ`m{YH$marHo$gmW Hw$ebVm nyd©H$ dmVm©bmn H$aZm Am¡a Kmo‹S>ona gdmar H$aHo$ am{ÌHo$ g‘`JmoHw$bgo namgmobr OmZm, namgmobrgo ‘Wwam OmZm Am¡a nwZ: ‘Wwamgo H¥$îUXmgA{YH$marH$mo boH$a namgmobr AmZm BË`m{X dU©Zgo `h àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cgg‘` lr{J[aYaOrH$s d` H$‘go H$‘ 14-15 df©H$s hmoZr hr Mm{h o. ñ‘V©ì`h¡ {H$ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or (OÝ‘ {d.g§. 1587) d`‘| lr{J[aYaOr (OÝ‘ {d.g§.1597) g| 10 df© Á oð> Wo. Bggo AZw‘mZ hmoVm h¡ {H$ lr{dÆ>bZmWà wMaUm|H$mohþdo {dà`moJHo$ g‘` lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or H$‘go H$‘ 24-25 df©Ho$ aho hm|Jo. AVEdH$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ CŠV KQ>Zm {d.g§.1612 Ho$ Amg-nmgH$s hmoZr Mm{h o.VXZwgma lrJmonrZmWà wMaUm|H$m {VamoYmZ ^r {d.g§. 1606 Ho$ ñWmZna {d.g§.1612 Ho$ nyd© hþdm hmoZm Mm{h o.

Bg MMm©Ho$ Cng§hmaV`m CŠV gÝX^©‘| ^mdr B{Vhmg AÝdofH$m|Ho${b`oHw$N> ‘hËdnyU© {df`m|H$m `hm§ CëboI H$a XoZm Amdí`H$ bJVm h¡.

{d.g§. 1994 ‘| lrH$ÊR>‘{U emórZo Ed§ {d.g§. 2023 ‘| lrÛmaH$mXmgnarIZo Cg g‘` CnbãY à‘mUm|Ho$ AmYmana lrJmonrZmWOr Ed§ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrHo$ OrdZM[aÌ {bIm Wm. BÝht Xmo boIH$m|Ûmam {bpIV nwñVH$m|H$mo Am¡a CÝhrà‘mUm|H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {d.g§. 2029 ‘| lrào‘bmb Jmo. ‘odMmZo JwOamVr‘|V{Ûf`H$ OrdZM[aÌ {bIm Wm. BZ Xmo AmMm`m]go gå~pÝYV B{VhmgH$mo EH$ZyVZ Am¡a {ZUm© H$ Ñ{ï> àXmZ H$a gH$Zodmbo à‘mUH$m àH$meZ {d.g§. 2029‘| ""...lrdëb^mMm`©Or VWm AmnlrHo$ d§eOm|H$s lrOJXreH$s`mÌmE§'' Zm‘H$ nwñVH$H$mo N>nmH$a lr~mbH¥$îU ewÕmÛ¡V ‘hmg^m, gwaV, Zo{H$`m. àH$meH$m|Ho$ AZwgma Bg nwñVH$‘| C{S>`m {b{n‘| {bpIV 450 df©àmMrZ CZ Vm‹S>nÌm|H$m {hÝXr-A§J«oOr ^mfmZwdmX g{hV àH$meZ {H$`m J`m h¡{H$ {OZ‘| ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©, lrJmonrZmWà^wMaU, lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or Ed§lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà wMaUm| H$s OJXre `mÌmH$m d¥ÎmmÝV CÅ>{L²H$V h¡. Bgo C{‹S>`m^mfm‘| "‘XbmnpÄO' H$hVo h¢. `h npÄOH$m dhm§Ho$ JOn{V amOmHo$ AmXoego{bIr OmVr {d{µOQ>g²© ~wH²$ h¡. Bg‘| VËH$mbrZ amOmHo$ amÁ`emgZH$m df© VWm

H$ht-H$ht eH$mãX H$m ^r CëboI {H$`m J`m h¡. gmW hr gmW VËH$mbrZà{gÕ gÝV-‘hÝV Am¡a AmMm`m] H$m r CëboI Cg‘| àmßV hmoVm h¡. lrJmonr.à w.Ed§ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or H$s OJXre`mÌmH$m dU©Z H$aZodmbo Vm‹S>nÌm|‘| {bpIV VËH$mbrZJOn{V amOmHo$ emgZ df©, eH$mãX, emómW©, gÝV-‘hÝVm|H$m AmJ‘Z, ^rfUAH$mb Am{X CëboIm| Ed§ KQ>ZmAm| H$s VwbZm gw{d{ZpíMV Eo{Vhm{gH$ VmarIm|H$mo~VbmZodmbo VËñWmZr` {H$gr B{VhmgJ«ÝWHo$ gmW Ed§ ñdgåàXm`Ho$ r B{VhmgJ«ÝWm|Ho$ gmW H$aHo$ g§dVm|H$s nwZg‘rjm Ed§ AZw‘mZm|H$mo A{YH$ gQ>rH$ ~ZmZmMm{h o. EdÄM C{S>gmHo$ nyd© emgH$m|Ho$, OJÝZmW ‘pÝXaHo$ Ed§ dV©‘mZ àemgZHo$gL²J«hmb`m|‘| gL²J«hrV àmMrZ J«ÝWgm{hË`go Bg {df`Ho$ g§emoYZ‘| AÀN>rghm`Vm {‘b gH$Vr h¡.

gåàXm`Ho$ B{VhmgHo$ AÝ` ^r g^r njm| `Wm ì`pŠV, ñWmZ, g§dV²,KQ>Zm Am{XHo$ {df`‘| ^r ^mdr B{Vhmg AÝdofH$m|H$mo Cn w©ŠV Ñ{ï>go nwZ: à`mgH$aZm Mm{h`o.

CXmhaUV`m lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà wMaUm|H$mo hþdo {dà`moJgo nyd© K{Q>V ~“m{b`m|Ho${ZîH$mgZH$s KQ>ZmHo$ gÝX ©‘| hr VwbZmË‘H$ Ñ{ï>go {dMma {H$`m Om` Vmo- 84d¡îUddmVm© `h H$hVr h¡ {H$ AH$~aHo$ emgZ‘| CÀMnXmgrZ amOm Q>moS>a‘bAm¡a ~ra~b H$s ghm`Vm boH$a H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo ~“m{b`m|H$mo lrZmWOrH$sgodm‘|go Xya {H$`m Wm. lrÛm. narIHo$ ‘VmZwgma `h KQ>Zm {d.g§.1607 ‘|K{Q>V hþB© Wr1 O~ {H$ lrH§$. emórHo$ ‘VmZwgma {d.g§.1590 ‘|2.

Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ ‘wJb B{VhmgHo$ AZwgma AH$~a amOm ~Zm Wm {d.g§.1613(B.g.1556) ‘|. Bg pñW{V‘| Cn w©ŠV KQ>Zm {d.g§. 1590 ‘| AWdm {d.g§.1607 ‘| H¡$go K{Q>V hmo gH$Vr h¡? Š`m| {H$ CŠV XmoZm| H$mb‘| AH$~aH$m hramOm hmoZm O~ {gÕ Zht hmoVm h¡ V~ CgHo$ H$‘©Mmar Q>moS>a‘b Am¡a ~ra~b H$sH$Wm Vmo ~hþV XyaH$s ~mV hmo OmVr h¡. AVEd CŠV KQ>ZmH$mo {d.g§.1613 Ho$níMmV² hr K{Q>V hþ r ‘mZZo na hr 48d¡.dmVm©‘| Am o AH$~a, ~ra~b, Q>moS>a‘b,AmJ«m Am{X ì`pŠV VWm ñWmZ Ho$ Zm‘m|H$s g“{V ~¡R> gH$Vr h¡.

15 16

d¡go AmBZoAH$~arHo$ AZwgma amOm Q>moS>a‘b AH$~aHo$ emgZHo$ 18d| df©AWm©V² (1613+18=) g§dV² 1631‘| CgHo$ Xa~ma‘| ñWmZ àmßV H$agH$m Wm.Bg Ñ{ï>go XoIm Om` Vmo CŠV KQ>Zm

1.Ñï>ì` ""lrÛmaH$mZmWOrH$s àmH$Q>çdmVm© n¥.822.Ñï>ì` ""H$m§H$amobrH$m B{Vhmg'' n¥.98

g§dV² 1631Ho$ Amg-nmgH$s {gÕ hmoVr h¡. lrh[ahaZmW Q>§S>Z Ho$ AZwgmalr{dQ²>R>bZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ {hV‘| JmoHw$b‘| {Z^©` {Zdmg H$aZoHo$ Ame`go{d.g§.1634‘| AH$~aÛmam Omar {H$ o J o àW‘ ’$a‘mZHo$ AmYmana `h KQ>Zm1639‘| K{Q>V hþ r Wr. CŠV Xmo‘|go {H$gr ^r g§dV²H$mo boH$a `{X Mbm OmVmh¡- Am¡a lr{dQ²>R>bZmWà wMaUm|Ho$ {dà`moJH$s KQ>Zm, O~ lrnwéfmoÎm‘Or {dÚ‘mZ²h¢, H$mo CŠV KQ>Zmgo CÎmaH$mbrZ ‘mZm OmVm h¡ -V~ CgHo$ AmYmanalrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$s Omo Am w àmßV hVr h¡ dh AË`ÝV hr {dñ‘`H$mar h¡. BgpñW{V‘| lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$s Am w {dà`moJH$s KQ>ZmHo$ g‘` hmoJr 1631/1634-1587 = 44/47 df© !!!

{‘{V, ‘mg, dma, g§dV² Am{XHo$ {ZYm©aU‘| ^r n`m©ßV gmdYmZr

Ano{jV hmoVr h¡. `Wm, OJÝZmWnw[aHo$ H¥$îUXmg JwpÀN>H$ma H$mo Hw$bHo$VrW©nwamo{hVHo$ ê$n‘| {Z wŠV H$aVo hþdo lrJmonrZmWà wMaUm|Zo Omo d¥{ÎmnÌ {bI{X`m Wm Cg‘| VËH$mbrZ eH$mãXH$m CëboI ""I-ag-lw{V-^y'' {bIH$a{H$`m J`m h¡. BgHo$ AZwgma lrH§$. emórgo boH$a lrào‘bmb ‘odMm n ©ÝVB{Vhmg{dX² 1460 e{bdmhZeH$ AWm©V² {d.g§. 1595 ‘mZVo h¢. {H$ÝVw "ag'eãXH$m AW© AmñdmÚ fS²>ag Z boH$a ZmQ>çemór` ""e¥“ma-hmñ`-H$éU-am¡Ð-dra-^`mZH$m:, ~r^ËgmX² wVgÄkm¡ MoË`ï>m¡ ZmQ²>ço agm agm: ñ‘¥Vm:'' Ho$AZwgma Aï>{dY ag ‘mZm Om` Vmo Bg AWm©ÝVago lrJmonr.à^w.H$s OJXre`mÌm eH$ 1480 AWm©V² {d.g§. 1615 H$s {gÕ hmoVr h¡. AWm©V² AmnH$syVbna pñW{V 20 df© A{YH$ ~‹T> OmVr h¡ `{X BgHo$ gm‘Zo H$moB© ~mYH$

à‘mU Z hm| Am¡a AÝ` gmYH$ à~b à‘mUgo BgH$m g‘W©Z {H$`m Om gH$Vmhmo Vmo.

{‘{V, ‘mg Am{Xgo gå~pÝYV g‘ñ`mAm|H$mo gwbPmZoHo${b o Am¡a {ZYm©[aV{‘Ë`m{XH$s `WmW©Vm AWdm A`WmW©Vm H$m àm‘mUmYm[aV ñn{ï>H$aU àmßVH$aZoHo${b`o VrW©nwamo{hVm|H$mo àXÎm d¥{ÎmnÌ, ñdOZm|H$mo {bpIV nÌ, Vm‘«nÌ,OÝ‘Hw$ÊS>br, J«ÝWm|H$s B{Vlr Am{X Am¡a Eogo hr AÝ` ^r ñWmZm|go gw{ZpíMV{‘Ë`m{XH$m gL²H$bZ H$aZm Mm{h o. {OZ KQ>ZmH$s gw{ZpíM {‘{V gmåàXm{`H$boIZ‘| CnbãY hmoVr Z hmo CZH$s ImoO AÝ` B{VhmgJ«ÝWm|Ho$ AdbmoH$ZÛmamH$aZr Mm{h`o. `Wm-

lrJwgm§B©OrÛmam lrH¥$îUXmgm{XH$mo {bpIV EH$ nÌ‘| lrJmonr.à.H$s nwÌrlrgË`^m‘m ~oQ>rOrHo$ {ddmhH$m CëboI àmßV hmoVm h¡.

ñdpñV lr‘ÀN´>rJmodÕ©ZmoÕaUYm[aMaUgodHo$fw lrH¥$îUXmg ... à^¥{Vfw{dQ²>R>bmZm§ Hw$ebdmÎmm©{^kmnH$mo@`§ boI:. Ð{‘h mdËH$‘memñ‘ho. J¥hmon{dï>§^Jd{V Ah‘² AmJÀN>Z² pñWV: VXm gË`^m‘m`m: {ddmhdmVm}npñWVm. VoZAmJ‘Z‘² AYwZ¡d Zm^yV². ‘mKo `{X {ddmhmo ^{dî`{V VXm VXZÝVa§ ^mì`§ MoX²^{dî`{V ‘`m AmJÝVì`‘². ...

àmMrZ hñV{bpIV J«ÝWm|‘|go AM§{^V H$a XoZodmbo Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ` H$^ràH$Q> hmo OmVo h¢. `Wm, ‘hmà w lrdëb^mMm ©Ho$ gmjmV² {eî` JmoYam {ZdmgrlramUmì`mgZo lr^mJdV gw~mo{YZrH$s à{V{b{n lrJmonrZmWOrHo${b o H$aZoH$mCëboI IwXZo ñd{bpIV gw~mo{YZrH$s B{VlrH$s H$m[aH$mAm|‘| {H$`m h¡:

JmonrZmW‘hmamOmo ^JdmZ² ^JdÎm‘: VXml o@ñ‘X²öX²Ñï²>çm VËàgmXmV² VXmË‘Zm&& VXr`mZm§ VXWm©Wª VXoH$eaUm{W©Zm ì`mgdëb^{eî oU ì`mgamUoZ bopIVm&&

17 18

Cn w©ŠV gå~ÝY‘| àg“de `hm§ EH$ ñnï>rH$aU H$a XoZm AË`mdí`H$

bJVm h¡ {Oggo {H$ ^mdr emoYH$Vm© JV Hw$N> dfm]go Mbr AmVr «‘H$snaånamH$mo Am¡a A{YH$ AmJo Z ~T>m o. Cn w©ŠV Xmo H$m[aH$mE§ {Og hñV{bpIVà{V‘| h‘| CnbãY hmoVr h¢ dh JwOamVHo$ dS>moXam {OboHo$ g§IoS>m Jm§d‘| pñWV"dëb^ ‘§{Xa' Zm‘H$ ñWmZ‘| aIr hþB© h¡ Eogm gwZm h¡. Bg à{VH$mo gåàXm`H$mEH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m dJ©, Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ`m|H$s nyU©ê$ngo Cnojm H$aVo hþdo, lramUmì`mg{bpIV ‘mZVm h¡. dñVwV: CŠV hñV{bpIV à{V lramUmì`mgÛmamlrJmonrZmWà wMaUm|Ho${b o V¡ ma H$s hþB© gw~mo{YZrH$s à{V{b{nHo$ Hw$N> A§eH$sà{V{b{n ‘mÌ h¡, CŠV à{VHo$ hñVmja lraUmì`mgHo$ gd©Wm Zht h¢. BgHo$H$maU Bg àH$ma h¢:

1. g§IoS>m pñWV CŠV hñV{bpIV à{VHo$ àW‘ñH$ÝYH$s g‘mpßV‘| CgHo${b{nH$H$m Zm‘ Am¡a boIZ g‘mpßVH$s g§dV² Bg àH$ma àmßV hmoVo h¢ :""{bpIV{‘X§ nwñVH§$ d«OZmWoZ g§dV² 1756 df} ’$mëJwZd{X 1 à{Vn{XewH«o$''. Bggo {gÕ hmoVm h¡ {H$ àW‘ ñH$ÝYH$s gw~mo{YZrH$s à{V{b{n{H$gr "d«OZmW' Zm‘H$ ì`pŠVÛmam H$s JB© h¡ Z {H$ lramUmì`mgÛmam.

2. CŠV hñV{bpIV à{VHo$ {ÛVr`ñH$ÝYHo$ nÄM‘mÜ`m`H$s B{Vlr‘| boIZgånÝZ hmoZoH$s {‘{VH$m CëboI Bg àH$ma {‘bVm h¡ : ""g§dV² 1758 df}Á oð>‘mgo H¥$îUnjo à{Vn{X a{ddmgao g‘mßVmo@ § {ÛVr`ñH$ÝY:''. Bg à{V‘|{b{nH$H$m Zm‘moëboI Vmo àmßV Zht hmoVm h¡ {H$ÝVw {b{nH$mb g§dV² 1758H$mo XoIH$a H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {H$gr ^r hmbV‘| dh lramUmì`mg{bpIV Zht hmo gH$Vr h¡. Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ Bg à{VHo$ hñVmja àW‘ñH$ÝYH$sà{VHo$ hñVmjam|go AË`{YH$ gmå` aIVo h¢. Bg ñH$ÝYHo$ N>R>o AÜ`m`goboH$a g‘mpßV n ©ÝVHo$ AÜ`m`m|Ho$ hñVmja dhr h¢ {H$ Omo Xe‘ñH$ÝYdmbrà{VHo$ h¢.

3. CŠV hñV{bpIV à{VHo$ V¥Vr`ñH$ÝYH$s g‘mpßV‘| CgHo$ {b{nH$H$m Zm‘Am¡a g§dV² Bg àH$ma {bIo hþdo h¢ : ""{bpIV{‘X§ nwñVH§$ ~bam‘^Å>oZ g§dV²

1762 df} lmdUewÕV¥Vr`m`m‘²''. Cn`w©ŠV hr hoVwAm|go Bg à{VH$m ^rlramUmì`mg {bpIV hmoZm {gÕ Zht hmoVm h¡.

4. CŠV hñV{bpIV à{VHo$ Xe‘ñH$ÝY nydm©Y©H$s g‘mpßV‘| CgHo$ boIZg‘mpßVH$s g§dV² 1704 {bIr {‘bVr h¡. nwZ: Cn w©ŠV hr hoVwAm|go Bgà{VH$m ^r lramUmì`mg {bpIV hmoZm {gÕ Zht hmoVm h¡. BÝht hñVmjam|‘|{bpIV Xe‘ñH$ÝY CÎmamY©H$s g‘mpßV‘| lramUmì`mg{da{MV ‘“bg‘mnZHo$dmo Xmo íbmoH$ CnbãY hmoVo h¢ {Og‘| CÝhm|Zo gw~mo{YZrH$s à{V{b{nlrJmonrZmWà wMaUm|Ho${b o H$aZoH$s ~mV {bIr h¡.

{‘Ë`m{XHo$ {ZYm©aUH$s hr Vah Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï>go ‘hÎd aIZodmbo ñWmZm|Ho${df`‘| ^r nwZ: AÝdofU H$aZm Ano{jV bJVm h¡.

‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ àmH$Q²>çñWmZHo$ {df`‘| lrh[ahaZmW Q>§S>Z""dmVm©gm{hË` EH$ ~¥hX² AÜ``Z'' Zm‘H$ emoYJ«ÝW‘| {bIVo h¢:

^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ñ{ï>go g~go ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ Omo dmVm©Amo‘| AmVm h¡, dh h¡lr‘hmà^wOrH$m OÝ‘-ñWmZ "MånmaÊ`'. BgH$s dmñV{dH$ pñW{VHo$ gå~ÝY‘|{hÝXrHo$ {dÛmZmo‘| ‘V^oX h¡ Am¡a «‘ r. ... Mm¡‹S>m ZJa {Ogo MånmaÊ`Ho$ g‘rn‘Ü`àXoe‘| hr hmoZm Mm{h`o CgH$s pñW{VH$m AmO R>rH$ nVm Zht bJVm h¡.‘Ü`àXoeHo$ ^yJmob {demaXm|go ^r ‘wPo BgH$m nVm Zht Mb gH$m h¡.(n¥.606-607)

lrQ>§S>ZH$m CŠV H$WZ Jmo. lrÛmaHo$eOr {da{MV "‘ybnwéf'H$s ""H$Nw>H${XZ ahrHo$ Mbo g~ XjU ... MånmaÊ` ‘ht O~ Am o, Eëb‘mJmé J © ò{dVOVm o, òmd Om{Z Mbo Vhm§ Vo ZJa Mm¡S>m‘| g~o ... MoZ ho gw{Z Mbo H$mer''Bg n§pŠV‘| ‘hmà w lrdëb^mMm ©Ho$ OÝ‘ñWmZ MånmaÊ`Ho$ g‘rn Mm¡S>mZJaHo$hmoZoH$m Omo dU©Z Am`m h¡ CgH$m Hw$N> ^r AVm-nVm dV©‘mZ‘| am`nwa {ZH$Q>pñWV ‘hmà wHo$ H${WV OÝ‘ñWmZ Mm§nmPa/MånmaÊ`Ho$ Amg-nmg H$ht {‘bVmZht h¡ Cg {df`‘| h¡.

Bgr gÝX ©‘| gåàXm`Ho$ EH$ Am¡a B{Vhmg J«ÝW "gåàXm`H$ënÐþ‘'Ho$ :

19 20

""OmV gw MånmaÊ` ‘{Y r‘maWrVQ> nmg,J^© {Ja`mo ‘w{Z ‘mgH$mo nyaU ‘w{ZWb Amg''

Bg dMZ‘| ‘hmà wHo$ OÝ‘ñWb MånmaÊ`H$mo ^r‘maWr ZXrHo$ VQ>na ~Vm`mJ`m h¡. `h ^r‘maWr ZXr dV©‘mZ‘| N>ÎmrgJT> amÁ`Ho$ am`nwa {ZH$Q> pñWV‘hmà^wHo$ H${WV OÝ‘ñWmZ Mm§nmPa/MånmaÊ`go bJ^J 1000{H$.‘r. XyanyUo {OboHo$ "^r‘eL²H$a' Zm‘H$ ñWmZgo ~hVr h¡. dhm§go {ZH$bH$a, n§T>anwahmoH$a AÝV‘| H$Um©Q>H$H$s H¥$îUm ZXrHo$ gmW CgH$m g“‘ hmoVm h¡.

"‘ybnwéf' Am¡a "gåàXm`H$ënÐþ‘' Ho$ C w©ŠV Xmo dMZm|‘| {Zê${nV m¡Jmo{bH$dU©ZH$s VwbZm dV©‘mZ‘| N>ÎmrgJT> amÁ`Ho$ am`nwa {ZH$Q> pñWV ‘hmà^wHo$H${WV OÝ‘ñWmZ Mm§nmPa/MånmaÊ`H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñW{VHo$ gmW H$aZo na Xmo^m¡Jmo{bH$ {dg{“{V`m§ C^aH$a gm‘Zo AmVr h¢. gåàXm`Ho$ emoYH$Vm©Am|H$mo~hþOZ-g‘mOH$s ""AmJogo M{b AmVr h¡'' dmbr JVmZwJ{VH$ ‘Zmod¥{ÎmH$mn[aË`mJ H$aHo$ H$moar lÕm, H$ënZm, ñdé{M, ñWm{nV {hV Am{XH$mo EH$ AmoaaIH$a Bg {Xem‘| à‘mU‘ybH$ gKZ emoYH$m`© H$aZm Mm{h`o. EVXW© nwamZoZH$eo, gaH$mar JoPo{Q>`g©², àmXo{eH$ B{Vhmg J«ÝW, O‘rZ gå~pÝY XñVmdoO,{ebmboI Am{XH$m AÜ``Z ^r H$aZm Mm{h o.

Bgr Vah lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ àmH$Q²>çñWbHo$ {df`‘| ^r gåàXm`‘|d¡‘Ë` {XIbmB© XoVm h¡. ""120 dMZm‘¥V''H$ma lr{J[aYabmbOr 67d| dMZm‘¥V‘|Amkm H$aVo h¢:

Am¡a AmpídZ dXr 12 H$mo ~‹S>o nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo àmJQ>ç lrAmMm ©Or‘hmà^wZH|$ `mo. gmo lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo àmJQ>ç JwOamV {gH$ÝXanwa‘| `mo. Vmgm|CËgd Chm§hr à{gÕ h¡.

dmVm© gm{hË`, {H$ÝVw, CŠV A{^àm`go gå‘V Zht h¡. dmVm© gm{hË`Ho$AZwgma lrJmonrZmWOrH$m àmH$Q>ç ASo>b‘| hþdm Wm. `hr C{MV ^r bJVm h¡.

CpëbpIV {ddoMZgo `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ gåàXm`Ho$ B{VhmgH$m {Zê$nUH$aZodmbo J«ÝW, CZ‘| d{U©V KQ>ZmE§, KQ>ZmAm|H$m g‘`, CZH$m ñWmZ, KQ>ZmAm|gogå~pÝYV ì`pŠV Am{X AZoH$ Eogo joÌ h¢ {H$ Omo gwì`dpñWV AÜ``Z, narjUEd§ g§emoYZ H$s ^r Anojm aIVo h¢. C{MV Vmo `h h¡ {H$ Bg Am¡a Eogo hr AÝ`^r gmåàXm{`H$ H$m`m]Ho${b o gd©{dY AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYmAm|go n[anyU© g§emoYZHo$ÝÐ hmo. O¡go AnZo KaH$s g’$mB©, ‘aå‘V, gwemo^Z, gw{dYmAm|H$m {dñVmaAm{X H$m © J¥hñdm‘r ñd § hr H$aVm h¡, H$moB© Xygam Zht, Cgr Vah gåàXm`Ho$gÝX^©‘| ^r gmoMm Om` Vmo CgH$s naånam, gmYZmnÕ{V, g§ñWm, {gÕmÝV,‘mJ©Xe©H$, AZwJm‘r Am{X A“m|‘| à{dï> XyfUm|H$s g’$mB©; gåàXm`Ho$ OO©[aVnydm}ŠV A“m|H$m OrUm}Õma; gåàXm`Ho$ {gÕmÝV Am¡a gËnaånam go à{VHy$b Zhmo Am¡a {Oggo gåàXm`Ho$ Jm¡ad‘| A{^d¥{Õ hmoVr hmo Eogo Cnm`m|go gåàXm`H$mgwemo Z; Am¡a Bgr ar{V-Zr{VH$mo Ü`mZ‘| aIH$a {OgH$s ghm`Vmgo gåàXm`Ho$AZwJm‘r Am¡a A{YH$ gw{dYmnyU© ê$ngo gåàXm`H$m AZwgaU H$a Eogr gw{dYmAm|H$m{dñVma O¡go H$m`© ^r gåàXm`Ho$ AnZo hr bmoJm|H$m hr H$V©ì` h¡, {H$grAÝ`H$m Zht. CZH$m `hr EH$‘od Y‘© h¡, AÝ` g~ Y‘m© mg‘mÌ h¢.

Jmoñdm‘r eaX²

1 2

&& ‘“bmMaU‘² &&&& lr{dÆ>bZmWà wMaU {da{MV ‘“bmMaU &&

`XZwJ«hVmo OÝVw: gd©Xw:Im-{VJmo ^doV²&&V‘h§ gd©Xm dÝXo lr‘X²dëb^-ZÝXZ‘²&&2&&

`XZwJ«hVmo={OZH$s H¥$nmgm| lr‘X²dëb^ZÝXZ‘²=OÝVw:=Ord lr‘hmà wOrHo$ nwÌgd©Xw:Im{VJmo=gd© lrJmonrZmWOrH$m|Xw:IZ²H$m| nma H$adodmao Ah§=‘|^doV²=hmo h| gd©Xm=gXmV§={dZ² dÝXo=dÝXZ H$aV hm|

^mdmW© : OÝ‘ bo Ho$ gm§gm[aH$ Xw:IZ²Ho$ gmJa‘| Sy>~do Om` aømo Ord {OZHo$AZwJ«hV| gd© Xw:IZ²V| ~{M OmV ho Ego lr‘X²dëb^mMm © ‘hmà wHo$ AmË‘OH$m|‘¢ gd©Xm dÝXZ H$aV hm|&&2&&

Q>rH$m : `o íbmoH$ lr{dQ²>R>bZmW à^wMaUZo AnZo Á`oð> ~ÝYw lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUH$m| dÝXZ H$[adoH$m| {b»`mo ho, naÝVw AmYw{ZH$ nw{ï>OrdZ²H$m| XmoZm|~ÝYyZ²‘| A oX^md ampIHo$ lrJmonrZmWOr VWm lr{dQ²>R>bZmWOr Ego XmoÝ`moZ²H$moñ‘aU H$[aHo$ dÝXZ H$aZm|&&2&&

Jmoñdm‘r lrnwéfmoÎm‘MaU {da{MV ‘“bmMaU &&

lrdëb^-à{V{ZqY VoOmo-amet X`mU©d‘²&JwUmVrV§ JwU{ZqY lrJmonrZmW‘² Aml`o&&10&&

VoOmoamet=VoOHo$ ^§S>ma lrdëb^Ho$ à{V{Z{Y

X`mU©d§=X`mHo$ gmJa lrJmonrZmW‘²=JwUmVrV§=JwUZ²gm| AVrV lJmonrZmWOrH$m|JwU{ZqY=JwUZ²Ho$ {Z{Y (Ah§=‘|)lrdëb^à{V{ZqY= Aml o=Aml` H$é§ hþ§

^mdmW© : Abm¡{H$H$ nw{ï>^pŠVHo$ H$‘bH$mo pIbm`doH$m| lr‘hmà^yZ²H$s Zm§B©lrJmonrZmWOrhþ VoOmoamer ^pŠV‘mJm©ãO‘mV©ÊS> h|. Amn X`mHo$ g‘wÐhþ hmo doV|^pŠVH$‘bH$m| pIbm`doH$m| àH$Q> hmo`do‘|hþ AmYma ~ZV h|. àmH¥$V JwUZ²gm|AVrV-Añn¥ï> Aé Abm¡{H$H$ nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJu` JwUZ²Ho$ {Z{Yê$nhþ h|. Ego{déÕY‘©Z²Ho$ Aml` h| gmo H$mhoVo? Vhm§ H$hV h| Omo lrdëb^Ho$ à{V{Z{Y""AmË‘m d¡ Om`Vo nwÌ:'' hmo doV| Ego h|. Ego lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo ‘¢ Aml` boVhþ§&&10&&

Q>rH$m : àmMrZ ^mfmgm{hË`‘| H$hþ§-H$hþ§ lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ ‘`m©Xm‘mJu` hmo doH$moCëboI {‘bV ho. n[a lr‘hmà whþ Vmo ""A“rH¥$Vm¡ g‘`m©X'' h| VmV| m ‘`m©XmH$m|nw{ï>~mø ‘`m©Xm Z Om{ZHo$ nw{ï>‘mJm©ÝV y©Vm ‘`m©Xm OmZZr. Vmgm| lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrZo`h ñVw{VíbmoH$ àH$Q> {H$`mo ho. lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ {da{MV "godmíbmoH$' VWm"gmYZXr{nH$m' J«ÝWZ²‘| nw{ï>^pŠVH$mo {Zê$nU {‘bV ho, H$Nw> ‘`m©Xm^pŠVH$moZmqh. VmV| AÝ`Wm^md Z bmdZmo. (lr‘X²~«÷gyÌmUw mî`"àH$me'H$mo ‘“bmMaUíbmoH$5)&&11&&

&& Ego Jmoñdm‘r lrXr{jVmË‘O í`m‘ ‘Zmoha Ûmam {da{MV‘“bmMaUH$s ì`m»`m gånyU© ^B© &&

1 2

&& îuNp¡‘u“p’âcyQfZ &&(k„. 1567-1599)

Np¡.hp.îu‘¡dgpg Np¡. d¡hQp, ‘p¡fb„v$f

S>Nv$¹Ny{ îudv$¹hëgcpQpe® dlpâcyÆ“p S>e¡›$ ‘yÓ“y„ “pd "îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ'.kçâv$pedp„ A¡Ap¡îu îubgv$¡hÆ“p Ahspf d“pe R>¡. A¡Ap¡îu“y„ âpL$V$é rh.k„.1567 “p cpv$fhp hqv$ 121 “p qv$hk¡ AX¡$gdp„ ’ey„ lsy„. A¡Ap¡îu ‘fd kp[ÒhL$,r“:õ‘©lu A“¡ ^d®âpZ lsp. “hgn ígp¡L$âZ¡sp v$iqv$NÞsrhS>euîu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆ A¡Ap¡îu“p rhi¡ gM¡ R>¡ L¡$

îuhëgcârsr“t^ s¡Å¡fpti v$epZ®hd¹&NyZpsus„ NyZr“t^2 îuNp¡‘u“p’dpîe¡&&

A’® : îuhëgcpQpe® dlpâcyÆ“p ârsr“r^ s¡S>“p c„X$pf, v$ep“p kpNf,kÒhpqv$NyZp¡ S>¡d“¡ A^u“ R>¡ s¡hp A“¡ kv$¹NyZp¡“p c„X$pf îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ lº„Apîe L$fy„ R>y„.

‘yrôdpN®“p ArÜsue âQpfL$ L$gpr“r^ îurhV¹W$g“p’Æ Ap‘îu“p gOy bÞ y’pe.

A¡Ap¡îu“p¡ eop¡‘husk„õL$pf ApW$d¡ hj£ rh.k„. 1575 dp„ L$piudp„ kç‘Þ“’ep¡ lsp¡. îudlpâcyÆA¡ Ap‘“¡ h¥qv$L$ rhr^ âdpZ¡ NpeÓudÞÓ, Np¡‘pgdÞÓA“¡ b°ûkçbÞ^ “u v$unp Ap‘u lsu. Ðepf ‘R>u r‘s©QfZ îudlpâcyÆ“psÒhph^p“dp„ S> Ap‘îu“y„ rhÛpÝee“ ’ey„ lsy„.

r“Ðe b°ûd|lŸs®dp„ DW$u, ip¥Q-õ“p“pqv$’u ‘fhpfu cNhÐõdfZ L$fhp“p¡îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ r“ed lsp¡. iusL$pgdp„ A¡L$ qv$hk¡ âps:L©$Ðe L$fu“¡ r‘s©QfZîudlpâcyÆ ‘pk¡ Ap‘ ‘^pep® A“¡ “dõL$pf L$fu, lp’ Å¡X$u“¡ A¡Ap¡îu“ukçdyM Ecp füp. îudlpâcyÆA¡ A¡Ap¡îu“¡ Apop L$fu L¡$ ""îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“¡

S>NpX$p¡''. Apop“ykpf îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ d[Þv$fdp„ ‘^pfu ièepd[Þv$f“p„ Üpf^ud¡’u Mp¡ëep„ sp¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ cfr“Öpdp„ ‘p¡Y¹$ep lsp. îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“¡ S>NpX$hp L¡$“rl? ip”pop“ykpf îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“¡ b°pûd|lŸs®dp„ S>NpX$hp Å¡CA¡, L¡$dL¡$ k|ep£v$e‘R>u r“Öp ip”kçds “’u. Ap kçbÞ^dp„ rhQpf L$fsp„ A¡Ap¡îu ‘y“: r‘spîu‘pk¡ ‘^pep® A“¡ ""îuW$pL$p¡fÆ cfr“Öpdp„ R>¡'' A¡d r“h¡v$“ L$ey¯. Ðepf¡îudlpâcyÆA¡ Apop L$fu L¡ $ ""spmu ‘pX$u“¡ îuW$pL$p ¡fÆ“¡ S>NpX$p ¡''.îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ ‘y“: cusf ‘^pfu, dp“rkL$ âp’®“p L$fu, spmu ‘pX$u“¡îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“¡ S>NpX$ép. r‘spîu“p hQ“pd©sp“ykpf ip”dep®v$p kp’¡ õ“¡ldpN®“y„‘Z k¡hpdp„ kç‘|Z® ‘pg“ ’e¡gy„ A“ychu îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ AÐeÞs âkÞ“ ’ep.

ApQpe®Æ dlpâcy“p k¡hL$ v$pdp¡v$fv$pk kçcfhpmp“p Np¡gp¡L$hpk ‘R>uA¡d“p„ ‘Гu hufbpCA¡ ‘p¡sp“p r“r^õhê‘ îuÜpfL$p^uiÆ“¡ kç‘rÑ kp’¡L$“p ¡S>’u AX¡ $g îudlpâcyÆ“¡ Ðep „ “phdp„ ‘^fpìep. A¡L$ h¥óZh¡îudlpâcyÆ“u kçdyM S>C rh“su L$fu:""L©$‘p“p’! îuÜpfL$p“p’Æ L$“p¡S>’uh¥chkrls ‘^pep® R>¡''.

A¡ hMs¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ r“L$V$dp„ S> Ecp lsp. D‘f“u h^pC kp„cmu“¡A¡Ap¡îu ljp®h¡idp„ bp¡gu DW$ép:""gÿdukrls “pfpeZ ‘^pep®!''

îudlpâcyÆA¡ Äe¡›$ ‘yÓ“p ùv$e“p¡ Apie ÅZhpdpV$¡ ‘|R¹>ey„:""îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“p¡h¥ch Å¡C“¡ sdp{„ d“ âkÞ“ ’ey„ R>¡?''

r‘s©QfZ“p hp¼e“p¡ dd® kdÆ S>sp„ îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ õ‘ôspL$fu:""Ap‘“p¡ ’C“¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ“u hõsydp„ S>¡ d“ L$fi¡ s¡“p¡ r“d|®g “pi ’i¡''.3

""hpl! Ap‘Zp dpN®“p¡ rkÙpÞs A¡hp¡ S> R>¡. S>¡ dpfp¡ h„iS> A’hp h¥óZhcNhv$¹Öìedp„ Apk[¼s fpMi¡ s¡ ¼epf¡e ‘Z Agp¥qL$L$ kyM âpàs L$fu iL$hp“p¡“’u'' îuApQpe®QfZ¡ L$üy„.

3 4

îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ Äepf¡ ‘„v$f hj® AP¹$NuL$pf L$ep® lsp„ Ðepf“p¡ A¡L$ âkP¹$NR>¡. A¡L$ qv$hk¡ N°Þ’‘pW$ A“¡ cNh[ÃQÞs“ L$fsp„ Ap‘îu“¡ rhi¡j d““-r“qv$Ýepk“ L$fhp“u BÃR>p ’C. Apk‘pkdp„ Å¡ey„ sp¡ Qp¡L$u D‘f ‘^fph¡gîudlpâcyÆ“p r“Ðe‘pW$“u îudv$¹cpNhs“u ‘p¡’uD‘f A¡Ap¡îu“u ×rô [õ’f’C. sfs S> A¡Ap¡îuA¡ îudv$¹cpNhs“p¡ ‘pW$ L$fhp“p¡ âpf„c L$ep£ Ðepf’uA¡Ap¡îuA¡ A¡hp¡ r“ed fp¿ep¡ L¡$ îudv¹cpNhs“p¡ kç‘|Z® ‘pW$ L$ep® ‘R>u S>cp¡S>“ L$fhy„. Ap r“ed“¡ L$pfZ¡ ¼epf¡L$-¼epf¡L$ sp¡ Ap‘îu båb¡ qv$hk¡ ‘pW$‘|Z® ’ep ‘R>u S> cp¡S>“ L$fsp. ’p¡X$p kdedp„ sp¡ Ap‘“¡ îudv$¹cpNhs Anfi:L$ÎW$pN° ’C Ney„. îucpNhs‘pW$“p r“ed“¡ gu ¡ Ap‘“¡ k¡hpdp„ AhL$pi dmsp¡“rl. gOy bÞ y îurhV¹W$g“p’Æ ‘Z Äe¡›$ bÞ y“y„ A“yL$fZ L$fhp gpÁep. A¡L$qv$hk¡ îudlpgÿduÆ (îuA½$pÆ)A¡ bÞ“¡ ‘yÓp¡“p îucpNhs“p ‘pW$r“edkçbÞ^dp„ îudlpâcyÆ“¡ r“h¡v$“ L$fsp„ bÞ“¡ ‘yÓp¡“p Agp¥qL$L$ r“ed’u A¡Ap¡îuâkÞ“ ’ep, ‘fÞsy ‘yÓp¡“¡ cp¡S>“ L$fhpdp„ ’sp rhgçb“¡ L$pfZ¡ îuA¼L$pÆ“pd“p¡v$y:M“y„ r“hpfZ L$fhp“p¡ rhQpf L$fu“¡ îudlpâcyÆA¡ bÞ“¡ ‘yÓp¡ ‘pk¡ S>C“¡,A¡Ap¡îu“p ‘pW$r“ed“¡ âp¡Ðkpl“ Ap‘sp„ Apop L$fu:

""c¥ep! îucpNhs‘pW$“p sdpfp r“ed’u lº„ AÐeÞs Ap“[Þv$s ’ep¡ R>y„.‘fÞsy sdpfp cp¡S>“rhgçb“¡ L$pfZ¡ sdpfp„ dpsyîu“¡ v$y:M ’pe R>¡ sp¡îudv$¹cpNhs“p kpfkdyÃQeê‘¡ d¢ Ap "îu‘y{jp¡Ñdkl”“pdõsp¡Ó' “u fQ“pL$fu R>¡ s¡“p¡ ‘pW$ L$fip¡ sp¡ sd“¡ kdN° îucpNhs‘pW$“y„ am âpàs ’i¡. A“¡rhV¹W$gdpV$¡ Ap "rÓrh^gugp“pdphgu' R>¡. s¡“p¡ ‘pW$ L$fhp’u kç‘|Z® v$idõL$Þ^“p‘pW$“y„ am âpàs ’i¡''.

Ðepf’u îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ r‘s©QfZ“u Apop“y„ A“ykfZ L$ey.

rh.k„. 1582 dp„ L$pL$pîu S>“pv$®“ cË$“u Apop“ykpf v$rnZ“p kÅsuecË$Æ“u L$Þep ‘peçdpNp{Æ (râepÆ)“u kp’¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ gÁ“âõsphL$piudp„ blº S> ^pd^|d’u L$ep£. Ðepf ‘R>u kh® Ly$Vy$çbuS>“p¡“¡ kp’¡ gC“¡îudlpâyÆ h°S>dp„ ‘^pep® A“¡ “hh^| ‘peçdpNy{Æ“¡ îu“p’Æ kçdyMb°ûkçbÞ^ v$unp Ap‘u.

gÁ“ ‘R>u sfs S> rh.k„. 1582 dp„4 îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ ÜpfL$p epÓp L$fhp‘^pep®. s¡ hMs¡ A¡Ap¡îuA¡ Akpfhp-Adv$phpv$dp„ S>eL©$óZ cË$ kpW$p¡v$fp“pNf“u N©lhpqV$L$pdp„ dyL$pd L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap kde¡ îulqfh„iÆ Ap‘“u kp’¡ S>lsp. Ap‘“p ‘^pfhp“u h^pC kp„cmu“¡ cpCgp L$p¡W$pfu, rhLy$bpC Apqv$ h¥óZhp¡v$i®“p’® Apìep„ lsp„. fprÓ“p Ap‘îu ‘p¡Y¹$ep Ðepf¡ îudv$“dp¡l“Æ L$pW$p¡fÆA¡õhà“v$i®“ Ap‘u“¡ Apop L$fu L¡$ ""Ap hpX$u“p L|$hpdp„ lº„ R>y„. d“¡ blpf ‘^fphu“¡dpfu k¡hp Qpgy L$fphp¡''. khpf¡ EW$u“¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ îudv$“dp¡l“Æ“¡5

L|$hpdp„’u blpf ‘^fphu, dp¡V$p¡ DÐkh d“pìep¡. ‘R>u fpdv$pk kp„Qp¡fp“urh“Þsu’u A¡d“u D‘f îudv$“dp¡l“Æ W$pL$p¡fÆ A“¡ ‘p¡sp“p„ ‘pv$yL$pÆ k¡hpdpV$¡‘^fphu "‘pV$p¡Ðkh' d“pìep¡. Al]’u Ap‘îu ÜpfL$p6 ‘^pep® A“¡ A¡L$ dpk‘e®ÞsÐep„ rbfpÄep.

ApQpe®îu dlpâcyÆ rh.k„. 1587“p AjpW$ kyqv$ 2 D‘fpÞs 3 “p qv$hk¡r“Ðegugpdp„ ‘^pep® ‘R>u Ap‘îu kçâv$pe“p ApQpe®õ’p“¡ rbfpÄep.

r‘s©QfZ“p r“Ðegugpâh¡i ‘R>u rh.k„. 1588 “p h¥ipM hqv$ 1 “pdP¹$Ngde qv$hk¡ gOy bÞ y îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ“p¡ gÁ“âõsph L$piudp„ AÐeÞsAp“Þv$kdpfp¡l’u L$ep£ lsp¡.

îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ rh.k„. 1590 dp„ ‘|h®âv$¡i“u epÓp L$fu OZp k¡hL$p¡“¡ ifZ¡gu^p lsp. Ap epÓpdp„’u Ap‘îu“¡ A¡L$ gpM êr‘ep Ny{c¡V$ sfuL¡$ Apìep lsp.â’d âv$¡i“u Ap k¡hp Ly$gv$¡hsp îu“p’Æ“¡ AP¹$NuL$pf L$fphhpdpV$¡ Ly$Vy$çb krlsAp‘îu AX¡$g’u Np¡‘pg‘yf ‘^pep® A“¡ îu“p’Æ“p d|ëehp“ AgP¹$L$pfp¡ s¡dS>kp¡“p-Qp„v$u“p„ ‘pÓp¡ rkÙ L$fphu“¡ kdN° Öìe r“Ly$ÊS>“peL$ îu“p’Æ“¡ AP¹$NuL$pfL$fpìey„. Ap kde¡ Ap‘îu“u Apop’u kpQp¡fp b°pûZp¡“p¡ îu“p’Æ“u k¡hpdp„âh¡i ’ep¡ lsp¡. AÓ¡ rbfpÆ“¡ Ap‘îuA¡ Np¡‘pgdÞÓ“y„ ‘yfíQfZ L$ey lsy„.

5 6

rh.k„. 1595 “p h¥ipM dpkdp„ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ L$piu ‘^pep®. L$piudp„A¡Ap¡îu“p„ b¡ Ofp¡ lsp„:1.l“ydp“OpV$ D‘f A“¡ 2.‘ÊQNP¹$NpOpV$ D‘frbÞv$ydp^h“u ‘pk¡. ‘ÊQNP¹$NpOpV$ D‘f“y„ Of A¡Ap¡îu“p dpspdl (“p“p)îuv$¡h“ cË$“y„ lsy„ A“¡ l“ydp“OpV$ D‘f“y„ Of A¡Ap¡îu“p r‘spdl îugÿdZcË$Æ“y„ lsy „. Al] ‘^pfu“¡ A¡Ap¡îuA¡ c[¼s“p¡ âQpf L$fhp dp„X$ép¡.îudlpâcyÆ“p r“L$V$ ‘qfQedp„ Aph¡gp kp y-dplpÐdpAp¡“p¡ r“Ðe kdpNdL$fsp A“¡ A¡d“u kp’¡ cNhÃQQp® L$fsp. Al] Ap‘îuA¡ "v$¡huv$pk' “pd“pD‘pÝepe“¡ rh.k„. 1595 “p h¥ipM kyqv$ 5 “¡ frhhpf¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ly$m“psu’®‘yfp¡rlsê‘¡ õhuL$pfu A¡d“¡ ‘Ó7 gMu Apàep¡.

L$piu’u îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ ‘p¡sp“p râe õ’p“ îuS>NÞ“p’‘yfu ‘^pep®.r‘s©QfZ îudv$¹hëgcpQpe® dlpâcyÆA¡ Al]“p b°pûZ L©$óZk¡hL$ Ny[ÃR>L$pf“¡rh.k„. 1545 dp„ su’®‘yfp¡rls‘v$¡ õ’pàep lsp A¡“y„ A“yL$fZ L$fu“¡ rh.k„. 1595“p h¥ipM hqv$ 30 “p qv$“¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ ‘Z A¡L$ h©rÑ‘Ó s¡d“¡ gMu Apàey„.Ap hj®dp„ S> Ap‘îuA¡ gOybÞ y îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ“¡ kp’¡ gC“¡ h°S>epÓp8 L$fulsu.

AX¡$g’u A¡L$ hpf îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ ApNfp ‘^pep® lsp. s¡ hMs¡ A¡L$ h¥óZh¡îuNykp„CÆ“u c¡V$“u kp¡ kp¡“pdlp¡f Ap‘îu“¡ Ap‘u. A¡hpdp„ tkl“v$’uîudlpâcyÆ“p k¡hL$ hpkyv$ ¡hv$pk R>L$X$p Ðep„ Aphu ‘lp¢Ãep, Ðepf¡îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ b^p h¥óZhp¡“¡ Dv¹v$¡iu“¡ L$üy„:""sdpfpdp„’u A¡hp L$p¡C h¥óZhR>¡ L¡$ Ap c¡V$ Aph¡gu kp¡ kp¡“pdlp¡f AX¡$gdp„ îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ“¡ ‘lp¢QpX¡$?''

Ap kp„cmu“¡ hpkyv$¡hv$pk R>L$X$pA¡ kçdyM Aphu, lp’ Å¡X$u“¡ rh“ÞsuL$fu:""dlpfpS>! Ap‘ Apop L$fp¡ sp¡ A¡ k¡hp Ap v$pk L$fu Ap‘i¡''.

A¡V$g¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ âkÞ“ ’C“¡ gOybÞ y îuNykp„CÆ D‘f A¡L$ ‘ÓgMu Apàep¡, s¡ kp’¡ kp¡ kp¡“pdlp¡f ‘Z hpkyv$¡hv$pk R>L$X$p“¡ Ap‘sp„ ApopL$fu:""kph^p“sp’u ‘lp¢QpX$Å¡''.

hpkyv$¡hv$pk¡ gpM“p Np¡mpdp„ kp¡“pdlp¡f d|L$u“¡ A¡“¡ QÞv$“ QX$phu,iprgN°pd õhê‘ b“phu, ‘p¡s¡ h¥fpNu“p¡ h¡i gC“¡ AX¡$g“¡ dpN£ Qpgsp ’ep.ÓuS>¡ qv$hk¡ AX¡$g S>C gpMdp„’u dlp¡fp¡ L$pY$u“¡ îuNykp„CÆ“u kçdyM S>CîuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ ‘Ó s’p kp¡ dlp¡f A¡Ap¡îu“u ApNm fu v$u^u. îuNykp„CÆA¡‘Ó hp„Qu, dlp¡f k„cpmu gC, hpkyv$¡hv$pk“¡ dlpâkpv$ g¡hX$pìep¡. ‘R>u buS>¡qv$hk¡ ‘lp¢Q“p¡ ‘Ó gMu“¡ îuNykp„CÆA¡ A¡d“¡ Apàep¡. ‘Ó gC“¡ ÓuS>¡ qv$hk¡hpkyv$¡hv$pk AX¡$g’u ApNfp Aphu ‘lp¢Ãep. îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“¡ îuNykp„CÆ“p¡‘Ó Apàep¡. ‘Ó hp„Qu“¡ Ap‘îu hpkyv$¡hv$pk D‘f AÐeÞs âkÞ“ ’ep A“¡‘|R¹>ey„: ""hpkyv$¡hv$pk! A¡hp rhL$V$ dpN£ kp¡“pdlp¡fp¡ sd¡ L¡$hu fus¡ ‘lp¢QpX$ui¼ep?''

A¡V$g¡ A¡dZ¡, iprgN°pd S>¡hp¡ gpM“p¡ Np¡mp¡ b“phu, A¡dp„ kp¡“pdlp¡fp¡cfu“¡, h¥fpNu“p h¡j¡ A¡“y„ ‘|S>“ L$fsp„-L$fsp„ AX¡$g kp¡“pdlp¡fp¡ ‘lp¢QpX$uAphhp“u hps rhNshpf L$lu. Ap’u îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ v$y:M A“ychsp„hpkyv$¡hv$pk“¡ L$üy„:""hpkyv$¡hv$pk! sd¡ AX¡$g kp¡“pdlp¡f ‘lp¢QpX$u s¡’u d“¡ sdpfuk¡hpdpV$¡ âkÞ“sp ’C R>¡; ‘fÞsy sd¡ S>¡ âL$pf¡ kp¡“pdlp¡f gC Nep, s¡ Ap‘Zpc[¼sdpN®“u fus “’u. A¡L$ hõsydp„ cNhÐõhê‘“u cph“p L$ep® ‘R>u A¡“¡ cp„Nu“pMhy„ A¡ Bô “’u, A¡dp„ h¥óZhsp “’u''.

""‘Z dlpfpS>! d¢ A¡ õhê‘“u ârs›$p “lp¡su L$fphu'' hpkyv$¡hv$pk¡ L$üy„.

""s¡’u iy„ ’ey„? A¡dp„ õhê‘cph sp¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ “¡? cNhÐõhê‘“¡ ìepS>¡gp¥qL$L$L$pe® L$fhy„ ep¡Áe “ NZpe''. îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ cNhÞdpN®“u dep®v$pkdÅhsp„ Apop L$fu.

îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“¡ îudlpâcyÆÜpfp õ’pr‘s ‘yrôdpN}e âZprgL$p“uîuL©$óZc[¼sdp„ ‘|Z® îÙp lsu. Ap kp’¡ A¡Ap¡îu“y„ Æh“ h¡v$pqv$ ip”p¡“uApop“ykpf OX$pey„ lp¡hp’u A¡Ap¡îu“¡ A[Á“lp¡Ópqv$L$ h¥qv$L$ q¾$epAp¡dp„ ‘Z rhi¡j

7 8

ApN°l fl¡sp¡. k¡hp ‘R>u“p¡ A¡Ap¡îu“p¡ kde Np¡‘pgdÞÓpqv$“p A“y›$p“dp„,S>‘-‘pW$dp„ s¡dS> ip”p¡“p hpQ“-d““-r“qv$Ýepk“dp„ S>sp¡.

bÞ“¡ bÞ^yAp¡, îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ s’p A“yS> îurhV¹W$g“p’Æ, hÃQ¡c°ps©cph“p s¡dS> Ly$Vy$çb cph“p DÑd lsu. îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ Np¡‘pg‘yf,îuS>NÞ“p’Æ L¡$ su’®epÓp dp„ ‘^pep® lp¡e sp¡ îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ AX¡$g rbfpÆN©l-Ly$Vy$çb“u k„cpm fpMsp A“¡ îurhV¹$W$g“p’Æ blpf ‘^pf¡ sp¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆAX¡$g rbfpS>sp.

îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆA¡ ‘Z ‘p¡sp“p hÞv$“ue ‘|h®Å¡“u h¥qv$L$ ‘fç‘fp“y„ A“ykfZL$fsp„ rh.k„. 1595 “u S>Nv$uiepÓp ‘R>u A¡L$ kp¡deo A“¡ Ðepf ‘R>urhóÏeo#B9#A L$ep£ lsp¡.

rh.k„. 1599 dp„ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ S>Nv$ui‘yfu ‘^pep®. dpsyîu“u Apop’uA¡Ap¡îu“u kp’¡ fpOhv$pk#B10#A “pd“p h¥óZh Nep lsp. A¡L$ qv$hk¡ d[Þv$f“p„Üpf M|ëep„ A“¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ v$i®“ L$fsp„-L$fsp„ ""S>NÞ“p’! S>NÞ“p’!'' A¡dbp¡gsp„ bp¡gsp„ îuS>NÞ“p’fpeÆ“p îurhN°ldp„ gu“ ’C Nep.#B11#A

bÓui hj® ky u Ap‘ c|sg D‘f rbfpÄep.

Ap‘îu“¡ A¡L $ ‘yÓ A“¡ b¡ ‘yÓuAp¡ dmu“¡ ÓZ kÞsp“p ¡ ’ep „lsp„:1.îu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆ (âpL$V$é rh.k„. 1587 “p cpv$fhp hqv$ 8) 2.kÐecpdpb¡V$uÆ A“¡ 3.îugÿdu b¡V$uÆ.

îu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆ(âpL$V$é: rh.k„.1587 rsfp¡^p“:rh.k„.1605)

îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ r“Ðegugpdp„ ‘^pep® Ðepf¡ A¡Ap¡îu“p ‘yÓ îu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆbpf hj®“p lsp. A¡Ap¡îu ‘Z r‘s©QfZ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“u S>¡d kp¥çe A“¡kp[ÒhL$ âL©$rs“p lsp. Ap‘ Myb Aë‘ L$pg ‘e®Þs c|sg D‘f âL$V$ rbfpÄep.

îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p r“Ðegugõ’ ’ep ‘R>u îuNykp„CÆA¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“pbÞ“¡ ‘yÓuAp¡“y„ ‘p¡sp“p„ kÞsp“’u ‘Z Ar^L$ gpg“-‘pg“ L$ey.

Ap bÞ“¡ b¡V$uÆ bpgrh^hp lsp„. L$pL$pÆ“p N©l“u âZprgL$p âdpZ¡A¡Ap¡îu Alr“®i NyZNp“ A“¡ cNhÐk¡hp‘fpeZ fl¡sp„.

îukÐecpdp b¡V$uÆîukÐecpdp b¡V $ uÆ bl¡“p ¡dp „ dp ¡V $ p „ lsp „. bÞ“¡ bl¡“p ¡ r“Ðe

îu“h“usrâeÆ“u k¡hpdp„ k„gÁ“ fl¡sp„. kÐecpdp b¡V$uÆ A¡L$ hMsîuS>Nv$ui“p v$i®“p’® ‘yfu ‘^pep¯ lsp„. epÓp L$fu“¡ ‘pR>p„ Aphsu hMs Np¥X$v$¡i“p “pfpeZv$pk “pd“p cNhv$ue“p c[¼scphcep® ApN°l’u A¡d“¡ O¡fdyL$pd L$ep£. “pfpeZv$pk“p Of ApNm S> bÞv$uMp“y„ lsy„. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ bpv$ipl“pafdp“ dyS>b L$f “ cf¡ s¡d“¡ Ap L¡$v$Mp“pdp„ ‘|fu aV$L$p dpfhpdp„ Aphsp. aV$L$p“p¡dpf Akü gpNsp„ L¡$v$uAp¡ Ópk ‘pdu ‘p¡L$pfp¡ L$fsp. Ap ‘p¡L$pf kp„cmu“¡kÐecpdp b¡V$uÆ L${ZpÖ® ’C Nep„! A¡Ap¡îuA¡ h¥óZhp¡“¡ ‘|R¹>ey„:""Ap iy„ ’peR>¡?'' h¥óZhp¡A¡ L$pfZ bsphsp„ v$epkpNf b¡V$uÆA¡ “pfpeZv$pk“¡ L$üy„:""Äep„ky u Ap gp¡L$p¡“y„ v$y:M v$|f “l] ’pe Ðep„ ky u Ad¡ cp¡S>“ “l] L$fuA¡''.

kÐecpdp b¡V$uÆ“p D‘hpk“u hps bpv$ipl ‘pk¡ ‘lp¢Qsp„ A¡d“¡A¡Ap¡îu“u V$¡L$’u ApíQe® ’ey„! A¡dZ¡ kÞv$¡ip¡ dp¡L$ëep¡ L¡$ ""Å¡ Ap‘ D‘hpkR>p¡X$u v$¡ip¡ sp¡ Ad¡ ‘Quk lÅf êr‘ep c¡V$ L$fuiy„''. b¡V$uÆA¡ âÐeyÑfdp„ L$l¡hX$pìey„L¡$ ""Adpf¡ êr‘ep“¡ iy„ L$fhp R>¡? d“yóe“p v$y:M“y„ r“hpfZ ’pe A¡ S> Adpfucph“p R>¡''.

Ap Ap¡S>õhu iåv$p¡’u bpv$ipl“y„ ùv$e‘qfhs®“ ’ey„. A¡Z¡ “pfpeZv$pk“¡L$üy„:

""Aphp„ ÐepNu A“¡ v$epmy b¡V$uÆ“p„ hQ“p¡ “ dp“y„ sp¡ dp{„ b|{„ ’pe''.Apd L$lu“¡ A¡Z¡ b^p L¡$v$uAp¡“¡ dy¼s L$ep®. Ap iyc kdpQpf dýep ‘R>uS>kÐecpdp b¡V$uÆA¡ cp¡S>“ L$ey.

9 10

îugÿdu b¡V$uÆ

îugÿdu b¡V$uÆ S>¡hp„ cNhÐk¡hp‘fpeZ lsp„ s¡hp„ S> cNhv$¹c¼sp¡ âÐe¡ddsphpmp„ lsp„. “fhfNY$“p fpÅ ApiL$fZ“¡ ìek“v$ip rkÙ ’sp„ A¡Ap¡fpS>‘pV$“p¡ ÐepN L$fu“¡ h°S>dp„ rhQfsp A“¡ cNh[ÃQÞs“ L$fsp A“¡cNhëgugpv$i®“dpV$¡ rhflcphdp„ dÁ“ fl¡sp. fpÅ ApiL$fZ“u Ap DÃQìek“v$ip Å¡C îurhV¹$W$g¡iâcyQfZ¡ Of“p„ b^p“¡ Apop L$fu lsu L¡$""ApiL$fZÆ Äepf¡ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ Ofdp„ S>¡ âkpv$ lp¡e s¡ A¡d“¡ g¡hX$phu v$¡hp¡''.

A¡L$ qv$hk¡ cNhëgugp Ýep“dp„’u ÅN°s ’C“¡ fpÅ ApiL$fZÆîuNp¡Ly$gdp„ îuNykp„CÆ“¡ O¡f Apìep. îugÿdu b¡V$uÆA¡ Å¡ey„ sp¡ A¡ hMs¡ Ofdp„âkpv$u hõsy “lp¡su. A¡Ap¡îuA¡ rhQpey L¡$ Å¡ ApS>¡ ApiL$fZÆ âkpv$ gu^prh“p Qpëep S>i¡ sp¡ ‘pR>p ‘p„Q-kps qv$hk¡ AÞ“ ‘pdi¡. A¡Ap¡îu“p ùv$edp„cNhÐâ¡fZp ’sp„ îu“h“usrâeÆ“p fpS>cp¡N“u S>¡ kpdN°u rkÙ ’C lsu s¡Akdr‘®s kpdN°uS> ApiL$fZÆ“¡ ^fu v$u^u A“¡ dp¡V$p„ bl¡“ kÐecpdpÆ“¡buÆ kpdN°u Ðhfp’u rkÙ L$fhp“u rh“Þsu L$fu. ApiL$fZÆ sp¡ cp¡S>“ L$fu“¡Qpgsp ’ep. Ðepf ‘R>u afu hpf rkÙ ’e¡gu kpdN°u“p¡ îu“h“usrâeÆ“¡fpS>cp¡N kdàep£. îuNykp„CÆ Apfsu L$fsp lsp Ðepf¡ îu“h“usrâeÆ“pdyMpfrhÞv$ D‘f [õdsey¼s Ap“Þv$glfu“p„ v$i®“ ’sp„ rh“Þsu L$fu L¡$ ""ApS>¡Ap‘ ApV$gp b^p L¡$d âkÞ“ R>p¡?''

îu“h“usrâeÆA¡ L$üy„:""ApS>¡ lº„ bdZp¡ fpS>cp¡N Apfp¡Áep¡ R>y„''. ApdL$lu“¡ fpÅ ApiL$fZÆ“¡ îugÿdu b¡V$uÆA¡ fpS>cp¡N“u kpdN°u ^fu v$u^uA¡ hps âkÞ“sp’u L$fsp„ õ‘ôsp L$fu L¡$ ""ApiL$fZÆ“p ùv$edp„ rbfpÆ“¡A¡L$ hpf A“¡ buÆ hpf âÐen ^f¡g A¡d b¡ hpf lº„ Apfp¡Áep¡ R>y„''.

"^Þe!' îuNykp„CÆ“p dyMpfrhÞv$’u klkp ^Þesp“p¡ Dv$¹Npf kfu ‘X$ép¡A“¡ “¡Óp¡dp„ Ap“Þv$pîy“u TgL$ v$¡MpC! ‘R>u W$pL$p¡fÆ“¡ A“p¡kf L$fu“¡îuNykp„CÆA¡ îugÿdu b¡V$uÆ“¡ fpS>cp¡N kçbÞ^dp„ ‘|R>sp„ b¡V$uÆA¡ k„L$p¡Q‘|h®L$

kh® hps L$pL$pÆ“¡ r“h¡qv$s L$fsp„ A¡Ap¡îu fp¡dfp¡d âkÞ“ ’ep A“¡ L$üy„:""b¡V$u!ApS>“u spfu bdZu k¡hp’u îu“h“usrâeÆ#B13#A AÐeÞs âkÞ“ ’epR>¡. sy„ ^Þe R>¡''.

60-70 kv $õep ¡hpmp rhipm L y $ V y $çbdp „ îugÿdu b¡V $ uÆA¡îu“h“usrâeÆ“u Aphu cphpÐdL$ k¡hp Üpfp S>¡ qv$ìe âkÞ“sp âpàs L$fu s¡A“Þe R>¡. A¡Ap¡îu“p k¡hpQpsye®cph“u S>¡V$gu kfpl“p L$fuA¡ s¡V$gu Ap¡R>u!

îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ âL$pÎX$ rhÜp“ lsp. A¡Ap¡îuA¡ A“¡L$ N°Þ’p¡“u fQ“p L$fulp¡hp“y„ rhÜp“p¡ dp“¡ R>¡ ‘fÞsy AÐepf¡ A¡Ap¡îu“p kprlÐedp„ 1.kp^“v$ur‘L$p14,2.k¡hpígp¡L$p:15 D‘gå^ ’pe R>¡. "kp¥Þv$e®‘Ûd¹' ‘Z A¡Ap¡îu rhfrQs""îudv$¹Np¡‘u“p’p“p„ ‘Ûpr“'' “u hÃQ¡ Aph¡gp¡ lp¡hp’u L¡$V$gpL$ rhÜp“p¡îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ rhfrQs dp“¡ R>¡. ""îuNp¡‘u“p’ÆL$u r“S>hpsp®16'' “pdL$ NÛN°Þ’‘Z âpàs ’pe R>¡. A¡Ap¡îu“p N°Þ’p¡“y„ NyS>®f A“yhpv$ kp’¡ ‘y“dy®ÖZ L$fhp“uAphíeL$sp R>¡. 127 ígp¡L$p¡“u "kp^“v$ur‘L$p' “y„ dP¹$NgpQfZ L¡$V$gy„ cphhpluR>¡!

sp “: îusps‘БÚf¡Zh: L$pd^¡“h:&“pL$õe sfhp¡@Þe¡jp„ õey: L$ë‘sfhp¡ e’p&&1&&

A’®: S>¡d buÅAp¡“¡ õhN®“p s{Ap¡ L$ë‘h©nkdp“ R>¡ s¡d Ad“¡ sp¡îur‘spÆ“p QfZL$dg“u fS> L$pd ¡“y kdp“ ’pAp¡.

îurhV¹W$g“p’ cË$17 "d“f„S>“' L$rh A¡Ap¡îu“u N°Þ’kP¹$¿ep 4 bsph¡ R>¡.

A¡Ap¡îu“p k¡ìe îudv$“dp¡l“gpgÆ A“¡ ‘pv$yL$pÆ, Adv$phpv$dp„ fpÅdl¡sp“u ‘p¡mdp„ sp¡X$p“u ‘p¡mdp„ dyrMepÆ fZR>p¡X$gpg ìepk“u D‘f AÐepf¡rbfpS>¡ R>¡.

‘y“: Ap‘îuA¡ îu‘y{jp¡ÑdÆõhê‘¡ âL$V$ ’C“¡ õhdpN}e kprlÐe“u rh‘ygâdpZdp „ fQ“p L $fu R> ¡ . Ðepf’u kyfsdp „ îubpgL © $óZÆ“p Ofdp „îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ“p¡ DÐkh îuNykp„CÆ“p DÐkhhs¹ d“pe R>¡.

11 12

1.k„hs ‘ÞÖlp AlkW$ Apep¡ Apkp¡ hqv$ Üpv$ku kyc Npep¡;Npep¡ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ, S>b S>Þd gu“p¡ ApeL¡$''(d|g‘y{j)2.""NyZr“r^ Np¡‘u“p’Æ, r“Ny®“ s¡S>r“^p“''. (^dpf) (dprZL$QÞv$)3.""Qp¥fpku h¥óZh“L$u hpsp®'' (â. rhÛprhcpN, L$pP¹$L$fp¡L$u)4.îu Üp. L$u âp. hpsp® (Adf¡gu) “p kç‘pv$L$ îuÜpfL$pv$pk ‘fuM Ap epÓp k„.

1585dp„ ’C lp¡hp“y„ gM¡ R>¡.5.Ap õhê‘ Adv$phpv$-fpÅdl¡sp“u ‘p¡mdp„ rbfpS>¡ R>¡.6.k„hs¹ 1582 hj£ îuNp¡‘u“p’Æ ÜpqfL$pepÓp’¯ fpS>“Nf¡ kdpNsp: iL„$v$f‘yf¡

cË$-S>eL©$óZ-kpW$p¡v$fp-“pNfõe N©l¡ hpqV$L$p hs®s¡ sÓ¥h [õ’rs: L©$sp. sv$¥hîudv$“dp¡l“õe âpL$V$é„ L©$sd¹. ‘Ë$prcj¡L$p¡r‘ L©$s:. lqfh„i: kP¹$N¡[õs. L$p¡W$pfucpCgp bpC huL|$ cpC kp¡“p âc©rsk¡hL$p“p„ kcpep„ v$i®“„ v$Ñd¹. ss:ÜpqfL$pâh¡i: L©$s:. dpk 1 ÜpqfL$p[õ’rs: L©$sp.

-d“yS>ìepS>âL$V$‘y{jp¡ÑdhëgcrhV¹$W$gep¡: ‘|h®Qqfsgugp (lõsâs)7. îulqf:k„hs¹ 1595 h¥ipM kyqv$ ‘ÊQdu hpf frh: rgrMs„ îuNp ¡‘u“p’-

îuhëgcpQpe®‘yÓ¥: îugÿdZpQpe®‘p¥Ó¥: s¥gP¹$N-L$p„L$fhpëgy-k„o¥: hpfpZkud¹ApNs¥: su’®‘yfp¡rlsÐh¡“ D‘pÝepe-v$¡huv$pk: kçdpr“sp¡ Aõdprcf¹Aõdv$ue¥: kh§k¹ s’p kçdp““ue: kçdp““ue:&&R>&&

îuNp¡‘uS>“hëgcp¡ S>ersA¡L„$ ip”„ v$¡hL$u‘yÓNusd¹ A¡L$p¡ v$¡hp¡ v$¡hL$u‘yÓA¡h&dÞÓp¡@àe¡L$õsõe “pdpr“ epr“, L$dp£àe¡L$õsõe v$¡hõe k¡hp&&1&&

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OÝ_ {ejm Am¡a g§ñH$maŸ:Ÿ lrJmonrZmWOrH$m àmH$Q>ç§ g§. 1568 (ŸM¡Ìm{XŸ)1 Ho$ AmpídZ H¥$îU 12

Ho$ {XZ hþAm Wm. BZHo$ {nV¥MaU lrdëb^mMm © Cg g_` gmo_`kH$m AZwð>mZg_mßV H$a à`mJHo$ nmg AS>ob Zm_H$ J«m__| {Zdmg H$aVo Wo. BZHo$ OÝ_Ho$~mX lrdëb^mMm ©Zo VrZ gmo_`k Am¡a {H$ o VWm MaUmQ>H$mo AnZm {ZdmgñWb~Zm`m.

lrJmonrZmWOr EH$ g§ñH$mar ~mbH$ Wo Am¡a BZHo$ M[aÌna lrdëb^mMm ©O¡go _hmnwéfHo$ OrdZH$m à^md n‹S>m Wm, AV: BZH$sŸ{ejm- Xrjm VWmM{dÚmä`mgHo$ {df`_| {deof H$hZoH$s Amdí`H$Vm ZhtŸh¡.

g§. 1572 nm¡f H¥$îU 9 Ho$ {XZ BZHo$ «mVm lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$m àmH$Q>çhþAm. CZHo$ OmVŸ-ŸH$_m©{X g§ñH$ma hmo OmZo na lrdëb^mMm © {J[aamO nYmaoAm¡a dhm§ Xm oZm | ~mbH$m oH$m o lrZmWOrHo$ MaUñne© H$amH$a JmoHw$b_|lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$m H$ZN>oXZ {H$`m. JmoHw$bgo AmMm ©MaU nwZ: AS>ob AmH$maaho Am¡a `hm§ CÝhm|Zo nwZ: gmo_`k {H$`m. Eogm à{gÕ h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo Hw$b N>hgmo_`k {H$ o Wo. Bg gmo_`kHo$ g_` CZHo$ ^mB© g³³`mgr Ho$ednwar ^r Am oWo.

g§. 1573 Ho$ MmVw_m©ñ` ~mX lrdëb^mMm`© H$mer nYmao Am¡a dhm§CÝhm|Zo lrJmonrZmWOrH$m {d{YdV² kmondrVŸ-Ÿg§ñH$ma H$am`m. CnZ`Z hmo OmZoHo$~mX CÝhm|Zo doX, doXmÝV Am¡a emóm| H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m. VWm AmMm ©MaUm|Ho$

nmg gmåàXm{`H$ gw~mo{YZr AUw mî` Am{X J«ÝWm|H$m n[aerbZ H$a `mo½` d`hmoZo VH$ AÀN>m nmpÊS>Ë` àmßV H$a {b`m.

`hm§ BVZm H$h XoZm Amdí`H$ àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ lrdëb^mMm ©Ho$ gab,gmpÎdH$ Am¡a d¡Xwî`_` OrdZ VWmM Ë`mJd¥{ÎmHo$ gmW AZwn_ An[aJ«h mdH$mAgmYmaU à^md lrJmonrZmWOrna n‹S>m Wm.

lrdëb^mMm`©Zo lrJmonrZmWOrH$m {ÛamJ_Z AnZr BhbrbmH$m g§daUH$aZo (Ÿg§. 1587Ÿ) Ho$ àW_ H$a {X`m Wm. Bg {hgm~go BZH$m {ddmh g§.1581Ÿgo 84ŸHo$ ~rM X{jU Xoe_| BZHo$ {nV¥ì` OZmX©Z ^Å>Zo {H$`m Wm2 {Oggog_`mZwgma BZHo$ {ZåZ{b{IV gÝV{V hþB©Ÿ:

1.ŸnwéfmoÎm_Or àmH$Q>ç g§. 1588Ÿ/Ÿ89 AmpídZ H¥$. 8 JmoHw$b(Ÿ?Ÿ)2.ŸgË`^m_m ~oQ>rOr àm. g§. 1598 H$m{V©H$ ew. 7. AS>ob3.Ÿbú_r ~oQ>rOr àm. g§. 1601

gmåàXm{`H$ CÎmaXm{`ËdŸ:Ÿ g§. 1587 _| lrdëb^mMm ©Zo AnZo AnZo ^JdÕm__| dmng nYmaZoH$m

g_rn Am`m OmZH$a lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo Amdí`H$ CnXoe {X`m Am¡a ewÕmÛ¡V-nw{ï>^pŠV gåàXm`H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd gm¢nm.3

à`mJ_| g³³`mgH$s Xrjm boH$a AmMm`©MaU O~ H$mer_| J“mOrH$sYma_| AÝVYm©Z hmoZoHo${b`o nYmao V~ CZHo$ Xe©ZmW© lrJmonrZmWOr VWmlr{dQ²R>bZmWOr H$mer nYmao. Cg g_` AmMm ©MaU dmH²$g³³`mg bo MwHo$Wo, AV: nwÌm|Ho$ {dZ` H$aZo na CÝhm|Zo Omo ApÝV_ {ejm CÝh| {bIH$a Xr dhgåàXm`_| "{ejmíbmoH$' Zm_go à»`mV h¡. dëb^mMm ©Ho$ {ZË`brbmàdoeHo$AZÝVa lrJmonrZmWOr CZH$s Amdí`H$ CÎma {H«$`mgo {Zd¥Îm hmoH$a AnZo N>moQ>o^mB© Am¡a _mVm Ho$ gmW H$mergo AS>ob AmH$a ahZo bJo.

23 24

lrZmWOrH$s godmH$m à~ÝYŸ: O~ do AS>ob_| {Zdmg H$aVo Wo V~ CZHo$ nmg H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marHo$ Ûmam

Bg àH$maH$s {eH$m`V AmB© {H$Ÿ-ŸlrZmWOrH$s godm H$aZodmbo ~§Jmbr d¡îUdlrOrHo$ Ðì`H$m Xwén`moJ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo lrOrHo$ nmg "d¥ÝXm' Zm_H$ {H$grXodrH$mo nYam {X`m h¡. BgH$s Om§MHo${b o lrJmonrZmWOr Am¡a lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr{J[aamO J o Am¡a dhm§ godmH$m {~J‹S>m hþAm H«$_ XoIH$a XmoZm|Zo ~§Jm{b`m|H$mogodmgo hQ>mZo H$m {dMma {H$`m.

g§. 1590 _| lrJmonrZmWOr VWm lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr Zo Zmam`U ^Å>go boH$alr_XZ_mohZOrH$m ñdê$n H$m{V©H$ ew. 9 Ho$ {XZ ~§Jm{b`m|H$mo godmW© àXmZ H$a{X`m Am¡a CZgo lrZmWOrH$s godm N>mo‹S> XoZoH$m AmJ«h {H$`m4. H$hVo h¢ {H$~§Jm{b`m|Zo O~ godm N>mo‹S>Zm ñdrH$ma Z {H$`m Vmo H¥$îUXmg A{YH$mar BgHo${b oH$moB© VaH$s~ gmoMZo bJo. ghgm EH$ {XZ {J[aamOHo$ ZrMo Pm|n{‹S>`m|_| AmJ bJOmZoHo$ H$maU O~ ~§Jmbr bmoJ lrZmWOrH$s godm N>mo‹S>H$a AnZo-AnZo Kam|H$sAmoa Xm¡‹S> n‹S>o, V~ BYa H¥$îUXmgHo$ {gnm{h`m|Zo _pÝXa na AnZm µH$ãµOm H$a{b`m Am¡a V~go lrOrH$s godm_| d¡îUd Kwg J o.

lrZmWOrH$s godmH$m Z`m à~ÝY ~m§YVo hþE lrJmonrZmWOr VWmlr{dQ²R>bZmWOr Zo AnZo gOmVr` ì`pŠV`m|H$mo lrOrH$s nmH$m{XŸ-Ÿgodm H$aZoH$mAmXoe {X`m na CZ bmoJm|Ho$ ñdrH$ma Z H$aZo na CÝh| gmÄMrha ~«m÷Um|H$mo dhgodm gm¢nZr n‹S>r. H¥$îUXmg Am{XH$mo _pÝXaH$s ì`dñWm H$aZoH$s {Oå_oXmar gm¢nH$a lrJmonrZmWOr JmoHw$b hmoH$a g§. 1590 Ho$ AÝV_| AS>ob dm{ng Am J o.BZ XmoZm| ^mB`m|Zo A{YH$m§e Eogm H«$_ ~m§Y {b`m Wm {H$ EH$ ^mB© lrZmWOrH$sgodmW© Jmonmbnwam (ŸOVrnwamŸ)_| ahVm Vmo Xygam AnZr _mVmH$s godmW© AS>obAmH$a ahVm Wm.

`mÌm Am¡a àMmaŸ:Ÿ

lrJmonrZmWOrZo gåàXm` {gÕmÝVHo$ àMmamW© JwOamV, {gÝY Am¡a ÛmaH$màmÝVm|H$s `mÌmgo àmßV Jwé^|Q>Ho$ àm`: EH$ bmIHo$ Ðì`H$mo AmMm`©Hw$bH$snaånamZwgma Hw$bXod lrZmWOrH$s godm_| g_{n©V {H$`m Wm. Cg Ðì`go AmnZoMm§XrŸ-ŸgmoZoHo$ nmÌ, Am^aU Am{X {gÕ H$adm o Wo.

g§. 1595 Ho$ àmaå^_| lrJmonrZmWOrZo OJXrenwarH$s `mÌm H$s. dhm§CÝhm|Zo gOmVr` ì`pŠV`m|Ho$ H$WZmZwgma lrdëb^mMm ©Ho$ g_H$mbrZ d¥Õ nwamo{hVH¥$îUXmg JwpÀN>H$ma H$mo AnZm d§eŸ-ŸnaånamH$m nwamo{hV ñdrH$ma {H$`m Am¡aCgo d¡emIH$s A_mdmñ`mHo$ {XZ d¥{ÎmnÌ {bI {X`m. CZHo$ _wIgo lrJmonrZmWOrZolrdëb^mMm ©Ho$ g§. 1545 _| OJXre nYmaZo Am¡a _pÝXa_| emómW© hmoZoH$mnyd© d¥ÎmmÝV ^r gwZm, {OgH$m CëboI d¥{ÎmnÌ_| {H$`m J`m h¡5.

OJXreH$s `mÌm H$a AÝ` ñWbm|H$m n[a «_U Am¡a Y_©àMma H$aVo hþEd«O hmoH$a lrJmonrZmWOr AS>ob Am o. dhm§ CÝhm|Zo g§. 1601 _| gmo_`k Am¡aVXZÝVa {dîUw k {H$`m. g§. 1605 M¡Ì ew. 5 Ho$ {XZ H$mer_| lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$Á oð> nwÌ lr{J[aYaOrH$m `kmondrV hþAm, Cg g_` do AmnZo «mVmHo$ AmJ«hgoH$mer nYmao. dhm§go OmH$a {J[aamO_| lrZmWOrH$s godm H$s Am¡a 84 H$mogH$sd«On[aH«$_m g{d{Y gånÝZ H$s.

g§. 1618 Ho$ bJ^J lrJmonrZmWOrZo nwZ: JwOamV, {gÝY, ÛmaH$m Am{XàmÝVH$m n[a «_U {H$`m {Og_| CZH$mo àm`: Xmo df©H$m g_` bJm.

Á`ð> «mVmHo$ n ©Q>ZH$mo Mbo OmZo na lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$ gmW EH$ KQ>ZmKQ>r. ~mV `h hþB© {H$ H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marHo$ Am¡a J“m~mB© Zm_H$ lrZmWOrH$sEH$ go{dH$mHo$ ~rM AZw{MV gå~ÝYH$s {eH$m`V nhÿ§MZo na lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrZoJ“m~mB©H$m _pÝXa_| AmZmŸ-ŸOmZm ~ÝX H$adm {X`m. `h ~mV H¥$îUXmgOrH$moR>rH$ Z bJr Am¡a CÝhm|Zo Bgo AZw{MV hñVjon g_Pm.

25 26

EH$ {XZ lrJwgm§B©Or lrZmWOrH$s godm H$aZoHo${b o O~ {J[aamO _pÝXa_|nYmaZo bJo Vmo H¥$îUXmg A{YH$marZo C{MVŸ-ŸAZw{MVH$m Hw$N> ^r {dMma {H$ o{~Zm AnZo AmX{_`m|Ho$ Ûmam CZH$mo amoH$ {X`m. Cg {XZgo lrJwgm§B©Or MÝÐgamodana ahZo bJo.

lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$ Á`oð> nwÌ lr{J[aYaOrHo$ nÌ Ûmam àXoe_| O~lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo h d¥ÎmmÝV _mby_ hþAm Vmo CÝhm|Zo nÌ {bIH$a Bg Aì`dñWmH$moXya H$aZo H$m AmXoe {X`m. {OgHo$ \$bñdê$n lr{J[aYaOrZo _WwamHo$ hm{H$_gog¡{ZH$ à~ÝY boH$a H¥$îUXmgH$mo H¡$X H$am {X`m Am¡a AnZo {nV¥MaUHo${b`olrZmWOrH$s godmH$m AÝVam` Xya {H$`m.

gÝV{VŸ:Ÿ `h àW_ hr H$hm Om MwH$m h ¡ {H$ lrJm onrZmWOrH$m {ddmh

lrdëb^mMm ©H$s {dÚ_mZVm_| hr hmo MwH$m Wm. g_`mZwgma CZHo$ {ZåZ{b{IVgÝV{V hþB©.

1.ŸlrnwéfmoÎm_Or àm. g§. 15896 JmoHw$b.2.ŸlrgË`^m_m ~oQ>rOr àm. g§. 1598 H$m{V©H$ ew. 7. AS>ob3.Ÿlrbú_r ~oQ>rOr àm. g§. 1601

lrnwéfmoÎm_OrHo$ {df`_| Hw$N> {deof d¥Îm Zht {_bVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ BZH$mXohmÝV N>moQ>r AdñWm_| {nVmHo$ gm_Zo hr hmo J`m Wm. hm§, BVZm Adí` {d{XVhmoVm h¡ {H$Ÿ-ŸO~ H$^r lrJmonrZmWOr BZH$mo AnZo ^mB© lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$nmg {J[aamO_| N>mo‹S> Om`m H$aVo Wo V~ do BZH$mo lrZmWOrH$s godm {gIm`mH$aVo Wo. lrJmonrZmWOr O~ àXoe H$aZo ÛmaH$m (ŸJwOamVŸ) J o V~ r lrnwéfmoÎm_Orlr{dQ²R>bZmWOrHo$ nmg hr aho Wo Am¡a {nVmHo$ AmZoHo$ nyd© hr g§. 1620 Ho$bJ^J do {ZË`brb_| à{dï> hmo J o o. Bg àg“go lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$mo ~‹S>mXw:I Am¡a níMmÎmmn hþAm.

ì`dhma Am¡a ì`pŠVËdŸ:Ÿ lrJmonrZmWOr Am¡a lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr XmoZm| ^mB`m|_| nañna AÀN>m gm¡hmX©

Wm. `h BZHo$ nÌ Am¡a nmañn[aH$ ì`dhmago {d{XV hmoVm h¡. H$hVo h¢, CZHo$ nÌZmWÛmam_| aIo hþE h¢. do XmoZm| _hmZw md g§ñH¥$VŸ-Ÿ^mfm_| nÌ {bIm H$aVo Wo,{Oggo `h AZw_mZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ BZH$s {bIm-n‹T>r g§ñH¥$V naånamgohr hþB© Wr7. lr{dQ²R>bZmWOr ^r Á oð> «mVmH$mo ~‹S>r AmXaH$s Ñ{ï>go XoIVo Wo,O¡gm CZHo$ a{MV ""`XZwJ«hVmo OÝVw: gd©Xw:Im {VJmo ^doV², V_h§ gd©XmdÝXo lr_X²dëb^ZÝXZ_²'' BË`m{X _“bmMaUgo àVrV hmoVm h¡.

`Ú{n lrJmonrZmWOrH$s {dÛÎmm_| {H$gr àH$maH$m gÝXoh Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$CZH$m AÜ``Z dëb^mMm ©Ho$ {ZarjU_| hþAm Wm, {\$a ^r gåàXm`_| BZHo$a{MV "gmYZXr{nH$m' Zm_H$ J«ÝWH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÝ` H$moB© J«ÝW Zht {_bVm h¡`h ~‹S>o AmíM ©H$s ~mV h¡. BZH$s nËZr lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ {ZË`brbà{dï> hmoZoHo$níMmÎm AnZo {nVmHo$ Ka X{jU nYma JBª Wr Eogm naånamgo à»`mV h¡8. gå^dh¡, CZHo$ gmW lrJmonrZmWOr {da{MV AÝ` J«ÝW ^r X{jU Mbo J o hm|.

Ohm§ VH$ AZw_mZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, lrJmonrZmWOr gab Am¡a gmpÎdH$OrdZHo$ AmJ«hr ì`pŠV Wo. BZ na lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ Ë`mJ_` OrdZ Am¡aVnñ`m H$m à^md A{YH$ n‹S>m Wm. do A{YH$m§e AS>ob, MaUmQ> AWdm JmoHw$b_| EH$mÝV {Zdmg {H$`m H$aVo Wo.

{ZË`brbmŸ-ŸàdoeŸ: nwÌHo$ {ZË`brbmñW hmoZoHo$ níMmV² AmnZo gåàXm`H$m CÎmaXm{`Ë`

lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$mo gm¢n Am¡a g§. 1620 _| `mÌmW© Mbo J o. OJXrenwar_| OmZona Amn lrOJXreHo$ _wIma{dÝX_| brZ hmo J`o. g§. 1595 _| ^r BZH$m{ZË`brbmŸ-Ÿàdoe _mZm OmVm h¡, Omo CŠV J«ÝWgo {déÕ n‹S>Vm h¡.

1.ŸEH$ OJh OÝ_Ÿ-Ÿg§dV² Bg àH$ma {X`m h¡Ÿ-Ÿ {VZHo$ OoR>o nwÌ h¢ Xr{jV JmonrZmWŸ&

27 28

g§dV nÝÐh gÎmam Amgmo Xg_r gmWŸ&&6Ÿ&&(Ÿg§. 1570 AmpídZ 10Ÿ) {VZHo$ nwéfmoÎm_ ^ o gË`m H$Ý`m Om{ZŸ& nw{Z AmJo nyaZ `mo A~ XyOo H$mo _m{ZŸ&&7Ÿ&&

(ŸH${d OJZÝXH¥$V d§emdbr g§. 1781Ÿ)2.Ÿ`Xw. {X. 533.Ÿ`Xw.Ÿ{X. nÌ 55Ÿ_| Bg {df`_| Omo {bIm h¡ CgH$m A{^àm` h h¡Ÿ:

""lrdëb^mMm ©Ho$ AZÝVa lrJmonrZmWOr CZH$s _`m©XmH$m nmbZH$aVo hþE AmMm © qghmgZ na {~amO_mZ Am¡a d¡îUdmo Ûmam ny{OV hmoH$a mJdVY_©H$m àMma H$aZo bJo. lrJmonmb_ÝÌH$m nwaíMaU H$aVo hþE AmnZolrZmWOrH$s godm H$s. BgHo$ ~mX AnZo nwÌH$mo {nV¥ì`Ho$ nmg N>mo‹S>H$aOJÝZmWOr_| OmH$a CZHo$ _wI_| à{dï> hmo J o. CZHo$ nwÌ nwéfmoÎm_OrH$mo ~mbH$OmZH$a d¡îUdm|Zo lr{dQ²R>bZmWOrH$mo AmMm © ~Zm`m. Bggo JmonrZmWOrHo$ ~hþOrAnZo AmMm ©MaUHo$ nwñVH$, YZ Am{X boH$a X{jU_| Mbr JBª''.

Bg_| nwÌgo nhbo {nVmHo$ JV hmo OmZoH$s ~mV H$hm§ VH$ àm_m{UH$ _mZr Om gH$Vr h¡,H$hm Zht Om gH$Vm.

4.Ÿg§. H$. 535.ŸEH$ àmMrZ d§emdbr_| BZH$m OÝ_ g§.Ÿ1597 mÐ dXr 8 {_bVmŸh¡.

6.Ÿg§. H$. (ŸnÌ 62 Am¡a 65Ÿ) _| nwéfmoÎm_OrH$m OÝ_ g§. 1608 Am¡a `kmon{dV g§.1615 (Ÿ`XwZmWOrHo$ OÝ_ ~mXŸ) {X`m h¡. Bg {df`_| gåàXm` H$ënÐw_H$mo àm_m{UH$_mZZo na `h ñdrH$ma H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ lrnwéfmoÎm_OrH$m XohmÝV 12Ÿd| df© hþAm.{d.g§. 1589Ÿ_| OÝ_ _mZZogo ApÝV_ g_` (1620)Ÿ_| BZH$s AdñWm 31 df©H$shmoVr h¡. ...

7.Ÿ{dQ²R>bZmWOrZo Omo nÌ ñdH$s` Á oð> «mVmH$mo {bIo Wo, CZ_|go EH$ Bg àH$ma h¡. ñdpñV lr_‚`oð >^ «mV ¥MaUH$_bof w `dr`gm o {dQ ²R >bñ`

àUm_H$mo{Q>{ZdoXH$mo A`§ nÌXyV:. Ah§ ^JdXmk`m amgmoËgdn`©ÝV§lrJmodÕ©ZMaUma{dÝX{ZH$Q>o pñWVmo Apñ_. h[aÛma§ àË`mkm Z OmVo{V Z JV_².AÌ __m AñdmñÏ`§ ~hþ OmV_² AmgrV². CndmgXeH§$ H¥$V_². AYwZm^JdËH¥$n`m M Z¡éÁ § OmV_² ApñV, H$m{n {MÝVm Z H$m`m©. AŠH$m-Aå_m-AÎmmMaUofw ZV`:. AŠH$m Wm Xw:I§ Z H$amo{V __ AñdmñÏ § lwËdm VmÑH²$H$V©ì`_². ^dVm{n H$m{n {MÝVm Z H$m`m© __ ^Jd{V gd©Ì. `mXdoÝÐnw[afw

~«÷mZÝXofw Xr{jVofw h[aha-ZmJZmW-My‹S>m{Xfw Z_ñH$mam:. X. {dîUwXmgm{XfwAm{ef:. AÌË` d¡îUdmZm§ ZV`:.

(Ÿ"ewÕmÛ¡V' df© 2 A‘> 6Ÿ)8.Ÿ`Xw. {X. nÌ 559.Ÿg. à. 8610.Ÿg§. 1862 H$s {b{IV dmVm©H$s nwñVH$_| lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ _wIdMZH$s 8 dmVm©E§ CnbãY

hmoVr h¢.11.Ÿg§. à. _“bmMaU íbmoH$ 3 Ÿ)

29 30

Ÿ&& dmVm©gm{hË`_| lrJmonrZmWOr Ÿ&&

&& 84 d¡îUdZ²H$s dmVm© Ÿ&&

dmVm© :Ÿ38 àg“ 1 Am¡a EH$ g_o lrAmMm ©Or A‹S>ob_| {~amOV hVo. gmo EH$ {XZ ^ÊS>marZo

lrAmMm ©Orgm| H$hr _hmamOŸ! AmO ^ÊS>ma_| grYmo-gm_mZ H$Ny> Zmht h¡. V~lrAmMm ©Or EH$ gmoZoH$s H$Q>moar lrR>mHw$aOrHo$ _pÝXa_|V| bmB {X o. Am¡a H$ho,AmOwHo$ bm`H$ amO^moJ n ©ÝVH$s gm_J«r bo Amdmo, A{YH$ _{V bmB`mo. `h~{Z`mHo$ `hm§ H$Q>moar JhZ| ({Jadr) Y[a AmB`mo. V~ ^ÊS>mar goZoH$s H$Q>moar bo~{Z`mHo$ Bhm§ Y[a, amO^moJH$s gm_J«r g~ bm`mo. nmN>| gm_J«r H$[a lrR>mHw$aOrH$m|^moJ Y[a g_`mZwgma ^moJ gam` AmaVr H$[a AZmoga H$am`o. _hmàgmXlr`_wZmOr_| nYamB© {X`mo Am¡a ~mH$s Jm`Z²H$m| IdmB {X`mo. Amn, n[aH$a, gJaogodH$ g{hV yIo hr ~¡R> aho.

^mdàH$meŸ:Ÿgmo `h d¡îUdH$m| {gjm {X`o, Omo lrR>mHw$aOrH$s dñVw hmoB© gmod¡îUdH$m| boZmo Zmht, R>mHw$a AamoJ|. `h ar{V g~H$m| {gIm o.

Am¡a `hm§ qghZÝXHo$ gJao d¡îUd {_{bHo$ lrAmMm ©OrH$s oQ>H$s _mohm¡aVrg hVr gmo dmgwXodXmg N>H$‹S>mH$m| XrZr. Omo o lrAmMm ©OrH$m| nhm|MVr hmoBVmo AmN>mo. V~ dmgwXodXmg d¡amJrH$mo of Y[a, gJar _mohm¡aH$m| bmIHo$ Jmobm,gm{bJ«m_ O¡go, H$[a MÝXZ M‹T>mdV Mbo. ... _mJ©_| Mmoa, R>J {_bo gmo OmZoOmo ~¡amJr h¡, gm{bJ«m_ nyOV OmV h¡. Vrgao {XZ, Vrgao àha, Om {XZ lrAmMm ©OryIo ~¡R>o aho, Vm {XZ A‹S>ob Am o. gmo Jm_ ~m{ha AmB© bmIH$mo Jmobm \$mo[a,

_mohm¡a H$m{‹T> Am`o. lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^yZ²H$m| {X`mo, _mohm¡a Vrg AmJo Yar._hmà wZ²gm| {~ZVr {H$ o, _hmamOŸ! qghZÝXHo$ d¡îUdZ²H$s oQ> h¢. V~ lrAmMm ©OrH$ho, dmgwXodXmgŸ! BVZr _mohm¡a Vy H¡$go bm`moŸ? _mJ©_| Mmoa-R>J ~hmoV h¢Ÿ? V~dmgwXodXmgZo H$hr, _hamOŸ! h ~mV Vmo _¢ Z H$hÿ§Jmo, Amnw IrOmoJo gw{ZHo$. V~

lrAmMm ©Or _hmà w H$h¡, h_ Voao Cna àgÝZ hm|Jo, Z IrO|Jo. O¡go bm`mo gmoH${h Xo. V~ dmgwXodXmgZo g~ àH$ma H$ømo Omo bmIH$mo Jmobm H$[a, MÝXZM ‹T > mdV Am`m o . V~ lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^w H$h o, E ogo Z H$[a`o.^JdËñdê$nH$mo AmH$ma H$[a nmN>| AÝ`Wm H$aZmo n‹S>o. V~ dmgwXodXmgZoH$hr, _hamOŸ! H$Ny> à{Vð>m H$ar Z hVr. bmIH$mo Jmobm ~m§Ü`mo hVmo. V~lrAmMm ©Or _hmà w H$h|, VD$ Eogo Z H$[a o. nmN>| ^ÊS>m[aH$m| ~wbm` Vrg_mohm¡a lrAmMm ©Or _hmà w {X o. Am¡a H$h| _“bmV| bo e`Z n ©ÝVH$s gm_J«rbo H$Q>moar Nw>‹S>mB bo Amdmo. nmN>| lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^w e`Z n`©ÝV nhm|{MlrR>mHw$aOrH$m| AZmoga H$am` Amn ^moOZ {H$ o. Vm nmN>| lrAŠH$mOr Am{XgJao n[aH$a ^moOZ {H$`o. V~ dmgwXodXmgH$m| _hmàgmXH$s nmVa Yar, gJaogodH$ d¡îUd _hmàgmX {b o. ...

dmVm© : 38 àg“ 2 Am¡a EH$ g_` lrAmMm ©Or _hmà yZ²Ho$ ~‹S>o nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr AmJao

nYmao. gmo lrJwgm§BOrH$s oQ> gm¡ _mohm¡a hVr gmo d¡îUd lrJmonrZmWOrH$m| XrZr.BVZohr_| qghZÝXgm| dmgwXodXmg N>H$‹S>m AmJao Am o. Vm g_` lrJmonrZmWOrZoH$hr Omo Eogmo H$moB© d¡îUd h¡ Omo o gm¡ _mohm¡a A‹S>ob nhm|MmdoŸ? V~ dmgwXodXmgZoH$hr Omo _hmamOŸ! _moH$m| XoC, _¢ nhm|MmD§$Jmo. V~ lrJmonrZmWOr lrJwgm§B©OrH$m|nÌ {b{I {X`mo. Am¡a gm¡ _mohm¡a dmgwXodXmg N>H$‹S>mH$m| XrZr. V~ dmgwXodXmgd¡go hr bmIH$mo Jmobm H$[a MÝXZ M‹T>mdV d¡amJr ofgm| Mbo. gmo Vrgao {XZA‹S>ob AmB©, bmI_|Vo _mohm¡a {ZH$mgr, lrJwgm§B©OrH$m| AmB© XÊS>dV H$[a,lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo nÌ XoHo$ gm¡ _mohm¡a AmJo Yar. V~ lrJwgm§B©Or nÌH$m| ~m§{M_mohm¡a g§ m[a ^ÊS>m[aH$m| {X o. nmN>| dmgwXodXmgH$m| _hmàgmX {bdm o. Vm nmN>|Xygao {XZ _mohm¡aZ²H$s nhm|M Amn lrJwgm§B©Or {b{I dmgwXodXmgH$m| {X o. V~dmgwXodXmg lrJwgm§B©OrH$mo XÊS>dV² H$[a A‹S>ob V| Mbo. gmo Vrgao {XZ AmJaoAm` lrJwgm§B©OrH$mo nÌ lrJmonrZmWOrH$m| dmgwXodXmg {X o. V~ lrJmonrZmWOrdh nÌ ~m§{MHo$ dmgwXodXmg D$na ~hmoV àgÝZ ^ o. nmN>| nyN>o, Omo BVZr _mohm¡a_mJ©_| AHo$bo H¡$go Vw_ bo J o dmgwXodXmgŸ! gmo àH$ma Vmo h_gm| H$hmoŸ? V~dmgwXodXmg g~ àH$ma lrJmonrZmWOr gm| H$h|. V~ lrJmonrZmWOr dmgwXodXmggm| H$ho, Omo Eogo H$~hÿ Z H$[a o.

31 32

Ÿ&&ŸKédmVm©Ÿ&&

EH$ g_` lr_hmà wOr erVH$mbHo$ {XZ_| {nN>br amÌHy§$ D${R>Ho$ XohH¥$Ë`H$[aHo$ Vob bJmdV hVo. V~ lrJmonrZmWOr ñZmZ H$[aHo$ Anag_| AmnHo$ nmgAm`Ho$ R>mT>o ^E. V~ Amn lr_hmà yZ²Z| {dZgm| H$ømo Omo Vw_ _pÝXa_| Om`Ho$lrR>mHw$aOrH$m| OJmdmo. V~ lrJmonrZmWOr qH$dm‹S> Imo{bHo$ AmJo JE. gmo Vhm§R>mT>o a{hHo$ XoIo Vmo lrZmWOr ^a{ZÐm_| nm¡T>o h|. V~ lrJmonrZmWOrZo Am`Ho$Amngm| H$ømo Omo lrR>mHw$aOr Vmo ^a{ZÐm_| nm¡T>o h¢, Ho$g| H$ê§$Ÿ? V~ AmnZolrJmonrZmWOrgm| H$hr Omo Vw_ EH$ {N>Z ^a R>mT>o ahmo. nmN>| _pÝXa_| Om`Ho$hmWH$s Vmar ~Om`Ho$ lrHw§$ OJmdmo. H$maU Omo ~«÷_whÿV© ^E nmN>| lrR>mHw$aOrH$m|OJmdZ| `m ^m§{VH$s _`m©Xm ho. VmV| Adí` OJmdZ|. lrAmMm ©Or _hmà wOrVmo {ZOñdê$nH$mo àH$ma g~ OmZo h|. Vmgm| lrZmWOrH$m| Vmar ~Om`Ho$ OJm`doH$sAmkm {X o.

(ŸKédmVm© 6Ÿ)

EH$ g_` lrJmonrZmWOrZ| lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^yZ²gm| {dZVr H$ar Omo_hmamO lrÛm[aH$mZmWOrH$m| AnZo Ka nYamd|Ÿ?

V~ Amn lrJmonrZmWOrgm| H$h| Omo Vw_H$mo ~hþV nmÌŸ-Ÿgm_J«rŸ-ŸJhoZmXo{IHo$ bmo ^`mo hmo JmoŸ!

V~ lrJmonrZmWOrZ| H$hr Omo _hmamO AmnHo$ d§e_| àJQ> hmo Jmo gmo Vmobmo Z H$aoJmo, n[a h_H$m| Vmo godmhrH$s BÀN>m hmoV ho, VmV| Amngm| `h {~ZVrH$ar ho. V~ g~ d¡îUdH$m| gwZm`doH$m| lrAmMm`©Or lr_wIgm| `h ~mVlrJmonrZmWOrgm| H$h| OmoŸ:

_oao d§e_| AWdm _oamo H$hm`Ho$ Omo H$moB© JdX²Ðì` Im`JmoVmH$mo d§e {Z_y©b hmo Jmo, `h _oar Amkm h¡.

(ŸKédmVm© 7Ÿ) nmN>| O~ lrAmMm ©OrH$m| lrR>mHw$aOrZ| Vrgar Amkm XrZr Omo A~ nYmamo,

V~ Amn {~amM {H$ o Omo A~ H$moZ àH$magm| nYmaZm|. V~ _Z_| {~Mma| Omo A~

g§Ý`mg J«hU H$aZm|. H$mhoV|, Omo ~«m÷UH$mo ñdê$n Y`m} ho VmV| ~«m÷UH$m| Mm`m]Aml_Z²H$mo A“rH$ma H$aZmo. àW_ Vmo AmnZo ~«÷M`m©l_H$mo A“rH$ma {H$`mohVmo. O~ lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo VWm lrJwgm§B©OrH$mo àmJQ>ç ^`mo V~bm| J¥hñWml_raho; gmo dëb^m»`mZ_| JmonmbXmgOr Jmo o h| ""nyaU ~«÷ lrbú_UgwV nwéfmoÎm_lr{dÆ>bZmW; lrJmoHw$b_m§ àJQ> nYm`m© ñdOZ H$sYm gZmW''. \o$[a dmZàñWml_{H$ o. gmo Vmo gmjmV² B©ídahrgm| ~Zo Omo g~ nXmW© {dÚ_mZ² ho Amoa {VZgm| d¡am½`hmo . nmN>| {~Mm[aHo$ Amn g§Ý`mg J«hUH$s Amkm AmnH$s Y_©nËZr lr_hmbú_rOrHo$nmg _m§Jr. ... Amn g§Ý`mg J«hU H$[aHo$ H$mer nYmao. dhm§ Om`Ho$ AmnZoAÝZ, Ob Amoa gå^mfU o VrZm| dñVwH$mo Ë`mJ {H$ o. nmN>| _m¡Zd«V YmaU {H$ oAm¡a Ü`mZ_wÐmgm| aho. gmo g§dV² 1587 Ho$ AfmT> H¥$îU 2 CamÝV 3 Ho$ {XZAmnZo {~Mmar Omo AmO _Ü`môZH$mb_| lrJ“mOr_| Om` lr^JdmZ²Ho$ Ym_H$m|OmZmo. Ego_| {dZHo$ nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr VWm lr{dÆ>bZmWOr ghHw$Qw>å~-n[admaVWm g~ godH$OZZ²H$m| g§J boH|$ lrAmMm ©OrH$s ImoO H$aV-H$aV H$merOr_|_Ü`môZH$mb_| Am` nhþ§Mo. ... V~ AmnHo$ nwÌZ²Z| àUm_ nyd©H$ {dZVr H$ar Omo_hmamOŸ! A~ h_H$m| H$hm Amkm hoŸ? Vm g_o AmnHy§$ Vmo _m¡Z d«V hVmo, VmV|gÄkm H$[aHo$ Yyb_| A§Jwbrgm| {ejmHo$ gmS>o VrZ íbmoH$ AmnZo AnZo lrhñVgm|{bIo.

(ŸKédmVm© 10Ÿ) Mma ñdê$n ^JdËñdê$n_| brZ ^ o gmo `m ar{Vgm| Omo 1.ŸlrAmMm ©Or

_hmà^w lrJ“mOrHo$ àdmh_|; 2.Ÿ(ŸlrJmonrZmWOrHo$ nwÌŸ) lrnwéfmoÎm_OrH$m|lrZmWOrZo hmW nH$[aHo$ AnZr brbm_| nYam`; 3.ŸlrJmonrZmWOr Amn lrOJXrenYmao hVo Vhm§ lr~bXodOrHo$ ñdê$n_| brZ ^`o VWm 4.Ÿlr{J[aYaOrlr_WwamZmWOrHo$ _wIma{dÝX_| g_m` J o-Ÿ`m ar{Vgm| g~ brbm_| nYmao.

(ŸKédmVm© 12Ÿ)

Ÿ&&Ÿ{ZOdmVm©Ÿ&& AmnHo$ ~‹S>o nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr lrMaUm{Ð_| Am` aho h| Ohm§ lrJ“mOr

~hV h|. Vhm§ MaUnhmS>r_| lr^JdmZ²Ho$ MaU{MôZ {~amOV h| dmhrgy§ "aUm{Ð'Zm_ {d»`mV ^`mo. dmHo$ lrJmonrZmWOrZo XaeZ H$aHo$ H$Ny>H$ dm Jm_V| Xy[a

33 34

gwÝXa ñWmZ ~m§{YHo$ AmnZo {Zdmg {H$`mo. lrJwgm§B©OrHo$ àmJQ>çHo$ nrN>o AmnlrMaUm{Ð_| WmoS>o hr {XZ {~amOo. \o$[a nmN>| AS>obHo$ g_rn Xod{f©Jm_, AmnAnZo {nVm lrAmMm`©Or _hmà^yZ²Ho$ nmg àmMrZ J¥h_| {~amOo. dhm§lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo CnZ`Z H$ao. nrN>| lr_YwgyXZ gañdVr ñdm_rHo$ nmg {dÚmnT>mB©.

(Ÿ{ZOdmVm©àg“ 36Ÿ)

&& ~¡R>H$M[aÌ Ÿ&&

A~ lrAmMm ©Or _hmà yZ²H$s ~¡R>H$ AS>ob_| ho. Vhm§ Amn dmg H$[aHo${~amOo. gmo lrZdZrV{à`OrH$s godm H$aVo. Vhm§ {ZË` _m`mdmXr AmdVo gmolrAmMm ©Or _hà yZ²gm| MMm© H$aVo. V~ Amn {dZH$m| {ZéÎma H$[a XoVo. nmN>|Amn _Z_| {~Mmao Omo _mVm Bëb_mJméOrH$mo _Z godm_| ~hþV ho naÝVw ~«÷gå~ÝY{dZm godmH$mo A{YH$ma Zmht ho VmV| _mVmH$m| ~«÷gå~ÝY Ho$g| H$am`mo Om`Ÿ! V~lrAmMm ©Or AmnZo lrZdZrV{à`Orgm| {dZVr H$ar Omo Amn h_mar _mVmOrH$m|~«÷gå~ÝY H$am` XrOmo. ... V~ lrZdZrV{à`OrZ| {dZHo$ hñV_| Vwbgr XB© gmoXygao ñdê$nHo$ MaUma{dÝX_| {ZdoXZ H$adm`H|$ g_n}. nmN>| lrZdZrV{à`Or_mVm Bëb_mJméOrgm| |Q> _m§Jr. Vm g_` {dZHo$ H$ÊR>_| Omo _moVrZ²H$s _mbmhVr gmo lrZdZrV{à`OrH$m| ^oQ> H$sZr. ... V~ lrAmMm`©OrZo _mVmBëb_mJméOrgm| H$hr Omo A~ Vw_ gwIoZ godm {H$`mo H$amo. Vm {XZgm| _mVmBëb_mJméOr lrZdZrV{à`OrH$s godm_| ÝhmVo. Ho$VoH$ {XZ nmN>| lrAmMm ©OrHo$Bhm§ lrJmonrZmWOrH$mo àmXw m©d ^`mo. V~ ~S>mo A{Zd©MZr` gwI ^`mo.

(ŸAS>¡bH$s ~¡R>H$ 83ŸH$mo M[aÌŸ)

Ÿ&& gåàXm`àXrn Ÿ&&

EH$Xm J“mVrao dgV: lrdëb^ñ` Á oð>gwVlrJmonrZmWñ` OÝ_{Z OmVo,^JdËgodm§ Hw$dm©Uñ` n¥ð>o [a“_mU{eemo: ñne©: g_O{Z, godm`m§ MoVmo ì`J«_ yV².VXm ñd^m`m©`¡ H«w$Õ:Ÿ-Ÿ""Ëd`m H$ñ_mpÀN>ewZ© aú`Vo''Ÿ? n˳`mhŸ-Ÿ{eew:gwßVmo@pñV. VÀM[aV_{n ^JdXr § _Ëdm VyîUr_mgrV². ...VV: {H$`Vm H$mboZÁ oð>nwÌmo JmonrZmW: nwéfmoÎm__mgmÚ ñdê$n_dmn VËnwÌ: nwéfmoÎm_m»`íM.^mdmW©Ÿ:

àW_ nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOrHo$ OÝ_ hmo OmZoHo$ Hw$N> {XZm| ~mX O~ lrdëb^mMm ©`mÌm H$aVo hþE d«O_ÊS>bH$s Amoa Am aho Wo, V~ _mJ©_| {dlm_Ho${b o J“mŸ-ŸVQ> na pñWV hmoH$a EH$ {XZ do ^JdËgodm H$a aho Wo. Cg g_` CÝh| Eogm kmVhþAm {H$ ~mbH$ _oar nrR>H$m ghmam boH$a I‹S>m hmo ahm h¡. godm_| ì`J«{MÎmVmhmo OmZogo do AnZr nËZrH$mo ~mbH$H$s XoIŸ-ŸaoI Z H$aVo hmoZoH$m Cnmbå^ XoZobJo, na àË wÎma_| `h gwZH$a {H$ ""~mbH$ Vmo H$^r H$m gmo m hþAm h¡, dhAmnHo$ nmg H$hm§ go Am`JmŸ!'' CÝh| ~‹S>m H$m¡VwH$ hþAm. AÝV_| Bgo ^JdmZ²~mbH¥$îUH$s brbm g_PH$a do nyd©dV² VëbrZVmgo AM©Zm H$aZo bJo. ...AmMm ©MaUm|Ho$ AZÝVa Hw$N> g_` VH$ CZHo$ Á oð> nwÌ lrJmonrZmWOr gåàXm`H$sajm H$aVo aho. AÝV_| do OJÝZmWYm__| OmH$a ^Jd{ÛJ«h_| brZ hmo J o. CZHo$`wdmnwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm_OrHo$ ^r JmobmoH$dmg hmo OmZo na nw{ï>gåàXm`H$m ^malr{dQ²R>bZmWOr na Am`m.

(Ÿn§. JXmYaXmg {ÛdoXr {da{MV gmZwdmX "gåàXm`àXrn' MVwW© àH$aUŸ)

Ÿ&& lrJmonrZmWOrH$s ~YmB© Ÿ&&

amJ gma“AmpídZ d{X ÛmXer gw J {XZ lrbú_Z gwVHo$ gwV Om`moŸ&&hbYaê$n Xo{I lrdëb^ _hmJ{UH$ ~wbdm`moŸ&&1Ÿ&&b½Z gwYm` g~o J«h gwÝXa _Z-hr-_Z A{V haI ~T>m`moŸ&&Hw$b àmo{hV ~wbdm` haIgm| ñdpñV dmMZ nT>dm`moŸ&&2Ÿ&&

35 36

OmV H$_© Aé Zm_ H$aU H$[a "lrJmonrZmW' Zm_ Yadm`moŸ&&XoV Agrg {dà _ÝÌZ n{T> lrdëb^ XrZmo _Z ^m`moŸ&&3Ÿ&&{H$ o AOmMH$ Jw{UZH$m| _ZdmpÄN>V nyaZ H$adm`moŸ&&A{V CXma lrbú_UZÝXZ XoV g~Z _Z ^m`moŸ&&4Ÿ&&lrAS>obnwa_| A{V AmZÝX C_½`mo Zmqh g_m`moŸ&&da»`mo Amn MaUŸA{Ðna AZV Z H$mhÿ nm`moŸ&&5Ÿ&&KaŸ-ŸKa VmoaU ~ÝXZ_mbm O`Ÿ-ŸO` Yw{Z CnOm`moŸ&&a{gH$Xmg A{V XrZ-hrZ_{V H$hm OmZo Og Jm`moŸ&&6Ÿ&&

amJ ZQ>lrbú_UgwV J«h ~OV ~YmBŸ&&àJQ>o lrJmonrZmW àW_ gwV g‘>f©Udnw _mBŸ&&1Ÿ&&N>ÝXê$n Zaê$n _Zmoha H$sZr OJ XagmBŸ&&H$mo{Q> AZ“ amo_-amo_Z à{V _{h_m doXZ JmBŸ&&2Ÿ&&A{V CXma H$éUm_` AjU CJ« àVmn ghmBŸ&&Ego Om{Z eaU Am`mo `h a{gH$Xmg {ga ZmBŸ&&3Ÿ&&

KaŸ-ŸKa AmZÝX hmoV ~YmBŸ&&lrdëb^J¥h àJQ> ^ o h| JmonrZmW Hw§$da gwIXmBŸ&&1Ÿ&&YÝ`-YÝ` Amgmo dX {XZ ÛmXgr YÝ`-YÝ` dma ZjÌ H$hmBŸ&&Y{Z-Y{Z m½` Iwbo ŠVZHo$ YÝ`-YÝ` Hw§$I AŠH$mOy _mBŸ&&2Ÿ&&_“b H$be {~amOV Ûmao ~ÝXZdma ~§YmBŸ&&Hw§$Hw$_ AjV Wma hmW bo JmdV dYyAZ AmBŸ&&Q>rH$mo H$aV {ZhmaV lr_wI dmaV AmaVr bmoZ H$amBŸ&&OwJŸ-ŸOwJ amO H$amo `h T>moQ>m XoV Agrg g~| _Z ^mBŸ&&Oo OoH$ma ^`mo {Ì wdZ_| Xod XwÝXw{^ ZmX ~OmBŸ&&

lrdëb^gwV MaZH$_baO H¥$îUXmg ZmoN>mda nmBŸ&&5Ÿ&&

lrdëb^gwV àW_ àJQ>o,brbmag^md JwßV Oo-Oo lrJmonrZmW ^ŠVZ gwIXmBŸ&&JmdV h| doX Mma VmoC Z Amdo nma

_{h_mH$mo H$hr Z gHo$ {ÛOd§e amBŸ&&1Ÿ&&nw{ï>nW H$aZ H$mO àJQ>o h| y{_ AmO

JmdV g~ d«OOZ {_b _“b ~YmBŸ&&h[aXmg ~§g Jmdo ~hþV ~YmB nmdo

XoIV {ÌbmoH$ g~ ~bŸ-Ÿ~b OmBŸ&&3Ÿ&&

Ÿ

37 38

&& lrnwéfmoÎm_OrH$s ~YmB© Ÿ&&amJ gma§J

lrdëb^gwVHo$ gwV àJQ>o n[anyaZ nwéfmoÎm_ Zm_Ÿ&&lrJmonrZmW {Za{I _Z \y$bo _“b JmdV Mhþ§{Xe dm_Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&A{V AmZÝX ~T>çmo nwa g~hr Oo-Oo Yw{Z Mhÿ§{Xe CnOmB©Ÿ&&{dà doXYw{Z nT>V gwaZ Vo XoV Agrg Or`mo {Ma _mB©Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&lrJmonrZmW XoV g~{hZH$m| nQ>- yfZ-Jmo- y-YZ-Ym_Ÿ&&nyaV gH$b _ZmoaW OZHo$ a{gH$Xmg H$sZmo naUm_Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

amJ Zm`H$s àJQ>o lrdëb^ gwVHo$ nwéfmoÎm_ `h Zm_Ÿ&&AmpídZŸH¥$îU Aï>_r ew {XZ à_mZ lrŸnm` {H$ o ew H$m_Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&~mOV T>mob XwÝXw r _wabr ~rZ _¥X“ g_mOŸ&&Z¥Ë` H$aV Za-Zmar _w{XV _Z H$hV ahmo YaZrna JmOŸ&&2Ÿ&&Xod Hw$gw_ ~aImdV Mhþ§{Xe Oo-Oo ~mobV H$ao {ea Zm_Ÿ&&a{gH$Xmg H$hm ~aZr gHo$ JwZ g~{hZHo$ n[anyaU H$m_Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

39 40

lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|H$s lrOJÝZmWnw[aH$s `mÌmH$mA{VàmMrZ Vm‹S>nÌ‘| C{‹S>`m ^mfm‘|CnbãY hmoVo dU©ZH$m {hÝXr AZwdmX

na‘ ^mJdV na‘ d ¡ îUd lr lr lr dëb^mMm` ©H w $bm oX ²^dlr‘X²JmonrZmWmMm`© Jmoñdm‘r, lrnwéfmoÎm‘joÌo JOn{V ‘hmamOmHo$ gm‘ZoY‘©ì`m»`mZ XoVo hþdo ({eamonm) {eaómU boH$a gå‘m{ZV hmo aho h¢.

nwéfmoÎm‘‘| AH$mb nS>m. YmZ Z hþB©, nmZr Z {‘bo, ~hþV AZW© hmoZo bJo.‘Zwî`H$m ‘m§g ‘Zwî` ImZo bJo. H$moB© {H$grH$s Z ‘mZVm. Omo nhbo H$^r ZhthþAm Wm Eogm amoJ ~{S> (h¡OmH$s Vah EH$ amoJ) ’¡$b J`m. Cg g‘` dS>gÝW‘R>‘| Jwé am‘Xmg Jwé Wo. ~rS>mZgrHo$ ‘hml‘ am‘XmgOrH$mo H$hm Amn Jwé h¢.AmnHo$ ahVo g‘` Š`m ~XboJm Zht Bgr g‘` lrdëb^mMm ©Ho$ {eî` JmonrZmWAmMm © Am o. dh na‘ ^m½`embr nwéf Wo. à{V{XZ earana H$ñVyarH$m bonbJmVo Wo. na‘ gwÝXa AmMm © JmonrZmWOr Am o h¢ `h OmZH$a amOm ~hþV gÝVwï>hþE. ’$bmhmar ‘R>‘| {ZdmgH$m à~ÝY {H$`m. y{‘XmZ {H$`m. AH$mbHo$ ~mao‘|H$hm. g~Zo H$hm dh CÕma H$a b|Jo. JmonrZmWOrHo$ H$hVo hr ~agmV hmoZo bJr.OZ-‘mZd gÝVwï> hþE. h¡Om J`m. amOm na‘ gÝVmofgo CÝh| OwbygHo$ gmWnwéfmoÎm‘ ‘pÝXa (OJÝZmWOrH$m ‘pÝXa) bo J o. CZgo doXmÝV gwZm. Bg Y‘©J«ÝWH$moldU H$a g~ ‘w½Y hþE. amOmH$mo gÝVmof hþAm. AH$mb J`m. gwH$mb Am`m. EogoXg {XZ ahZoHo$ ~mX do ~mhþbm ‘R> J o. dhm§ `moJ‘mJ© àXe©Z {H$`m. gÝV-‘hÝV Am o. amOmZo H$hm Amn Jwé h¢.

CÝhm|Zo H$hm h‘ d¡îUd h¢. h‘ j{Ì`H$mo {eî` H¡$go ~Zm |. amOmZo H$hmHw$N> y{‘ J«hU H$a `hm§ ‘R> ñWm{nV H$a|. CÝhm|Zo Odm~ {X`m ""h‘ H$ht AmoaOm |Jo. h‘| {dÎmgo Š`m à`moOZ h¡. h‘| JmoHw$bMÝÐZo g~ Hw$N> {X`m h¡. h‘ `hm§^y{‘ boH$a Š`m H$a|Jo. Bgo ~«m÷UH$mo Xo Xr{O`o'' Eogm H$hm. amOmZo CÝh|dóemR>r (EH$ VahH$m dó) XoH$a Owbyg {ZH$bdm`m Am¡a ZJaH$m ^«‘UH$am`m. {’$a do CÎmaH$mo Mbo J o. BgHo$ ~mX gwI‘`Xmg gÝVZo àdoe {H$`m.

41 42

43 44

lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ nwÌ lrnwéfmoÎm‘OrH$slrOJÝZmWnw[aH$s `mÌmH$m A{VàmMrZ Vm‹S>nÌ‘|

C{‹S>`m ^mfm‘| CnbãY hmoVo dU©ZH$m {hÝXr AZwdmX

... {ebm{b{n H$adm`m. Bg Xod‘R>‘| Hw$N> {XZ ~mX AnZo gåàXm`H$moloð> {H$`m. ’$bmhmar ‘R>‘| ahH$a loð>ËdHo${b`o {dîUwñdm‘r gåàXm`Ho$ O¡gogodm{YH$ma Wo d¡go hr godm{YH$ma àmßV H$aZoHo${b`o ZmZm {d^y{V`m§ {XImB©,`m¡{JH$ {d y{V`m§ {XImBª. amOH$‘©Mmar`m|Zo H$hm, `hm§ AÝ` {d y{V`m|H$m H$moB©‘Vb~ Zht h¡. ^moJ hr ‘yb h¡.

CÝhm|Zo O~ H$hm {H$ ~«÷aÝY« `m XmoZm| «mohm|Ho$ ~rM‘| H$nmbmÝV VH$ OmoaŠVdU©H$s Á`mo{V h¡ dht amYm-‘mYd H«$sS>m H$aVo h¢. Bg{b o h‘mao gåàXm`ZoaŠVdU©H$m D$Üd©nwÊS´> J«hU {H$`m. Vmo g~ bmoJm|Zo H$hm, `h R>rH$ h¡.

Eogo dëb^mMm ©Ho$ {eî` nwéfmoÎm‘mMm © Am o. do loð> h¢ Eogm XyVm|Zo amOmH$moH$hm. amOmZo H$hm BZHo$ Hw$bJwéAm|H$mo h‘ OmZVo h¢. Bgr gåàXm`Ho$ JmonrZmWAmMm © Am o Wo, A~ o Am o h¢. BZH$m ‘R> "’$bmhmar' ‘R>Ho$ Zm‘go nhbogohr {ZYm©[aV h¡. Cg ñWmZ‘| CZHo$ {ZdmgH$m ggå‘mZ à~ÝYH$a amOJwéAm|ZoH$hm, Amn AmMm ©{d y{V {XImB o.

do (AmMm © nwéfmoÎm‘) ~mobo : h‘ JmoHw$bMÝÐH$s CnmgZm H$aVo h¢ Am¡aJrVJmo{dÝX J«ÝWH$mo loð>Ëd XoVo h¢. h‘mao nmg g~ h¡. Xygam|Zo H$hm : JrVJmo{dÝXH$sVah e¥§JmaagmË‘H$ J«ÝW H¡$go loð> hmo gH$Vm h¡? AmMm`©Zo H$hm : na‘oídaqghmgZ na {~amO‘mZ h¡. Eogr ~mV gwZH$a amOm Mwn hmo J`o. Bgr g‘`d¡emIH$s Ì`moXer‘| MÝXZ`mÌmH$s Mmn (^JdmZH$mo Zmd‘| ~¡R>mH$a MÝXZHo$Vmbm~‘| Kw‘m`m OmVm h¡ Cgo "Mmn' H$hVo h¢) hmo ahr Wr. V^r AmMm © Xw:pIVhmo dmng Mbo J o. do O~ ‘wŠVoída‘| Wo V~ amOmH$mo ñdßZmXoe hþdm. amOmZoñdßZ XoIm {H$ na‘oída OJÝZmW XmoZm| hmWm|‘| e§I, MH«$ Am¡a Xygao hmWm|‘| doUw

YmaU {H$ o hþdo h¢. {MÝVm‘{U H¥$îUH$m ê$n XoIH$a amOm AmZpÝXV hmo CR>o. `hrAmMm`©Ûmam à{Vnm{XV {dJ«h Wm.

Bgr ê$n‘| H¥$îUHo$ {MÝVm‘{Uê$n ñdßZ‘| Xe©Z hþdm. Bg{b o MÝXZ`mÌm‘|gd©Xm à wH$m doe `hr hmoVm ahoJm. `h doe `m e¥§Jma loð> Wm. amOmHo$ 41d|df©‘| OJÝZmW dëb^‘R>‘| Ohm§ OJÝZmW Bï>ê$n‘| Wo, dhm§ nwéfmoÎm‘ AmMm ©Ho${dYmZ AZwgma H¥$îU {MÝVm‘{U ‘y{V© ‘wJ{Z nËWa‘| (EH$ VahH$m H$mbm {MH$ZmnËWa) JT>H$a h‘|emHo${b o ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m. `hm AmMm © loð>Ëd bm^H$aJmoHw$bH$s `mÌmna {ZH$b nSo>. Hw$N> {XZm| ~mX d¥ÕmMm © Zm‘H$ AmMm © Am o.

45 46

lrJmonrZmWà wMaUm|Ho$ à{Vlr{dÆ>boeà wMaU {bpIV nÌ

lrZdZrV{à`-‘WwamZmW-ÛmaH$mZmW-Jm odÕ©ZYa-{dÆ>boída-‘XZ‘mohZ-JmodÕ©ZYa-ZdZrV{à`-MaUm{dÝXofwAZwMañ` àUV`mo {ZdoXZr`:.

ñdpñV lr‘ÁÁ`oð>^«mV¥MaUH$‘bofw `dr`gmo {dQ²>R>bñ`àUm‘H$mo{Q>-{ZdoXH$mo@`§ nÌXyV:. e‘² Bh, ^mdËH$‘² Amemgo.Ah§ ^JdXmk`m amgmoËgdn`©ÝV§ lrJmodÕ©ZMaUma{dÝX{ZH$Q>opñWVmo@pñ‘. h[aÛma§ à{V Amkm Z OmVo{V Z JV‘². AÌ ‘‘ AñdmñÏ §~hþ OmV‘² AmgrV². CndmgXeH§$ H¥$V‘². AYwZm ^JdËH¥$n`mlr‘ËH¥$n`m M Z¡éÁ`§ OmV‘² ApñV, H$m{n {MÝVm Z H$m`m©.AŠH$m-Aå‘m-AÎmmMaUmofw ZV`:. AŠH$m `Wm Z Xw:I§ H$amo{V‘‘mñdmñÏ § lwËdm VmÑH²$ H$V©ì`‘². dVm{n H$m{n {MÝVm Z H$m`m©.‘‘ ^Jd{V gd©Ì. `mXdoÝÐnw[afw ~«÷mZÝXofw Xr{jVofw h[aha-ZmJZmW-My‹S>m{Xfw Z‘ñH$mam:. X. {dîUwXmgm{Xfw Am{ef:. AÌË`d¡îUdmZm§ ZV`:.

{Z ©a§ H«$sS>Vmoam{b ‘wXm Hw$ÄOo {ddmggmo:&AÝ`moÝ`ñ` à^¡dmgrX² AÝ`moÝ`‘w{MVm§ewH$‘²&&

A\® : õh[õs îu_h_usrâeÆ îud\yfp_p\Æ îuÜpfL$p_p\Æ 1îuNp¡h ®_^fîurh£g¡íhf îudv$_dp¡l_ 1îuNp¡h^®_^f 1îu_h_usrâeÆ _p QfZL$dmdp„A_yQf_p-k¡hL$_p âZpdp¡ r_h¡v$_ L$fip¡.

õh[õs îudÄÄe¡›$c°psp_p (—îuNp¡`u_p\Æ_p—) QfZL$dgp¡dp„ _p_prhV¹$W$g_p L$p¡qV$âZpdp¡_¡ Ap Óv|$s r_h¡v$_ L$f¡ R>¡. AÓ Ly$ig R>¡. Ap`_p Ly$ig_ulz„ Arcgpjp fpM„y R>„y.

l„z cNhv$pop\u fpkp¡Ðkh`e®Þs îuNp¡h ®_^f_p4 QfZpfrhÞv$ r_L$V$ füp¡Ry>„. lqfÜpf ârs S>hp_u Apop _ \C s¡\u S>hpe„y _\u. Al] d_¡ blz AõhpõÕe\ey„. v$i D`hpk L$ep®, lh¡ cNhÐL©$`p\u A_¡ Ap`_u L©$`p\u _ufp¡rNsp \CR>¡. L$p„C `Z rQÞsp L$fip¡ _rl. A½$pÆ5 AçdpÆ6 A_¡ AÑpÆ_¡7âZpd.dpf„y AõhpõÕe kp„cmu_¡ A½$pÆ_¡ vy$:M _ \pe s¡d L$fip¡. cNhp_¹ kh®Ó (—fnL$—) R>¡ s¡\u Ap` dpfu L„$C `Z rQÞsp L$fip¡ _rl. epv$h¡ÞÖ yfu. b°ûp_Þv$v$urns, lqflf, _pN_p\, Q|X$p Apqv$ kh®_¡ _dõL$pf; rhóÏv$pkpqv$ kh®_¡Apiuhp®v$. AÓ_p h¥óZhp¡_p âZpd.

l¡ krM—! Äepf¡ rhhpk âcy r_Ly$ÊS>dp„ õhrâepÆ kl âdp¡v$hX¡$ r_c®f¾$uX$p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ A¡L$—-—A¡L$\u âcp S> AÞep¡Þe h÷pÃR>pv$_ \C flu R>¡.

(—AÓ `Ó |Z® \pe R>¡—)

rhh¡Q_—:—Apfçcdp„ îuNp¡õhpduÆ îu_h_usrâeÆ\u Apfçcu îurÜsue_h_us râeÆ (—îubpgL©$óZgpgÆ—) `e®Þs kh® k¡ìe õhê$`_¡ Äe¡›$c°pspîuNp¡ u_p\ÆÜpfp âZpd r_h¡v$_ L$f¡ R>¡ Ap\u îuNp¡õhpduÆ_„y Agp¥qL$L$ v¡$ÞeA_¡ îudÄe¡›$c°psp ârs A¡Ap¡îu_p¡ Agp¥qL$L$ dp_cph L¡$hp¡ lsp¡ s¡_p¡ Ap`Z_¡bp¡ \pe R>¡.

îu_h_usrâepqv$ k¡ìe õhê$`_¡ âZpd r_h¡v$_ L$fu A¡hp S> dp_`|h®L$îuNp¡õhpduÆâcyQfZ îuNp¡`u_p\Æ_¡ `Z A_¡L$i: âZpd L$f¡ R>¡. hmuîuNp¡ u_p\Æ_¡ "îudÄS>e¡›$c°ps©QfZ' A_¡ `p¡sp_¡ dpV¡$ ""ehuek:rh£gõe''A¡ `v$ gM¡ R>¡ Ap\u Ap`Z_¡ v¥$hp¡ÙpfL$ îuNp¡õhpduÆ_p v$u_sp |Z® ùv$e_„yv$i®_ \pe R>¡ A_¡ Ap D`f\u A_ydp_ \pe R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ îuNp¡õhpduÆîuNp¡`u_p\Æ ârs Aphp¡ A_y`d õ_¡l v$ip®h¡ R> ¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡îuA¡ (—îuNp¡ u_p\ÆA¡—) `Z OZp N°Þ\p¡ fÃep li¡ `Z lpg s¡ N°Þ\p¡ `Z AÞekpçâv$preL$ N°Þ\p¡_u `¡W¡$ D`gå^ _\u. A¡Ap¡îu_p fQ¡gp N°Þ\p¡dp„ AdpfpÅZhp âdpZ¡ kp^_v$u`L$ A_¡ L¡$V$gp„L$ k„õL©$s `Ûp¡ dyçbCdp„ cp.—dp.—`„.—

47 48

NËz$gpgÆ_p ^d® yõsL$pgedp„ kpçâv$preL$ kprlÐe AÛpr` blpf _ Aphhp_p„b¡ dy¿e L$pfZ ×rô$Np¡Qf \pe R>¡. v¥$hp¡ÙpfâeÐ_pÐdp îudlpâcyÆ_p kde\ulpg ky udp„ kpçâv$preL$ k„õL©$s N°Þ\p¡ L¡$V$gp fQpe¡gp R>¡ s¡dp„\u L¡$V$gp lpg rbfpS>¡R>¡ A_¡ s¡ ¼ep„—-—¼ep„ rhfpS>¡ R>¡ A¡ Z kç |Z®i: L$p¡C_¡ rhqv$s _\u—! Aìehõ\p_¡kde blz \C Nep¡ R>¡ s¡\u N°Þ\p¡_p„ _pd-W$pd ÅZhp_¡ Å¡Csp„ kp^_p¡ `ZD`gå^ _\u A_¡ s¡\u Ap qv$ipdp„ âeÐ__u rhi¡j Aphíe¼sp R>¡. hmuN°Þ\p¡ lpg rhfpS>¡ R>¡ s¡dp„_p Z L¡$V$gpL$ A¡hp õ\p_dp„ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_p fnL$ kÄS>_p¡_uh©rÑ\u s¡_p„ v$i®_ \hp„ `Z vy$g®c \C `X$ép„ R>¡. D`ey®¼s dyçbp yfuõ\ cp.—dp.— „.—NËz$gpgÆ_p d® yõsL$pge_p¡ qfQe d_¡ Qpf—-—`p„Q hMs \ep¡ R>¡ A_¡Ðep„_p kpçâv$preL$ N°Þ\kprlÐe_p„ v$i®_ L$fhpdp„ Ðep„_p `Z fpS>k—-—spdkâL©$rs_p ìehõ\p`L$p¡_¡ gu ¡ lz„ r_óag \ep¡ R>„y A¡d Al] dpf¡ kM¡v$ âL$V$ L$fhy„`X¡$ R>¡ kpçâv$preL$ kprlÐe S>¡—-—S>¡ õ\m¡ lp¡e s¡—-—s¡ õ\m_p _¡sp yfyjp¡A¡ s¡kprlÐe_p ÅZ_pf Æopky lfL$p¡C h¥óZh_¡ A_yL|$gsp L$fu Ap`hu A¡ `p¡sp_uafS> R>¡ A¡hu kdS> s¡d_¡ âcy Ap ¡ A¡d âp\®_p L$f„y R>„y. Aphp rh`fus k„ep¡Np¡dp„dpÓ îudlpâcyL$ê$Zp_„y âd¡ebg S> rhS>e âp[às L$fph¡ A¡d R>¡. A¡hp âd¡ebg_¡S> Ahgçbu_¡ kpçâv$preL$ udp_¹ A_¡ îudp_¹ h¥óZhp¡_u qfjv¹$_¡ kpçâv$preL$DÞ_rs_¡ A\£ ep¡Áe klpe \pe sp¡ S> h¥óZhùv$e kçâv$peõhê$`_¡ ÅZuAhgp¡L$u L©$sL©$Ðe \pe.

îuNp¡õhpduÆ S>¡d AÞe `Ódp„ ""îuNp¡Ly$g_p\ õhe„ Ap`Z„y A¥rlL$ A_¡`pfgp¥qL$L$ \ep R>¡'' A¡d Apop L$f¡ R>¡ s¡d Ap `Ó\u `Z AÓ args \pe R>¡ L¡$îuNp¡õhpduÆ A¥rlL$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ kh® kpnps¹ cNhv$pop âdpZ¡ S> L$fsp.cNhv$pop _rl lp¡hp\u A¡Ap¡îu lqfÜpf _rl S>sp„ îuNp¡h ®_^fZ_u kdu`dp„S> füp. Ðep„ AõhpõÕe \sp„ `p¡s¡ v$iqv$hk `e®Þs D`hpk L$ep®_„y gM¡. R>¡A_¡ ""ldZp„ cNhÐL©$`p A_¡ îudp_¹_u L©$`p\u _¥fyÄe âpàs \ey„ R>¡ A¡d S>Zph¡R>¡. AÓ _¥fyÄeâp[às_y„ `Z kp^_ Ap¥j^pqv$ _rl `Z cNhp_¹_u S> L©$`p R>¡A¡d bp¡ \pe R>¡. cNhv$prîs S>__¡ kyM_u âp[às_y„ kp^_ dpÓ cNhp_¹_uL©$`p S> R>¡ Ap\u L$p¡C `Z Ahõ\pdp„ cNhÄS>_¡ sp¡ cNhv$pîe S> L$s®ìe R>¡.`p¡sp_„y AõhpõÕe ÅZu_¡ îuA½$pdpÆ_¡ vy$:M _ \pe s¡d L$fhp îuNp¡ u_p\Æ_¡rhop`_ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ îuNp¡õhpduÆ_p¡ dps©õ_¡l k|Qh¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡îu_¡ `Zfd¡iâcy îuNp¡h ®_^f kh®Ó fnL$ R>¡ s¡\u `p¡sp_¡ dpV¡$ L$p„C `Z rQÞsp _ L$fhu

A¡d gM¡ R>¡. AÞsdp„ `p¡sp_u `pk¡_p kh® h¥óZhp¡_p v$ÎX$hs¹ âZpd S>ZphukyMr_r^ îur_Ly$ÊS>_peL$_u `fdr_N|Y$ fkde ¾$uX$p hZ®hsp„ `Ó |Z®—L$f¡—R>¡.

(—" yrô$c[¼sky p' îuhëgcpåv$ 437 A„L$ : 8-9—)

qV$à`Zu :1.—Ap fpk¡íhf îuNp¡Ly$gQÞÖdpÆ kdS>hp, S>¡ lpg L$pçeh_dp„ rbfpS>¡ R>¡.2.—îuNp¡h ®_^f s¡ îuNp¡Ly$gõ\ îuNp¡Ly$g_p\Æ kdS>hp.3.—Ap îu_h_usrâe s¡ îukyfrsN°pdõ\ îubpgL©$óZ kdS>hp.4.—îuNykp„CÆ îurNqffpS>dp„ îu_p\Æ pk¡ rbfpS>sp lp¡hp\u D`gp b¡ îuNp¡h ®_^f

¾$di: îuNp¡Ly$gQÞÖdpÆ A_¡ îuNp¡Ly$g_p\Æ S> lp¡hp_„y âdpZ âpàs \pe R>¡. Äe¡›$cpC îuNp¡ u_p\Æ îuNp¡Ly$gdp„ rbfpS>¡ R>¡ Äep„ îu_h_usrâeÆ s\p kps õhê$``Z rbfpS>sp„ lsp„.

5.—dps©QfZ îudlpgÿduÆ. 6.—îudlpgÿduÆ_p„ dps©QfZ. 7.—ap¡C.

49 50

Jmoñdm{‘lrd«OamOMaU{da{MV-"g§dËgamoËgdH$ënbVm`m‘²'lrJmonrZmW{OÝ‘hmoËgd:

{Zê$ß`ÝVo Vw ^ŠVmW©‘² AWmpídZ‘hmoËgdm:AmpídZñ`m{gVo njo ÛmXí`m§ H$éUm{ZYo:&&lrdëb^à{V{ZqY JmonrZmW§ ñd‘mË‘O‘²&&1&&àH$Q>rH¥$VdmZ² ñdñ` ñdê$nkmnZm` {h&&X``m {ZO^ŠVofw ñd^ŠVmZÝX{gÕ o&&2&&AVñVÌmoËgd: H$m ©: ñd‘mJ©ñW¡ñVw gd©Wm&&VÌmä`“§ H$ma{`Ëdm dó¡: H$mí‘raapÄOV¡:&&3&&yf{`Ëdm yfU¡íM ^moÁ ¡íM {d{dY¡ñVWm&&

^moO{`Ëdm JmoHw$boe§ Vmå~ybm{XH$‘n©`oV²&&4&&VVíM {VbH§$ H¥$Ëdm Hw$L²Hx$‘oZ gwemo Z‘²&&Hw$`m©Xmam{V©H§$ àoåUm àU‘oÀM ‘whþ‘©whþ:&&5&&lrdëb^à{V{ZYo JmonrZmW VX“O&&nm{h VX² pŠVXmZoZ Z‘ñVo H$éUm{ZYo&&6&&Ed§ `: à`Vmo ^º²$`m VX² ŠVrÀNw>íM gd©Wm&&àË`ãX‘² CËgd§ Hw$`m©V² ñdmMm`m©UmÄM Vwï> o&&7&&Vñ` lrdëb^mMm`m©: àgrXpÝV Z g§e`:&&ñdñdê$nàXmZoZ {Vð>pÝV M gXm ö{X&&8&&

àH$meH$ : lr~mbH¥$îUewÕmÛ¡V‘hmg^m, gwaVgånmXH$ : Jmo.dm. lr{M‘Zbmb emór.

hëgcp¿ep_

f“¡ s¡ fdsp v$uW$X$p, bgv¡$h îuNp¡rhÞv$—&

s¡ yÓ cph¡ âL$V$i¡, d_ D`Þep¡ Ap_Þv$—&&

bgv¡$h îuNp¡ u_p\ L$luA¡, îurhV¹$W$g _Þv$p_Þv$—&

s¡ h¡v$ `Þ\ rhõspfi¡, S>_ Ap`i¡ Ap_Þv$—&&

(—îuhëgcp¿ep_ 2-23,24—)

Ap sp¡fZ `Z® klL$pf_p„, ^frZe¡ QÞv$_ sZp„ _uf—&

Ap huf îuNp¡ u_p\, îurhV¹$W$g âNqV$ep—&&

(—îuhëgcp¿ep_ 3-11—)

r_Ðe ârs nÏ„—-—nÏ„ kdqfe¡, îuhëgc_p¡ `qfhpf f¡ fk_p—&&

îu yfyjp¡Ñd âNqV$ep, S>Ns_p¡ L$fhp DÙpf f¡ fk_p—&&1&&

L$rgdp„ L$pfZ A¡l R>¡, buSy>„ kh£ c|rd_p¡ cpf f¡ fk_p—&&

A¡ rh_p buSy>„ kh£ bpv$gy„, Qp¥v$ gp¡L$_p¡ iZNpf f¡ fk_p—&&2&&

"Np¡ u_p\Æ' kp¡lpdZp, _h S>g O_ s_y cpZ f¡ fk_p—&&

kyM v$psp gOy c°psp_p, |fZ yfyj âdpZ f¡ fk_p—&&3&&

gÿdu kÐecpdp A¡ b¡D, AN°S>_u A_ylpf f¡ fk_p—&&

îu_h_usrâeÆ_¡ fuTìep, k¡hp rhrh^ âL$pf f¡ fk_p—&&

(—îuhëgcp¿ep_ 9—&—1-3—)

d|g yfyj

L$Ry>L$ qv$_ flu k“ g¡ Ape¡, bk¡ AX¡$gd¢ r_S> lfMpe¡—&

k„hs `ÞÖlp kX$kW$ Apep¡, Apkp¡ hqv$ Üpv$iu iyc Npep¡—&&

51 52

Npep¡ îuNp¡ u_p\Æ, S>b S>Þd gu_p¡ ApeL¡$—&

År_ bgL$p¡ ê$` lfrMs, v¡$s v$p_ bY$peL¡$—&&

(—d|g yfyj—17—)

lrdëb^d§emdbr

àJQ>o lrAmMm ©Or Xr{jV o {h` ^pŠV&{VZHo$ OoR>o nwÌ h¢ JmonrZmWOr ì`pŠV&&10&&g§dV nÐh 1gÎmam ÛmX{g d{X AmgmoO&&OÝ‘ lrJmonrZmWOr à’w${bV dXZ gamoO&&11&&{VZHo$ nwéfmoÎm‘ ^ o 2gË`m H$Ý`m Om{Z&&

(H${d OJVmZÝX {da{MV "lrdëb^d§emdbr')

1. {d.g§. 1567 à{gÕ h¡.2. ""bú‘r gË`m Om{Z'' Jmo.dm. lrÛmaH$mXmg narIHo$ AZwgma Eogm nmR> hmoZm Mm{h o.

^p¡m

îugÿdZcË$Æ_¡ O¡f A¡ Ly$mv$uhp¡ f¡ ...

îuA½$pÆ L|$M¡ Ahsep® kyML$pfu f¡,

Np¡ u_p\ îurhV¹$W$g_p\ A¡ `f hpfu f¡.

bgv¡$h îuNp¡ u_p\Æ_¡ ÅZp¡ f¡

...

A¡ ip¡cp Å¡C lqfv$pk Åe brglpfu f¡,

A¡ gugp NpÅ¡ r_Ðe _f_¡ _pfu f¡. îugÿdZ.

îugÿdZcË$Æ_p„ cph¡ guS>¡ cpdZp„,

s¥g“rsgL$ _¡ rhârifp¡drZ c| Å¡;

A¡lz_p kys îuhëgc_p„ g¡J hpfZp„,

rÜS>hf ê$ ¡ âL$V$ép A_g A_| Å¡.

^d® yf„ f b¡ kys îuhëgcv¡$h_p,

âL$V$ L$fhp h¡v$sZp¡ rhõspfÅ¡;

NyZkdyÖ cqfep îuNp¡ u_p\Æ,

lm-dyim^f lm^f_p¡ AhspfÅ¡.

... ... ... ... ... ...

S>d_pv$pk A^d s¡ R>¡ ApÛ_p¡,

s¡ iy„ ÅZ¡ îuhëgcLy$g_p¡ dd®Å¡.

lz„ brglpfu s¥g“Ly$gv$u`L$,

îugÿdZ sps_¡ f¡ gp¡g;

s¡ Ly$g âL$V$ép îuhëgcv¡$h,

S>NsrlsL$pfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g.

A¡d_p b¡ kys `fd L©$`pg,

L¡$ Qsyf rifp¡drZ f¡ gp¡g;

îuNp¡`u_p\ îurhV¹$W$g_p\,

L¡$ Ad rif A¡ ^Zuf¡ gp¡g.

... ... ... ... ...

îuh°S>c|jZ Å¡C dyMQ„Ö,

L¡$ Åe hpfZ¡ f¡ gp¡g. lz brglpfu

îugÿdZ kys_¡ f¡ l¡gu;

A¡d_¡ r_fMp¡ kfh¡ `l¡gu—&&

A¡d_p NyZ_¡ S>¡ Npi¡;

53 54

s¡lz_p ch_p„ âp[íQs Åi¡—&&

kys Np¡ u_p\ îurhV¹$W$g Åep;

ÅrZe¡ L$ë`h©n_u R>pep—&&

âNV$ép v¥$hu Æh rlsL$pfu;

dyM R>rb D`f ÅD brglpfu—&&

... ... ... ... ... ...

A¡ ip¡cp Å¡C lqfv$pk NyZ Npep¡;

A¡ R>rb gp¡Q_dp„ _ kdpe¡—&&

W$L$fpZu OpV$ fmuepdZp¡ f¡,

R>p¢L$f gl¡L¡$ blpf f¡—&

dpfy„ îuNp¡Ly$g fmuepdZ„y f¡. V¡$L$.

îuhëgc rbfpS>sp f¡,

îurh£g_p\Æ_p spsf¡. dpfy„ îuNp¡Ly$m...1

NyZh„sp îuNp¡ u_p\Æ f¡,

AN°S>_p¡ Ahspf f¡, dpfy„ îuNp¡Ly$m...2

îugÿdZcË$Æ_p„ _Þv$ f¡, kdfy„ îuhëgc_¡,

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

kpMu

îudrÜ£g_p\Æ, îuNp¡`u_p\ kp¡lpe;

QfZL$dg_u fS> \L$u, dlp`rss ph_ \pe f¡. kdfy„...

`p¡j _p¡d¡ îurhV¹$W$g_p\Æ,

lp„f¡ hpgp¡ âNV$ép îuhëgc ÜpfÅ¡—&&

A¡d_¡ Å¡hp_¡ \C ìepLy$gu,

lp„f¡ hpg¡ L$u^u k¡hL$_u kpü Å¡—&&

â\d îu_Þv$ O¡f âL$V$uep,

lp„f¡ hpg¡ |ep® îueip¡v$pÆ_p L$p¡X$ Å¡—&&

fdsp kMp klz kp\dp„,

lp„f¡ hpgp¡ lqf-lg^fÆ_u Å¡X$ Å¡—&&

lp„f¡ hpgp¡ îuhëgcN©l Ahsep®,

lp„f¡ hpgp¡ îuNp¡ u_p\Æ_p c°ps Å¡—&&

îugÿdZ cV$Æ_¡ O¡f A¡ Ly$gv$uhp¡ f¡—&&

cg¡ âNV$ép îuhëgcfpe A¡ OÏ„ Æhp¡ f¡—&&

A¡lz_p kys R>¡ b¡ Arsi¡ ê$X$p f¡—&&

S>¡_y„ _ _çey„ A¡d_¡ iui s¡ S>_ L|$X$p f¡—&&

îuA½$pÆ L|$M¡ Ahsep® kyML$pfu f¡—&&

îuNp¡ u_p\ îurhV¹$W$g_p\ A¡ `f hpfu f¡—&&

bmv¡$h îuNp¡ u_p\Æ_¡ ÅZp¡ f¡—&&

55 56

&&gmYZXr{nH$m&&(‘“bmMaU)

Vm Z: lrVmV-nV²-nÙaoUd… H$m‘YoZd…&&ZmH$ñ` Vadmo@Ý ofm§ ñ w… H$ënVadmo `Wm&&1&&

`Wm=Oog| Z…=h‘mao (Vw=Vmo)AÝ`ofm§=AÝ`Z²H$s Vm…=dmo(BÀN>mnyaH$m…=BÀN>mH$s lrVmV-nV²-nÙaoUd…=ny{V© H$[adodmao) {nVmHo$ MaUH$‘bZ²H$s aOZmH$ñ`=ñdJ©Ho$ (Ed=hr)Vad…=d¥j H$ënVad…=H$ënVéH$m‘YoZd…=H$m‘YoZw (H$m‘YoZd… M=Aé H$m‘YZwê$n)(M gpÝV VWm=hmoV h| dogo) ñ`w…=hmoC

^mdmW© : Oog| AÝ`Z²H$s BÀN>mH$s ny{V© H$[adodmao ñdJ©Ho$ d¥j| Amoa H$m‘YoZw hmoVh| Vog| h‘mao{b o Vmo h‘mao {nVm ‘hmà w lrdëb^mMm ©Ho$ MaUH$‘bZ²H$s aOhr H$ënVé Aé H$m‘YoZw g‘mZ hmoC.

S>¡d buÅAp¡_u BÃR>p |rs® L$fhphmp õhN®_p L$ë`h©n A_¡ L$pd ¡_y lp¡eR>¡ s¡d AdpfpdpV¡$ sp¡ Adpfp r`sp dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®_p QfZL$dm_u fS>L$ë`sfy A_¡ L$pd ¡_y kdp_ \pAp¡.

lw{V-ñ‘¥{V-{eamoaËZ-Zram{OV-nXmå~wO‘²&&`emoXmoËg“b{bV§ dÝXo lrZÝXZÝXZ‘²&&2&&

lw{V-ñ‘¥{V-{eamoaËZ-Zram{OV-nXmå~wO§=lw{V-ñ‘¥{Vê$nr CÎm‘ aËZZ²gm|{OZHo$ MaUH$‘b emo m`‘mZ h| Eg|

`emoXmoËg“b{bV§=lr`emoXmOrH$s JmoX‘| H«$sS>m H$aVolrZÝXZÝXZ‘²=lrZÝXam`OrHo$ nwÌ lrH¥$îUH$m|(Ah§=‘|) dÝXo=dÝXZ H$aV hm|

^mdmW© : lw{V-ñ‘¥{Vê$nr CÎm‘ aËZZ²gm| {OZHo$ MaUH$‘b emo m`‘mZ h| Eg|lr`emoXmOrH$s JmoX‘| H«$sS>m H$aVo lrZÝXam`OrHo$ nwÌ lrH¥$îUH$m| ‘| dÝXZ H$aVhm|.

îyrs—-—õd©rs ê$`u DÑd fÐ_p¡\u S>¡Ap¡_p QfZL$dm AÐeÞs ip¡cu füp„R>¡ A¡hp eip¡v$p_p Mp¡mpdp„ M¡gsp, _Þv$_Þv$ îuL©$óZ_¡ lz„ hÞv$_ L$fy„ R>„y.

(`m J«ÝW‘| Cn{Xï> ~mVZ²‘| à‘mU lw{V ñ‘¥{V nwamU VÝÌ Am{X emñÌZ²H$slr‘XmMm`©MaUÛmam àH$Q> H$[a ì`m»`m ho)

^pŠV‘mJ©-{dVmZm` `mo@dVrUm} hþVmeZ…&&gEd Z… na§ ‘mZ§ eof‘ñ` à‘mÝVa‘²&&3&&

`…=Om, Z…=h‘mao H$mOhþVmeZ…=Ap½ZZo na§=gdm}ËH¥$ï>^pŠV‘mJ©-{dVmZm`= ‘mZ§ (ApñV)=à‘mU ho^pŠV‘mJ©Ho$ àMmaHo$ AW© à‘mÝVa‘²=AÝ` g~ à‘mUAdVrU©…=AdV[aV ^ o h| Añ`=`mHo$g Ed=dmo hr eof‘² (ApñV)=A“ yV h|

^mdmW© : ^pŠV‘mJ©H$mo àMma H$[adoH$m| d¡ídmZañdê$n lrdëb^mMm ©MaUZ²ZoyVbn| AdVma YmaU {H$`mo gmo {dZHo$ dMZ hr h‘H$m| na‘ à‘mUê$n h|, AÝ`

g~ à‘mU {dZHo$ dMZZ²Ho$ A“ yV AWdm {dZgm| Jm¡U à‘mU h|.

57 58

c[¼sdpN®_p¡ âQpf L$fhpdpV¡$ h¥íhp_fõhê$` îuhëgcpQpe®QfZp¡A¡ c|smD`f Ahspf pfZ L$ep£ R>¡ s¡d_p hQ_p¡S> AdpfpdpV¡$ fd âdpZê$` R>¡. buÅâdpZp¡ A¡_p A“c|s A\hp s¡_u kfMpdZudp„ Np¥Z âdpZ R>¡.

doXÌ`r-{eamo^mJ-gyÌ-ì`m»`mZ-gå‘Vm‘²&&^pŠVemñÌmZwgmaoU Hw$d} gmYZXr{nH$m‘²&&4&&

doXÌ`r-{eamo^mJ-gyÌ- ^pŠVemñÌmZwgmaoU=ì`m»`mZ-gå‘Vm‘²=VrZm| doXHo$ ^pŠVemñÌHo$ AZwgma{eamo mJê$n Cn{ZfX² ~«÷gyÌHo$ gmYZXr{nH$m‘²=gmYZXr{nH$mH$s^mî`gm| A{déÕ àH$magm| aMZm, (Ah§)Hw$d}=‘| H$ê$§hÿ§

^mdmW© : VrZm| doXHo$ {eamo mJê$n Cn{ZfX²n| {bIo J o ~«÷gyÌHo$ Cna ‘hmà wlrdëb^mMm ©MaU {da{MV ^mî`V| A{déÕ àH$magm| ^pŠVemñÌHo$ AZwgma"gmYZXr{nH$m' J«ÝWH$s aMZm ‘| H$ê$§ hÿ§.

ÓZ¡ h¡v$p¡_p rifp¡cpNê$` D`r_jv¹$ D`f gMpe¡gp b°ûk|Ó `f_p dlpâcyîuhëgcpQpe®QfZ rhfrQs cpóe\u ArhfyÙ âL$pf¡ c[¼sip÷_p A_ykpf"kp^_v$ur`L$p' N°Þ\_u fQ_p lz„ L$fy„ Ry>„.

(lrh[a^OZH$s Amdí`H$VmHo$ CnnmXZHo$ gmW J«ÝWH$mo CnH«$‘)""AmË‘m dma'' B{V lwË`m Xe©Z¡H$’$bmo {d{Y…&&ldUmÚ¡… à{VkmV… ""V§ ^OoV²''-""V§ ago{X''{V&&5&&""Vñ‘mX² ^maV gdm©Ë‘m ^JdmZ² h[aarída…&&lmoVì`… H$s{V©Vì`íM ñ‘V©ì`íMoÀN>Vm^`‘²''&&6&&nwéfñ`m{deofoU g§gma§ à{OhmgV…&&haoa² AmamYZo ‘wpŠV… ... ... ... ... ... ...

AmË‘m=na‘mË‘m B©ída…=B©ídadm Aao=Adí`,B{V=`m gdm©Ë‘m=g~Z²Ho$ AmË‘mlwË`m=lw{Vgm| ^JdmZ²=^JdmZ²ldUmÚ¡…=ldU Am{X H$[adogm| h[a…=lrH¥$îUXe©Z¡H$’$b:=Xe©Z hr Ohm§ ’$b lmoVì`…=ldU H$[ado`mo½`hmoV ho Egr, {d{Y…={d{Y H$s{V©Vì`…=H$sV©Z H$[ado`mo½`à{VkmV…=H$hr ho M=Aé ,ñ‘V©ì`…=ñ‘aUV§=dmH$mo,^OoV²=^OZH$ao H$[ado mo½`hoV§=dmH$mo g§gma§=g§gmaH$m|agoV²=AmZÝX AZw d H$ao à{OhmgV…=N>m§{S>doH$s BÀN>mB{V=Egmo(A{n=hþ H$[adodmao, nwéfñ`=nwéfHy§$CŠV‘²)=H$h² mo ho A{deofoU=g‘mZê$ngm|""^maV=ho AOw©Z hao…=h[aHo$Vñ‘mV²=VmV| AmamYZo=AmamYZ‘|A^`‘²=A^`Hy§$ ‘wpŠV…=‘wpŠVBÀN>Vm=BÀN>dodmaoH$m| (^d{V)=hmoVho

^mdmW© : ""AmË‘mH$mo Xe©Z H$aZmo M{h`o, ldU H$aZmo M{h`o, ‘ZZ H$aZmoM{h o, {Z{XÜ`mgZ H$aZmo M{h o'' m lw{VdMZ‘| na‘mË‘Xe©ZHo$ AW© na‘mË‘mHo$ldU-‘ZZ-{Z{XÜ`mgZH$s Amkm ho. Vog| hr ""dmH$mo ^OZ H$ao'' ""dmH$moagmZw d H$ao'' Egohþ lw{VdMZ h|&&5&&

lw{VH$s Ý`m§B© ñ‘¥{V‘| hþ ""Vmgm| ho ^maV A^` àmßV H$[adoH$s BÀN>mampIdodmao ‘Zwî`Hy§$ g~Z²Ho$ AmË‘m, ^JdmZ², B©ída lrh[aH$mo ldU-H$sV©Z-ñ‘aU H$aZo M{h o'' Eg| H$h² mo ho&&6&&

BZ g~ dMZZ²gm| h {gÕ hmoV ho Ho$ AhÝVm-‘‘VmË‘H$ g§gmaHy§$ N>m§{‹S>doH$sBÀN>m H$[adodmao ‘Zwî`H$m| à wH$mo AmamYZ hr ‘wpŠVê$n OmZZmo&&7&&

59 60

""ApÐdp_y„ v$i®_ L$fh„y Å¡CA¡, îhZ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡, d__ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡,r_qv$Ýepk_ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡'' Ap îyrshQ_dp„ fdpÐdv$i®_dpV¡$ fdpÐdp_p îhZ-d__-r_qv$Ýepk_ L$fhp_u Apop R>¡. s¡ S>¡ âd¡Z¡ ""s¡_y„ cS>_ L$f¡'' ""s¡_p¡fkp_ych L$f¡'' A¡hp hQ_p¡ `Z R>¡.

îyrs_u S>¡d õd©rsdp„ Z ""dpV¡$ l¡ cpfs—! khp®Ðdp, cNhp_¹, lqf, Cíhf_y„Ace BÃR>sp d_yóe¡ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡'' A¡d L$üy„ R>¡.

Ap b^p hQ_p¡\u A¡ rkÙ \pe R>¡ L¡$ AlÞsp-ddspÐdL$ k„kpf_¡ R>p¡X$hp_uBÃR>phpmp d_yóe¡ âcy_p Apf^__¡S> dy[¼sê$` ÅZh„y.

(Vhm§ Š`m|1 Aé Ho$gmo2 Jwé Amdí`H$ hmoV ho VmH$mo {Zê$nU)....................VËàH$mamo {Zê$ß`Vo&&7&&""‘mhmËå`kmZnydm}{h gwÑT>… gd©Vmo@{YH$…&&ñZohmo"^pŠV'[a{V àmoŠV…V`m‘wpŠVZ© MmÝ`Wm''&&8&&‘mhmËå`kmnZm`¡d ldU§ JwUH$‘©Um‘²&&emñÌmUm‘² Cn`moJmo@Ì VÌmH$m§jm Jwamoa² ^doV²1&&9&&""H¥$îUgodm-na§ drú` Xå^m{X-a{hV§ Za‘²&&lr^mJdVVËdk§ ^OoV² {OkmgwamXamV²''2&&10&&

(AV… na§)=Vmgm| A~ Ed={ZpíMVê$ngm|VËàH$mamo=dmHo$ àH$maH$mo (gmYZ‘²)=gmYZho,AÌ=`m‘|{Zê$ß`Vo={Zê$nU H$aV hm| emñÌmUm‘²=emñÌZ²H$mo‘hmËå`kmZnyd©:=‘mhmËå`Ho$ Cn`moJ…=Cn`moJ/Amdí`H$VmkmZnyd©H$, {h={ZpíMVê$ngm| (ApñV)=hmoVhogwÑT>…=gwÑT> VÌ=Vm‘|gd©Vmo{YH$…=g~gm| A{YH$ Jwamo…=JwéH$sñZoh:=ñZoh, ^pŠV…=^pŠV ho AmH$m§jm=Amdí`H$Vm

B{V=Eg|, àmoŠV…=H$h²`mo ho ^doV²=hmoVho, {Okmgw…=V`m=VmV| kmZ àmpßVH$s BÀN>mdmamo‘wpŠV…=‘wpŠV hmoV ho H¥$îUgodmna§=H¥$îUgodm‘| VËnaAÝ`Wm=Amoa H$mhþ àH$magm| Xå^m{Xa{hV§=Xå^Am{Xgm|a{hVZ M=Zmht hmoV ho lr^mJdVVËdk§=^mJdVnwamUHo$‘mhmËå`kmnZm`=‘mhmËå`H$mo VÎdH$m| Om{Zdodoao,Za‘²=ZaH$m|OZm`doHo$ H$mO drú`=narjU H$[aHo$JwUH$‘©Um‘²=JwU-H$‘©Z²H$m| AmXamV²=AmXagm|ldU‘²=gwZZmo ^OoV²=^OZ H$ao

^mdmW© : Vmgm| A~ ^JdX²^OZê$n ‘wpŠVH$s àmpßV Om gmYZgm| hmo` dmgmYZHo$ àH$maH$mo {Zê$nU H$aV hm|. emñÌ‘| ^pŠVHo$ bjUH$mo {Zê$nU ""à wHo$‘mhmËå`Ho$ kmZ nyd©H$ à w‘| gwÑT> Aé g~gm| A{YH$ ñZoh BVZ| ^pŠV Eg|H$h² mo ho. Egr ^pŠVgm| hr ‘wpŠV hmoV ho, AÝ` H$mhþ àH$magm| ‘wpŠV Zmht hmoVho'' `m àH$magm| H$h² mo ho&&8&&

`m dMZ‘| à yZ²Ho$ JwU-H$‘©Z²H$mo ldU H$aZmo VmH$m| ‘mhmËå`kmZH$mo gmYZH$h² mo ho. gmo Vmo emñÌV| hmoB© gH$V ho VmV| emñÌHo$ AÜ``ZH$s Amdí`H$VmnaV ho. emñÌH$mo AÜ``Z Jwé {dZm Z gå^do VmV| JwéH$m| hr gd©àW‘ gmYZ‘mÝ`mo J`mo ho&&9&&

VmV| à yZ²H$mo ‘mhmËå`kmZ àmpßV H$[adoH$s BÀN>mdmamo Ord Omo H¥$îUgodm‘|VËna hmo , Xå^ Am{Xgm| a{hV hmo Aé lr‘X² mJdVnwamUHo$ VÎdH$m| Om{ZdodmaoZaH$mo narjU H$[aHo$ AmXagm| ^OZ H$ao&&10&&

s¡\u lh¡ cNhv¹$c$S>_ê$`u dy[¼s_u âp[às S>¡ kp^_\u \C iL¡$ s¡ kp^__y„r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ip÷dp„ c[¼s_p gnZ_y„ L$\_ ""âcy_p dplpÐçe_pop_ |h®L$ âcydp„ ky×Y$ A_¡ klz\u Ar^L$ õ_¡l A¡V$g¡ "c[¼s'. Aphu c[¼s\uS> dy[¼s dm¡ R>¡, AÞe L$p¡C âL$pf¡ _l]'' Ap âdpZ¡ L$üy„ R>¡.

61 62

Ap hQ_dp„ âcy_p NyZ-L$dp£_y„ îhZ L$fhy„ s¡_¡ dplpÐçeop__y„ kp^_L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ap L$pe® sp¡ ip÷\uS> \hy„ i¼e lp¡hp\u kh®â\d ip÷_pAÝee__u AphíeL$sp lp¡e R>¡. ip÷_y„ AÝee_ Nyfy rh_p \C _ iL¡$ s¡\ukh®â\d kp^_ Nyfy_¡ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

s¡\u âcy_p dplpÐçeop__¡ âpàs L$fhp_u BÃR>phpmp¡ d_yóe S>¡ L©$óZk¡hpdp„sÐ`f lp¡e, v$çc Apqv$\u frls lp¡e A_¡ îucpNhs yfpZ_p sÒh_¡ ÅZsp¡lp¡e s¡hp _f_u `funp L$fu_¡ Apv$f\u cS>_ L$f¡.

(ñd‘mJu` JwéH$mo àW‘ H$V©ì` : ^JdËàn{ÎmHo$ H$mO X¡dr OrdZ²H$m| ào[aVH$aZm|)

XohÐmoÊ`m {``mgyZm§ na§ nma§ ^dmå~wYo…&&JwéUm H$U©YmaoU *1h² wÎmm`m© ñdmonXoeV…&&11&&""`mo ~«÷mU§ {dXYm{V nydª `mod¡ doXm§íM à{hUmo{V Vñ‘¡&&V§ h Xod‘² AmË‘-~w{ÕàH$me§ ‘w‘wjwd£ eaU‘h§ ànÚo''&&12&&""gd©Y‘m©Z² n[aË`Á` ‘m‘oH§$ eaU§ d«O ''&&B{V lwË`m VWm ñ‘¥Ë`m ànÎ`mXoe‘m{XV…&&13&&

XohÐmoÊ`m=Xohê$nrZmdÛmam V§=dm, h=à{gÕ^dmå~wYo…=^dgmJaH$s AmË‘~w{ÕàH$me§=AmË‘V`mna§=nëbr, nma§=nma ~w{Õgm| àH$m{eV hmo`dodmao{``mgyZm§=Om`doH$sBÀN>mdmaoH$m| Xod‘²=XodH$m|, Ah§=‘|ñdmonXoeV…=AnZo CnXoeZ²gm| ‘w‘wjw…=‘wŠV hmo`doH$s BÀN>mdmamo{h=hr d¡=nyU©ê$ngm|, eaU§=eaUH$U©YmaoU=H$U©Ymaê$nr ànÚo''=OmV hm|JwéUm=JwéÛmam gd©Y‘m©Z²=g~ Y‘©Z²H$m|CÎmm`m©…=nma CVmaZo M{h`o n[aË`Á`=nyU©V`m N>m§{‹S>Ho$`:=Omo, nydª=n{hbo ‘m‘²=‘oao, EH§$=EH$Ho$

~«÷mU§=~«÷mOrH$m| eaU§=eaU, d«O=Am` Om{dXYm{V=~ZmdV ho B{V=Egr, lwË`m=lw{VZ²‘|`:=Omo, d¡={ZpíMVê$ngm| VWm=Aé, ñ‘¥Ë`m=ñ‘¥{VZ²‘|Vñ‘¡={dZH$m|, doXmZ²=doXZ²H$mo Am{XV…=àmaå^gm|M=hþ, à{hUmo{V=XmZhþXoVh| ànÎ`mXoe‘²=eaUmJ{VH$moAmXoeho

^mdmW© : Xohê$nr ZmdHo$ Ûmam g§gmag‘wÐH$s nëbrnma Om`doH$s BÀN>mdmaoH$sZmdH$m| VmH$mo H$U©Yma-Zmd Io dodmamo Jwé AnZo CÎm‘ CnXoeZ²V| nma CVmao&&11&&

ídoVmídVa Cn{ZfX²‘| H$h² mo ho Omo ""Omo nyd©‘| ~«÷mOrH$m| àH$Q> H$aV hoAé {VZH$m| doXZ²H$m| XmZ XoV h| dm AmË‘~w{Õgm| àH$m{eV hmo`dodmao XodH$seaU‘| ‘¢ OmV hm|''&&12&&

^JdX²JrVm‘|hþ ^JdmZ²Z| ñd‘wIgm| AOw©ZH$m| Amkm H$s{Z ho Omo ""g~Y‘©Z²H$mo Ë`mJ H$[aHo$ Ho$db ‘oao eaU Amd'' Eg| lw{V Aé ñ‘¥{V ‘| gd© àW‘eaUmJV hmo doH$mo AmXoe ho&&13&&

v¡$lê$`u lp¡muÜpfp k„kpfkdyÖ_p ¡g¡ `pf S>hp_u BÃR>phpmp_u _ph_¡, s¡_p¡L$Z® pf—-—_prhL$ Nyfy `p¡sp_p DÑd D`v¡$ip¡\u, ¡g¡ `pf Dspf¡.

íh¡spíhsf D`r_jv¹$dp„ L$üy„ R>¡ L¡$ ""S>¡ |h£ b°ûpÆ_¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ÓZ h¡v$p¡_y„ v$p_ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ ApÐd-byrÙ\u âL$pris \_pf v¡$h_¡ ifZ¡ lz„ ÅJ Ry>„.

cNhv¹$N$uspdp„ `Z cNhp_¡ õhdyM¡ ASy>®__¡ Apop Ap`u R>¡ L¡$ ""b^p^dp£_p¡ ÐepN L$fu_¡ L¡$hm dpfp ifZ¡ Aph''. Apd îyrs A_¡ õd©rs dp„ kh®â\d ifZpNs \hp_p¡ Apv¡$i R>¡.

(ñd‘mJu` {ÛOHw$bHo$ {eî`Z²H$mo H$V©ì`)àoåUmonXoe-ldUmV² *2àn{Îm… ào‘-H$maU‘²&&AVmo ‘ybm{^foH$mo {h H$m ©g² VoZmñ` godZo&&14&&Z{h Xoh ¥Vm eŠ § H$‘© Ë`ŠVw‘² AeofV…&&AV… ñdY‘m©MaU§ ^ma-Û¡JwÊ`‘² AÝ`Wm&&15&&

63 64

ñdY‘m©MaU§ eŠË`m h² Y‘m©Îmw {ZdV©Z‘²&&BpÝÐ`míd-{d{ZJ«mh… gd©Wm Z Ë`OoV² Ì §&&16&&B{V ^mJdVmo Y‘©… lr‘XmMm ©-gå‘V…&&^pŠV-emñÌmZwHy$ë oZ ñdY‘m©MaU§ ^doV²&&17&&

àoåUm=ào‘Ho$ g{hV AÝ`Wm=Zqh VmoCnXoeldUmV²=CnXoe gw{Zdogm| ^maÛ¡JwÊ`‘²=XwJZmo ^maàn{Îm…=eaUmJ{V hr (ñ`mV²)=hmoV hoào‘H$maU‘²=ào‘H$mo àH$Q> eŠË`m=epŠV AZwgmaH$[adoH$mo H$maU H$maU {h=hr(^d{V)=hmoV ho ñdY‘m©MaU‘²=ñdY‘©H$mo AmMaUAV…=VmV|, VoZ=dmH$m| AY‘m©V²=AY‘©V|, Vw=Vmo(‘w‘wjwUm)=‘w‘wjwH$m| {ZdV©Z‘²=gd©Wm Xya ahZmoAñ`=`mHo$ BpÝÐ`míd{d{ZJ«mh…=BpÝÐ`ê$nr(^JdV…)=^JdmZ²Ho$ AídZ²H$mo {ZJ«h H$aZmogodZo=godZ‘| (EVV²)= o, Ì §=VrZ‘ybm{^foH$…=‘yb‘| A{^foH$ gd©Wm=H$~hþ, Z=ZmhtH$m`©=H$aZmo Ë`OoV²=Ë`mJZoXoh^¥Vm=XohdmaoV| B{V=`o, lr‘XmMm`©gå‘V…=H$‘©…=H$‘©H$mo lrdëb^mMm`©OrH$m| ‘mÝ`AeofV…=nyU©ê$ngm| ^mJdV…=^JdËgå~pÝYË`ŠVw§=Ë`mJ H$aZmo Y‘©…=Y‘©(ApñV)=hoZ=Zmht, {h=hr ñdY‘m©MaU§=ñdY‘©H$mo AmMaUeŠ`‘²=gå^dho, AV…=VmV| ^pŠVemñÌmZwHy$ë`oZ=ñdY‘m©MaU‘²=ñdY‘m©Zwgma ^pŠVemñÌHo$ AZwHy$b a{hHo$AmMaU(H$m`ª)=H$aZmo ^doV²=hmoV ho

^mdmW© : Cn w©ŠV bjUdmao JwéHo$ ‘wIV| lÕmào‘gm| ^JdÀN>mñÌHo$ CnXoeH$moldU H$[adoV| ^pŠVHo$ H$maUê$n ^JdmZ²H$mo eaU {gÕ hmoV ho. H${bH$mb‘|H$ë`mUH$mar g~ emñÌr` gmYZ O~ Xw:gmÜ` hmo J o h| V~ AÝ`mÝ` gmYZZ²‘|l‘ Zmht H$[aHo$ gd©‘yb yV ^JdV²-eaUê$n Cnm`H$mo hr godZ H$aZmo&&14&&

XohYmarV| H$‘©Z²H$mo nyU©ê$ngm| Ë`mJ gå^d Zmht hmoV ho. Vmgm| AnZo-AnZodU© Aé Aml‘ Ho$ Y‘m©Zwgma H$‘© H$aZo. Eg| Z H$ao Vmo ñdY‘m©MaUH$s CnojmAé ñdÀN>ÝX AmMaU Eg| Xmo Xmof Am` na|&&15&&

Vmgm| epŠV AZwgma ñdY‘©H$mo AmMaU H$aZmo, AY‘m©MaU gd©Wm Z H$aZmoAmoa BpÝÐ`ê$nr AídZ²H$mo {deofê$ngm| {ZJ«h H$aZmo. BZ VrÝ`m| ~mVZ²H$mo Ë`mJgd©Wm Z H$aZmo&&16&&

`m àH$maH$mo ^mJdV Y‘© ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©H$m| ‘mÝ` ho. {ZOdUm©l‘Y‘©Ho$ AmMaU H$[ado‘|hþ ^pŠVemñÌgm| AZwHy$b dUm©l‘Y‘©H$mo AmMaUH$aZmo BVZmo {deof ho&&17&&

D`fp¡¼s gnZp¡hpmp Nyfy_p dyM¡ îÙp-â¡d\u cNhs¹ ip÷_p D`v¡$i_y„îhZ L$fhp\u S>¡_phX¡$ c[¼s rkÙ\pe s¡hy„ cNhp__y„ ifZ âpàs \pe R>¡.L$rgL$pmdp„ L$ëepZL$pfu âpe: b^p ip÷ue kp^_p¡ Äepf¡ vy$:kpÝe b_u Nep„ R>¡Ðepf¡ AÞepÞe kp^_p¡dp„ îd _ L$fu_¡ b^p_y„ d|m A¡hp âcy_p ifZê$`u D`pe_y„S> k¡h_ L$fhy„.

ifuf^pfudpV¡$ L$dp£_p¡ |Z® Z¡ ÐepN L$fhp¡ i¼e _\u lp¡sp¡. s¡\u v$f¡L$ d_yóe¡`p¡s-`p¡sp_p hZ® A_¡ Apîd _p ^dp®_ykpf L$d® L$fhp. Å¡ Apd L$fhpdp„ _Aph¡ sp¡ õh^dp®QfZ_u D ¡np A_¡ õhÃR>Þv$ ApQfZ Apd b¡hX$p¡ v$p¡j gpN¡.

s¡\u i[¼s A_ykpf õh^d®_y„ ApQfZ L$fhy„, A^d®_y„ ApQfZ kh®\p _L$fhy„ A_¡ B[ÞÖep¡ê$`u Op¡X$pAp¡_¡ rhi¡jê$`\u A‘zidp„ fpMhp. Ap ÓZ¡e _p¡ÐepN kh®\p _ L$fhp¡.

Ap âL$pf_p¡ cpNhs ^d® dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®_¡ dpÞe R>¡. `p¡s-`p¡sp_phZp®îd^d®_y„ ApQfZ L$fhpdp„ `Z c[¼sip÷\u A_yLy$m A¡hp hZp®îd^d®_y„ApQfZ L$fhy„ A¡d rhi¡j ÅZhy„.

65 66

(Vhm§ {ZOemImHo$ AZwgma fmoS>eg§ñH$ma VWm VÝ‘ybH$ AmpôZH$ em¡MmMma1-

6 Am{X ^ŠË wn`moJr hmo doV| {ÛOearaHo$ YmaU H$[adodmaoZ²Ho$ H$mO Amdí`H$hmoV h|)

J^m©YmZm{X-g§ñH$ma¡… {ÛO¡‘m£ÄÁ`ÝV-gå^d¡…&&Xoh… g§emoYZr`mo {h h[a^mdmo Z MmÝ`Wm &&18&&

‘m¡ÄÁ`ÝV-gå^d¡…= g§emoYZr`…=ewÕ H$aZmo M{h`o‘m¡ÄOr~ÝYZ n ©ÝV hmoVo AÝ`Wm=Eg| Z H$ao VmoJ^m©YmZm{X-g§ñH$ma¡…= M={ZíM` hrJ^m©YmZ Am{X g§ñH$magm| h[a^md…=~«÷^md{ÛO¡…={ÛOZ²H$m| Z=ZmhtXoh…=Xoh, {h=Adí` (^d{V)=hmoV ho.

^mdmW© : J^m©YmZ g§ñH$magm| bo Ho$ ‘m¡ÄOr~ÝYZê$n `kmondrV g§ñH$ma n ©ÝVg~ g§ñH$maZ²gm| {ÛO BVZ| ~«m÷U-j{Ì`-d¡í` AnZo XohH$mo g§emoYZ H$ao. Eg|H$aoV| Xoh n{dÌ hmoB© V~ Xoh‘| ^JdX²^mdH$s `mo½`Vm {gÕ hmoV ho AÝ`WmZmqh&&18&&

Ncp® p_ k„õL$pf\u L$fu_¡ dp¥ÊÆbÞ^_ê$` eop¡ hus k„õL$pf `e®Þs b^pk„õL$pfp¡hX¡$ rÜS> A¡V$g¡ b°pûZ-nrÓe-h¥íe `p¡sp_p v¡$l_y„ kpfufus¡ ip¡ _ L$f¡.Apd L$fhp\u v¡$l `rhÓ b_i¡ S>¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ v¡$ldp„ cNh˜ph_u ep¡Áesp rkÙ\i¡ s¡ rkhpe _l].

em¡MmMma-{dhrZñ` Amgwamdoe-gå^dmV²&&VV… ñdmpôZH$-Y‘m©Um‘² AmMmamo@{n àgÁ`Vo&&19&&

em¡MmMma{dhrZñ`=ew{Õ Am{X AmMmagm| a{hVH$m|

Amgwamdoegå^dmV²=Amgwamdoe ñdmpôZH$Y‘m©Um§=AnZo X¡{ZH$Y‘©Z²Ho$hmo`doH$s gå^mdZm hmo`doV| AmMma…=AmMma, A{n=hþVV…=VmV| àgÁ`Vo=àmßV hmoV h|

^mdmW© : Omo ì`pŠV ew{Õ Am{XHo$ AmMmaH$mo `Wm{d{Y nmbZ Zmqh H$aV ho{VZHo$ XohopÝÐ`Z²‘| Amgwamdoe hmo doH$s nyU© gå^mdZm ahV ho. VmV| AnZo-AnZo{ZË` H$‘©Z²H$mo AmMaUhþ H$aZmo M{h o&&19&&

S>¡ ìe[¼s iyrÙ hN¡f¡ ApQpf_y„ ip÷pop A_ykpf `pg_ _\u L$fsu s¡_pv¡$l-B[ÞÖedp„ Apkyfph¡i \hp_u kçcph_p |f¡- |fu fl¡ R>¡. s¡\u v$f¡L¡$ `p¡s-`p¡sp_p r_Ðe L$dp£_y„ ApQfZ `Z L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡.

ñZmZ§1 gÝÜ`mOnmo2 hmo‘…3 ñdmÜ`m`…4 {nV¥Vn©U‘²5&&d¡ídXodH$XodmMm©6 B{V fQ²>H$‘©H¥$X² ^doV²&&20&&

(g…)=dmo {nV¥Vn©U‘²={nV¦Z²H$mo Vn©UñZmZ§=ñZmZ d¡ídXodH$-XodmMm©=d¡ídXodHo$gÝÜ`mOn…=gÝÜ`m Aé On XodH$mo AM©Z, B{V=BZhmo‘…=hmo‘ fQ²>H$‘©H¥$V²=N>o H$‘© H$[adodmamoñdmÜ`m`…=AYrV doXH$mo AmdV©Z ^doV²=hmo`

^mdmW© : gmo N>o {ZË`H$‘© `m àH$ma OmZZo : emñÌ{d{Ygm| ñZmZ, gÝÜ`m AmoaOn, hmo‘, n‹T>o ^ o doXH$mo AmdV©Z, {nV¥Vn©U, d¡ídXodHo$ XodH$mo nyOZ-BZ N>oH$‘©Z²H$m| {ÛO {ZË` H$ao&&20&&

s¡ R> r_ÐeL$dp£ Ap dyS>b ÅZhp : ip÷rhr^\u õ_p_, kºÝep A_¡ S>`,lp¡d, cZ¡gp h¡v$_y„ AÝee_, r`s©s ®Z A_¡ h¥íhv¡$h_p v¡$h_y„ |S>_-—Ap R>L$dp£ rÜS>¡ kv$p L$fhp.

67 68

`Wm {h ñH$ÝY-emImZm§ Vamo‘y©bm{^foMZ‘²&&VWm gdm©h©U§ `ñ‘mV² n[aM`m©{d{Yh©ao…&&21&&AVg² VXZwamoYoZ {ZË`H$‘©H¥${Va² dam&&AÝ`WmVw H¥${Vì ©Wm© Ì¡d½ ©{df`m `V…&&22&&

`Wm=Oog|, Vamo…=d¥jHo$ AV…=Vmgm|‘ybm{^foMZ§=‘yb‘| H$`m} OmVmo VXZwamoYoZ=dmHo$ AZwgmaObH$mo goMZ, {h=hr {ZË`H$‘©H¥${V…={ZË`H$‘© H$aZoñH$ÝY-emImZm§=N>moQ>r-~‹S>r dam=loð>(ñ`mV²)=hmoV h|emImZ²Hy§$(A{n=hþ AÝ`Wm=Eg| Z H$ao V~^d{V)=àmßV hmo Om` ho Vw=Vmo, H¥${V…=H$`m} ^`moVWm=Vmhr àH$magm| ì`Wm©={Zî’$bhao…=h[aH$s (ñ`mV²=hmoV hon[aM`m©{d{Y…=godm{d{Y hþ `V…=Š`m|Ho$(ApñV)=ho, `ñ‘mV²=dmgm| (gm)=dmo H¥${Vgdm©h©U‘²=g~Z²H$mo nyOZ Ì¡d½ ©{df`m={ÌdJ© gå~ÝYr(^d{V)=hmo OmV ho (^doV²)=hmoV ho

^mdmW© : Oog| d¥jHo$ ‘yb‘| Ob S>m[adoV| d¥jHo$ nÌ, N>moQ>r-~‹S>r emIm Am{Xg~ ^mJZ²‘| Ob Amnwhr nhm|{M OmV ho Vog| hr lrH¥$îUH$s godm{d{Ygm| g~H$snyOm hmo OmV ho. VmV| dm AZwgma hr {ZË`H$‘© H$aZmo CÎm‘ ho. `{X Eg| Z H$aoVmo (Oog| d¥jHo$ ‘yb‘| Ob Z S>mao Amoa dmHo$ S>mbr-nÎmmZ²n| Ob S>maVmo aho VmoObhþ ì`W© Om` Aé d¥jhþ gy{H$ Om` Eg|) g~ H$‘© {Zî’$b hmoB OmV h|. Š`m|?Omo H$‘©Z²gm| nyÁ` Vmo nwéfmoÎm‘ lrH¥$îU hr h|, {dZH$m| N>m§{‹S>Ho$ H$‘© H$ao VmoH$‘©~ÝYZgm| Ny>{Q>doHo$ ñWmZn| H$‘©Z²gm| Amoa A{YH$ ~§Y Om`. Š`m|? Omo EgoH$‘© Vmo Y‘m©W©-H$m‘ê$n {ÌdJ©H$m|hr {gÕ H$aV h|&&22&&

S>¡d h©n_p d|mdp„ `pZu f¡X$hp\u h©n_p `p_, _p_u-dp¡V$u X$pmuAp¡ hN¡f¡h©n_p b^p cpNp¡_¡ Ap` d¡m¡ pZu lp¢Qu S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ S> âdpZ¡ îuL©$óZ_uk¡hp L$fhp\u b^p v¡$hu-v¡$hspAp¡_y„ |S>_ Ap` d¡m¡ \C Åe R>¡. s¡\u s¡ âdpZ¡S> r_ÐeL$d® L$fhy„ DÑd NZpe. Å¡ Apd _ L$f¡ sp¡ (—S>¡d h©n_p d|mdp„ `pZu_ f¡X$u_¡ s¡_p X$pmu-`p„v$X$p„ D`f `pZu f¡X$hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ `pZu `Z _L$pdy„ ÅeA_¡ h©n `Z L$pm¾$d¡ kyL$pC Åe s¡d—) b^p L$dp£ r_óam Åe R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$b^p L$dp£\u |Äe sp¡ `fpÐ`f sÒh îuL©$óZ S> lp¡e R>¡, s¡d_¡ d|L$u_¡ Å¡ L$d®L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ L$d®bÞ^_\u R|>V$hp_p õ\p_¡ h y b„ pC S>hp_u [õ\rs Aph¡.L$pfZ L¡$ L$d® sp¡ ^dp®\®-L$pdê$`u rÓhN®_¡ S> rkÙ L$f_pfy„ lp¡e R>¡—!

J^m©YmZm{Xg§ñH$ma¡… ñdemImoŠV¡a² {ÛOmo wV…&&Jwé§ ànÚoX² ... ... ... ... ... ... ...&&

AV…=VmV| J^m©YmZ Am{X g§ñH$mañdemImoŠV¡…=AnZo doXH$s `wV…=dmamoemIm‘| H$ho AZwgma ({ÛO…)=~«m÷U-j{Ì`-d¡í`J^m©YmZm{Xg§ñH$ma¡…= Jwé§=JwéHo$, ànÚoV²=eaU‘| Om`

^mdmW© : VmV| Omo {ÛO {ÌdJ©‘| ~§{Ydmo Z MmhV hmo Vmo VmH$m| AnZo doXH$semIm‘| {Zê${nV J^m©YmZ Am{X g§ñH$magm| g§ñH¥$V hmo Ho$ ^pŠV‘mJu` JwéH$seaU‘| Om`dmo C{MV ho.

s¡\u S>¡ rÜS> rÓhN®dp„ a„kphp _ BÃR>sp¡ lp¡e s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_p h¡v$_u ipMpdp„L$üp âdpZ¡_p Ncp® p_ hN¡f¡ k„õL$pfp¡\u `rhÓ \C_¡ c[¼sdpN}e Nyfy_p ifZ¡S>hy„.

({ÛOoVa {eî`Z²Ho$ H$V©ì`H$mo {Zê$nU)

69 70

........AÝ`ñVw gXmMmamo@ñ` g§l`mV²&&23&&

Añ`=`mHo$ ({ÛOoVañVw)={ÛOgm| {^ÝZ Vmo({ÛOñ`)={ÛOH$mo gXmMma…=gXmMma nam`Ug§l`mV²=^br^m§{Vgm| Aml` (gZ²)=hmo`Ho$(Jwé§=JwéHo$bo Ho$, AÝ`ñVw=AÝ` Vmo ànÚoV²)=eaU‘| Omdo

^mdmW© : Amoa Omo {ÛO Z hmo Vmo emñÌ‘| H$ho AZwgma {ÛOZ²H$s n[aM`m© H$aoAmoa gXmMma nam`U a{hHo$ ^pŠV‘mJu` JwéH$s eaU Omdo&&23&&

S>¡Ap¡ rÜS> _ lp¡e s¡Ap¡ sp¡ ip÷dp„ bspìep dyS>b rÜÅ¡_u `qfQep® L$f¡A_¡ kv$pQpf `fpeZ flu_¡ c[¼sdpN}e Nyfy_p ifZ¡ Åe.

(àn{Îm‘mJ©‘| Xr{jVZ²H$m|H$ d¡îUdmMmaH$moI n[anmbZ H$aZmo. Vm‘| àW‘gßV{dY ^pŠVJ/1-7 H$mo CnXoe)

bãÜdmZwJ«h‘² AmMm`m©V² lrH¥$îUeaU§ OZ…H$&&Yma oV² {VbH§$ ‘mbm§ d¡îUdmMmaVËna…&&24&&

AmMm`m©V²=AmMm`©V| d¡îUdmMmaVËna…=AZwJ«h‘²=H¥$nm,M=Amoa d¡îUd‘mJ©Ho$ AmMma‘| VËnalrH¥$îUeaU§=lrH¥$îUHo$ (gZ²)=hmo Ho$eaU‘ÝÌH$s Xrjm {VbH§$=D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$bãÜdm=àmßV H$[aHo $M=Amoa, ‘mbm§=‘mbm H$m|OZ:=Xr{jV OZ Yma oV²=YmaU H$ao

^mdmW© : nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJ©‘| é{Mdmamo ì`pŠV nw{ï>^pŠV gåàXm`Ho$ gw`mo½`AmMm`©d§eOH$s H¥$nm àmßV H$[aHo$ gd©àW‘ {dZV| lrH¥$îUHo$ Zm‘‘ÝÌdmar

eaUXrjmH$m| àmßV H$ao. Eg| ^JdÝ‘mJ©‘| Xr{jV hmo`Ho$ bbmQ>no Hw§$Hw$‘gm|D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$ Aé H$ÊR>‘| VwbgrH$mð>H$s ‘mbm gXm YmaU H$ao&&24&&

yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ fyrQ fphsu ìe[¼s yrô$c[¼s kçâv$pe_p D`fp¡¼s gnZ^fphsp L$p¡C kyep¡Áe ApQpe®h„iS>_u L©$`p âpàs L$fu_¡ kh® â\d s¡Ap¡\uîuL©$óZ_p _pddÞÓ_u ifZv$unp_¡ âpàs L$f¡. Ap âL$pf¡ cNhÞdpN®dp„ v$urns\Ce¡g ìe[¼s L$`pm D`f Ly„$Ly$d\u EÝh® yÎX²$ rsgL$ A_¡ Nmpdp„ sygkuL$p›$_udpmu-L$ÎW$u kv$p ^pfZ L$f¡.

gd©ñd§ h[agmËH$m ª Ë`OoV² gd©‘² Ad¡îUd‘²&&qhò-H$må`m@Ý`XodmMm© `{X {ZË`§ M bm¡{H$H$‘²&&25&&

(VV…=Vm nmN>| (M=Aé, g…)=dmoVoZ)=dmH$m| Ad¡îUd‘²=d¡îUd‘mJ©gm|{^ÝZgd©ñd‘²=g~ H$Nw> gdª=g~h[agmËH$m`©‘²=h[aHo$AYrZH$aZmo Ë`OoV²=N>m§‹S>oqhò-H$må`m-@Ý`XodmMm©…= M=hþ, `{X=Omoqhgmdmao VWm H$m‘ZmdmaoH$‘© bm¡{H$H§$=bm¡{H$H$Aé AÝ` XodVmZ²H$mo AM©Z (MoV²=hm|Ë`OoV²=N>m§‹S>o VX{n)=gmohþ{ZË`§=à{V{XZmH$[adoHo$H$‘© Ë`OoV²=N>m§‹S>o

^mdmW© : d¡îUd ^`o nmN>| AnZmo gd©ñd lrh[aHo$ AmYrZ H$aZmo. Omo H$Nw>Ad¡îUd AmMma nyd©‘| H$aV hm| gmo g~ N>mo‹S>Zo. Ordqhgm Om‘| hmoVr hmo EgoH$‘© Aé H$må`H$‘©; Aé, AÝ`XodVmZ²H$s nyOm-AM©Zm g~ N>m§‹S>o. {ZË`-Z¡{‘{ÎmH$ emñÌr` H$‘©hþ `{X d¡îUd‘mJ©gm| {dnarV hm| Vmo {dZH$m| hþ N>m§‹S>o. Eg|hr bmoH$V… àmßV d¡îUdVmgm| {dnarV H$m ©Z²H$mo hþ Ë`mJ H$ao&&25&&

71 72

h¥óZh \ep R>u p¡sp_y„ kh®õh îulqf_¡ Ar ®s L$fhy„. S>¡ L$p¡C Z Ah¥óZhApQpf |h£ L$fsp¡ lp¡e s¡ b^p R>p¡X$hp. Æhtlkp \su lp¡e s¡hp L$dp£, L$pçeL$d®;A_¡ îuL©$óZ rkhpe AÞe v¡$hp¡_u `|Å-AQ®_p _p¡ `qfÐepN L$fhp¡. r_Ðe-_¥rdrÑL$ ip÷ue L$dp£ `Z Å¡ h¥óZhdpN®\u rh`fus lp¡e sp¡ s¡ `Z R>p¡X$hp. s¡S> âdpZ¡ h¥óZhdpN®\u rh`fus A¡hp kpdprS>L$-gp¥qL$L$ L$pep£_p¡ Z ÐepN L$fhp¡.

nyd© mÊS>m{XH§$ gdª n[aË`Á` {dew{ÕV…I&&ldUm{Xnamo {ZË § hao… ào‘mñnXmo ^doV²&&26&&

nyd©^mÊS>m{XH§$=n{hboHo$ {dew{ÕV…={deof n{dÌVmV|nmÌ Am{X, gdª=g~ H$Nw> {ZË`§=gXmldUm{Xna…=ldUm{X‘| nam`U(gZ²)=hmo Ho$ ào‘mñnX:=ào‘^mOZhao…=lrH¥$îUH$mo ^doV²=~Z|

^mdmW© : Xr{jV hmo doV| n{hbo AnZo Cn`moJ‘| AmdVo g~ nmÌm{XH$ H$m{‹T>Ho$ZdrZ nmÌm{XH$ bmdZo. ñddUm©l‘mZwgma {deof AmJ«hgm| ñZmZ-ImZ-nmZ-dñÌ-ñne© Am{X‘| gXm ew{Õ amIo. Eg|hr ^JdËgå~ÝYr ldU-H$sV©Zm{X‘|gVV VËna aho. Eg| H$aoV| ^ŠV à wH$m| {à` hmoV ho&&26&&

dpN®dp„ v$urns \hp\u |h£ `p¡sp_p D`ep¡Ndp„ Aphsp b^p hpkZ-Ly$kZhN¡f¡ L$pY$u _pMu_¡ _hu_ hpkZ hN¡f¡ hkphhp. õhhZp®îd^dp®_ykpf rhi¡jApN°l\u õ_p_-Mp_-`p_-h÷-õ`i® Apqv$dp„ iyrÙ fpMhu. s¡ S> âdpZ¡âcy kçbÞ^u îhZ-L$us®_ hN¡f¡dp„ kss sÐ`f fl¡. Apd L$fhp\u c¼s âcy_¡râe b_¡ R>¡.

haoJw©UmZm§ ldU§ Á`m`moä`… e¥Uw mV² gXmJ/1&&

OmV{ej… `dr`moä`… H$sV©`oXÝ`W¡H$b…J/2&&27&&

hao…=h[aHo$ OmV{ej…=ñd § AÜ``ZJwUmZm§=JwUZ²H$mo (gZ²)=H$[aHo$ldU§=ldU `dr`oä`…=N>moQ>oZ²H|$ Vm§B©(Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao H$sV©`oV²=H$sV©Z H$aoÁ`m`moä`…=~‹S>oZ²V| AÝ`Wm=Zqh Vmo(M)=hþ, gXm=gXm AÝ`Wm=Zqh Vmoe¥Uw`mV²=ldU H$ao EH$b…=BH$bmohþ

^mdmW© : ~‹S>oZ²gm| gXm ^JdËgå~ÝYr ldU H$ao. Omo ldU H$sZmo hmo dmH$sÑT>VmHo$ AW© ñd §hþ dmH$mo Aä`mg H$ao. g“r ^ŠVZ²Ho$ AmJ| ^JdËH$sV©Z H$ao.gËnwéfH$mo g“ àmßV Z hmo Vmo BH$bmo hr ^JdËH$sV©Z H$ao&&26&&

Äe¡›$ h¥óZhp¡ pk¡\u âcy kçbÞ^u NyZ-gug hN¡f¡_y„ kv$p îhZ L$f¡. îhZL$f¡g_¡ ×Y$ L$fhpdpV¡$ p¡s¡ Z s¡_p¡ Aæepk L$f¡. k“u c¼sp¡_u kpd¡ cNhÐL$us®_L$f¡. kÐ yfyj_p¡ k“ âpàs _ \pe sp¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> cNhÐL$us®_ L$f¡ (—A\p®s¹ Aks¹_p¡k“ _ S> L$f¡—).

A{VgwÝXaê$nm{U brbmYm‘m{Z g§ñ‘aoV²J/3&&nmXgodm hao… H$m`m© gd©gånpÝZHo$VZ¡…J/4&&28&&

hao…=h[aHo$ gd©gånpÝZHo$VZ¡…=AnZo Ka-A{VgwÝXaê$nm{U=AË`ÝV YZ-gån{Îmgm|, hao…=à^wHo$gwÝXa ê$nZ²H$mo, M=Aé nmXgodm=MaUH$‘bH$s godmbrbmYm‘m{Z=brbmYm‘Z²H$mo (A{n)=hþg§ñ‘aoV²,=gVV ñ‘aU H$ao H$m`m©=Adí` H$aZr

73 74

^mdmW© : Oog| ^JdËgå~ÝYr ldU-H$sV©Z H$ao Eg| hr à wHo$ gdm©{YH$ gwÝXañdê$n Aé à wHo$ Abm¡{H$H$ brbmYm‘Z² H$mo hþ gVV ñ‘aU H$aVmo aho. Eg|hrà wHo$ MaUH$‘bH$s godmhþ AnZo Ka-YZ Am{X gd©ñdHo$ {d{Z`moJnyd©H$ Adí`H$ao&&27&&

âcy_p NyZ-gugp_p îhZ-L$us®_pqv$_u kp\p¡kp\ âcy_p khp®r^L$ kyÞv$fõhê$` A_¡ âcy_p Agp¥qL$L$ gugp^pdp¡ _y„ `Z kss õdfZ L$fsp¡ fl¡. Ap kp\¡âcy_p QfZL$dgp¡_u k¡hp `Z `p¡sp_p Of-^_ Apqv$ kh®õh_p rhr_ep¡N |h®L$Ahíe L$f¡.

AM©Z§ àË`h§ Vñ` {d{YZm {Z`‘oZ MJ/5&&dÝXZ§ MaUmå^moOo Vñ` ^mdZ`mpIboJ/6&&29&&

àË`h§=à{V{XZ M=Amoa, ApIbo=g~{Z`‘oZ={Z`‘gm| OJ{V=OJV²‘|{d{YZm={d{Ygm| Vñ`={dZH$sVñ`={dZH$mo ^mdZ`m=^mdZmgm|AM©Z§=AM©Z MaUmå^moOo={dZHo$ MaUH$‘b‘|(Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao dÝXZ§=dÝXZ, (Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao

^mdmW© : ‘mhmËå`kmZnyd©H$ bmoH${dbjU CnMmaZ²gm| à{V{XZ {Z`‘gm| à wH$sgodm H$ao. g‘J« OJV²‘| ^JdXmË‘H$VmH$mo ^md ampIHo$ AnZo‘| ^JdX§eVmH$moX¡Ý`nyd©H$ ñ‘aU H$[aHo$ lÕm nyd©H$ à wHo$ MaUH$‘b‘| dÝXZ H$ao&&29&&

âcy_p dplpÐçe_p op_ |h®L$ gp¡L$rhgnZ D`Qpfp¡\u ârsqv$_ r_ed |h®L$âcy_u k¡hp L$f¡. kdN° S>Ns¹dp„ cNhv$pÐdL$sp_p¡ cph fpMu_¡ `p¡sp_pdp„

cNhv„$isp_y„ v¥$Þe |h®L$ õdfZ L$fsp-L$fsp îÙp |h®L$ âcy_p QfZL$dmdp„ hÞv$_L$f¡.

Xmñ`§ VXoH$eaU§ VËàgmX¡H$-^moOZ‘²J/7&&Ed§ gßV{dYm ^pŠV… ànÝZm{YH¥$Vm ^doV²&&30&&

VXoH$eaU§=EH$ dmH$mo hr eaU gßV{dYm…=gmV àH$maH$sVËàgmX¡H$^moOZ§=dmHo$ CpÀN>ï> ^pŠV…=^pŠV(Ho$ H$mO)àgmXH$mo hr ^moOZ ànÝZm{YH¥$Vm=eaUmJ{V‘|Xmñ`§=XmgnZm|, A{YH$mar, ^doV²=hmoV hoEd§=Eg|

^mdmW© : EH$‘mÌ lrH¥$îUH$mo hr Aml` (AZÝ`Vm) Aé lrH¥$îUH$m| g‘{n©VnXmW©H$mo hr ^moOZ (g‘{n©V OrdZ) VmH$m| "à^wH$mo XmgnZmo' H$hV h|. `màH$magm| ldUgm| bo H|$ Xmñ` n ©ÝV gmV àH$maH$s ^pŠVHo$ gå`J² AZwð>mZgm|eaUmJ{V {gÕ hmoVho&&30&&

A¡L$dpÓ îuL©$óZ_p¡ S> Apîe (—A_Þesp—) A_¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ kdr ®s L$f¡g`v$p\®_y„ S> cp¡S>_ (—Akdr ®s Æh_—) s¡_¡ âcy_y„ "v$pk`Ï„' L$l¡hpe R>¡. ApâL$pf¡ îhZ\u gC_¡ v$põe `e®Þs kps âL$pf_u c[¼s_y„ kpfufus¡ A_ykfZL$fhp\u ifZpNrs rkÙ \pe R>¡.

(àn{Îm‘mJ©‘ | Xr{jVZ²H$m | d¡îUd d«Vm oËgdK nÄM`kL> VrW©dmgM

d¡îUd{VbH$m{X ~mô`mä`ÝVa {MôZH$moN>-O YmaU Am{XH$mo CnXoe)nyd©{dÕ§ n[aË`mÁ § d«V§ VX²{dîUwnÄMH$‘²&&*4O`ÝVr VyX`o@Ý`oZ XwîQ>mÝ`mß`éUmoX`mV²&&31&&

75 76

{dîUwnÄMH§$={dîUwgå~ÝYr VV²={VZH$m|nm§M(Mm`m] am‘Z¥qghdm‘ZH¥$îU n[aË`mÁ`‘²=VOZoO`ÝVr Aénm§M‘r EH$mXer) O`ÝVr=OÝ‘moËgdd«V§=d«V Vw=Vmo, CX`o=gy`m}X`‘|nyd©{dÕ§=nyd©{V{WHo$ doYdmao AÝ oZ=Xygar {V{WZ²gm|(MoV²)=hm|` Vmo VV²={VZH$m| XwîQ>m=Xy{fV, (M)=AéAÝ`m=Xygar (XwîQ>m=Xmofdmar(EH$mXer)=EH$mXer,A{n=hþ MoV²)=`{X hmo` VmoAéUmoX`mV²=gy`m©X`V| Ë`mÁ`m=VOZr

^mdmW© : nyd© {V{WH$mo Om {V{W‘| doY AmdVmo hmo dm {XZ EH$mXer, O`ÝVrAm{X {dîUwnÄMH$ d«VmoËgd VOZo. gy m}X` H$mb‘| Omo {V{W hmo dmhrH$m| dm{XZH$s {V{W ‘m{ZHo$ lrH¥$îUO`ÝVr Am{X CËgd H$aZo. Eg| hr EH$mXer hþAÝ` {V{WHo$ doYdmar hmo Vmo VOZr.

ApNm_u rsr\_p h¡^hpmu A¡L$pv$iu, S>eÞsu hN¡f¡ rhóÏ`ÊQL$h°sp¡Ðkh_p¡ ÐepN L$fhp¡. k|ep£v$e L$pmdp„ S>¡ rsr\ lp¡e s¡_¡ S> s¡ qv$hk_u rsr\dp_u_¡ îuL©$óZS>eÞsu Apqv$ DÐkhp¡ DS>hhp. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ A¡L$pv$iu `Z Å¡AÞe rsr\_p h¡ hpmu lp¡e sp¡ s¡ qv$hk¡ _ L$fhu.

dfm©{lVmÝ`wËgdm{Z ñdm{lVmÝ`{n `mÝ`wVK&&Vm{Z gdm©{U ha o *5ô`ZwHy$bm{Z Mmn© oV²&&32&&

`m{Z=Omo (MoV²)=hm| Vmodfm©{lVm{Z=df©^aHo$ Vm{Z={VZH$m|CËgdm{Z=CËgd, CV=Aé gdm©{U=g^r Vahgm|ñdm{lVm{Z=ñd‘ZmoaWO{ZV {h=Adí`

A{n M=hþ (CËgd) ha o=h[aH$m|AZwHy$bm{Z=AZwHy$b An© oV²=A{n©V H$ao

^mdmW© : df© a‘| AmdVo CËgd Aé ñd‘ZmoaWgm| O{ZV CËgd hþ gmYZ-gån{Îm, ñdmñÏ`, g‘` Am{XH$s AZwHy$bVm hmo` Vmo {dZ g~H$m|hþ Adí`à wZ²Ho$ gmW ‘ZmdZ|&&32&&

hfkdp„ Aphsp DÐkh s¡dS> `p¡sp_p d_p¡f\ âdpZ¡_p DÐkhp¡ `Zkp^_-kç`rÑ, õhpõÕe, kde Apqv$_u A_yLy$msp lp¡e sp¡ s¡ b^p âcy_ukp\¡ Ahíe d_phhp.

lmÕm{Z MmoÎm‘mÝ od d¡ídXod§ M X¡dH$‘²&&hao… àgmXV… Hw$`m©V² VVg² V¥pßVaZwÎm‘m&&33&&

CÎm‘m{Z=CÎm‘ Hw$`m©V²=H$aZ|lmÕm{Z=lmÕ, M=Aé VV…=Vmgm|d¡ídXod§=d¡ídXod ({nV¦Um§={nV¦Z²H$m|X¡dH§$=Xod gå~ÝYr M=Aé,XodmZm§)=XodVmZ²H$m|M=Adí` AZwÎm‘m=CÎm‘moÎm‘hao…=h[aHo$ V¥pßV…=gÝVmofàgmXV…=àgmXgm| (^d{V)=hmoV ho

^mdmW© : lmÕm{XH$ Aé {dídoXod gå~ÝYr Aé AÝ`hþ XodVm gå~ÝYr gd©CÎm‘ H$m © AmJ«hgm| ^JdÝ‘hmàgmXgm| hr H$ao. VmV| {nV¦Z²H$m| Aé ^JdmZ²Ho$H$‘©g{Md XodVmZ²H$m| hþ CÎm‘‘moÎm‘ V¥pßV hmoV ho&&33&&

77 78

îpÙ hNf¡ L$pep£, rhíh¡v¡$h kçb[Þ^ L$pep£ s¡dS> AÞe Z v¡$hsp kçb[Þ^b^p DÑd L$pep£ ApN°l `|h®L$ âcy_p dlpâkpv$\u S> L$fhp. Apd L$fhp\ur`s©Ap¡_¡ s¡dS> âcy_p L$d®krQh v¡$hspAp¡_¡ `Z DÑdp¡Ñd s©[às \pe R>¡.

àgmXmo@{n ~{b… H$m ©… ñdmË‘g§ñH$maEd g…&&AÝZñ` MmË‘ZíMm{n VËg§ñH$maoU VËna…&&34&&

~{b…= yV`k, A{n=hþ AÝZñ`=AÝZ, M=AéàgmX:=^JdÝ‘hmàgmX(gm|) AmË‘Z:=AmË‘mH$moH$m`©…=H$aZmo, g…=dmo M A{n=hþñdmË‘g§ñH$ma:=AmË‘g§ñH$ma VËg§ñH$maoU=dm g§ñH$magm|Ed=hr, ^d{V=hmoV ho VËna…=VËna(AV…)=VmV| (^doV²)=hmoZmo

^mdmW© : JmoJ«mg Am{X yV`khþ à wHo$ ‘hmàgmXgm|hr H$aZo. dmo AnZo AmË‘mH$mog§ñH$ma hr ho. VmV| AÝZ Aé AmË‘m Ho$ dm hr g§ñH$magm| VËna ahoZmo&&34&&

Np¡N°pk Apqv$ c|seo `Z âcy_p dlpâkpv$\uS> L$fhp. s¡ Ap`ZpApÐdp_p¡ k„õL$pf S> R>¡. s¡\u AÞ_ A_¡ ApÐdp _p s¡ k„õL$pf\u sÐ`f fl¡hy„.

{dàm Jmdmo hao ©ŠVm… gXm nyÁ`m hao… {à`m…&&J¥hñWñ`m{V{W ©ñ‘mV² nyÁ`mo XrZmo X`mñnX…L>&&35&&

{dàm…=~«m÷U, Jmd…=Jm` (ko m…)=OmZZohao… ^ŠVm…=^JdX²^ŠV J¥hñWñ`=J¥hñWH$m|`ñ‘mV²=Š`m|Ho$, hao…=h[aHo$ A{V{W…=A{V{W{à`m…={à` hmoV h| nyÁ`mo=nyÁ`, (^d{V)=hmoV ho(Vñ‘mV²)=VmV| XrZíM=Xw:Ir, X`mñnXmo=X`mnmÌ

gXm=gXm, nyÁ`m=nyÁ` (^d{V)=hmoV ho

^mdmW© : ~«m÷U, Jm` Aé ^JdX² ŠV à wH$m| {à` h| VmV| BZ g~Z²H$mo gËH$maAdí` H$aZmo. `mhr àH$magm| J¥hñWH$m| A{V{W hþ nyÁ` hmoV ho. J¥hñWH$m| Xw:IrOZZ²n| X`m^md amIZmo&&35&&

b°pûZ, Npe A_¡ cNhv¹$c$¼sp¡ âcy_p râe R>¡ s¡\u s¡ b^p_p¡ kÐL$pf AhíeL$fhp¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ N©lõ\dpV¡$ Arsr\ `Z |Äe lp¡e R>¡. N©lõ\¡ vy$:Mu gp¡L$p¡D`f v$epcph fpMhp¡.

OJÝZmWo Ûm[aH$m`m§ lra“o d«O‘ÊS>bo&&`Ì nyOmàdmh… ñ`mV² VÌ {VîR>oÀM VËna…&&36&&

OJÝZmWo=OJÝZmWnwar‘| nyOmàdmh…=nyOmH$mo AZdaV H«$‘Ûm[aH$m`m§=Ûm[aH$mnwar‘| ñ`mV²=hmo`lra“o=lra“Or‘| VÌ=Vhm§d«O‘ÊS>bo=d«O‘ÊS>b‘| VËna…=^JdmZ²‘| nam`U`Ì=Ohm§ (gZ²)=hmo Ho$M=H$hþ§ {VîR>oV²=ahZmo

^mdmW© : OJÝZmWnwar, ÛmaH$mnwar, d«O‘ÊS>b Am{X ^JdËñWmZZ²‘| Ohm§-H$hþ§AZdaV JdËnyOm AZw{ð>V hmoVr hmo Vhm§ JdmZ²‘| nam`U hmo Ho$ aho (ñdJ¥h‘|^JdËgodm H$[ado‘| g‘W© Z hmo` Ego à^wnam`U {daŠV nw{ï>‘mJuHo$ AW© `oCnXoe OmZZmo)&&36&&

S>NÞ_p\ yfu, ÜpfL$p yfu, h°S>dÎX$g hN¡f¡ cNhÐõ\p_p¡dp„ Äep„ A_hfscNhÐ |Å \su lp¡e Ðep„ âcy fpeZ b_u_¡ fl¡. (—õhN©ldp„ cNhÐk¡hp L$fhpi[¼sdp_¹ _ lp¡e s¡hp âcy fpeZ rhf¼s yrô$dpN}dpV¡$ Ap D`v¡$i R>¡—)

79 80

J“m{X-VrW©-d }fw `Wm {MÎm§ Z Xwî`{VM&&ldUmÚ¡… ^OoXod§ lr^mJdVVËna…&&37&&

J“m{XVrW©d`}fw=J“mOr Ed§=Eg|Am{X loð> VrW©Z²‘| lr^mJdVVËna…=lr^mJdV‘| VËna`Wm=Oog| (gZ²)=hmo Ho${MÎm§={MÎm Ed§=VWmZ=Zmht ldUmÚ¡…=ldU Am{Xgm|Xwî`{V=Xy{fV hmodo (à^w§)=à^wH$m| ^OoV²=^Oo

^mdmW© : J“mOr Am{X loð> VrW©Z²‘|, A{V {ZH$Q>Vm Am{XHo$ H$maU VrW©Ho$ AZmXa

Am{Xê$n XmofZ²gm| {MÎm Oog| Xy{fV Zmht hmo dm àH$magm| lr^mJdV‘| VËnahmo Ho$ à wH$mo ldUm{Xgm| ^OZ H$ao&&37&&

NP¹$NpÆ hN¡f¡ î¡›$ su’p£dp„, Ars r“L$V$sp hN¡f¡ L$pfZ¡ su’®“p¡ A“pv$f L¡$s¡hpS> buÅ v$p¡jp¡“¡ L$pfZ¡ rQÑ v$|rjs “ ’pe s¡ âL$pf¡ îucpNhs ‘yfpZ“p‘pW$pqv$dp„ sБf b“u“¡ âcy“y„ îhZpqv$’u cS>“ L$fhy„.

D$Üd©nwÊS´>m{U ‘¥Ý‘wÐm Vwbgr-H$mîR>Om{n òH²$&&~mô`mL²H$mÝ`mÝVam{U ñ w… ^ŠVo: empÝV-{daŠV`…&&38&&

D$Üd©nwÊS´>m{U=D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$ òH²$=‘mbm‘¥Ý‘wÐm=JmonrMÝXZgm| Zm‘m{X ‘wÐm A{n=hþVwbgrH$mð>Om=VwbgrH$mð>H$s ^ŠVo…=^pŠVHo$~mô`mL²H$m{Z=~mø bjU

empÝV{daŠV`…=empÝV VWm {dapŠV AmÝVam{U=AmÝVa bjU AmÝVam{U=AmÝVa bjU ñ w…=hmoV h|

^mdmW© : D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$, JmonrMÝXZgm| Zm‘m{X‘wÐm Aé VwbgrH$mð>gm| ~Zr ‘mbm

`o ^pŠV‘mJuHo$ ~mø bjU h|. Eg| hr empÝV VWm {dapŠV ^pŠV‘mJuHo$AmÝVa bjU h|&&38&&

EÝh®‘yÎX²$ rsgL$, Np¡‘uQÞv$“’u AqP¹$L$s L$fpsu “pdpqv$“u dyÖpAp¡ A“¡symkuL$p›$’u b“su dpmp A¡ ‘yrôc[¼sdpNu“p bpügnZp¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ip[Þs s’p rhf[¼s A¡ ‘yrôc[¼sdpN}“p ApÞsf gnZp¡ R>¡.

e‘mo X‘ñVn… em¡M§ jmpÝVamO©d‘od M&&X`m XmZ§ M {dkmZ§ lÕm X¡dmË‘gånX…&&39&&X¡dmË‘gånX… nw§g… ^pŠV ©d{V Z¡pîR>H$sN>-O&&

e‘:=AmÝVa BpÝÐ`Z²n| g§`‘ M=BË`m{XX‘…=~mø BpÝÐ`Z²n| g§`‘ X¡dmË‘gånX…=X¡dr OrdHo$ JwUVn…=H$ï>H$m| ghZmo Ed={ZíM`em¡M§=n{dÌVm (gpÝV)=h|jmpÝV:=Y¡`©/j‘merbVm X¡dmË‘gånX…=X¡dr OrdHo$ JwUdmaoAmO©d§=gabVm nw§g…=nwéfH$m|X`m=X`m, XmZ§=XmZ ^pŠV…=^pŠV, M={ZpíMV{dkmZ§=VÎdkmZ Z¡pîR>H$s=ÑT>{Zð>mdmarlÕm=lÕm ^d{V=hmoV ho

81 82

gmH$ma ~«÷dmX^mdmW© :

AmÝVa VWm ~mø BpÝÐ`Z²n| g§`‘, H$ï>H$m| ghZmo, emór` gXmMmaHo$AZwgma n{dÌVm amIZr, Y¡ © AWdm j‘merbVm, gabVm, X`m, XmZ, VÎdkmZ,lÕm BË`m{X X¡dr OrdZ²Ho$ JwU OmZZ|. Ego X¡dr JwUdmao nwéfH$m| ^JdX² pŠV{ZíM` hr ÑT>{Zð>mdmar hmoV ho&&39&&

ApÞsf s’p bpü B[ÞÖep¡ D‘f k„ed, L$ô kl“ L$fhp, ip”ue kv$pQpf“pA“ykpf ‘rhÓsp fpMhu, ^¥e® A’hp ndpiugsp, kfmsp, v$ep, v$p“,sÒhop“, îÙp BÐepqv$ NyZp¡ v$¥hu Æh“p ÅZhp. Aphp v$¥hu NyZhpfp ‘y{j“¡cNhv¹c[¼s Qp¡¼L$k‘Z¡ ×Y$r“›$phpgu ’pe R>¡.

(BZ JwUZ²Ho$ H$maU ^pŠV O~ gdm©Ë‘^mdmnÝZm1 hmodo V~ `m bmoH$‘|ànÄM{dñ‘¥{Vnyd©H$ JdXmgpŠV2 Aé d¡Hw$ÊR>m{X JdëbmoH$‘| godmon`moJr XohH$sàmpßV3hþ ’${bV hmoV ho)

``m "gdm©Ë‘^mdm'»`m nam {g{Õ… ñd § ^doV²1&&40&&

``m=Om(Z¡pîR>Š`m=ÑT> nam=CËH¥$ï>^ŠË`m)=^pŠVgm| {g{Õ…={g{Õ"gdm©Ë‘^mdm'»`m="gdm©Ë‘^md' ñd §=AmnwhrZm‘gm| OmZr OmVr ^doV²={gÕ hmoV ho

^mdmW© : Z¡{ð>H$s ^pŠVHo$ H$maU "gdm©Ë‘^md' Zm‘gm| à{gÕ CËH¥$ï> {g{Õ ñd § hr

àmßV hmoV ho&&40&&

Aphu “¥r›$L$u c[¼s“p L$pfZ¡ "khp®Ðdcph' “pd¡ Ap¡mMpsu DÐL©$ô rkrÙAp‘d¡m¡ S> âpàs ’C Åe R>¡.

gd©dñVwfw d¡am½ § XmofÑîQ>çm {d^md oV²&&X‘ZmX² BpÝÐ`mUm§ M gÝVwîQ>çm{n M {gÜ`{V&&41&&

XmofÑîQ>çm=Xmofdmar Ñ{ï>gm| M=Aégd©dñVwfw=g~ dñVyZ²‘| gÝVwîQ>çm=gÝVmofV|d¡am½`§=d¡am½`H$s A{n=hþ{d^md oV²={deofê$ngm| ^mdZm H$ao M={ZpíMVê$ngm|BpÝÐ`mUm§=BpÝÐ`Z²Ho$ (VX²)=dmoX‘ZmX²=X‘ZV| {gÜ`{V={gÕ hmoV ho

^mdmW© : XmofÑ{ï> ampIHo$ gd© dñVyZ²‘| d¡am½`H$s {d^mdZm H$ao. BpÝÐ`Z²n| g§ ‘ Aé

gÝVmof ampIdoV| hþ Adí` d¡am½` {gÕ hmoV ho&&41&&

v$p¡j×rô fpMu“¡ b^u hõsyAp¡dp„ h¥fpÁe“u rhcph“p L$fhu. B[ÞÖep¡D‘fk„ed A“¡ âpàs hõsy-‘qf[õ’rsdp„ kÞsp¡j fpMhp’u ‘Z h¥fpÁe Qp¡¼L$k L¡$mhuiL$pe R>¡.

gd©Ì¡d {daŠVñ` amJ… ñ`mX² ZÝXZÝXZo&&VoZmgpŠVíM ì`gZ§ ànÄMmñ’w$aU§2 ^doV²&&42&&

gd©Ì=g~ {R>H$mZo ZÝXZÝXZo=lrH¥$îU‘|{daŠVñ`={daŠVH$m| amJ…=ào‘Ed=hr ñ`mX²=hmoV hoVoZ=dmV| ànÄMmñ’w$aU§=ànÄMH$s {dñ‘¥{VAmgpŠV…=AgpŠV M=hþ

83 84

ì`gZ§=ì`gZ ^doV²=hmoV ho

^mdmW© : Omo gd©Ì d¡am½`dmamo hmo dmH$m| hr ZÝXZÝXZ lrH¥$îU‘| ào‘ hmoV ho. ào‘V|

AmgpŠV hmoV ho, AmgpŠVV| ì`gZ Aé ànÄMH$s Añ’y${V© nyd©H$ ‘ZH$mo JdmZ²‘|{ZamoY {gÕ hmoV ho&&42&&

kh®Ó h¥fpÁe lp¡e s¡“¡ S> “Þv$“Þv$“ îuL©$óZdp„ â¡d ’C iL¡$ R>¡. â¡d’uApk[¼s ’pe R>¡, Apk[¼s’u ìek“ A“¡ s¡“p ‘qfZpd¡ â‘ÊQ“u Aõawrs®‘|h®L$ cNhp“¹dp„ "r“fp¡ ' rkÙ ’pe R>¡.

Ed§ {ZéÕ{MÎmñ`mZwJ¥hrVñ` Mo{eVw…&&brbmàdoemo3@nrîQ>íM ""Vñ‘mZ² ‘ÀN>aUmo''pŠVV…&&43&&

Ed§=`m àH$magm| ‘ÀN>aU(‘²)''=‘| eaU hÿ§B©{eVw…=B©eHo$ CpŠVV…=`m CpŠVgm|AZwJ¥hrVñ`=H¥$nmdmao brbmàdoe…=^Jdëbrbm‘| àdoeM=Aé M=Aé, BîQ>…=Bï>{ZéÕ{MÎmñ`={ZéÕ {MÎmdmaoH$mo A{n=hþ""Vñ‘mZ²=VmV| (^d{V)=hmoV ho

^mdmW© : `m àH$magm| OmH$mo {MÎm à w‘| {ZéÕ ^`mo hmo Aé OmHo$ D$na à wH$s

H¥$nm ^B© hmo` dmH$mo brbm‘| àdoe hþ Bï> hr ho gmo JmodY©ZmoÕaUHo$ g‘`^JdmZ²Ho$ ""VmV| ‘| hr JmoHw$bH$mo Aml` hÿ§ ...'' (^mJ.nwam.10&22/25&18)BË`m{X dMZV| {gÕ hmoV ho&&43&&

Ap âL$pf¡ S>¡“y„ rQÑ âcydp„ r“{Ù ’ey„ lp¡e A“¡ S>¡“p E‘f âcy“u L©$‘p’C lp¡e s¡“p¡ gugpdp„ âh¡i ’hp¡ ‘Z klS>-Bô R>¡ s¡ hps Np¡h ®“p¡ÙfZ“pkde¡ cNhp“¡ L$l¡gp ""s¡’u lº„ S> Np¡Ly$g“p¡ Apîe R>y„ ...'' (D‘f dyS>b) BÐepqv$hQ“p¡’u rkÙ ’pe R>¡.

(Ego VmÑer d¡îUdZ²H$s `m yVbno pñW{V AÝ` OrdZ²Ho$ Oogr H$mb-H$‘©-ñd^mdmYrZ hmoV Zmht)

Z nmn§ g H$amoË od à‘mXo Ëdmew {ZîH¥${V…&&AkmV-ñI{bVmZm§ M h[aaod nam J{V…&&44&&

g…=dmo {ZîH¥${V…=Nw>Q>H$mamnmn§=nmn (^d{V).=hmoV hoZ=Zmht AkmVñI{bVmZm§=AkmZgm|Ed=hr n{VV ^ oZ²Ho$H$amo{V,=H$ao ho M={ZpíMVà‘mXo=AkmZ‘| h[a…=h[a, Ed=hrVw=Vmo nam=ApÝV‘Amew=erK« J{V…=Cnm`/gmYZ, (ApñV)=h|

^mdmW© : Egmo JdXr` H$~hþ nmnH$‘© Zmht H$aV ho. H$~hþH$ AkmZV| H$moC {ZpÝXV/

{Z{fÕ AmMaU hmo` Om` Vmo hþ erK«hr dmHo$ AnamYV| Ny>Q>r OmV ho. VmV|AkmZV| {OZH$mo ñIbZ hmoV ho {dZH$s EH$‘mÌ J{V lrh[a hr h|&&44&&

Aphp¡ cNhv$ue c¼s ¼epf¡e ‘p‘L$d® L$fsp¡ “’u. ¼epf¡L$ Aop“’u s¡“phX¡$Å¡ L$p¡C r“[Þv$s/r“rjÙ ApQfZ ’C Åe sp¡ ‘Z sfsS> s¡“p A‘fp^’u s¡dy¼s ’C Åe R>¡. s¡’u Aop“’u S>¡“y„ õMg“ ’ey„ lp¡e s¡“u A¡L$ dpÓ Nrsîulqf S> lp¡e R>¡.

85 86

*6h[aa² ^ŠVmnamYofw X` ¡d àgrX{V&&Xmofofw Z J{VñVñ‘mV² XmofmZ² gån[adO© oV²&&45&&

(`ñ‘mV²)=Š`m|Ho$ Vñ‘mV²=VmV|^ŠVmnamYofw=^ŠVHo$ AnamYZ²‘| XmofmZ²=XmofZ²H$m|Xmofofw=XmofZ²‘| gån[adO© oV²=gånyU© ê$ngm| N>mo‹S>oAÝ`m=Xygamo h[a…=h[aJ{V…=Cnm` X``m=X`mV|Z=Zmht Ed=hr(ApñV)=ho àgrX{V=àgÝZ hmoV h|

^mdmW© : ^ŠVZ²H$s AnamY AWdm Xmof ‘|hþ ^JdX{V[aŠV AÝ` H$moB© J{V Zmht ho.

VmV| XmofZ²H$mo nyU©ê$ngm| Ë`mJ H$aZmo. VWm h[a {dZn| X`m H$[aHo$ àgÝZ hr ahVh| Egmo {dídmg amIZmo&&45&&

c¼s“p A‘fp^ A’hp v$p¡j dp„ ‘Z cNhp“¹ rkhpe buÆ L$p¡C Nrs “’u.s¡’u v$p¡j“p¡ ‘|Z®‘Z¡ ÐepN L$fhp¡ s¡dS> îulqf ‘p¡sp“p‘f v$epcph’u âkÞ“S> R>¡ s¡hp¡ rhíhpk fpMhp¡.

AeyÝ`m {Xdgm `m‘m… ‘whÿV©-K{Q>H$m-bdm…&&^JdX² OZ¡… H$m`m©… g§gmamgpŠVaÝ`Wm&&46&&

{Xdgm…={Xdg AeyÝ`m…=a{hV Zmht`m‘m…=àha; VrZ KÊQ>m H$m`m©…=H$aZo‘whÿV©-K{Q>H$m-bdm…= AÝ`Wm=Zqh Vmo48 {‘{ZQ>, 24 {‘{ZQ>, jU g§gmamgpŠV…=g§gma‘| AmgpŠV

^JdX²^OZ¡…=^JdX²^OZgm| (^d{V)=hmo OmV ho

^mdmW© : {Xdg, àha, K‹S>r, jU‘mÌ hþ ^JdX² OZ {dZm Z ahoZmo. ^JdX² OZ

{dZm jU‘mÌhþ aho Vmo g§gmamgpŠV hmo OmV ho&&46&&

qv$hk, âlf, OX$u sp¡ iy„ ‘fÞsy nZdpÓ ‘Z cNhv¹cS>“ hNf “ fl¡hy„.nZdpÓ ‘Z cNhv¹cS>“ rh“p fl¡hp’u k„kpfdp„ Apk¼s b“u S>hpe R>¡.

(Oog| lrh[aH$mo ^OZ, Vog|B lrh[aH$s ^mdZm ampIHo$ Jwé Aé d¡îUd^ŠVZ² Ho$ à{Vhþ Z‘Z, AM©Z VWm X¡Ý` {Z^mdZo)

Jwégodm Jwamoamkm Jwam¡ lrh[a^mdZm&&Jwam¡ ^ § Jwam¡ {g{Õ… ànÝZ… n[a^md oV²&&47&&

(ànÝZoZ)=eaUmJVH$m| (nmbZr`m),=nmbZrJwégodm=JwéH$s godm Jwam¡=Jwé‘|(H$V©ì`m),=H$aZr lrh[a^mdZm=lrh[aH$s ^mdZmJwamo…=JwéH$s (H$m`m©),=H$aZrAmkm=Amkm Jwam¡=Jwé‘|^`§=^`(ñWmnZr`‘²=amIZmo (ApñV=hoM)=Aé B{V)=Eg|Jwam¡=Jwé‘| ànÝZ…=eaUmJV {eî`{g{Õ…={g{Õ n[a^md oV²=AmN>r ^m§{Vgm| ^mdZm H$ao

^mdmW© :

87 88

eaUmJV {eî` JwéH$s godm H$ao, JwéH$s AmkmH$mo nmbZ H$ao, Jwé‘| lrh[aH$s^mdZm H$ao, JwéH$mo ^` amIo, Jwé‘| {g{ÕH$s ^mdZm H$ao. Eg| àH$magm| eaUmJV{eî` aho&&47&&

ifZpNs rióe¡ Ny{“u k¡hp L$fhu, Ny{“u Apop“y„ ‘pg“ L$fhy„, ip”p“ykpfuNy{“u Apop cNhv$pop kdp“S> R>¡ s¡d Ny{dp„ îulqf“u cph“p L$fhu, Ny{“p¡ce ‘Z fpMhp¡, Ny{“u ip”p“ykpfu Apop“p ‘pg“dp„ S> rkrÙ R>¡ s¡d ÅZhy„.Ap âdpZ¡ ifZpNs rióe¡ fl¡hy„.

^ŠVd¥ÝXmZ² Z‘oX² AM}X² ÑîQ‰>m öî oV²(/hfª) g‘mZ oV²&&^ŠVoîdod§ h[a¨ gmjmV² àgmXoZ ì`dpñWV‘²&&48&&

^ŠVd¥ÝXmZ²=^ŠVOZZ²H$m| g‘mZ oV²=~wbmdoZ‘oX²=Z‘Z H$ao ^ŠVofw=^ŠVZ²‘|AM}X²=gËH$ma H$ao Ed§=Eg|(VmZ²)={dZH$m| àgmXoZ=H¥$nmgm|ÑîQ‰>m=XopIHo$ ì`dpñWV‘²={~amOVoöî`oV²,=àgÝZ hmo` gmjmV²=gmjmV²(J¥h§)=Ka‘| h[a¨=h[aH$m|, (ní oV²)=XoIo

^mdmW© : ^ŠVOZZ²H$m| àUm‘ H$ao, {dZH$mo gËH$ma H$ao, AnwZo Ka‘| {dZH$m| ~wbmdo.

^ŠVZ²Ho$ öX`‘| ^JdmZ² gXm àgÝZVmgm| {~amOV h| VmV| ^ŠVZ²‘| ^JdmZ²H$m|XoIo&&48&&

c¼sp¡“¡ âZpd L$f¡, s¡d“p¡ kÐL$pf L$f¡, ‘p¡sp“p Ofdp„ c¼sp¡“¡ ApdÞÓ¡.c¼s“p ùv$edp„ cNhp“¹ kv$p âkÞ“sp’u rbfpS>¡ R>¡ s¡’u c¼sp¡dp„ cNhp““¡Sy>A¡.

{dZm ^ŠVàg“oZ gXJwamo… H¥$n`m {dZm&&lr^mJdVemñÌoU {dZm ^pŠV… H$W§ ^doV²&&49&&

^ŠVàg“oZ=^ŠVHo$ g“Ho$ lr^mJdVemñÌoU=lr^mJdV emóHo${dZm={~Zm {dZm={~ZmgX²Jwamo…=gX²JwéH$s ^pŠV…=^pŠVH¥$n`m=H¥$nmHo$ H$W§=Ho$g|{dZm={~Zm ^doV²=hmo`

^mdmW© : ^ŠVHo$ g“ {dZm, gX²JwéH$s H¥$nm {dZm VWm lr^mdJdV emó {dZm

lrH¥$îU‘| ^pŠV Ho$g| hmo gHo$?&&49&&

c¼sp“p¡ kP¹$N L$ep® rh“p, kv¹Ny{“u L©$‘p rh“p s¡dS> îucpNhs ip”“pAÝee“-d““ rh“p îuL©$óZdp„ c[¼s L¡$d ’C iL¡$?

{dZm JX²JXH$ÊR>oZ ÐdVm MoVgm {dZm&&{dZm Z¥Ë oZ JmZoZ h[aàr{V… H$W§ ^doV²?&&50&&

JX²JXH$ÊR>oZ=^JdXmdoegm| Z¥Ë oZ=Z¥Ë`Ho$JX²J{XV H$ÊR>Ho$ (M)=Aé{dZm={dZm JmZoZ=JmZHo$MoVgm={MÎmH$s {dZm={dZmÐdVm=^JdËñZohgm| ÐdVm h[aàr{V…=h[a‘| ào‘{dZm={dZm H$W§=Ho$g|, ^doV²=hmo`

89 90

^mdmW© : H$sV©Z H$aV ^JdXmdoegm| H$ÊR> JX²J{XV Z hmo , ñ‘aU H$aV ^JdËào‘gm|

{MÎm AmЩ Z hmo`, Z¥Ë`-JmZ g{hV ^JdX²^OZHo$ {dZm à^w‘| ào‘ Ho$g|hmo ?&&51&&

Äep„ ky u âcy“p L$us®“ L$fsp cNh˜phph¡i’u L$ÎW$ N•qv$s “ ’pe, âcy“y„õdfZ L$fsp cNhÐâ¡d’u l¥ey „ cfpC “ Aph¡, A“¡ “©Ðe-Np“ krlscNhv¹cS>“ “ ’pe Ðep„ ky u âcydp„ â¡d L¡$d ’pe?

""X¡dr h² ofm JwU‘`r ‘‘ ‘m`m XwaË``m&&‘m‘od o ànÚÝVo ‘m`m‘oVm§ VapÝV Vo''&&51&&

Efm= o (ApñV)=hoJwU‘`r=JwUdmar (AV…)=VmV|, o=OmoX¡dr=X¡dr ‘m‘²=‘moH$m|, Ed=hr‘‘=‘oar ànÚÝVo=eaUmJV hm|` h|‘m`m=‘m`m Vo=dmo, EVm§=`m{h={ZíM` hr ‘m`m§=‘m`mH$m|XwaË``m=H$ï>gm| OrVrOm` Egr VapÝV=V[a gHo$ h|

^mdmW© : o JwU‘`r ‘oar X¡dr ‘m`m {ZíM` hr H$ï>gm| OrVr Om gHo$ Egr ho. VmV|

Omo ‘oar eaU‘| Amdo ho dmo hr ‘oar `m ‘m`mH$m| V[a gHo$ ho&&51&&

Ap NyZdeu dpfu v$¥hu dpep L$ô’u Æsu iL$pe s¡hu R>¡. s¡’u S>¡ dpfp ifZ¡Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ S> dpfu Ap dpep“¡ sfu iL¡$ R>¡.

(g¥{ï>Ho$ H$Vm© Ho$db ^JdmZ² h|, Vmgm| o g¥{ï> ^JdXmpË‘H$m ho1, gmo `mg¥{ï>‘| nw{ï>OrdH$m| ^OZmZÝXmZw dHo$ àXmZmW© àH$Q> {H$ o h|2, Vmgm| nw{ï>OrdH$m|^JdXZwJ«hmW© {Z`mo{OV H$aZm|hþ ^JdËgodm hr ho3)

H«$sS>mW©‘² Ag¥OV² nydª ñdmË‘Zm ñdmË‘H§$ OJV²&&VÌ H$m`^dm nwpîQ>… brbmg¥pîQ>a² AZwÎm‘m&&52&&

(^JdmZ²)=^JdmZ²Z|nydª=n{hbo VÌ=Vm‘|ñdmË‘Zm=Amnwgm| H$m`^dm=H$m`mV| àH$Q>ñdmË‘H§$=ñdmË‘H$-^JdXmË‘H$ AZwÎm‘m=CÎm‘moÎm‘OJV²=OJVH$m| brbmg¥pîQ>…=brbmg¥{ï>H«$sS>mWª={H«$S>mHo$ AW© nwpîQ>…=nw{ï>OrdZ²H$sAg¥OV²=àH$Q> {H$`mo (ApñV)=ho

^mdmW© : ^JdmZ²Z| n{hbo Vmo H«$sS>mHo$ AW© Amnwgm| ñdmË‘H$ BVZ| ^JdXmË‘H$ OJV²

àH$Q> {H$`mo. Vm OJV²‘| Omo X¡dr Ord h¢ {VZH$mo AnZr H$m`mV| àH$Q>r nw{ï>g¥{ï>H$sCÎm‘moÎm‘ brbm‘| A“rH$ma {H$`mo&&52&&

cNhp“¡ â’d sp¡ ¾$uX$pdpV$¡ ‘p¡sp“phX¡$ õhpÐdL$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ cNhv$pÐdL$ S>Ns¹“¡âL$V$ L$ey. s¡ S>Ns¹dp“p v$¥hu Æhp¡“p¡ ‘p¡sp“u L$pep’u âL$V$¡gu ‘yrôk©rô“u DÑdp¡Ñdgugpdp„ AP¹$NuL$pf L$ep£.

dm‘m§e-gå^dmZmÝVw ^OZmZÝXbãY`o&&{dg¥îQ>mZm§ VVmo@Ý ofm§ ZmÝ`m gmYZnÕ{V…&&53&&

91 92

^OZmZÝXbãY`o=^OZmZÝXH$mo Vw=Vmo,XmZ H$[adoHo$ AW© VV…=VmV|{dg¥îQ>mZm‘²={deof hoVwgm| àH$Q> ^`o AÝ`m={^ÝZ Xygamodm‘m§e-gå^dmZm‘²=dm‘ A§egm| gmYZnÕ{V…=Cnm`àH$Q>^`oZ²H$m| Z=ZmhtAÝ`ofm§=AÝ`Z²H$m| (ApñV)=ho

^mdmW© : à wHo$ dm‘ A§egm| àH$Q> ^ o Ord Ho$ {OZH$m| à yZ²Z| ^OZmZÝXH$mo XmZ

H$[adoH$m| àH$Q> {H$ o h| {dZH$m| `mV| {^ÝZ Xygamo H$moB© Cnm` Zmht ho&&53&&

âcy“p hpd A„i’u âL$V$ ’e¡gp Æhp¡ L¡$ S>¡“¡ cS>“p“Þv$“y„ v$p“ L$fhpdpV$¡âcyA¡ âL$V$ L$ep® R>¡ s¡Ap¡dpV$¡ Ap rkhpe buÅ¡ L$p¡C D‘pe “’u.

""`ñ`m`‘² AZwJ¥ôUm{V ^JdmZ² AmË‘^m{dV…&&g Ohm{V ‘qV bmoHo$ doXo M n[a{ZpîR>Vm‘²''&&54&&

A`§=`o bmoHo$=bmoH$‘|AmË‘^m{dV…=AmË‘mgm| ^m{dV M=Aé^JdmZ²=^JdmZ² doXo=doX‘|`ñ`=OmHw$ n[a{ZpîR>Vm‘²=AË`ÝV pñWaAZwJ¥ôUm{V=AZwJ¥hrV H$ao h| ‘qV=‘{VH$m|g…=dmo Ohm{V=Ë`mJ Xo ho

^mdmW© : AmË‘V`m ^m{dV ^JdmZ² Omn| H¥$nm H$ao h| dmo ^ŠV bmoH$ Aé doX ‘|

n[a{Z{ð>V AnZr ‘{VH$m| hþ Ë`mJ Xo ho&&54&&

ApÐdp sfuL¡$ cprhs cNhp“¹ S>¡“p D‘f L©$‘p L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ c¼s gp¡L$ A“¡ h¡v$dp„ AÐeÞs [õ’f ’e¡gu drs“p¡ ‘Z ÐepN L$fu v$¡ R>¡.

*8AZwJ«ho {Z`moÁ`mo@V… g§J«h… lw{Vgå‘V…&&‘hVm§ g‘`mo ‘mZ§ ‘hmÝVmo@Ì hao… {à`m…&&55&&

AV…=VmV| g§J«h…=g§J«h(EVmÑe…)=Ego lw{Vgå‘V…=doX gå‘VAZwJ«ho=AZwJ«h‘| (ApñV)=ho{Z`moÁ`…=ào[aV H$aZo AÌ=`hm§(^d{V)=M{h`o ‘mZ§=àm‘mU(VmÑe§=dogmo ‘hVm§=‘hmnwéfZ²H$moVw)=Vmo g‘`…=g‘`/ì`dhma(ApñV)=ho {à`m…={à`hao…=h[aHo$ ‘hmÝV…=‘hmZ², (gpÝV)=h|

^mdmW© : ^JdX² pŠV‘| ‘{V pñWa hmo VXW© bmoH$-doX‘| AmgŠV X¡dr OrdZ²H$m|

^JdX² AZwJ«h‘mJ©Ho$ à{V ào[aV H$aZo M{h`o. Egmo bmoH$g§J«h (namonH$ma) hþdoXgå‘V hr ho. `hm§ à‘mU ‘hmZ² nwéfZ²H$mo AmMa hþ ho. ^JdmZ²H$m| Oo {à` h|do hr dñVwV: ‘hmZ² h|&&55&&

cNh˜[¼sdp„ drs [õ’f ’pe s¡dpV$¡ gp¡L$-h¡v$dp„ Apk¼s v$¥hu Æhp¡“¡cNhp““p A“yN°ldpN® ârs âqfs L$fhp Å¡CA¡. Ap âL$pf“p¡ gp¡L$k„N°l(‘fp¡‘L$pf) ‘Z h¡v$kçds S> R>¡. Ap bpbsdp„ âdpZ dlp‘y{jp¡“p¡ kv$pQpf‘Z R>¡. cNhp““¡ S>¡ râe R>¡ s¡ S> Mf¡Mf dlp“¹ R>¡.

93 94

(lr‘X² mJdVHo$ ""a{Vamgmo...'' 3&7&18 íbmoH$‘| {Zê${nV ^OZmZÝXH$sCnbpãYHo$ H$mO AmË‘g‘n©Um{X gmYZZ²H$mo {Zê$nU)

AVg² VXZwamoYoZ "a{Vamgmo' `Wm ^doV²&&VXWª daU§ H$m ª *lrJmonmb‘hm‘Zmo…&&56&&

AV…=VmV| lrJmonmb‘hm‘Zmo…=VXZwamoYoZ=dmHo$ AZwgma lrJmonmb‘ÝÌH$mo/`Wm=Oog| ""a{VàmXw^m©dmo ^dVw gVV§"a{Vamg:'=a{Vamgê$n ^OZmZÝX lrn[ad¥T>o'' `m ñVmoÌH$mo^doV²={gÕ hmo daU§=daU, H$m ª=H$aZmoVXWª=dmHo$ AW©

^mdmW© : (""`Ëgod`m ^JdV: ...a{Vamgmo ^doV²'' íbmoH$‘| JwégodmH$m| ^º²$ wn`moJr

~VmB© ho) VmV| JwéH$s AmkmHo$ AZwgma Oog| a{Vamgê$n ^OZmZÝX {gÕ hmodmHo$ AW© Jmonmb‘ÝÌ AWdm n[ad¥T>mï>H$ ñVmoÌH$mo {ZË` AZwgÝYmZ H$aZmo&&56&&

(""eÐk¡hep cNhs: ...frsfpkp¡ ch¡s¹'' ígp¡L$dp„ Ny{k¡hp“¡ c¼Ðey‘ep¡NuL$lu R>¡) s¡’u Ny{“u Apop A“ykpf S>¡d frsfpkê‘ cS>“p“Þv$ rkÙ ’pe s¡dpV$¡Np¡‘pgdÞÓ A’hp ‘qfh©Y$pôL$ õsp¡Ó “y„ r“Ðe A“ykÞ^p“ L$fhy„.

Zm`‘mË‘m àdMZ¡a² Z {Y`m Z ~hþlwV¡…&&bä`Vo daU§ {hËdm d¥V§ g§d¥UwVo lwVo…&&57&&

A`§=`o Z=ZAmË‘m=na‘mË‘m ~hþlwV¡…=~hþV gwZdogm|

daU§=daU bä`Vo=àmßV hmoV ho{hËdm={dZm d¥V§={Z`‘Z=Z M=VmoàdMZoZ,=àdMZgm| g§d¥UwVo=daU H$ao hoZ=Z lwVo…=lw{Vgm|{Y`m=~w{Õgm| (àm‘mÊ`mV²)=àm‘mÊ`gm|

^mdmW© : o na‘mË‘m daU {dZm Z àdMZgm|, Z ~w{Õgm|, Z Vmo ~hþV gw{Zdogm|hþ àmßV

hmo gHo$ ho. daUH$mo o {Z`‘ lw{Vgm| à{gÕ ho. Ap ‘fdpÐdp hfZ rh“p “ sp¡ âhQ“’u, “ byrÙ’u L¡$ “ sp¡ blº

kp„cmhp’u âpàs ’C iL¡$ R>¡. hfZ“p¡ Ap r“ed îyrsdp„ ârkÙ R>¡.

ñ‘¥Ëdm ñdr`{d`moJmp½Z§ VmnXmhmo ^dmå~wYm¡&&VV… gdª g‘ß £d lrJmonmb‘Zw§ l oV²&&58&&

^dmå~wYm¡=^dgmJa‘| VV…=VmV|VmnXmh…=VmnOÝ` Xmh gdª=g~(ApñV=ho g‘ß`©=g‘{n©V H$[aHo$B{V)=Eg| Ed=hrñdr`{d`moJmp½Z§=AnZo {d`moJmp½ZH$mo lrJmonmb‘Zw§=Jmonmb‘ÝÌH$moñ‘¥Ëdm=ñ‘aU H$[aHo$ l oV²=Aml` H$ao

^mdmW© : m dgmJa‘| Jd{Û`moJ Ap½ZXmhHo$ g‘mZ² h¡. VmV| (JÚ‘ÝÌmoŠV àH$magw§)

^Jd{X²d`moJ OÝ` Ap½ZH$mo ñ‘aU H$[aHo$ dm {d`moJmp½ZH$s {Zd¥{ÎmHo$ AW© g~H$Nw> à yZ²Hy$§ An©U H$[aHo$ lrJmonmb‘ÝÌH$mo Aml` H$ao&&59&&

95 96

Ap chkpNfdp„ cNhrÜep¡N A[Á“v$pl kdp“¹ R>¡. s¡’u (NÛdÞÓp¡¼s âL$pf¡)cNhrÜep¡N S>Þe A[Á““y„ õdfZ L$fu“¡ s¡ rhep¡Np[Á““u r“h©rÑ“p dpV$¡ b y„âcy“¡ A‘®Z L$fu“¡ îuNp¡‘pgdÞÓ“p¡ Apîe L$fhp¡.

""Bï>§ XÎm§ Vnmo OßV§ d¥V§ `ÀMmË‘Z… {à`‘² &&XmamZ² gwVmZ² J¥hmZ² àmUmZ² `V² nañ‘¡ {ZdoXZ‘²''&&59&&

BîQ>§=`km{X XmamZ²=órXÎm§=XmZ gwVmZ²=nwÌVn:=Vn J¥hmZ²=KaOßV§=On àmUmZ²=àmUd¥Îm§=d«V VV²=dmoAmË‘Z…=ñd`§H$m| nañ‘¡=^JdXW©{à`‘²={à` {ZdoXZ‘²={ZdoXZ

`V²=Omo (Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao

^mdmW© : g‘ñV Bï> BVZ| `km{X Aé nyV© BVZ| XmZ-On-Vn-d¥V Am{X H$‘©Z²H$mo

Aé AnZo {à` ór, nwÌ, Ka, àmU Am{X H$mohþ ^JdËgodmHo$ AW© {ZdoXZH$ao&&59&&

‘p¡sp“y„ b y Bô A¡V$g¡ L¡$ eo hN¡f¡, A“¡ ‘|s® A¡V$g¡ L¡$ v$p“-s‘-S>‘-h©shN¡f¡ L$dp£“¡ A“¡ ‘p¡sp“p râe A¡hp ”u, ‘yÓ, Of âpZ hN¡f¡“¡ ‘Z cNhÐk¡hp’£r“h¡qv$s L$f¡.

""B{V ^mJdVmZ² Y‘m©Z² {ejZ² ^ŠË`m VXwËW`m&&Zmam`Unamo ‘m`m‘² AÄOñVa{V XwñVam‘²''&&60&&

""B{V=`m àH$magm| Zmam`Una…=Zmam`U nam`U^mJdVmZ²=^JdmZ² gå~pÝY (gZ²)=hmo Ho$Y‘m©Z²=Y‘©Z²H$m| XwñVam‘²=H${R>ZVmgm| V[a gH|$ Egr{ejZ²=Om{ZHo$ ‘m`m‘²=‘m`mH$m|VXwËW`m=dmV| CËnÝZ AÄO…=erK«^ŠË`m=^pŠVV| Va{V=V[a Om` ho

^mdmW© : Ego àH$magm| ^mJdVY‘©Z²H$m| Om{ZHo$, dmV| CËnÝZ ^B© ^pŠVgm| Zmam`U‘|

nam`U hmo Ho$ ^ŠV XwñVa ‘m`mH$m|hþ erK«Vmgm| V[a Om` ho&&60&&

Ap âL$pf¡ cpNhs^d®“¡ ÅZu“¡ s¡“p’u DБޓ ’e¡g c[¼s’u “pfpeZdp„‘fpeZ ’C“¡ c¼s v$yõsf dpep“¡ ‘Z TX$‘’u sfu Åe R>¡.

Ed§ `moJrídamoŠVoZ ^pŠV‘mJ}U `mo `OoV²&&gEdmVrË` H${bOmZ² XmofmZ² JÀN>oV² na§ nX‘²&&61&&

Ed§=Eg| H${bOmZ²=H${bH$mbHo$`moJrídamoŠVoZ=`moJrídaZ²Ho$ H$ho XmofmZ²=XmofZ²H$m|^pŠV‘mJ}U=^pŠV‘mJ©gm| AVrË`=nma H$[aHo$`…=Omo na§=CÎm‘`OoV²=^OZ H$ao ho nX‘²=’$bH$m|g:=dmo, Ed=hr JÀN>oV²=àmßV H$ao ho

^mdmW© :

97 98

Eg| (EH$mXeñH$ÝY‘| {Zê${nV) `moJrídamoŠV ^pŠV‘mJ©gm| Omo ^JdmZ²H$mo^OZ H$ao ho dmo H${bXmofZ²H$m| nma H$[aHo$ CÎm‘ nXH$m| àmßV hmoV ho&&61&&

Apd (A¡L$pv$iõL$Þ^dp„ r“êr‘s) ep¡Nuíhfp¡A¡ cpNhsdp„ L$l¡g c[¼sdpN®“pA“ykpf S>¡ cNhp“¹“y„ cS>“ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ L$rgv$p¡jp¡“¡ ‘pf L$fu“¡ DÑd ‘v$“¡ âpàsL$f¡ R>¡.

(Vmhm§ ^pŠV‘mJ©‘| {Z{fÕ Egr H$Ny>H$ ~mVZ²H$mo {Zê$nU)Zmd¡îUd¡… gh dgoZ² Z V¡… g§gJ©‘mMaoV²&&àg“ofw h[a¨ Ü`m oV² ... ... ... ... ...

Ad¡îUd¡…=Ad¡îUdHo$ Z=Zgh=g“ AmMaoV²=H$aoZ=Z, dgoV²=aho àg“ofw=àg“Z²‘|V¡…={dZH$mo h[a¨=h[aH$mog§gJ©‘²=g§gJ© Ü`m`oV²=Ü`mZ H$aZmo

^mdmW© : Ad¡îUdZ²Ho$ g“ Z aho, {dZH$mo g§gJ© hþ Z H$ao. Šd{MV² g“ hmo`don|

h[aH$mo Ü`mZ Yao. ...

Ah¥óZh“u kp’¡ “ fl¡hy„. Ah¥óZh“p¡ k„kN® ‘Z “ fpMhp¡. ¼epf¡L$ c¡V$p¡’C ‘Z Åe sp¡ îulqf“y„ Ýep“ ^fhy„.

... ... ... ... ñZm`mV² H$‘©{U ‘ÝÌV…&&62&&Xohew{Õ… gXm H$m`m© H$aew{Õ: {deofV…&&ñdnm̧ ^JdËnm̧ ñZmZnm̧ Z ‘ob oV²&&63&&

H$‘©{U=H$‘©Z²‘| H$aew{Õ…=hmWZ²H$s ew{Õ‘ÝÌV…=‘ÝÌgm| {deofV…={deofê$ngm|, H$m`m©=H$aZrñZm`mV²=ñZmZ H$aZmo ñdnm̧=AnZo ~mgZXohew{Õ…=XohH$s ew{Õ ^JdËnm̧=^JdËgodmon`moJr ~mgZgXm=gXm ñZmZnm̧=ñZmZHo$ ~mgZH$m`m©=Adí` H$aZr Z=Zmht, ‘ob oV²={‘bmZo

^mdmW© : H$‘©‘| ‘ÝÌgm| ñZmZ H$ao&&62&& ñZmZm{Xgm| XohH$s ew{Õ gXm amIZr. Eg| hr XmoC hmWZ²H$s ew{Õ hþ {deof

gmdYmZr ampIHo$ H$aZr. AnZo Cn`moJ‘| AmVo ~mgZ, ^JdËgodmon`moJr ~mgZAé ñZmZHo$ nmÌZ² H$m| {‘bmZo Zmht&&63&&

L$d®dp„ dÞÓ’u õ“p“ L$fhy„.

õ“p“pqv$Üpfp v$¡l“u iyrÙ L$fhu. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ bÞ“¡ lp’p¡“u iyrÙ ‘Z rhi¡jkph^p“u’u L$fhu. ‘p¡sp“p D‘ep¡Ndp„ Aphsp hpkZp¡, âcyk¡hp“p D‘ep¡Ndp„Aphsp hpkZp¡ s¡dS> õ“p“pqv$“p D‘ep¡Ndp„ Aphsp hpkZp¡“¡ Sy>v$p fpMhp,Sy>v$p kpa L$fhp.

Ed§ dñÌo@{n {dko o *9ewÕçewÕr ñdd¡îUd¡…&&Jmon oV² ñdmJ‘mMma§ nmH$godm§ haoa{n&&64&&

Ed§=Eg| ñdmJ‘mMma§=AnZodñÌo=dóHo$ {dfo AmJ‘emómoŠV AmMmaA{n=hþ hao…=h[aH$sñdd¡îUd¡…=AnZo d¡îUdZ²gm| nmH$godm§=agmoB©H$s godmewÕçewÕr=ew{Õ VWm Aew{Õ A{n=hþ

99 100

{dko o=OmZZo Jmon`oV²=JwßV amIZr

^mdmW© : dóZ²Ho$ {dfohþ Eg| hr g‘OZmo. ñd‘mJu` d¡îUdZ²gm| ew{Õ-Aew{ÕH$s

g‘P boZr. naånamgm| àmßV ñd‘mJu` AÝVa“ AmMma VWm à^wH$s agmoB©Am{XH$s godmH$m| hþ AÝ`Z²gm| JwßV amIZr&&64&&

L$‘X$p„ bpbs ‘Z s¡ S> âdpZ¡ kdS>hy„. õhdpN}e ÅZL$pf h¥óZhp¡ ‘pk¡’uiyrÙ-AiyrÙ bpbs“u kdS> g¡hu. ‘fç‘fp’u Qpëep Aphsp õhdpN}eAÞsfP¹$N ApQpf s’p âcy“u fkp¡C hN¡f¡“u k¡hp“¡ ‘Z buÅ’u Nyàs fpMhu.

(^JdËgodm‘| ì`dhm © ewÕ dñVyZ²H$mo CnXoe…)gm¡dU£… amOV¡g² Vm‘«¡… nmÌ¡a² ì`dhaoV² na¡…&&nmHo$ ñdr`mZ² gVrÏ`mªíM gdUm©Z² gpÝZ`moO oV²&&65&&

na¡…=XygaoZ²gm|/D$Îm‘gm| nmHo$=agmoB©‘|gm¡dU£…=gmoZoHo$, amOV¡…=Mm§XrHo$ ñdr`mZ²=n[aOZZ²H$m|, (M)=AéVm‘«¡…=Vm§~mHo$ gVrÏ`m©Z²=g‘mZ JwédmaonmÌ¡…=nmÌZ²gm| gdUm©Z²=g‘mZ dU©Ho$ bmoJZ²H$m|ì`dhaoV²=ì`dhma H$ao gpÝZ`moO`oV²=gpå‘{bV H$ao

^mdmW© : gmoZo, Mm§Xr, Vm§~m Ho$ nmÌZ²H$m| ì`dhma‘| bodo. agmoB©‘| n[admaHo$ bmoJZ²H$m|

Aé g‘mZ Jwé hm| Ego g‘mZ dU©Ho$ bmoJZ²H$m| gpå‘{bV H$ao&&65&&

kp¡“p, Qp„v$u, Ópbp “p ‘pÓp¡“¡ L$pddp„ g¡hp. fkp¡C b“phhpdp„ ‘qfhp“pgp¡L$p¡ s¡dS> kdp“ Ny{ lp¡e s¡hp kdp“ hZ®“p gp¡L$p¡“¡ k[çdrgs L$fhp.

g‘ß £d ew{M… nydª ha o@Ý`Ì `moO oV²&&*10{Û‘wI§ ew{M nm̧ Vw ô §ewH§$ bmo‘O§ ew{M&&66&&

ew{M…=ewÕ dñVw g‘ß`©=g{n©V H$aHo$nydª=àW‘, ha`o=h[aH$m| Ed=hrAÝ`Ì=AÝ` H$moC H$m ©‘| ew{M=ewÕ`moO oV²=Cn`moJ H$ao bmo‘O§=D$Zgm| ~Ý`monm̧=nmÌ, Vw=Vmo {h=, A§ewH§$=dó{Û‘wI§=Xmo ‘w§hdmamo(Pmar/H$adm) ew{M=ewÕ

^mdmW© : ewÕdñVw àW‘ à yZ²H$m| g‘{n©V H$ao Vm nmN>| AÝ` H$m ©‘| Cn`moJ H$ao.

ñZmZ-nmZ-àjmbZm{X H$m ©Ho$ Vm§B© Xmo ‘w§hdmao (Pmar/H$adm) nmÌ ewÕ ‘mZoOm§ h|. Eg| hr D$ZHo$ dó ewÕ ‘mZo Om§ h|&&66&&

iyÙ hõsy“¡ kh® â’d âcy“¡ kdr‘®s L$fhu. s¡ ‘R>u AÞe L$pe®dp„ hp‘fhu.õ“p“-‘p“-ânpg“ Apqv$ L$pep£dp„ b¡ dp¡Y$phpmp (L$fhp/Tpfu) hpkZp¡ iyÙdp“hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ h”p¡dp„ E““¡ iyÙ dp“hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

H$mnm©g‘mhV§ ewÕ§ ZdH$m¡gwå^`wH²$ ew{M:&&{dà¡ì ©döV§ VrW©‘² Amam‘§ M J¥h§ ew{M:&&67&&

H$mnm©g‘²=gyVrdó ì`döV§=Cn`moJ‘|{b`moOmVmoAmhV§=Ymo mo ^`mo VrW©‘²(ObñWmZ‘²)=ewÕ§=ewÕ ObñWmZ/Hw$Am, M=AéZdH$m¡gwå^ wH²$=ZdrZ bmba“o ^`o Amam‘§=~JrMrew{M:=ewÕ J¥h§=Ka, ew{M:=ewÕ{dà¡…=~«m÷UÛmam (H$Ï`Vo)=H$ho OmV h|

101 102

^mdmW© : gyVr dó Ymo mo ^`mo, ZdrZ a“çmo ^`mo ewÕ H$ømo OmV ho. ~«m÷UÛmam

Cn`moJ‘| {b`mo OmVmo Ob n{dÌ ‘mÝ`mo OmV h|. Eg| hr Amam‘ (~JrMr AWm©V²Jm‘Ho$ ~mha CndZ‘| {Z{‘©V A{V{W{Zdmg) VWm Ka ewÕ H$ømo OmV ho&&67&&

kysfpD L$p‘X$ ^p¡e¡gy„, “hy„ f„N¡gy„ iyÙ dp“hy„. b°pûZp¡Üpfp D‘ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpsy„S>g ‘rhÓ ÅZhy„. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Apfpd (bNuQu A’p®s¹ Npd blpf D‘h“dp„bp„ ¡g Arsr’r“hpk) A“¡ Of “¡ iyÙ ÅZhy„.

(^JdËgodm‘| Omo nam`U hm| {VZH$m| AÝ`Xodml` Vmo {Z{fÕ hmo don| hþAÝ`XodZ²H$mo An‘mZ H$~hþ Z H$aZmo. Vmgm| H$hm-Ho$go H$aZmo VmH$mo àH$ma)

ZmÝ`Xod§ d«OoX² Z¡d àgŠVm¡ ô`n‘mZ oV²&&VrW}fw VrW©XodmZm§ yXodmZm§ g‘M©Z‘²&&68&&

AÝ`Xod§=AÝ`XodHo$ nmg An‘mZ oV²=An‘mZ H$aoZ=Zmht, {h=hr VrW}fw=VrW©Z²‘|d«OoV²=Om` VrW©XodmZm§=VrW©XodZ²H$moàgŠVm¡=gå‘wI hmo Om§ Vmo ^yXodmZm§=~«m÷UZ²H$moZ¡d=H$~hþ Zmht g‘M©Z‘²=nyOZ, (Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao

^mdmW© : d¡îUdZ²H$m| AÝ` XodHo$ nmg H$~hþ Z OmZmo. Šd{MV² àg“de AÝ` XodHo$

gå‘wI hmo Om | V~ {dZH$mo An‘mZ H$~hþ Z H$ao. VrW©Z²‘| VrW©XodVmZ²H$mo VWmnwamo{hV ~«m÷UZ²H$mo gËH$ma H$ao&&68&&

h¥óZh¡ AÞe v$¡h“u ‘pk¡ ¼epf¡ ‘Z “ S>hy„. âkP¹$Nhi ¼epf¡L$ AÞe v$¡hp¡“pkçdyM S>hpC Åe sp¡ v$¡hp¡“y„ A‘dp“ ¼epf¡e “ L$fhy„. su’®dp„ su’®v$¡hspAp¡“p¡s’p ‘yfp¡rls b°pûZp¡“p¡ kÐL$pf L$fhp¡.

(H${b`wJ‘| gÝÝ`mg, Ap½ZhmoÌ Am{X Vmo eŠ` Z hmo`doV| ñ‘mVm©p½ZH$m|YmaU H$aZmo)

gÝÝ`mgíMmp½Zhmo̧ M H$bm¡ Z¡d `Wm{d{Y…&&gpÝX½YY‘©godm{n Šboem`¡dmën‘oYgm‘²&&69&&

H$bm¡=H${bH$mb‘| Z Ed=eŠ` hr ZmqhgÝÝ`mg…=gÝÝ`mg (^dV…)=h|M=Aé Aën‘oYgm‘²=Aën~w{ÕdmaoAp½Zhmo̧=Ap½ZhmoÌ gpÝX½YY‘©godm{n=gÝXohdmamo Y‘m©MaUM=hþ Šboem` Ed=ŠboeOZH$ hr`Wm{d{Y={d{YHo$ AZwgma (^d{V)=hmoV ho

^mdmW© : H${bH$mb‘| gÝÝ`mg Aé Ap½ZhmoÌ emñÌH$s Amkm AZwgma eŠ`Zmqh. VWm{n Aën~w{Õdmao ‘Zwî` H$V©ì`Ho$ {dfo gÝXohdmamo hmoBHo$ H$Nw> Y‘©H$m ©H$ao Vmo dogmo Y‘m©MaU Wm{d{Y Zmht hmo doV| ŠboeH$mo hr H$maU ~ZV ho&&69&&

L$rgL$pgd¢ sp¡ kººepk A_¡ A[Á_lp¡Ó _y„ ip÷pop dyS>b ApQfZ L$fhy„ i¼e_\u. Apd R>sp„ Aë`byrÙhpmp¡ d_yóe L$s®ìe_u bpbsdp„ kÞv¡$lhpmp¡ b_u_¡S>¡d-s¡d L„$CL$ d®L$pe® L$f¡ sp¡ s¡hy„ dp®QfZ ip÷pop dyS>b_y„ _ lp¡hp\u ¼g¡idp„S> `qfZd¡ R>¡.

g‘W©ñVw V`mo… Hw$`m©X² {dÛmZ² ñ‘mVm©p½ZYmaU‘²&&Ý`mgml‘mV² nVZ² ‘Ë © Amê$T>n{VVmo@J{V…&&70&&

103 104

g‘W©: Vw=gm‘Ï`©dmamo Vmo V`mo…=Xmo`‘|Vo{dÛmZ²=~w{Õ‘mZ² ñ‘mVm©p½ZYmaU‘²=ñ‘mVm©p½ZH$mo YmaUHw$`m©V²=H$ao. Amê$T>n{VV…=Amê$T>n{VV ~{ZÝ`mgml‘mV²=gÝÝ`mgml‘V| AJ{V…=gX²J{VVo a{hVnVZ²={JadoV|, ‘Ë`©…=‘Zwî` (^d{V)=hmoV ho

^mdmW© : VmV| Egr {df‘ pñW{V‘| g‘W© {dÛmZ² hmo gmo gÝÝ`mg Aé Ap½ZhmoÌHo$ ñWmZn| ñ‘mV© Ap½ZH$m| YmaU H$ao. Š`m|Ho$ A{YH$ma {dZmhþ Omo gÝÝ`mgAml‘‘| OmV ho gmo H$moC ’$bH$m| àmßV Z H$[aHo$ Aê$T>n{VV hmoV ho&&70&&

s¡\u Aphu rhjd qf[õ\rsdp„ kd\® rhÜp_¹ lp¡e s¡ kººepk s¡dS> A[Á_lp¡Ó_p õ\p_¡ õdps® A[Á__¡ ^pfZ L$f¡. L$pfZL¡$ rh_p Ar^L$pf¡ S>¡ kººepk Apîd_uv$unp õhuL$pf¡ R>¡ s¡ L$p¡C `Z am_¡ âpàs L$ep® rh_p Apê$Y$`rss \pe R>¡.

`Úß od§ {h Jmh©ñÏ § dU©Y‘}U XwîH$a‘²&&VWmß`m`mVn{VV§ VX² {~ ¥ mX² Xoh`mÌ`m&&71&&

Ed§{h=`m{h àH$magm| (ApñV)=ho, VWm{n=Vmohþ`Ú{n=`Ú{n Am`mVn{VV§=Am` n`m} ho VmV|dU©Y‘}U=dU©Y‘©gm| VX²=dmH$moJmh©ñÏ § (A{n)=J¥hñWY‘© hþ Xoh`mÌ`m=Xoh`mÌmHo$ gmWXwîH$a‘²=H${R>Z {~ ¥ mV²={Zd©hZ H$aZmo

^mdmW© : `m àH$ma J¥hñWml‘‘| a{hHo$ Omo ñ‘mVm©p½ZH$m| YmaU H$ao ho dmV| hþdUm©l‘Y‘©Ho$ AZwgma J¥hñWml‘ Ú{n H${R>Z ho Vmohþ Š`m|Ho$ AZm`mg J¥hñWml‘‘|Am` n`m} ho VmV| Oog| hþ ~{Z Amdo Vog| Xoh`mÌmHo$ gmW VmH$m| {Zdm©h VmoH$ao&&71&&

Ap âL$pf¡ N©lõ\pîddp„ flu_¡ S>¡ õdpsp®[Á__¡ ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_pdpV¡$ `ZÅ¡ L¡$ hZp®îd^d®_p A_ykpf N©lõ\pîd L$qW$_S> R>¡ R>sp„e L¡$dL¡$ s¡ A_pepkS>N©lõ\pîddp„ Aphu `X$ép¡ R>¡ s¡\u e\pi[¼s v¡$lepÓp_u kp\¡ N©lõ\pîd_p¡r_hp®l L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡.

Z Jmh©ñÏ`§ {dZm Xoh-`mÌm-Y‘m}@{n {gÜ`{V&&AVñVpñ‘Z² pñWVñ ¡d `pËH$pÄMV² {g{Õ-gå^d…&&72&&

(`V…)=Š`m|Ho$ AV…=VmV|Jmh©ñW²`§=J¥hñWY‘© Vpñ‘Z²=dm‘|{dZm={dZm pñWVñ` Ed=aho ^ oH$m| hrXoh-`mÌm-Y‘©:=Xoh`mÌmHo$ Y‘© `pËH$pÄMV²=H$Nw>H$A{n=hþ, Z=Zmht {g{Õ-gå^d…={g{ÕH$s{gÜ`{V={gÕ hmoV h|. gå^mdZm, (^d{V)=ahVho

^mdmW© : J¥hñWml‘Ho$ {dZm {nV¥H$‘©, nwÌmoËn{Îm Am{XHo$ A^md‘| Xoh`mÌmHo$AÝ` Y‘©hþ {gÕ hmoB gH$V Zmht. AÝ` Aml‘Y‘© Vmo H$mb~bgm| XwîH$a hmoJ o h| V~ J¥hñWY‘©‘| aho ^ oH$m| hr H$Nw>H$ {g{Õ àmßV hmo doH$s gå^mdZm eofaho ho&&72&&

N©lõ\pîd_p rh_p sp¡ r`s©L$d®, yÓp¡Ð`rÑ Apqv$_p Acphdp„ v¡$lepÓp_pAÞe ^dp£ `Z rkÙ \C iL$sp„ _\u. AÞe Apîd^dp£ Äepf¡ L$pmbm¡ vy$óL$fb_u Nep„ R>¡ Ðepf¡ N©lõ\^d®dp„ fl¡gpAp¡_¡ S> L„$CL$ rkrÙ âpàs \hp_ukçcph_p i¡j fl¡ R>¡.

Aml‘mo {Û{dY… H$m¡‘} VÌmoXmgrZH$mo J¥hr&&AmÚo@{n Z¡pîR>H$íMmÝË o d¡îUdmo@{YH¥$VñVV…&&73&&

105 106

H$m¡‘} (nwamUo)=Hy$‘© nwamU‘| A{n=hþAml‘:=J¥hñWml‘ Z¡pîR>H$…={Zð>mdmamo{Û{dY…=Xmo àH$maH$mo M=AéàmoŠV…=H$h²`mo ho AÝË`o=ApÝV‘ gÝÝ`mgml‘‘|VÌ=Vm‘|, EH$:=EH$ d¡îUd…=d¡îUdCXmgrZH$…="CXmgrZ' A{YH¥$V…=A{YH$marAna:=Xygamo (BË`{n=Egmo hþJ¥hr="J¥hr' H$hdmdV ho CŠV‘²=H$h²`moAmÚo=àW‘ ~«÷M`m©l‘‘| ApñV)=ho

^mdmW© : Hy$‘©nwamU‘| g~ Aml‘Z²H$mo lw{V{gÕ Û¡{dÜ` ~Vm`mo ho. Vm‘| àW‘~«÷M`m©l‘‘| 1.‘aUn ©ÝV ~«÷{Zð> ¡Ho$ àW‘ml‘‘| a{hdodmaoHy§$ "Z¡{ð>H$-~«÷Mmar' OmZZmo.

Aé 2.{d{YdX² doXmÜ``Z H$[aHo$ J¥hñWml‘‘| Om`doH$s BÀN>mdmaoHy§$ "CnHw$dm©U-

~«÷Mmar' OmZZmo. J¥hñW hþ 1."CXmgrZ' Aé 2."gmYH$' Eg| Xmo àH$maH$mo H$h² mo ho. Vm‘|

Hw$Qw>å~Ho$ ^aU-nmofUm{X‘| ’§$ñ`mo ^`mo J¥hñW "gmYH$' H$h²`mo OmV ho. AéXod-F${f-{nVaHo$ F$UZ²Hy§$ MwH$m`Ho$ Ka-YZ-n[admaH$m| N>m§{S>Ho$ Omo BH$bmohr ‘mojoÀN>mgm| {dMaU H$aVmo aho dmH$m| "CXmgrZ' H$h²`mo OmV ho. Eg| hrdmZàñW hþ "Vmng' Aé "gmÝÝ`m{gH$' Eg| Xmo àH$maHo$ hmoV h|. gÝÝ`mgr hþ"nma‘o{ð>H$' Aé "{^jw' Eg| Xmo àH$maHo$ hmoV h| :

gd}fm‘ml‘mUmÝVw Û¡{dÜ § lw{VX{e©V§&~«÷Mm`w©nHw$dm©Umo Z¡{ð>H$mo ~«÷VËna:&&`mo@YrË` {d{YdX² doXmZ² J¥hñWml‘‘md«OoX²&"CnHw$dm©UH$mo' ko mo "Z¡{ð>H$mo' ‘aUmpÝVH$:&&"CXmgrZ:' "gmYH$'íM J¥hñWmo {Û{dYmo ^doV²&Hw$Qw>å~^aUm`Îm: gmYH$mo@gm¡ J¥hr ^doV²&&

F$Um{Z ÌrÊ`nmH¥$Ë` Ë`º$‰m ^m`m©YZm{XH$‘²&EH$mH$s `ñVw {dMaoX² CXmgrZ: g ‘m¡{jH$:&&VnñVß`{V `mo@aÊ o `OoX² XodmZ² Owhmo{V M&ñdmÜ`m o M¡d {ZaVmo dZñW: "Vmngmo' ‘V:&&Vngm H${f©Vmo@Ë`Wª `ñVw Ü`mZnamo ^doV²&"gmÝÝ`m{gH$:' g {dko`mo dmZàñWml‘o pñWV:&&`moJmä`mgaVmo {ZË`‘² Amééjw{O©VopÝÐ`:&kmZm` dÎm©Vo {^jw: àmoÀ`Vo "nma‘o{ð>H$:'&&`ñËdmË‘a{Vaod ñ`mZ² {ZË`V¥ßVmo ‘hm‘w{Z:&gå`½Xe©ZgånÝZ: g `moJr "{^jw'éÀ`Vo''&&

(Hy$‘©nwam.2&76-84) L|$d® yfpZdp„ b^p Apîdp¡_y„ îyrsrk٠ܥrhÝe bsphhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. s¡dp„

â\d b°ûQep®îddp„

1.—dfZ`e®Þs b°ûr_›$ b_u_¡ â\d Apîddp„ S> fl¡hphpmp_¡ "_¥r›$L$-b°ûQpfu' ÅZhp¡. A_¡

2.—rhr^hv¹$ h¡v$pÝee_ L$fu_¡ N©lõ\pîddp„ S>hp_u BÃR>phpmp_¡ "D`Ly$hp®Z-b°ûQpfu' ÅZhp¡.

N©lõ\ `Z 1.—"Dv$pku_' A_¡ 2.—"kp^L$' Apd b¡ âL$pf_p¡ L$üp¡ R>¡. s¡dp„Ly$Vy$çb_p cfZ-`p¡jZpqv$dp„ AV$hpe¡gp¡ N©lõ\ "kp^L$' L$l¡hpe R>¡. A_¡ v¡$h-F>rj-r`sf_p F>Zp¡_¡ Q|L$hu_¡ Of-^_-`qfhpf_p¡ ÐepN L$fu_¡ S>¡ A¡L$gp¡ S>dp¡nâp[às_u BÃR>p\u rhQfZ L$fsp¡ fl¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ "Dv$pku_' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.s¡ S> âdpZ¡ hp_âõ\ `Z "sp`k' A_¡ "kpººeprkL$' Apd b¡ âL$pf_p¡ lp¡e R>¡.kººepku `Z "`pfd¡r›$L$' A_¡ "rcny' Apd b¡ âL$pf_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. (—L|$d® yfpZ_pd|m hQ_p¡ D`f Ap ¡g R>¡—).

({ÛOoVa nw{ï>‘mJu`Z²Ho$ H$V©ì`H$mo {ZX}e)eyÐñVw qhòH$m }U {Z{fÕñ`meZoZ M&&{Zd¥Îmmo@gm¡ ^OoV² H¥$îU§ ‘hX²{^aZwH$pånV…&&74&&

107 108

ewÐ: Vw=eyÐ Vmo {Zd¥Îm…={Zd¥Îm hmo`Ho$qhòH$m }U=Om‘| Ordqhgm hmo` ‘h{X²^:=~‹S>oZ²gm|Ego H$m ©gm|, M=Aé AZwH$pånV…=H¥$nm àmßV H$[aHo${Z{fÕñ`={Z{fÕmÝZHo$ Agm¡=`m, H¥$îU§=H¥$îUH$m|AeZoZ=^moOZgm| ^OoV²=^Oo

^mdmW© : {ÛOoVa bmoJ Om‘| Ordqhgm hmo Egr AmOr{dH$m, H$m © Am{XH$moVWm {Z{fÕ ^moOZH$mo Ë`mJ H$[aHo$ ~‹S>oZ²H$s H¥$nm àmßV H$[aHo$ H¥$îU^OZH$a|&&74&&

rÜS>¡sf gp¡L$p¡ S>¡dp„ Æhtlkp lp¡e s¡hu ApÆrhL$p, L$pe® hN¡f¡ _p¡ s\p r_rjÙcp¡S>__p¡ ÐepN L$fu_¡; Äe¡›$ h¥óZhp¡_u L©$`p d¡mhu_¡ L©$óZ_u k¡hp L$f¡.

g {hV§ h[a^ŠVmZm§ ~«m÷UmZm§ MaoX² Jdm‘²&&nmXgodm M ‘hVm§ `X²d¥Ë`m Vwî`Vo h[a…&&75&&

g=dmo ‘hVm§=~‹S>oZ²Ho$h[a^ŠVmZm§=^JdX²^ŠVZ²H$mo nmXgodm=MaUZ²H$s godm~«m÷UmZm§=~«m÷UZ²H$mo M=hþ, (VoZ=dmH$m|Jdm‘²=Jm`Z²H$mo H$aUr`m)=H$aZr M{h`o{hV§={hV hmo Egmo `X²d¥Ë`m=Omd¥{Îmgm|,h[a…=h[aMaoV²=AmMaU H$ao Vwî`Vo=àgÝZ hmoV h|

^mdmW© : {ÛOoVaH$m| ^JdX² ŠV, ~«m÷U Aé Jm`Z² H$mo {hV hmo Ego H$m ©H$aZo. ^JdmZ²Z| JrVm‘| {ÛOoVaZ²H$mo H$m © {ÛOZ²H$s n[aM`m© ~Vm`r ho gmo H$aZr.Ego ñdY‘m©MaU‘| nam`U hmo don| h[a {ZíM` hr àgÝZ hmoV h|&&75&&

rÜS>¡sf gp¡L$p¡A¡ cNhv¹$c$¼s, b°pûZ A_¡ Npep¡ _y„ rls \pe s¡hp L$pep£L$fhp. cNhp_¡ Nuspdp„ rÜS>¡sf gp¡L$p¡_y„ L$pe® rÜÅ¡_u `qfQep® bspìey„ R>¡ s¡\u s¡âdpZ¡ L$fhy„. Apd õh^dp®QfZdp„ fpeZ fl¡hp\u cNhp_¹ lqf Ahíe âkÞ_\pe R>¡.

XmZ§ d«V§ n¡V¥H§$ M em¡M§ empÝV‘² AWml oV²&&h[a‘od ^OoV² àoåUm VoZ {gÜ`{V gËda‘²&&76&&

XmZ§=XmZ, d«V§=d«V Aml oV²=Aml` H$aon¡V¥H§$=lmÕ-Vn©Um{X àoåUm=ào‘gm|, h[a‘²=h[aH$moem¡M§=n{dÌVm Ed=hr, ^OoV²=^OoAWM=Aé VoZ=VmV|, gËda‘²=erK«empÝV‘²=gÝVmofê$n empÝVH$mo {gÜ`{V={g{Õ hmoV ho

^mdmW© : XmZ, d«V, lmÕ-Vn©Um{X {nV¥gå~ÝYr H$m © Adí` H$aZo. emñÌmZwgmaew{Õ-n{dÌVm Aé `Wmbm^ gÝVmofê$nm empÝV amIZr. Eg| H$aV ào‘-^pŠVgm|lrH¥$îUH$mo hr ^OZ H$aoV| erK« {g{Õ àmßV hmoV ho&&76&&

v$p_, h°s, îpÙ-s ®Zpqv$ r`s©L$pe® Ahíe L$fhp. ip÷p_ykpf iyrÙ-`rhÓspA_¡ e\pgpc-kÞsp¡jê$`u i[Þs fpMhu. Apd L$fsp„ â¡d-c[¼s\u îuL©$óZ_uS> k¡hp L$fhp\u iuO° rkrÙ âpàs \pe R>¡.

Z doXldU§ H$m ª ñnYm©gy m{XZmÝ`V…&&Ý`½^mdoZ ànÝZmo@gm¡ ^doX² Xmgmo haoJw©amo…&&77&&

(VoZ)=dmH$m|, AÝ`V…=AÝ`gm| ànÝZ…=eaUmJV

109 110

ñnYm©gy m{XZm=ñnYm©-B©î`m© Am{Xgm| Agm¡=`odoXldU§=doXH$mo ldU haoJw©amo…=h[a-JwéH$moZ=Zmht, H$m`©‘²=H$aZmo Xmg…=XmgÝ`½^mdoZ=XrZVmgm| ^doV²=~Zo

^mdmW© : {ÛOoVaZ²H$m| AÝ`Ý`Z²gm| ñnYm© AWdm B©î`m© Ho$ ^mdgm| Om‘| {dZH$moA{YH$ma Zmht ho Egmo doXH$mo ldUm{X Zmht H$aZmo. XrZ ^mdgm| eaUmJV hmo Ho$h[a-JwéH$mo Xmg ~{ZHo$ ahZmo&&77&&

rÜS>¡sf gp¡L$p¡A¡ AÞehZ®_p gp¡L$p¡ âÐe¡ õ`^p® L¡$ Cóep® cph\u, ip÷¡ S>¡dp„s¡Ap¡_p¡ Ar^L$pf dpÞe _\u L$ep£ s¡hp, h¡v$_y„ îhZ Apqv$ L$ep£ _ L$fhp. v$u_cph¡ ifZpNs \C_¡ lqf-Nyfy_p v$pk b_u_¡ fl¡hy„.

(pñÌ`Z²Ho$ ^JdX² OZH$s ar{VH$mo {Zê$nU)gYdm ^V¥© mdoZ {dYdm nwÌ^mdV…&&lrH¥$îU§ g§l oV² gmÜdr {OV{MÎmopÝÐ`m ew{M…&&78&&

{OV{MÎmopÝÐ`m={MÎm- ^V¥^mdoZ=n{V^mdgm|BpÝÐ`Z²n| g§ ‘ dmar {dYdm={dYdm ñÌrew{M…=n{dÌ nwÌ^mdV…=nwÌ^mdgm|gmÜdr=gVr lrH¥$îU§=lrH¥$îUH$mogYdm=gm¡^m½`dVr g§l`oV²=Aml` H$ao

^mdmW© : {MÎm Aé BpÝÐ`Z² n| g§ ‘dmar, n{dÌ AmMaUdmar gmYwñd^mdH$sgm¡^m½`dVr ñÌr n{V^mdgm| Aé {dYdm ñÌr nwÌ^mdgm| lrH¥$îUH$mo Aml`H$ao&&78&&

rQÑ A_¡ B[ÞÖe `f k„ed, `rhÓ ApQfZ s¡dS> kp^yõhcph hpmukp¥cpÁehsu ÷u `rscph\u A_¡ rh^hp ÷u yÓcph\u îuL©$óZ_p¡ Apîe L$f¡.

n{V-nwÌm{X-~ÝYyZm‘² AmZwHy$ë`o@ñ` godZ‘²&&VX^mdo ^OoX² ^ŠË`m H$sV©Z¡… ldU¡… ñ‘¥V¡…&&79&&

n{VnwÌm{X-~ÝYyZm‘²=n{V, VX^mdo=dmHo$ A^md‘|nwÌm{X VWm ~ÝYwOZ H$sV©Z¡…=H$sV©Zgm|AmZwHw$ë o=AZwHy$b hm| Vmo ldU¡…=ldUgm|Añ`=`m(lrH¥$îUñ`)=lrH¥$îUH$s ñ‘¥V¡…=ñ‘aUgm|godZ‘²=godm ^ŠË`m=^pŠVnyd©H$(H$m`©‘²)=H$aZr ^OoX²=^OZ H$ao

^mdmW© : n[admaHo$ n{V-nwÌm{X n[aOZ VWm ~ÝYwOZ `{X AnZo AZwHy$b hm|Vmo lrH¥$îUH$s ñdJ¥h‘| godm H$aZr. do bmoJ {X AZwHy$b Z hm| Vmo pŠV^mdgm|à wHo$ ldU-H$sV©Z-ñ‘aU H$aZo&&80&&

`qfhpf_p `rs- yÓpqv$ `qfS>_p¡ s\p bÞ yS>_p¡ Å¡ `p¡sp_¡ A_yLy$m lp¡esp¡ îuL©$óZ_u õhN©ldp„ k¡hp L$fhu. Å¡ s¡Ap¡ A_yLy$m _ lp¡e sp¡ c[¼scph\uâcy_p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L$fhp.

Vofm‘od VWmËdoVw n[aM`m© g‘pÝXamV²&&haoJw©amo… gå^d{V ô`ñdVÝÌm… pñÌ`mo `V…&&80&&

Vofm‘²={dZHo$,Ed=hr (nyOm/godm‘|~{ZAmdogmoVWmËdo=dogo(à{VHy$b)hmo don| naMmaJr),gå^d{V=gå^d hoVw=Vmo `V…=Š`m|Ho$

111 112

g‘pÝXamX² hao…=H$moC^JdËñdê$nHo$ pñÌ`:=ñÌrOZXodmb`ñW hmo doHo$ H$maU {h=Vmo(AWdm)Jwamo…=JwéHo$ H$maU AñdVÝÌm…=namYrZn[aM`m©=n[aM`m© (^dpÝV)=hmoV h|

^mdmW© : àm`: ñÌrOZ Š`m|Ho$ AnZr BÀN>mZwgma H$m © H$[adoHw§$ g‘W© hmoV ZmqhAV: `{X n{V nwÌ Am{X Aé ~ÝYwOZ AZwHy$b hm| V~ hr {dZHo$ g“ {‘{bHo$Ka‘| lrH¥$îUH$s `Wm`mo½` godm-n[aM`m© gå^d hmoV ho. AÝ`Wm ‘`m©Xm‘mJ©Ho$AZwgma H$mhþ Xodmb`‘| {~amO‘mZ ^JdËñdê$nH$s AM©Zm‘| AWdm nw{ï>‘mJu`JwéH$s naMmaJr H$[adoVo ñÌrOZZ²Hy§$ Wmo‹S>mo-~hmoV namoj ^OZ eŠ` ho&&80&&

OÏ„ L$fu_¡ ÷uS>_p¡ L¡$dL¡$ `p¡sp_u BÃR>p_ykpf L$pe® L$fhpdp„ kd\® lp¡sp _\us¡\u Å¡ `rs- yÓpqv$ s\p bÞ yS>_p¡ A_yLy$m lp¡e sp¡ S> s¡d_u kp\¡ lmu-dmu_¡ Ofdp„ îuL©$óZ_u e\pep¡Áe k¡hp-`qfQep® L$fhu s¡d_pdpV¡$ kçch b_sulp¡e R>¡. Å¡ Apd i¼e _ lp¡e sp¡ dep®v$pdpN® A_ykpf L$p¡C v¡$hpgedp„ rbfpS>spcNhÐõhê$`_u AQ®_p\u A\hp `yrô$dpN}e Nyfy_u `qfQep® L$fhp\u `Z÷uS>_p¡_¡ cNhÐk¡hp_p¡ `fp¡n gpc dmu iL¡$ R>¡.

ñdVÝÌVm`m§ Xmofmo {h ñÌrUm§ gd©Ì Om`Vo&&AVñV`m VWm yËdm h[a… goì`ñV{XÀN>`m&&81&&

ñÌrUm§=ñÌrOZZ²H$m| (AñdVÝÌ¡d)=AñdVÝÌ hrñdVÝÌVm`m§=ñdV§ÌVmgm|~aVdon|Vmo ^yËdm=a{hHo${h={ZíM` V{XÀN>`m=n[admaOZZ²H$sgd©Ì=g~{R>H$mZ|,Xmof:=Xmof AWdm ^Jd{XÀN>mZwgmaOm`Vo=hmoV ho, AV…=VmV| h[a…=h[aH$sV`m={dZH$m|, VWm=dogo goì`…=godm H$aZr M{h`o

^mdmW© : n{V-nwÌm{XH$ AZwHy$b Zmht hm| VWm{n ñÌrOZ {X {dZH$s BÀN>mgm|{déÕ AmMaU H$aV h| V~ {dZH$s gd©Ì {ZÝXm hmoV ho, VmV| {MÎm‘| Šboe hmoVho. AV: {OZHo$ Am{lV hm| {dZHo$ à{VHy$b Z hmoBHo$, à wH$s dogr hr BÀN>mho Egr ^mdZmgm| Y¡ © YmaU H$[aHo$ à wH$mo AmÝVa ^OZ H$ao. Aé `{X CnbãYhmo Vmo JdËgodmnam`U JdXr`H$s d¡îUdH$s n[aMmaJrÛmam namoj JdX² OZhþH$ao&&82&&

`rs- yÓpqv$ A_yLy$m _ lp¡e s¡d R>sp„ Å¡ ÷uS>_ s¡d_u BÃR>p\u rhfyÙApQfZ L$f¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ gp¡L$dp„ kh®Ó r_Þv$p_¡ `pÓ b_sp lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u s¡Ap¡S>¡_p Aprîs lp¡e s¡_¡ ârsLy$m \ep rh_p, âcy_u A¡hu S> BÃR>p li¡ A¡hucph_p\u ¥e® ^pfZ L$fu_¡ âcy_y„ ApÞsf cS>_ L$f¡. Ap kp\¡ D`gå^ lp¡esp¡ cNhÐk¡hp`fpeZ cNhv$ue h¥óZh_u qfQep®Üpfp fp¡n cNhv¹$c$S>_ ZL$f¡.

{MÌ‘mÌo@{n godm ñ`mV² à{V~ÝYo Jwamo{J©am&&N>boZm{n ^OZ² H¥$îU§ ‘wÀ`Vo Jmo{nH$m{XdV²&&82&&

à{V~ÝYo=à{V~ÝY hmo`don| ñ`mV²=hmoB gH$V hoJwamo…=JwéH$s N>boZ A{n=N>bgm| hþ{Jam=Amkmgm| H¥$îU§=H¥$îUH$m|, ^OZ²=^OdoV|{MÌ‘mÌo A{n={MÌ‘mÌ‘| hþ Jmo{nH$m{XdV²=JmonrOZZ²Ho$ Oog|godm=godm ‘wÀ`Vo=‘wŠV hmoV ho

^mdmW© : à{V~ÝY hmo`don| (AWdm {ebm-YmVwgm| {Z{‘©V ^JdËñdê$nH$sgodm H$[a gH$doH$s AZwHy$bVm Z hmo` Vmo) JwéH$s Amkm bo`Ho$ lrH¥$îUHo${MÌñdê$nH$s hþ godm hmoB gH$V ho. H¥$îUmdVma‘| H$‘©H$mÊS>r ~«m÷UZ²H$s npËZE§AnZo nVrZ²H$s Amkm {dZm, {dZHo$ {damoY H$[adon| hþ à yZ²H$m| `kH$s gm‘J«rAamoJmdo J`t {dZH$mo hþ CÕma Oog| à yZ²Z| {H$`mo hVmo Vog| dV©‘mZ‘| hþ Á oð>n[aOZZ²H$s Amkm {dZm hþ ^JdËgodm H$[adoV| CÕma hmoV hr ho&&84&&

113 114

ârsbÞ^ lp¡eh¡ ¢ (—A\hp rigp-^psy\u r_rd®s cNhÐõhê$`_u k¡hp L$fukL$hp_u A_yLy$msp _ lp¡e sp¡—) Nyfy_u Apop gC_¡ îuL©$óZ_p rQÓõhê$`_u`Z k¡hp L$fu iL$pe R>¡. L©$óZphspfdp„ L$d®L$pÎX$u b°pûZp¡_u Apop rh_p s¡dS>s¡Ap¡_p rhfp¡^ L$fhp R>sp„ âcydpV¡ $ eo_u kpdN°u Apfp¡Nphhp Ne¡gb°pûZ`[Ð_Ap¡_p¡ DÙpf S>¡d âcyA¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ s¡d hs®dp_dp„ `Z Äe¡›$`qfS>_p¡_u Apop rh_p `Z cNhÐk¡hp L$fhp\u âcy DÙpf L$f¡ S> R>¡.

nwéfmnoj`m ñÌrUm§ öX § ‘¥Xw Ñí`Vo&&AVñVXZwamJmo@Ì gÚ Edm{^fÁ`Vo&&83&&

nwéfmnoj`m=nwéfZ²H$s Anojm ñÌrUm§=ñÌrOZZ²Ho$öX`§=öX` VXZwamJmo={dZH$mo AZwamJ‘¥Xw=Za‘ AÌ=`hm§, gÚ=erK«Ñí`Vo=Xo»`mo OmV ho. Ed=hrAV…=VmV| A{^fÁ`Vo={gÕ hmo OmV ho

^mdmW© : nwéfZ²H$s VwbZm‘| ñÌrOZZ²Ho$ öX` H$mo‘b hmoV h|. VmV| à w‘| {dZH$moAZwamJ nwéfZ²Ho$ H$aVo erK« hmo OmV ho&&85&&

yfyjp¡_u kfMpdZudp„ ÷uS>_p¡_y„ ùv$e L$p¡dm lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u âcydp„ s¡Ap¡_p¡A_yfpN yfyjp¡ L$fsp„ TX$`\u \C S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

H$m‘Xmofmo {h ZmarUm§ H$ZH$mZm§ `Wm aO…&&VÁO o {d{OV… H¥$îU… H¥$îU… ñÌrUm§ {à`mo `V…&&84&&

H$ZH$mZm§=gwdU©‘| VÁO`o=VmH$m| OrVdoV|

`Wm=Oog| H¥$îU…=lrH¥$îUaO…=aO {d{OV…(^d{V)=OrVo OmV h|(Xmof…=Xmof, VWm)=Vog| `V…=Š`m|Ho$ZmarUm§=ñÌrOZZ²‘| hþ H¥$îU…=lrH¥$îU{h={ZíM` ñÌrUm§=ñÌrZ²H$m|H$m‘Xmof…=H$m‘Xmof {à`…={à`(^d{V)=hmoV ho. (ApñV)=h|

^mdmW© : gwdU©H$mo Xmof Oog| aO hmoV ho Vog| ñÌrZ²‘| Xmof H$m‘ hmoV ho. nw{ï>^pŠVVmo Š`m|Ho$ {ZJw©U hmoV ho VmV| H$m‘^mdn| {dO` nmd| Vmo ñÌrOZ {ZJw©U^mdgm|erK« hr à^yZ²H$m| ñdmYrZ H$[a gH$V h|. lrH¥$îUVmo ZqhVmo hþ ñÌrZ²H$m| {à`hmoVhrh|&&85&&

kp_p¡_p¡ v$p¡j S>¡d fS> lp¡e R>¡ s¡d ÷uAp¡dp„ v$p¡j "L$pd' lp¡e R>¡. yrô$c[¼ssp¡ L¡$dL¡$ r_Ny®Z lp¡e R>¡ s¡\u L$pdcph D`f Å¡ rhS>e d¡mh¡ sp¡ ÷uS>_p¡ TX$`\uâcy_¡ õhp^u_ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. îuL©$óZ sp¡ Apd `Z ÷uS>_p¡_¡ râe lp¡e S> R>¡.

CXH$s M àgyVm ñÌr Aew{MíM VWm nw‘mZ²&&Xe©Z-ñne©ZmXr{Z goì`‘yV}a² {ddO© oV²&&85&&

CXH$s=‘m{gH$Y‘©dmar nw‘mZ²=nwéf, M=hþM=Aé, àgyVm=àgyVm goì`‘yV}…=goì` ‘y{V©Ho$ñÌr=ñÌr, VWm=Aé Xe©Z-ñne©ZmXr{Z=Xe©Zñne© Am{XH$moAew{M…=gyVH$s/An{dÌ {ddO©`oV²=Ë`mJ H$ao.

^mdmW© : AQ>H$mddmar qH$dm OÀMm hmo` gmo Egr ñÌr VWm gyVH$s AéAn{dÌ AdñWmdmao ñÌr-nwéf goì` à wñdê$nHo$ Xe©Z-ñne© Am{X Z H$a|&&85&&

115 116

fS>õhgp s\p âk|sp ÷u s\p k|sL$u s¡dS> A`rhÓ Ahõ\phpmp ÷u-yfyjp¡A¡ k¡ìe âcyõhê$`_p v$i®_-õ`i® Apqv$ _ L$fhp.

(goì` JdËñdê$nHo$ àH$ma1 godmH$mo àH$ma2 ñdê$nà{VîR>mH$mo àH$ma3 ñdê$nH$sew{ÕH$mo àH$ma4 ñdê$n H$hm§Vo àmßV H$aZmo VmH$mo àH$ma5 BË`m{X {df`H$ CnXoe)

{MÌ‘y{V©a{dkmZm§ namYrZmË‘Zm‘{n&&ew{MíbúUm‘nrÀ`m§ M JwéXÎmm§ ^OoX² da¡…1&&86&&VrW©Vmo ¡{Z©O¡‘©ÝÌ¡… g§ñH¥$Vm§ gw‘Zmoham‘²&&b¿dr‘od ^OoX² ‘y{Vª `WmbãYmonMmaH¡$…2&&87&&

ew{MíbúUm‘²=n{dÌ Aé gwHw$‘ma ‘y{Vª=^JdÝ‘y{V©H$moM=Aé `WmbãYmonMmaH¡$…=ghOVmgm|AnrÀ`m§=A{V gwÝXa CnbãY dñVyZ²gm|JwéXÎmm§=Jwégm| àmßV ^OoX²=godmH$ao.(‘y{Vª)=^JdËñdê$nH$m| A{dkmZm§=AënkmZrZ²H$m|^OoX²=^Oo, da¡…=loð> namYrZmË‘Zm‘²=(VWm)VrW©Vmo`¡…=VrW©Ho$ Obgm| namYrZ bmoJZ²H$m|{ZO¡: ‘ÝÌ¡…=AnZo ‘ÝÌgm| A{n=hþg§ñH¥$Vm§=g§ñH$ma H$ar ^B© {MÌ‘y{V©…={MÌñdê$ngw‘Zmoham‘²=gwÝXa-‘Zmoha (goì`m=godm`mo½`bÜdr‘od=N>moQ>r gr ^d{V=hmoVho)

^mdmW© : Jwégm| àmßV ^B© n{dÌ, gwHw$‘ma Aé A{V gwÝXa Ego ^JdËñdê$nH$sgodm H$aZr. lr`‘wZmOr Oogo loð> VrW©Ho$ Obgm|, gåàXm`naånamgm| àmßV{ZO‘ÝÌgm| g§ñH$ma H$ao ^ o gwÝXa ‘Zmoha ~hþV ~‹S>o Zht Ego ^JdËñdê$nH$sghOVmgm| CnbãY dñVyZ²gm| godm H$ao. {OZH$m| godm{d{Y Am{XH$mo nyU© kmZ Z

hmo Amoa/AWdm namYrZ hmo doV| AÝ` JdËñdê$nH$s godm H$[adoH$s AZwHy$bVm{OZH$m| Z hmo {VZH$m| {MÌñdê$nH$s godm H$aZrhr C{MVho&&87&&

Nyfy `pk¡\u âpàs \e¡g `rhÓ, kyLy$dpf A_¡ Ars kyÞv$f cNhÐõhê$`_uk¡hp L$fhu. îuedy_pÆ S>¡hp î¡›$ su\®S>g\u, kçâv$pe`fç`fp\u âpàs \e¡gr_S>dÞÓ\u S>¡_p¡ k„õL$pf L$f¡gp¡ lp¡e s¡hp kyÞv$f d_p¡lf blz dp¡V$p _l] A¡hpcNhÐõhê$`_u k¡hp klS>sp\u D`gå^ hõsyAp¡\u L$fhu. S>¡Ap¡_¡ k¡hprhr^hN¡f¡_y „ `|Z® op_ _ lp¡e A_¡—/—A\hp `fp^u_ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ AÞecNhÐõhê$`_u k¡hp L$fhp_u S>¡_¡ A_yLy$msp _ lp¡e s¡Ap¡A¡ rQÓõhê$`_u k¡hpL$fhuS> ep¡Áe R>¡.

ZmÌ àmUà{VîR>m{X ì`mnH$ËdmXOrdV…&&ñWmZ-ewÕçW©‘od¡VV² eãXmW©‘{n gX²Jwamo…3&&88&&

ì`mnH$ËdmV²=ì`mnH$ hmo`doV| (Amdí`H$…)=Amdí`H$AOrdV…=OrdmË‘mH$s Ý`m§B© Z=Zmht hoHo$db àmUmÜ`mg wŠV hmo donohr EVV²=`oXoh‘| H$hþ§ à{dï> hmo doH$s jwÐ (g§ñH$ma…)=g§ñH$magm‘Ï © Z hmo doV| ñWmZewÕçW©‘od=^m¡{VH$ñWmZAÌ=`hm§ ({ebmYmVw Am{X)H$s ew{ÕHo${b`o(‘yVm£…)=‘y{V©‘| gX²Jwamo…=gX²JwéH$sàmUà{VîR>m{X=àmUà{Vð>m eãXmW©‘{n=AmkmHo$Am{X g§ñH$ma{d{Y AW©hþ {Zê${nV ^ oh|

^mdmW© : na~«÷ lrH¥$îU Vmo gd©ì`mnH$ hmo doV| Aé ‘Zwî`-XodVm AmXrZ²Ho$Oog| àmH¥$V Zmht hmo`doV| lrH¥$îUHo$ goì`ñdê$n‘| àmUà{Vð>m Am{X emñÌr`{d{Y H$[adoH$s nw{ï>^pŠVgåàXm`‘| Amdí`H$Vm Zmht. nyd©íbmoH$‘| H$ho g§ñH$ma

117 118

Vmo (Om {ebm-YmVw-H$mð> Am{Xgm| ‘y{V© ~Zr ho dm) ñWmZH$s ew{ÕHo$ AW© AéJwéH$s Amkm àmßV H$adoHo$ AW© hmoV ho.

`fb°û îuL©$óZ sp¡ kh®ìep`L$ lp¡hp\u s¡dS> d_yóe-v¡$hsp_u S>¡d âpL©$s_ lp¡hp\u îuL©$óZ_p k¡ìeõhê$`dp„ âpZ`rs›$p hN¡f¡ ip÷ue rhr^ L$fhp_uyrô$c[¼skçâv$pedp„ AphíeL$sp _\u d_pC. |h®ígp¡L$dp„ L$l¡hpe¡gp k„õL$pfp¡

sp¡ (—S>¡ rigp-^psy-L$p›$ hN¡f¡\u d|rs®_y„ r_dp®Z \ey„ lp¡e s¡—) õ\p__u iyrÙdpV¡$s¡dS> Nyfy_u Apop âpàs L$fhpdpV¡$ lp¡e R>¡.

Aew{Mñne©Zo Vñ`m… VWm nÄMm‘¥V¡a{n&&hmo‘¡Xm©ZoZ g§emoÜ`m d¡{XHo$Z {ZOmË‘dV²4&&89&&

VWm=Aé hmo‘¡…=hmo‘gm|Vñ`m…=dmH$m| XmZoZ=XmZgm|Aew{Mñne©Zo=An{dÌH$mo VWm=Aéñne© hmo don| d¡{XHo$Z=d¡{XH${ZOmË‘dV²=AnZo Oog| (H$‘©Um)=H$‘©gm|, A{n=hþnÄMm‘¥V¡…=nÄMm‘¥Vgm| g§emoÜ`m=ewÕ H$aZr

^mdmW© : H$~hþH$ goì` ^JdËñdê$nH$m| An{dÌH$mo ñne© hmo Om` AWdm H$moB©Ad¡îUd dmHo$ Xe©Z H$[a Om` Vmo Oog| ñZmZm{Xgm| AnZ² AnZr ew{Õ H$aV h|Vog| goì`ñdê$nH$s ew{Õ hþ nÄMm‘¥VñZmZ, hmo‘, XmZ VWm d¡{XH$ H$‘© Am{Xgm|H$aZr&&89&&

Å¡ ¼epf¡L$ k¡ìe cNhÐõhê$`_¡ A`rhÓ_p¡ õ`i® \C Åe A\hp L$p¡CAh¥óZh s¡_p v$i®_ L$fu Åe sp¡ S>¡d õ_p_pqv$\u Ap`Z¡ `p¡sp_u iyrÙ L$fsplp¡CA¡ R>uA¡ s¡d Ap`Zp k¡ìeõhê$`_u `Z iyrÙ `ÊQpd©sõ_p_, lp¡d, v$p_s\p h¥qv$L$ L$d® Apqv$\u L$fhu.

JwéXÎmm§ ñd §bãYm§ ^ŠV¡a{n gwny{OVm‘²&&ì`“m“r‘{n godoV `{X ^mdmo Z ~mÜ`Vo5&&90&&

JwéXÎmm§=JwéHo$ Ûmam nYamB ^B© ñd §bãYm§=ñd §Hy§$ àmßV ^B©^ŠV¡a{n=^ŠVZ²gm| godoV=godm H$aogwny{OVm§=go{dV `{X=`{Xì`“m“r‘²=IpÊS>V ^md:=^mdA{n=hþ Z ~mYVo=~m{YV Z hmoVmo hmo(‘y{Vª)=‘y{V©H$s (V{h©)=Vmo

^mdmW© : JwéÛmam nYamB©, ñd §Hy§$ H$hþ§Vo àmßV ^B© hmo , AWdm nyd©‘| AÝ` H$moC^JdXr`Zo OmH$s godm H$ar hmo Egr ^JdÝ‘y{V©H$s godm hmoB© gH$V ho. Eg| hr`{X ^md ~m{YV hmoVmo Z hmo Vmo IpÊS>V hmo JB© hmo Egrhþ ^JdÝ‘y{V©H$s godmhmoB© gH$V ho&&90&&

NyfyA¡ `^fphu Ap ¡gu, `p¡sp_¡S> ¼ep„L$\u âpàs \e¡gu A\hp |h£ AÞeL$p¡C cNhv$ue¡ S>¡_u k¡hp L$fu lp¡e s¡hu cNhÞd|rs®_u k¡hp L$fu iL$pe. s¡ S>âdpZ¡ Å¡ `p¡sp_p¡ cph bpr^s \sp¡ _ lp¡e sp¡ M[ÎX$s \C NC lp¡e s¡hu`Z cNhÞd|rs®_u k¡hp yrô$c[¼skçâv$pedp„ L$fu iL$pe R>¡.

({ZË`godmHo$ ñdê$nHo$ CnXoeH$mo CnH«$‘)(1. CnH«$‘)

àmVamaä` ‘Ü`môZmd{Y… M¡dmnamôUHo$&&VÎmëbrbmZw mdoZ ^OoV² ñd-Jwé-gå‘Vm‘²&&91&&

àmV…=gdoaogm| VÎmëbrbmZw^mdoZ=VV²-VV²

119 120

Amaä`=Amaå^ H$aHo$ brbmH$s ^mdZmgm|‘Ü`môZmd{Y…=‘Ü`môZ n`©ÝV ñdJwégå‘Vm‘²=AnZo JwéH$m| gå‘VM¡d=Aé (‘y{Vª)=‘y{V©H$m|AnamôUHo$=gm`§H$mb‘| ^OoV²=^Oo

^mdmW© … àmV:H$mbgm| Amaå^ H$aHo$ ‘Ü`môZ n`©ÝV Vog|B© gm`§H$mb‘|VÎmËH$mbmZwê$n à yZ²H$s brbmH$s ^mdZm H$aVo ^ o AnZo JwéH$s gå‘{V hmoEgo ^JdËñdê$nH$s godm H$ao&&91&&

âps:L$pg\u Apfçc L$fu_¡ dÝepŒ `e®Þs A_¡ s¡ S> âdpZ¡ kpe„L$pgdp„`Z sÑÐL$pg_p A_yê$` âcy_u gugpAp¡_u cph_p L$fsp-L$fsp `p¡sp_p Nyfy_ukçdrs lp¡e A¡hp cNhÐõhê$`_u k¡hp L$fhu.

dñÌ¡íM yfU¡a² JÝY¡… Z¡doÚ¡a² ì`ÄOZ¡… ew ¡…&&Xoe-H$mb-{d yVrZm‘² AZwgmaoU godZ‘²&&92&&

Xoe-H$mb-{d^yVrZm‘²=Xoe,H$mb JÝY¡…=gwJpÝYV nXmW©Z²gm|Aé Ðì` Ho$ ~mao‘| AnZr gm‘Ï ©Ho M=AéAZwgmaoU=AZwgma Z¡doÚ¡…={ZdoXZmh©ew^¡…=ew^,dñÌ¡…=dñÌZ²gm| ì`ÄOZ¡…=ì`ÄOZZ²gm|yfU¡…=Am yfUZ²gm| godZ‘²=godm H$ao

^mdmW© … Xoe, H$mb Aé Ðì` gå~ÝYr AnZr gm‘Ï ©Ho$ AZwgma àmßV CÎm‘dñÌ, Am^yfU, AÎma-MÝXZ-Ho$ea-Jwbm~Ob Am{X gwJpÝYV nXmW© VWm{d{dY àH$maHo$ AmamoJm`doH$s gm‘J«rZ² gm| lrH¥$îUH$s godm H$ao&&93&&

v¡$i, L$pm s¡dS> Öìe kçbÞ^u `p¡sp_u i[¼s A_ykpf âpàs \e¡g DÑdh÷, Apc|jZ, AÑf-QÞv$_-L¡$if-NygbS>g Apqv$ kyN[Þ^s `v$p\p£ s¡dS>rhrh^ âL$pf_u Apfp¡Nphhp_u kpdN°uAp¡ \u îuL©$óZ_u k¡hp L$f¡.

àoåUm n[aMaoV² gmYw… `mdÁOrd§ g‘m{hV…&&VoZmñ` ^mdZm-{g{Õ… ``m ñ`mV² H¥$V-H¥$Ë`Vm&&93&&

gmYw…=gËnwéf Añ`=`mH$s`mdÁOrd§=OrdZ n ©ÝV ^mdZm-{g{Õ…=^pŠV^mdH$s {g{Õg‘m{hV…=EH$ {MÎm hmo`Ho$ (^d{V)=hmoV hoàoåUm=ào‘gm| ``m=OmV|n[aMaoV²=godm H$ao H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm=H¥$VH¥$Ë`VmVoZ=VmV| ñ`mV²=hmoV h¡.

^mdmW© … gËnwéfH$m| OrdZn ©ÝV EH${Zð> hmo Ho$ ào‘gm| lrH¥$îUH$s godm H$aZr.Eg| godm H$aoV| ^pŠV^md Ñ‹T> hmoV ho. ^pŠVHo$ Ñ‹T> ^ oV| ^ŠV H¥$VH¥$Ë` hmoOmV ho&&93&&

kÐ yfyj¡ Æh_`e®Þs A¡L$r_›$ b_u_¡ âd¡\u îuL©$óZ_u k¡hp L$fhu. ApdL$fhp\u c[¼scph ×Y$ \pe R>¡. c[¼s ×Y$ \hp\u c¼s L©$sL©$Ðe b_¡ R>¡.

(2.àmV:H$mb‘| OmJaUHo$ níMmÎm ^JdËñ‘aU1 ñZmZ2 em¡M3 AmM‘Z4

Am{XHo$ {Z`‘)

àmV… nmíMmË``m‘o@gm¡ g‘wËWm` ew{M{Y©`m&&ñ‘aoX² ^JdVmo brbm§ Jm oV² Vñ` JwUmZ² {Jam&&94&&

121 122

àmV…=gdoao ew{M…=ewÕ hmo`Ho$nmíMmË``m‘o=nm{N>bo àha‘| {Y`m=~w{Õnyd©H$Agm¡=dmo ^JdV:=^JdmZ²H$sg‘wËWm`=Om{JHo$ brbm§=brbmH$moñ‘aoV²=ñ‘aU H$ao.{Jam=dmUrgm| JwUmZ²=JwUZ²H$moVñ`={VZH|$ Jm`oV²=JmZ H$ao

^mdmW© … gy m}X`Ho$ nyd© àha‘| Om{JHo$ ewÕ hmoB ~w{Õnyd©H$ ^JdmZ²H$s brbmH$moñ‘aU H$ao Aé dmUrgm| ^JdmZ²Ho$ JwUZ²H$mo JmZ H$ao&&94&&

k|ep£v$e\u A¡L$ âlf `l¡gp„ ÅNu_¡ iyÙ \C_¡ byrÙ |h®L$ cNhp__u gugp_y„õdfZ L$f¡ A_¡ hpZu\u cNhp__p NyZp¡_y„ Np_ L$f¡.

àmV… H¥$Ë § VV… H$m ª ~{hJ©Ëdm `Wmo{XV‘²&&‘wIew{ÕñVVmo {ZË § gm¡JÝYmä`ÄOZ§ ^doV²&&95&&

VV…=Vm nmN>| VV…=Vm nmN>|~{h… JËdm=Kagm| ~m{ha Om`Ho$ ‘wIew{Õ…=‘wIH$s ew{Õ`Wmo{XV‘²=emñÌmkmZwgma {ZË`§=à{V{XZàmV…H¥$Ë`§=àmV:H¥$Ë` gm¡JÝYmä`ÄOZ§=gwJÝYr Vobgm|H$m`©‘²=H$aZmo ‘m{be, ^doV²=hmo`.

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| Kagm| ~m{ha Om`H|$ ‘bmoËgJm©{X XohH¥$Ë` H$aZo. ‘wIew{ÕH$aZr. Vm nmN>| gwJÝY wŠV Vobgm| earan| ‘m{be H$aZr&&95&&

s¡ `R>u Of\u blpf S>C_¡ dgp¡ÐkNp®qv$ v¡$lL©$Ðe L$fhy„. dyMiyrÙ L$fhu. s¡`R>u kyNÞ^u s¡g\u ifuf_u dprgi L$fhu.

‘bñZmZ§ J¥ho H$m ª VßVmoXH$namoXH¡$…&&Vñ`mon[a lr`‘wZmOb¡… ñZmZ§ ñVd¡íM dm&96&&VrW©ñWmZo ‘bñZmZ§ H¥$Ëdm Vrao@{^‘ÁOZ‘²&&

J¥ho=Ka‘| ñZmZ§=ñZmZ‘bñZmZ§=‘bñZmZ (H$m`ª)=H$aZmo.VßVmoXH$namoXH¡$…=g‘mo`o Obgm| ‘bñZmZ§=‘bñZmZAWdm namoXH$gm| H¥$Ëdm=H$ao nmN>|H$m`©‘²=H$aZmo (Ed)=hrVñ`=VmHo$,Cn[a=D$na VrW©ñWmZo=VrW©ñWmZ‘|lr`‘wZmOb¡…=lr`‘wZmObgm| Vrao=VQ>n|dm=AWdm A{^‘ÁOZ‘²=ñZmZñVd¡: M=ñVdZgm| hþ (H$V©ì`‘²)=H$aZmo.

^mdmW© … Ka‘| ‘bñZmZ g‘mo o Obgm| AWdm namoXH$gm| H$aZmo. ‘bñZmZ H$aonmN>| `{X CnbãY hmo` Vmo lr`‘wZmObgm| Aé CnbãY Z hmo` Vmo gm‘mÝ`Obgm| hr ñZmZ‘ÝÌHo$ CÀMmanyd©H$ ñZmZ H$aZmo. Aé VrW©‘| ñZmZ Vmo ‘bñZmZH$ao nmN>| hr H$aZmo. gmo H$mhoVo Omo ""{ZË § Z¡{‘{ÎmH§$ M¡d {H«$`m“§ ‘bH$f©U§,VrWm©^mdoVw H$V©ì`‘² CîUmoXH$namoXH¡$:''(AmMma‘`yI, ‘bmnH$f©ñZmZ‘²`‘ñ‘¥{VH$m[aH$m), ""ñZmZ§ ZXrXodImVõXofw M gañgw M, nÄM{nÊS>mZZwÕ¥Ë` ZñZm`mV² nadm[a{U'' ( VÌ¡d, AW ñZmZ§, `moJ`mkdëŠ`H$m[aH$m) ""nagÎmmHo$AZwËg¥ï>Obo ‘¥pËnÊS>nÄMH$moÕaUm^mdo Z ñZm`mX² B{V ApÝV‘mYm©W©:'' (Q>rH$m`m‘²).

Ofdp„ dgõ_p_ lz„apmp `pZu\u A\hp `fp¡v$L$\u L$fhy„. dgõ_p_ L$ep® bpv$Å¡ D`gå^ lp¡e sp¡ îuedy_pS>g\u A_¡ Å¡ _ lp¡e sp¡ kpdpÞe S>g\uS>

123 124

õ_p_dÞÓ_p DÃQpf |h®L$ õ_p_ L$fhy„. A_¡ su\®dp„ õ_p_ sp¡ dgõ_p_ L$ep®`R>uS> L$fhy„.

(3. ñZmZ H$ao nmN>| dñÌYmaU H$[adoH$s1, KaH$m| bmoQ>doH$s2, {VbH$-N>mnmYmaU H$[adoH$s3, ^JdÀMaUm‘¥V bo`doH$s4, Vwbgr‘mbm YmaU H$[adoH$s5,àmV…gÝÜ`m-OnH$s ar{V6)

VVñVw YmaU§ ewÕH$m¡eo må~a w½‘`mo…1&&97&&nmXwH$m{^J¥©ho `mZ§ ñne©Z§ Z¡d H$ñ`{MV²2&&

VV…=Vm nmN>| J¥ho=Ka à{VVw=Vmo `mZ§=J‘ZewÕH$m¡eo`må~a`w½‘`mo…= (H$V©ì`‘²)=H$aZmoewÕ aoe‘r Xmo dñÌ H$ñ`{MV²=H$mhþH$moYmaU§=YmaU ñne©Z§=ñne©(H¥$Ëdm)=H$[aHo$ Z¡d=gd©Wm ZnmXwH$m{^…=nmXwH$m nh[aHo$ (H$V©ì`‘²)=H$aZmo

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| ewÕ aoe‘r dñÌ YmaU H$[aHo$, nm§dZ²‘| nmXwH$m nh[aHo$ KaAmZmo. ~rM‘| H$mhþH$mo ñne© H$aZmo Zmht&&

s¡ `R>u iyÙ f¡idu h÷ ^pfZ L$fu_¡, `Ndp„ `pvy$L$p `l¡fu_¡ Of¡ Aphhy„. Of¡Aphsp„ hÃQ L$p¡C_p¡ `Z õ`i® _ L$fhp¡.

Hw$L²Hx$‘ñ`moÜd©nwÊS´>m{U ÛmXem“ofw Zm‘{^…&&98&&e§I-MH«$m{X-‘wÐmíM Jmonr-MÝXZ-‘¥ËñZ`m3&&

ÛmXem“ofw=~mah A“Z²n| Hw$L²Hx$‘ñ`=Hw$L²Hx$Ho$

Zm‘{^…=Zm‘Z²gm| D$Üd©nwÊS´>m{U=D$ÜdnwÊS´> {VbH$JmonrMZÝXZ-‘¥ËñZ`m= M=hþ A{L²H$V H$aZrJmonrMÝXZH$s ‘mQ>rgm| {dewÕ`o=BpÝÐ`Z²H$se§IMH«$m{X‘wÐm…=e§I-MH«$m{X‘wÐm AmÜ`mpË‘H$ ew{ÕHo$ AW©.

^mdmW© … ~mahm| A“Z²n| JdÝZm‘Z²H$mo CÀMmaU H$aVo o Hw$L²Hx$‘gm| D$Üd©nwÊS´>{VbH$ H$aZo. JmonrMÝXZH$s ‘mQ>rgm| e§I-MH«$m{X gmåàXm{`H$ ‘wÐm hþ A{L²H$VH$aZr. Ego H$aoV| BpÝÐ`Z²H$s ^JdËgodmHo$ bm`H$ AmÜ`mpË‘H$ ew{Õ hmoV ho&&

bpf¡ A“p¡ D`f cNhÞ_pd_p DÃQpfZ |h®L$ âkpv$u L$‘z\u EÝh® yÎX²$ rsgL$L$fhp. Np¡ uQÞv$__u dpV$u\u i’-Q¾$ hN¡f¡ kpçâv$preL$ dyÖpAp¡ `Z Aq‘sL$fhu. Apd L$fhp\u B[ÞÖep¡_u cNhÐk¡hpep¡Áe ApÝep[ÐdL$ iyrÙ \pe R>¡.

MaUm‘¥VnmZ§ M boníMm{n {dewÕ o4&&99&&VVñVw Vwbgr‘mbm§ Y¥Ëdm5 gÝÜ`m§ g‘mMaoV²6&&

MaUm‘¥VnmZ§=MaUm‘¥VH$mo nmZ M=Aé, bon: Mm{n=bonhþ(H$V©ì`m¡)=H$aZo Y¥Ëdm=YmaU H$[aHo$VV…=Vm nmN>|, Vw=Vmo gÝÜ`m§=gÝÜ`mH$‘©Vwbgr‘mbm§=VwbgrH$s ‘mbm g‘mMaoV²=H$aZmo.

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| à yZ²Ho$ MaUm‘¥V-ObH$mo nmZ Aé A“Z²n| bonZ H$aZmo. VmnmN>| VwbgrH$s ‘mbm-H§$R>r YmaU H$[aHo$ gÝÜ`m-Onm{X H$aZo.

s¡ `R>u âcy_p QfZpd©s-S>g_y„ `p_ A_¡ ifuf D`f g¡ -R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡.s¡ `R>u sygku_u dpmp-L„$W$u ^pfZ L$fu_¡ kºÝep-S>` hN¡f¡ L$fhp. (—sygkudpmp

125 126

^pfZ L$fhp bpbs ip÷dp„ bÞ_¡ fç`fp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ 1.—r_Ðe A_¡ 2.—k¡hp“.—)

(4. ^JdËgodmaå^{d{Y)n[aM`m© hao… H$m`m© n[admaOZ¡… gh&&100&&JËdm h[anX§ nX²ä`m§ ñVwËdm Ûma§ àUå` M&&à{dí` ‘mO©Z¡b}n¡… nmÌmUm§ emoYZ§ MaoV²&&101&&

n[admaOZ¡…=n[admaOZZ²Ho$ ñVwËdm=ñVdZ H$[aHo$gh=g“, hao…=h[aH$s àUå`=XÊS>dV² àUm‘ H$[aHo$n[aM`m©=godm M=AéH$m`m©=H$aZr à{dí`=^rVa àdoe H$[aHo$h[anX§=à wHo$ {~amOdoHo$ ñWmZ‘| ‘mO©Z¡…=‘m§OrHo$nX²ä`m§=nm§dZ²gm| MbHo$ bon¡…=btnrHo$JËdm=Om`Ho$ nmÌmUm§=nmÌZ²H$sÛma§=^JdÝ‘pÝXaHo$ ÛmaH$mo emoYZ§=ew{Õ,MaoV²=H$ao

^mdmW© … n[admaHo$ bmoJZ²Ho$ g“ {‘{bHo$ à yZ²H$s godm-n[aM`m© H$ao. nm§dZ²gm|MbHo$ à yZ²Ho$ {~amOdoHo$ ñWmZH$m| Om`. ^JdÝ‘pÝXaHo$ ÛmaZ²Ho$ AmJ| ñVw{V-àUm‘ H$[aHo$ ‘pÝXaHo$ ^rVa àdoe H$ao. gwdU©-aOVm{XHo$ nmÌZ²H$m| ‘m§{OHo$ Aé‘mQ>rHo$ nmÌZ²H$m| btnrHo$ ewÕ H$ao&&101&&

`qfhpfS>_p¡_u kp\¡ lmu-dmu_¡ âcy_u k¡hp-`qfQep® L$fhu. `N¡ Qpgu_¡âcy_p rbfpS>hp_p õ\p_dp„ S>hy„. cNhÞd[Þv$f_p Üpf¡ õsyrs-âZpd L$fu_¡d[Þv$f_u A„v$f âh¡ihy„. kp¡_p-Qp„v$u_p pÓp¡_¡ dp„Æ_¡ A_¡ dpV$u_p pÓp¡_¡ g]`u_¡iyÙ L$fhp.

(5. ^JdËà~moYZ)gå^¥Ë` gd©gå^ma§ àmVamem{Xnyd©H$‘²&&à~moÜ` lrh[a¨ àoåUm ‘wIewÕç§ewH$m{X{^…&&102&&Ab§H¥$Ë` VV… qghmgZo g‘wndoe oV²&&

àmVamem{Xnyd©H$‘²=‘“b^moJ Am{X‘wIewÜ`§ewH$m{X{^…=AmM‘Z-gOm`H|$,gd©gå^ma§=gd©dñVw-gm‘J«r ‘wIdñÌ H$am`Ho$, Ab§H¥$Ë`=gå^¥Ë`=gm{OHo$ AbL²H$ma AmN>r ^m§{Vgm|lrh[a¨=à^yZ²H$m| Yam`Ho$, VV…=Vm nmN>|àoåUm=ào‘gm| qghmgZo=qghmgZn|à~moÜ`=OJm`Ho$ g‘wndoe`oV²=nYamdZo.

^mdmW© … ‘“b^moJ, ObnmZH$s Pmar Am{X gd© dñVw n{hbogm| hr gm{OHo$amIZr. Vm nmN>| à yZ²H$m| ào‘gm| OJmdZo. AmM‘Z-‘wIdñÌ H$am`Ho$ AñVì`ñV^ o Am yfUZ²H$m| AmN>r ^m§{Vgm| Yam`Ho$ à yZ²H$m| qghmgZn| nYamdZo&&

d“gcp¡N, S>g`p__u Tpfu hN¡f¡ b^u hõsyAp¡ `l¡g¡\uS> kpÆ_¡ fpMhu.s¡ `R>u âcy_¡ â¡d\u S>Nphhp. ApQd_-dyMh÷ L$fphu_¡ Aõsìeõs \e¡gpApc|jZp¡_¡ ìeh[õ\s L$fu_¡ âcy_¡ tklpk_ D`f `^fphhp.

(‘“b^moJ, AmaVr, ñZmZ H$s {d{Y)h¡ “drZnŠdmÝZ¡… Vmå~yb¡… gwOb¡ ©OoV²&&103&&VVmo ZramOZ§ H$m ª ‘“b§ JrVdmÚH¡$…&&

h¡`“drZnŠdmÝZ¡…=VmOmo ‘mIZ, VV…=Vm nmN>|nŠdmÝZgm|, gwOb¡…=gwÝXaObgm| JrVdmÚH¡$…=Jm`Z-dmXZ g{hVVmå~yb¡…=~rargm| ‘“b§=‘“b, ZramOZ§=AmaVr

127 128

`OoV²=godm H$ao H$m`©‘²=H$aZr

^mdmW© … ‘“b^moJ‘| VmOmo ‘mIZ, R>moa-‘R>ar Am{X nŠdmÝZ, gw‘Ywa VmOmOb g‘n}. Vm nmN>| ^moJ gam`Ho$ ~ram g‘n}. g‘`mZwê$n dmÚ g{hV ‘“bmHo$H$sV©Z H$ao. nmN>| ‘“b AmaVr H$ao&&

d“gcp¡Ndp„ spSy>„ dpMZ, W$p¡f-dW$mu hN¡f¡ `¼hpÞ_ s\p kyd yf spSy>„S>g kd`®hy„. s¡ `R>u cp¡N kfphu_¡ buX$p„ kd`®hp. kdep_yê$` hpÛ krlsd“gp_p L$us®_ L$fhp. d“g Apfsu L$fhu.

Aä`“moÝ‘X©Z¡… ñZmZ§ J¥hñZmZ{dYmZV…&&104&&ñVwËdm H${bÝXOm§ ñZmVo Hw$`m©V² gåàmoÄN>Zm§ewH$‘²&&

Aä`“moÝ‘X©Z¡…=Vob-C~Q>Z ‘{bHo$ ñVwËdm=ñVw{V H$[aHo$J¥hñZmZ{dYmZV…=Ka‘| ñZmZ ñZmZ§=ñZmZH$ado gå~pÝY emñÌr` {dYmZgm| gåàmoÄN>Zm§ewH$‘²=A“dñÌH${bÝXOm§=lr`‘wZmOrH$s (H$maUr`‘²)=H$amdZmo.

^mdmW© … gwJpÝYV Vob-Am§dam-MÝXZ-Ho$ea Am{X g‘{n©Ho$, Ka‘| ñZmZH$[adoHo$ emñÌr` {dYmZgm|, lr`‘wZmOrH$s ñVw{V H$[aHo$ à yZ²H$m| ñZmZ H$amdZo.Vm nmN>| A{V H$mo‘b gy{VdñÌgm| lrA§J nm|N>Zmo&&

kyN[Þ^s s¡g-Ap„bmp-QÞv$_-L¡$if Apqv$ kd`}_¡, Ofdp„ õ_p_ L$fhp_pip÷ue rh^p_\u, îuedy_pÆ_u õsyrs L$fu_¡ âcy_¡ õ_p_ L$fphhy„. s¡ R>u ArsL$p¡dm k|sfpD h÷\u îuA“_¡ `p¢R>hy„.

(e¥§Jma YamZo, ~r‹S>m YaZmo, Amagr {XImdZr, F$Vw-H$mbmZwgma gOmdQ>YaZr, nmN>o JmdV-~OmdV Xyn-Xrn-AmaVr H$aVr {~[a`m§ `{X {ZOOZ ^ŠVhm| Vmo {VZH$m| Xe©Z H$amZo hm| Vmo H$amZo)

e¥“ma§ apÄOV¡a² dñÌ¡… {MÌ¡am^aU¡a{n&&105&&‘m ya‘wHw$Q>¡ aå ¡… doUwdoÌ¡… gw‘më`H¡$…&&{dVmZ¡… àga¡… ew «¡… à{Vgra¡Z©d¡Z©d¡…&&106&&Ob-H«$sS>monñH$a¡íM Vmå~wbm‘moX-Xn©U¡…&&ì`OZ¡a² Ob ¥“ma¡… XoeH$mbmZwgm[a{^…&&107&&Ab§H¥$Ë ¡d gào‘ ñdr`mZ² ^ŠVmZ² àXe© oV²&&Vm¡`©{ÌHo$Z VÌm{n Yyn-Xrnm{XZm{V©H$‘²&&108&&

(VV…)=Vm nmN>| à{Vgra¡…={nN>dmB©apÄOV¡…=a§Jo ^ o M=Aé, Ob-H«$sS>monñH$a¡:=dñÌ¡…=dñÌZ²gm| ObH«$sS>mH$s dñVyZ²gm|{MÌ¡am^aU¡…={d{dY Am^aUgm| XoeH$mbmZwgm[a{^…=Xoe-H$mbaå`¡…=gwÝXa AZwgmar, gào‘=ào‘ g{hV‘m`ya‘wHw$Q>¡…=‘moan§IHo$ ‘wHw$Q>gm| Ab§H¥$Ë`¡d=e¥§Jma Yam`Ho$doUwdoÌ¡…=~§gr-N>‹S>rgm| ñdr`mZ²={ZOgw‘më`H¡$…=gwÝXa ‘mbmgm| ^ŠVmZ²=^ŠVZ²H$m|Zd¡… Zd¡:=ZdrZ-ZdrZ àXe©`oV²=Xe©Z H$amdo.e¥“ma§=e¥§Jma VÌ A{n=Vhm§ hþ(H¥$Ëdm)=H$[aHo$ Vm¡`©{ÌHo$Z=Z¥Ë`-JrV-dmÚgm|ew^«¡…=CÁdb YynXrnm{XZm=Yyn-Xrn Am{Xgm|{dVmZ¡…=M§Xmodm Am{V©H$‘²=AmaVràga¡…={~N>m¡Zm (Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao.

129 130

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| F$Vw-H$mbHo$ AZwgma a§Jo ^ o dñÌ, {d{dY Am^aU, gwÝXa‘moan§IHo$ ‘wHw$Q>, ~§gr-N>‹S>r, gwÝXa ‘mbm Aé ZdrZ-ZdrZ Am yfU gm| à yZ²Ho$e¥§Jma H$ao. CÁdb M§Xmodm, {~N>m¡Zm, {nN>dmB Aé ObH«$sS>mH$s dñVw Am{XHy§$gOmdo. Vm nmN>| Z¥Ë`-JrV-dmÚ g{hV Yyn-Xrn-AmaVr H$aVr {~[a`m§ `{X{ZOOZ ^ŠV hm| Vmo {VZH$m| Xe©Z H$amZo hm| Vmo H$amZ|&&108&&

s¡ R>u F>sy-L$pg_p A_ykpf f„Nu_ h÷, rhrh^ ApcfZ, kyÞv$f dp¡f „M_y„dyLy$V$, b„ku-R>X$u, kyÞv$f dpgp A_¡ _hu_-_hu_ Apc|jZ \u âcy_p i©„NpfL$fhp. DÄhg QÞv$p¡hp, rbR>p¡_p, r`R>hpC A_¡ S>g¾$uX$p_u hõsy hN¡f¡ kÅhhu.s¡ R>u _©Ðe-Nus-hpÛ krls | -v$u`-Apfsu L$fsu hMs¡ Å¡ r_S>S>_ c¼slpS>f lp¡e sp¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ v$i®_ L$fphhp lp¡e sp¡ L$fphhp.

(6. ^moJ g‘n©U, Ad{eîQ> gÝÜ`mOnm{X)VVmo ZmZm{dY¡… ewÕ¡íMVw{d©Y-gw moOZ¡…&&gå ¥V§ ñdU©nmÌÝVw haoaJ«o {ZdoX oV²&&109&&

VVmo=Vm nmN>| ñdU©nm̧=gmoZoHo$ nmÌH$m|ZmZm{dY¡…={d{dY àH$maHo$ Vw=VmoewÕ¡…=ewÕ hao…=h[aHo$MVw{d©Y-gw^moOZ¡…=Mma àH$maHo$ AJ«o=AmJ|ñdm{Xï> ^moOZgm| {ZdoX oV²=nYamdo.gå^¥V§=nyU©

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| {d{dY àH$maHo$ boø, Mmoî`, no` Aé ImÚ Eg| Mm`m]àH$maHo$ ewÕ ñdm{Xï> ^moOZgm| nyU© gmoZoHo$ nmÌZ²H$m| lrh[aHo$ gå‘wInYamdZo&&109&&

s¡ `R>u rhrh^ âL$pf_p g¡ü, Qp¡óe, ¡e s¡dS> MpÛ A¡d Qpf¡ âL$pf_piyÙ õhpqv$ô$ cp¡S>_\u |Z® kp¡_p_p `pÓp¡_¡ îulqf_u kçdyM `^fphhp.

Vwbgt e§I-Vmo oZ Jm`Ë`mpñ‘Z² {ZYm` M&&""EVV² g‘{n©V§ Xod ^ŠË`m ‘o à{VJ¥øVm‘²''&&110&&amO^moJ§ g‘ß £d§, ~{hJm}J«mg‘² AmMaoV²&&VVmo@d{eï>§ Omß`m{X ‘mÜ`m{•H$‘² BhmMaoV²&&111&&

Apñ‘Z²=`m‘| {ZdoXZ§={ZdoXZ(nmÌo)=nmÌ‘| Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao, Ed§=Aée§I-Vmo`oZ=e§IHo$ Obgm| amO^moJ§=amO^moJJm`Ë`m=Jm`Ìr‘ÝÌgm| g‘ß`©=g‘{n©Ho$Vwbgt=VwbgrH$m| ~{h…=~hma{ZYm`=nYam`Ho$ JmoJ«mg‘²=JmoJ«mgM=Aé, ho Xod=ho Xod AmMaoV²=Xodo.‘o=‘oaoÛmam VV…=Vm nmN>|^ŠË`m=^pŠVgm| Ad{eîQ>§=AnyU© ahog‘{n©V§=g‘{n©V Omß`m{X=On Am{XEVV²=`o ‘mÜ`m{•H$‘²=‘Ü`môZgÝÜ`mà{VJ¥h²`Vm‘²=J¥hU H$amo Bh=`hm§(B{V=Eg| AmMaoV²=H$ao.

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| Jm`Ìr ‘ÝÌHo$ CÀMmaUnyd©H$ e§IHo$ Obgm| ^moJHo$ nmÌZ²‘|Vwbgr nYam`Ho$ {dkpßV H$ao : ""ho Xod ‘oaoÛmam ^pŠV^mdgm| g‘{n©V o ^moJ-g‘J«rH$mo ñdrH$ma H$amo''. m àH$magm| amO^moJ g‘{n©Ho$ (lrZÝXam`Or-lr`emoXmOrlrH¥$îUH$m| ^moOZ H$amdoV| n{hbo yV`kHo$ emñÌr`{dYmZmZwgma JmoJ«mg XoV h|dm ^mdgm|) ~hma JmoJ«mg XoZm|. Vm nmN>| eof aho On Am{X H$aZo&&110-111&&

131 132

s¡ `R>u NpeÓu dÞÓ_p DÃQpf |h®L$ i„M_p S>g\u cp¡N_p `pÓp¡dp„ sygku`^fphu_¡ rho[às L$fhu : ""l¡ v¡$h—! dpfpÜpfp c[¼scph\u `dr ®s Ap cp¡N-kpdN°u_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fp¡''. Ap âdpZ¡ fpS>cp¡N kd`}_¡ (—îu_Þv$fpeÆ-îueip¡v$pÆ îuL©$óZ_¡ cp¡S>_ L$fhhp\u l¡gp„ c|seo_p ip÷ue rh^p_ A_ykpfNp¡N°pk Ap ¡ R>¡ s¡ cph\u—) blpf Np¡N°pk Ap`hp¡. s¡ R>u r_edp_ykpf L$fhp_pbpL$u flu Ne¡gp S>` hN¡f¡ L$fhp.

(7. amO^moJ AmaVr Aé godmZdgaHo$ H$m ©)VVñËdmM‘Z§ XËdm Vmå~yb§ ‘më`Om§ òO‘²&&Angm © {demoÜ`mÌ Z¡doÚ§ Ob‘mZ oV²&&112&&

VV…=Vm nmN>|, Vw=Vmo XËdm=Xo`Ho$AmM‘Z§=AmM‘Z Z¡doÚ‘²=^moJ(H$ma{`Ëdm)=H$am`Ho$ Angm`©=gam`Ho$Vmå~yb§=~rar AÌ=`hm§‘më`Om§=~oZrgm| {gÕ H$ar ^B© {demoÜ`=Jrbmo N>ÝZm {’$am`Ho$òO§=‘mbm Ob‘²=Ob, AmZ oV²=bmdo.

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| g‘` o à yZ²H$m| AmM‘Z H$am`Ho$ ~ram nwîn‘mbm-nwînJwÀN>g‘n©Zo. moJ Yao hm| gmo g~ gam`Ho$ dm ñWmZHy§$ ewÕ H$aZmo. à yZ²H$m| AamoJm`doHy§$ObH$s Pmar nYamdZr&&112&&

s¡ `R>u kde \e¡ âcy_¡ ApQd_ L$fphu_¡ buX$p„, yó`dpgp- yó`NyÃR>kd`®hp. cp¡N kdàep® lp¡e s¡ kh£ kfphu_¡ s¡ õ\p__¡ iyÙ L$fhy„. âcy_¡Apfp¡Nhp_p S>g_u Tpfu `^fphhu.

VVmo amO{d yVrZm‘² AmXe£íMm‘a¡ ©OoV²&&JrVmÚwËgdVmo h² oZ§ ZramÁ` M àUå` M&&113&&

ö{X H¥$Ëdm {nYm`mñ` ‘pÝXa§ ~{hamd«OoV²&&òJ²-JÝYm{X {eamo-Y¥Ëdm àUå ¡d J¥h§ d«OoV²&&114&&‘mÜ`m{•H§$ g‘mß ¡d lr‘X² mJdV§ nR>oV²&&

VVmo=Vm nmN>| Añ`=BZHo$amO{d^yVrZm§=amO{d^y{VZ²H$s ‘pÝXa§=‘pÝXaH$m|Ý`m§B©, AmXe£…=Xn©Ugm| {nYm`=~ÝX H$[aHo$Mm‘a¡…=‘moaN>bM‘an§ImZ²gm| ~{h…=~m{ha,Amd«OoV²=Om`^OoV²=godm H$ao òJ²-JÝYm{X=‘mbm-MÝXZm{XJrVmÚwËgdV:=JrV-dmÚ-Z¥Ë` {eamo-Y¥Ëdm=‘mW| M‹T>m`Ho$CËgd Am{Xgm|, {h=hþ àUå`¡d=àUm‘ H$[aHo$ZramÁ`=AmaVr H$[aHo$ J¥h§=KaH$m|, d«OoV²=Om`M=Aé, àUå`=àUm‘H$[aHo$ ‘mÜ`m{•H§$=‘Ü`môZH$mbrZ H$‘©H$m|M=Aé, EZ§=EogoBZà^yZ²H$m| g‘mß`¡d=nyU© H$[aHo$ö{X=öX`‘| lr‘X²^mJdV§=lr‘X²^mJdVH¥$Ëdm=YmaU H$[aHo$ nR>oV²=~m§Mo.

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| amOm{YamO à^yZ²H$m| Xn©U {XImdo, Mm‘a Tw>amdo, à^yZ²Ho$AmJ| Z¥Ë`-dmÚ g{hV H$sV©Z JmZ H$ao. ‘Ü`môZ AmaVr H$[aHo$ à yZ²H$m| àUm‘H$ao. à yZ²H$m| öX`‘| YmaU H$[aHo$ ^JdÝ‘pÝXaHo$ ÛmaZ²H$m| ‘“b H$[aHo$ ~m{haOm`. ^JdËàgmXê$n ‘mbm-~ram-MÝXZm{XH$m| ‘mW| M‹T>m`Ho$ ÛmaH$m| àUm‘H$[aHo$ (AnZo hr Kan[aga‘| pñWV ^JdÝ‘pÝXagm| {^ÝZ AnZo) {ZdmgñWmZH$m|Om`. ‘Ü`môZH$mbrZ H$‘©H$m| nyU© H$[aHo$ lr‘X² mJdV ~m§Mo&&114&&

s¡ R>u fpÅr^fpS> âcy_¡ v$ ®Z v¡$MpX$hy„, Qpdf L$fhu, âcy_u ApNm _©Ðe-hpÛ krls L$us®__y„ Np_ L$fhy„. dÝepŒ Apfsu L$fu_¡ âcy_¡ âZpd L$fhp. cph_p\uâcy_¡ ùv$edp„ `^fphu_¡ cNhÞd[Þv$f_p Üpfp¡_¡ d“g L$fu_¡ blpf Aphhy„.cNhÐâkpv$u dpgp-buX$p„-QÞv$_ hN¡f¡_¡ Apv$f |h®L$ dp\¡ QY$phu_¡ Üpf_¡ âZpd

133 134

L$fu_¡ (—`p¡sp_p S> Of`qfkfdp„ [õ\s cNÞd[Þv$f\u Sy>v$p `p¡sp_p—)r_hpkõ\p_dp„ S>hy„. dÝepŒL$pgu_ L$d®_¡ |Z® L$fu_¡ îudv¹$c$pNhs—hp„Qhy„.

(8. ^JdÝ‘hmàgmX J«hU H$[aHo$ nmN>| H$[adoHo$ H¥$Ë`)VVmo ^ŠVOZoä`mo@ñ` àgmX§ epŠVVmo ^OoV²&&115&&g‘mJVoä`mo {dàoä`mo XrZoä`íM `Wm`W‘²&&XËdm ñdr`-OZ¡ w©pŠV… d¡ídXodmo@{n VÌ d¡&&116&&

VV…=Vm nmN>| `Wm`W‘²=H$Nw>H$-H$Nw>H$^ŠVOZoä`…=^ŠVOZZ²H$m| XËdm=Xo`Ho$Añ`=`mH$mo d¡ídXod…=d¡ídXodàgmX§=‘hmàgmX A{n=hþepŠVV…=epŠV AZwgma VÌ=Vm‘|gm|, d¡=hr^OoV²=Xo` (H¥$Ëdm)=H$[aHo$g‘mJVoä`…=Am`o ^`o ñdr`OZ¡…=n[admaOZHo${dàoä`…=~«m÷UZ²H$m| (gh)=g“, wpŠV…=^moOZXrZoä`…=Jar~Z²H$m| (H$m`m©)=H$aoM=hþ

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| Ka Am o ^ŠVOZZ²H$m| à yZ²H$mo ‘hmàgmX epŠV AZwgmaXo . Eg| hr Am o ^ o ~«m÷UZ²H$m| Aé Jar~Z²H$m| hþ `Wm`mo½` ‘hmàgmX-XmZ-X{jUm Xodo. d¡ídXod hþ ‘hmàgmXgm| hr H$ao. Vm nmN>| n[admaOZHo$ g“^JdÝ‘hmàgmXH$mo ^moOZ H$ao&&115-116&&

s¡ `R>u Of¡ Aph¡gp c¼sS>_p¡_¡ âcy_p¡ dlpâkpv$ i[¼s A_ykpf Ap`hp¡.s¡ S> âdpZ¡ AæepNs b°pûZ s¡dS> Nfub S>_p¡_¡ `Z e\pep¡Áe dlpâkpv$-

v$p_-v$rnZp Ap`hp. h¥íhv¡$h `Z dlpâkpv$\u L$fhp¡. s¡ `R>u `qfhpfS>_p¡_ukp\¡ âcy_p¡ dlpâkpv$ g¡hp¡.

VVmo dmVmª ñdH$s`mZm§ ~hþ-nmn¡aZmHw$bm‘²&&`mÌmW©‘od godoV Zm{^doemo@Ì gÄMaoV²&&117&&gånÝZ-d¥{Îm… ^ŠVmZm§ emñÌm{U n[a^md`oV²&&gd©Wm d¥Ë`^mdoVw `m‘‘m̧ ^OoX² h[a‘²&&118&&X[aÐíM Hw$Qw>å~mV©… {dÛmZ² ^mJdV§ nR>oV²&&A{dÛmZñ` godm`m§ gmhmæ § ldU§ M dm&&119&&

VV…=VmnmN>| godoV²=H$a~hþnmn¡…=~hþV nmngm| AÌ=Vm‘|AZmHw$bm‘²= A{^doe…=A{^{Zdoe/bJmd{MÎmH$m| ì`mHw$b Z H$ao Egr gånÝZ-d¥{Îm…=YZgånÝZhmo`gmoñdH$s`mZm§=n[admaOZH$s ^ŠVmZm§=^ŠVZ²Ho$ ~rMdmVmª=~mVMrV gÄMaoV²=H$ao(OrdZ)`mÌmW©‘od= Z=ZmhtOrdZì`dhma Mbm`doHo$ AW©o emñÌm{U=emñÌZ²H$mon[a^md`oV²=AdJmhZ H$ao {dÛmZ²=n‹T²>çmo-{b»`mohmo`Vmogd©Wm=n`m©ßV ^br^m§{V ^mJdV§=^mJdVH$mod¥Ë`^mdo=d¥{ÎmHo$ A^md‘| nR>oV²=nmR> H$ao.Vw=Vmo A{dÛmZ²=n‹T>çmo-{b»`mo Z`m‘‘m̧=EH$`m‘ hmo Vmo, Añ`={dÛmZ² ^ŠVH$sh[a¨=à^yZ²H$s godm`m§=godm‘|^OoV²=godm H$ao gmhmæ`§=ghm`VmX[aÐíM=AË`ÝV Jar~ M=AéM=Aé, Hw$Qw>å~mV©…= ldU§=ldU

135 136

nm[adm[aH$ à{V~ÝYdmamo dm=hþ(Hw$`m©V²)=H$ao

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| ~hþV nmngm| {MÎmH$m| ì`mHw$b Z H$ao Egr OrdZì`dhmaMbm`do‘| Cn`moJr A{Zdm © Egr n[admaOZ gå~pÝY ~mVMrV H$ao. naÝVw Vm‘|AnZo ‘ZH$mo A{^{Zdoe/bJmd Z amIo. YZgånÝZ ^ŠVZ²H$m| godmHo$ AZdga‘|emñÌZ²H$mo AdJmhZ H$aZmo. YZgånÝZ Z hmo Vmo EH$ `m‘ à yZ²H$s godm H$[aHo$eof g‘`‘| AmOr{dH$mHo$ Cnm` H$aZo. Vm‘| hþ Omo Ag‘W© Egmo H$moB© AË`ÝVJar~ ^ŠV hmo` Aé nm[adm[aH$ à{V~ÝYdmamo hmo` VmV| `{X EH$ g‘` hþ^JdËgodm H$[a Z gHo$ Vmo, n‹T>çmo-{b»`mo hmo Vmo, ^mJdVH$mo nmR> H$ao. `{Xn‹T>çmo-{b»`mo Z hmo Vmo Omo {dÛmZ² ^ŠV à wgodm H$aVmo hmo dmH$s n[aM`m©H$ao Aé dmo O~ JdX²JwUJmZ, mJdVnmR> Am{X H$ao V~ dmH$mo ldU H$ao&&119&&

s¡ `R>u blz `p`\u rQÑ ìepLy$m _ b_¡ A¡hu Æh_ìehlpf_¡ Qgphhpdp„D`ep¡Nu s¡dS> Ar_hpe® lp¡e s¡hu `qfhpfS>_ kçb[Þ^ hps-Qus L$fhu. s¡dp„`Z, `fÞsy, d__p¡ Arcr_h¡i—/—gNph _ fpMhp¡. ^_kç`ß c¼sp¡A¡ k¡hp_pA_hkfdp„ ip÷_y„ AhNpl_ L$fhy„. ^_kç`ß _ lp¡e sp¡ A¡L$ kde âcy_uk¡hp L$fu_¡ bpL$u_p kdedp„ ApÆrhL$p_p¡ D`pe L$fhp¡. s¡dp„ `Z Å¡ Akd\®A¡hp¡ L$p¡C AÐeÞs Nfub c¼s lp¡e A_¡ hmu pqfhpqfL$ ârsbÞ^hpmp¡ lp¡hp\uÅ¡ A¡L$ kde `Z cNhÐk¡hp L$fu iL¡$ s¡d _ lp¡e sp¡, cZ¡gp¡-NZ¡gp¡ lp¡esp¡, cpNhs_p¡ pW$ L$f¡. Å¡ cZ¡gp¡ _ lp¡e sp¡ L$p¡C qfrQs rhÜp_¹ c¼s âcyk¡hpL$fsp¡ lp¡e s¡_u qfQep® L$f¡ A_¡ s¡ Äepf¡ cNh•yZNp_, cNphs`pW$ Apqv$ L$fsp¡lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡_y„ îhZ L$f¡.

(9. gm §H¥$Ë`Ho$ nmN>| à yZ²Ho$ CËWmnZH$mo àH$ma)gm §gÝÜ`mW nwÊS´>m{U Y¥Ëdm Vmå~ybVmo ‘wI‘²&&g§emoÜ`mMå` ewÕmo@gm¡ à^moéËWmnZ§ MaoV²&&120&&H$ÝX‘yb¡… ’$b¡J©ì ¡… gw‘më ¡… gwOb¡a{n&&gÝVmoî` ‘waOmXrZm§ g“rVoZm{n Vmof oV²&&121&&Jm oX² ^ŠVH¥$V¡… nÚ¡… öÚ¡bubmahñ`H¡$…&&

VVmo ZramO oZ² ZmW‘² Am`mÝV§ d«O‘ÊS>bo&&122&&

AW=A~ ewÕ…=ewÕ ^`mo ^ŠVVmå~ybV…=~rargm| Agm¡=`o, à^mo…=à^wHo$‘wI§=‘wIH$m| CËWmnZ§=CËWmnZg§emoÜ`=ewÕ H$[aHo$ MaoV²=H$ao, H$ÝX‘yb¡…=H$ÝX‘ybAmMå`=AmM‘Z H$[aHo$ ’$b¡…=’$bnwÊS´>m{U=D$Üd©nwÊS´> {VbH$ Jì`¡…=XyY-Xhr Am{XY¥Ëdm=YmaU H$[aHo$ gw‘më`¡…=‘mbmgm`§gÝÜ`m=gm`§H$mbrZ gÝÜ`m gwOb¡: A{n=Ob hþ gm|(H$m`m©)=H$aZr gÝVmoî`=àgÝZ H$[aHo$‘waOmXrZm§=‘¥X“ Am{Xgm| nÚ¡…=nÚZ²gm|, Jm`oV²=Jmdog“rVoZ A{n=g“rVgm| hþ VV…=Vm nmN>|Vmof oV²=[aPmdo d«O‘ÊS>bo=d«O‘ÊS>b‘|öÚ¡…=öX`Ho$ ^mdgm| Am`mÝV§=nYmaVo ^`obrbmahñ`H¡$…=brbmahñ`Ho$ ZmW§=à^yZ²H$s^ŠVH¥$V¡…=^ŠVZ²Ho$ Ûmam a{MV ZramO`oV²=AmaVr H$ao.

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| AmM‘Z H$[aHo$, ~rargm| ‘wIH$m| ewÕ H$[aHo$, D$Üd©nwÊS´>{VbH$ YmaU H$[aHo$ gm`§H$mbrZ gÝÜ`m H$aZr. Eg| ewÕ ^`mo ^ŠV à^wHo$CËWmnZ g‘`H$s godm H$ao. CËWmnZ ^moJ‘| H$ÝX‘yb, ’$b, XyY-Xhr Am{Xg‘n}. ‘mbm Yamdo. ZdrZ Obgm| Pmar ao. ‘¥X“ Am{X dmÚ-g“rVgm| à yZ²H$m|àgÝZ H$ao. öX`Ho$ ^mdgm| ^ŠVZ²Ho$ Ûmam a{MV brbm-ahñ`Ho$ nÚZ²gm|^JdëbrbmH$mo JmZ H$ao. Vm nmN>| d«O‘ÊS>b‘| nYmaVo ^`o à^yZ²H$s AmaVrH$ao&&122&&

137 138

s¡ `R>u ApQd_ L$fu_¡, `p_-buX$p„ hX¡$ dyMiyrÙ L$fu_¡, EÝh® yÎX²$ rsgL$^pfZ L$fu_¡, kpe„L$pgu_ kºÝep L$fhu. Ap âdpZ¡ iyÙ b_u_¡ âcy_u DÐ\p`_kde_u k¡hpdp„ S>hy„. DÐ\p`_ cp¡Ndp„ L$Þv$d|g, am, v|$^-v$lu hN¡f¡ kd ®hp.dpgp ^fphhu. _hu_ S>g\u Tpfu cfhu. d©v$“ hN¡f¡ hpÛ-k“us\u âcy_¡`kÞ_ L$fhp. ùv$e_p cph\u c¼sp¡Üpfp frQs gugp-flõe_p `Ûp¡\ucNhëgugp_y„ Np_ L$fhy„. s¡ R>u h°S>dÎX$gdp„ ^pfu fl¡gp âcy_u Apfsu L$fhu.

(10. e`Z^moJ, e`ZmaVr Am{X H¥$Ë`)gm §H$mbo@{n Z¡doÚ§ `Wm-{d^d-{dñVa…&&ZramOZ§ M e`Z§ `Wm`mo½ § {d^md oV²&&123&&

gm`§H$mbo=g§OmH$mb‘| ZramOZ§=AmaVrA{n=hþ e`Z§=e`Z`Wm-{d^d-{dñVa…= M=Aégm‘Ï`m©Zwgma `Wm`mo½` {dñVmagm| `Wm`mo½ §=Oog| ~{Z Amdo Vog|Z¡doÚ§=^moJ {d^md`oV²=H$ao.

^mdmW© … g§Pm g‘` hþ gm‘Ï`©Ho$ AZwgma {dñVmagm| ^moJ YamdZo, AmaVrH$aZr Aé à yZH$m| e`Z H$amdZo&&123&&

kp„S>_p kde¡ `Z i[¼s A_ykpf rhõspf\u cp¡N Apqv$ ^fhp, ApfsuL$fhu A_¡ âcy_¡ ie_ L$fphhp.

(11. gmo dogm| nyd©Ho$ H¥$Ë`)gm §gÝÜ`m-@@hþVríMm{n H¥$Ëdm wŠËdm {Zdo{XV‘²&&H$W oX² e¥Uw mX² dm{n brbm§ ^JdVmo@Ýdh‘²&&124&&

VV… e`rV ewÕmo@gm¡ ^md`Z² ^JdËnX‘²&&gwVm{W©Zr ñdnËZr MoX² d«OoV² Vm§ OoVw{‘pÝÐ`‘²&&125&&BË od§ `ñ` {Xdgm `mpÝV ^ŠVñ` yVbo&&gEd H¥$VH¥$Ë`mo@pñV h[añV‘Zwpíbî`{V&&126&&

gm`§gÝÜ`mhþVr…=gm§PHo$ gÝÜ`m- hmo‘brbm§=brbmH$m|Mm{n=hþ H$W`oX²=H$hoH¥$Ëdm=H$[aHo$ dm=AWdm{Zdo{XV§={Zdo{XV e¥Uw mX² A{n=gwZo hþwŠËdm=^moOZ H$[aHo$ VV…=VmV|

AÝdh§={XZHo$ nm{N>bo g‘`‘| ewÕ…=ewÕ^JdV…=^JdmZ²H$s Agm¡=`o^JdËnX§=^JdmZ²Ho$ MaUH$mo ^yVbo=^yVbn|^md`Z²=^mdZ H$aV-H$aV `ñ`=Ome`rV=e`ZH$ao ^ŠVñ`=^ŠVH$moñdnËZr=nËZr {Xdgm…={XdggwVm{W©Zr=nwÌH$s H$m‘Zmdmar `mpÝV=ì`VrV hmoV hoMoV²=`{X hmo` gEd=dmohrBpÝÐ`§=BpÝÐ`Hy§$ H¥$VH¥$Ë`…=H¥$VH¥$Ë`OoVw§=g§ ‘‘| ampIdoHy§$ ApñV=hoVm§=dmHo${ZH$Q> h[a…=h[ad«OoV²=Om` V‘²=dmH$m|BË`od§=`m àH$magm| AZwpíbî`{V=àmßV hmoV h|.

^mdmW© … Vm nmN>| g§Pm g‘`Ho$ gÝÜ`m-hmo‘ H$[aHo$ à^yZ²H$m| {Zdo{XV H$ao‘hmàgmXH$mo ^moOZ H$[aHo$ {XZHo$ nm{N>bo g‘`‘| à yZ²H$s brbmZ²H$mo ldU-H$sV©Z H$ao. `m àH$ma {XZ^a ^JdXoH$VmZ ah² mo ewÕ ^ŠV ^JdmZ²Ho$ MaUZ²H$mo

139 140

^mdZ H$aV-H$aV e`Z H$ao. nËZr `{X nwÌH$s H$m‘Zmdmar hmo` Vmo AnZrBpÝÐ | Ag§ V Z hmo Om§ Egr ^mdZmgy§ dmHo$ {ZH$Q> Om`. `m àH$magm| yVbn|Om ^ŠVH$mo {Xdg ì`VrV hmoV ho dmo {ZíM` hr H¥$VH¥$Ë` ho, lrh[a dmH$m| àmßVhmod| h|&&126&&

s¡ `R>u kp„S>_p kde¡ kºÝep-lp¡d L$fu_¡ âcy_¡ _h¡qv$s L$f¡g dlpâkpv$_y„cp¡S>_ L$fu_¡ qv$hk_p `pR>gp kdedp„ âcy_u gugpAp¡_y„ îhZ-L$us®_ L$fhy„.Ap âL$pf¡ ApMp¡ qv$hk cNhv¡$L$sp_spdp„ husph_pfp¡ iyÙ c¼s cNhp__pQfZp¡_y„ cph_ L$fsp¡-L$fsp¡ ie_ L$f¡. `Ð_u Å¡ yÓ_u L$pd_phpmu lp¡e sp¡`p¡sp_u B[ÞÖep¡ Ak„es b_u _ Åe s¡hu cph_p\u s¡_u `pk¡ Åe. Ap âL$pf¡c|sg D`f S>¡ c¼s `p¡sp_p¡ qv$hk ìesus L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ Qp¡¼L$k L©$sL©$Ðe b_¡ R>¡,îulqf s¡_¡ Ahíe âpàs \pe R>¡.

(J«ÝWH$mo Cng§hma)BË od§ ^pŠVemñÌofw `XmMmamo {Zê${nV…&&VXmMma§ ^OoXÌ ZmÝ`Wm J{V[aî`Vo&&127&&

B{V lr‘ØJdÛXZmdVma-lrdëb^Xr{jVVZwO-lrJmonrZmW-Xr{jV-{da{MVm

gmYZXr{nH$m g‘mßVm

.BË`od§=`m àH$magm| VX² AmMma§=dm AmMmaH$mo^pŠVemñÌofw=^pŠVemñÌ‘| ^OoX²=AZwgaU H$aoV|`X² AmMmamo=Omo AmMa AÝ`Wm=AÝ`WmAÌ=`hm§ J{V…=J{V{Zê${nV…={Zê${nV ^`mo ho Z=Zmht,Bî`Vo=Bï> ho.

^mdmW© … m àH$magm| m pŠVemñÌ‘| Omo AmMma {Zê${nV `mo ho dm AmMmaH$moAZwgaU H$aZmo. `mgm| AÝ` àH$magm| AmMaU nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJu` ^ŠVZ²H$m| Bï>{g{ÕàX Zmht ho.

Ap âL$pf¡ Ap c[¼sip÷dp„ S>¡ ApQpf_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡ApQpf_y„ A_ykfZ L$fhy„. Ap\u AÞe âL$pf_y„ ApQfZ yrô$c[¼sdpN}e c¼s_¡dpV¡$ Bô$rkrÙ Ap`_pfy„ _\u.

B{V lr‘X²^JdX²-dXZmdVma-lrdëb^Xr{jV-VZwO-lrJmonrZmW-Xr{jV-{da{MV

gmYZXr{nH$mH$mo d«O^mfm ^mdmZwdmX g‘mßV ^`mo

141 142

{ZË`godm CËgdgodm {d{YíbmoH$ {df`H${H$pÄMV² àmñVm{dH$

àH¥${V-{dH¥${V `mJdV² nw{ï>^pŠVgåàXm`_| ^JdËgodmHo$ ^r {ZË`godmAm¡a CËgdgodm Bg Vah Xmo àH$ma àM{bV h¢. gåàXm`Ho$ J«ÝWgm{hË`_| godm{d{Y^r AVEd {ZË` Am¡a CËgd oXgo {Û{dY CnbãY hmoVr h¢. BZ_| à_wI godm{d{Y-godm^mdZm _hmà w lrdëb^mMm ©MaUm|Ho$ Á oð> AmË_O lrJmonrZmWà wMaU,H${Zð> AmË_O lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaU, lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ àW_nwÌlr{J[aYaOr (ŸAàH$m{eVŸ), lrd«OamOOr, lrh[aam`MaU, lrnwéfmoÎm_MaU,lrÛmaHo$eOr (Ÿ^mdZmdmaoŸ), lrd«Odëb^Or_hmamO (Ÿ"ewÕmÛ¡V' lrdëb^mãX448; {d.g§.1982 A‘> 3Ÿ) Am{X _hmZw mdm|Ûmam {da{MV _mZr OmVr h¢.

{Og {ZË`-CËgdH$s godm^mdZm Ed§ godm{d{Y na EH$_mÌ g§ñH¥$Vì`m»`mgåàXm`Ho$ _yY©Ý` ì`m»`mH$ma lrJmonoídaMaUm|H$s CnbãY hmoVr h¡ Cg_|lrJmonoídaMaU {bIVo h¢ : ""AÌ g_mg: lrà^yUm§, lr_X²JmonrZmW{OVm§,d «OamO{OVm § dm íbm oH$mZm § J «ÝW o''. VXZwgma ì`m»`mH$maH o $ _V_|godmoËgd^mdZm{df`H$ H$m[aH$mAm|Ho$ à_wI aM{`Vm lrà^w(Ÿ=Ÿ_hmà^wŸ),lrJmonrZmWà wMaU Ed§ lrd«OamOOr h¢. AnZr ì`m»`m_|, ñda{MV H$m[aH$mAm|Ho$n¥WJwëboInyd©H$, lrJmonoídaMaUm|Zo H$htŸ-ŸH$ht VÎmV² H$m[aH$mHo$ aM{`VmH$m^r Zm_{ZX}e {H$`m h¡. lrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ godm{d{Y-íbmoH$ Cn`w©ŠVgì`m»`J«ÝW_| CnbãY hmoVo hmoZogo CgHo$ {dd¥Ë`§eH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a CZ {ZË`-CËgd godm{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m àH$meZ Bg J«ÝW_| {H$`m Om ahm h¡.

Bg J«ÝWHo$ àH$meZH$s AmZwnydu àmYmÝ oZ Bg Vah h¡.{d.Ÿg§.Ÿ1963 _| "lrdëb^nw{ï>àH$me' Zm_H$ nwñVH$_| _Wwam

{Zdmgr _w{I`mOr lraKwZmWOr {edOr Zo nw{ï>_mJu` {ZË`-CËgdH$sgodm{d{YH$m àH$meZ {Z.Ÿbr.ŸJmo. lrXodH$sZÝXZmMm ©Or _hmamOH$sAmkmgo H$adm`m Wm. Bg nwñVH$_| Jmoñdm_r lrd«OamOOr {da{MV""nw{ï>_mJu` AmpôZH$_²'' Ho$ AÝVJ©V CŠV godm{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m

gd© àW_ àH$meZ hþdm Wm. Ü`mVì` h¡ {H$ CŠV nwñVH$_| godmíbmoH$VWm godm{d{Y Ho$ H$Vm©Ho$ gå~ÝY_| H$moB© ñnï>Vm H$s Zht J`r h¡.

VËníMmV ² {d. Ÿg §. Ÿ1971; lrdëb^mãX 437 _ |"nw{ï>^pŠVgwYm' Zm_H$ gmåàXm{`H$ _m{gH$n{ÌH$mHo$ A‘> 12 _|"godmíbmoH$m:' erf©H$mÝVJ©V CŠV godm{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m nmR>^oXHo$CëboI g{hV àH$meZ Jmo.Ÿdm.Ÿlr_½Zbmb emór Ûmam hþdm Wm.nmR>^oXHo$ CëboIgo `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg J«ÝWH$s EH$m{YH$à{V`m§ emórOrH$mo àmßV hþB© hm|Jr. Ú{n V{Ûf`H$ {H$gr r àH$maH$sñnï>Vm dhm§ Zht H$s JB© h¡. dhm§ Bg J«ÝWH$s g_mpßV_| ""B{Vlrà^wMaU{da{MVgodmíbmoH$m:'' {bIm J`m h¡.

VËníMmV ² {d. Ÿg §. Ÿ1972; lrdëb^mãX 438 _ |"nw{ï>^pŠVgwYm' _m{gH$n{ÌH$mHo$ A‘> 7-8 _| Jmo.Ÿdm.Ÿlr_ybMÝÐVobrdmbm Ûmam ""lr_X²Jm onrZmWmZm§ nÚm{Z'' erf©H$mÝVJ©VlrJÅw>bmbOrHo$ hñV{b{IV J«ÝWm|Ho$ g“«hmb`go àmßV EH$_mÌ àmMrZà{VHo$ AmYmana lrJmonrZmWOr {da{MV H$m[aH$mAm|H$m àH$meZ hþdmWm. BZ H$m[aH$mAm|H$mo n[a{eï>_| `WmdV² àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m h¡.`hm§ `h CëboIZr` h¡ {H$ CŠV H$m[aH$mAm|_|go 6, 16, 20, 21VWm 24-26 H$m[aH$mAm|H$mo N>moS>H$a gm¡ÝX`©nÚ g{hV eof 19H$m[aH$mE§ {ZË` Am¡a CËgd godm^mdZm_| CnbãY hmoVr h¢ Am¡a CZna lrJmonoídaMaUm|Zo {dd¥{V ^r {bIr h¡.

{d.Ÿg§.Ÿ1985; lrdëb^mãX 451 _| MVwWm©Ü`m` ^mî`Ho$V¥Vr`-MVwW© nmXHo$ n[a{eï>V`m ^JdËgodm{d{Y-^mdZm gå~pÝYV{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m _wÐU lrJmonoídaMaU {da{MV {ddaU g{hVJmo.Ÿdm.Ÿlr_ybMÝÐ VobrdmbmZo H$adm`m Wm. BgrH$m `WmdX² nwZ_©wÐU^mî`Ho$ n[a{eï>V`m {d.g§.Ÿ2041 _| Jmoñdm_r lrí`m_ _ZmohaOr(Ÿ{H$eZJT>Ÿ-Ÿnmbm©Ÿ) Zo lrdëb^{dÚmnrR>-lr{dÆ>boídaà^wMaU-Aml_-hmo. Q´>ñQ>, H$moëhmnwa Ûmam H$adm`m Wm.

143 144

lrJmonoídaOrHo$ ""H$m[aH$m{V[aŠV§ J«ÝW_{n AÌ¡d ~moYm` g_J«§ {bIm_:''Ed§ "" ""àmVéËWm` g{dYmZ§ ñZmËdm'' BË`m{X BV Amaä` lrJmonrZmW{OVm§godm{d{YH¥${V: ApñV''; Am¡a ""J«ÝWH$Vw©: lrJmonrZmW{OVmo ^pŠV_mJu`ËdoZ''H$WZmZwgma {ZË`godm{d{Y-íbmoH$m|H$m lrJmonrZmWà wMaU {da{MV hmoZm {gÕhmoVm h¡.

lr_ybMÝÐ Vobrdmbm Ûmam àH$m{eV ""lrJmonrZmWmZm§nÚm{Z''_| àH$m{eV íbmoH$_|go A{YH$m§e íbmoH$ lr_½Zbmb emórÛmam àH$m{eV JÚ-nÚmË_H$ "godmíbmoH$m:' J«ÝW_| CnbãY hmoVo h¢{OgH$s B{V lr..._| CgH$m lr{dÆ>bZmWà wMaU {da{MV hmoZm {bImJ`m h¡. Bgr Vah AÝ` ^r àH$m{eVŸ-ŸAàH$m{eV godmíbmoH$Ho$J«ÝW_| H$ht CgH$m lrdOamOOr {da{MV hmoZ oH$m Vm o H$htlr_Ëà^w{da{MV hmoZoH$m CëboI àmßV hmoVm h¡. `Wm, Cpëb{IVlrdëb^nw{ï>àH$me_| _w{ÐV 204 íbmoH$mË_H$ godm{d{YH$s wdZoídarnrR>, Jm|S>bHo$ hñV{b{IV J«ÝWmJmago àmßV JwQ>H$mH$ma hñV{b{IVà{VH$s B{V lr... _| Ed§ h_mao _mÊS>dr KaHo$ hñV{b{IVJ«ÝWg§J«hgoàmßV à{V_| ""B{V lrnw{ï>_mJu`m{•H§$ lrd«OamOOrH¥$V§ gånyU©_²''{bIm J`m h¡. Bgr Vah lrJm`H$dm‹S>Ho$ hñV{b{IV J«ÝWm|Ho$gL²J«hmb`go Jmo. lrí`m_ _ZmohaOr ({H$eZJT>-nmbm©) Ûmam àmßV83 íbm oH$ mË_H$ g odm{d{YH$s \$m oQ > m oH $ m °nr H o $ CnH « $__ |""lr_Ëà wH¥$VgodmíbmoH$m: gmZwnyì`m© {b»`ÝVo'' O~{H$ Cng§hma_|""lrd«OamOOrH¥$Vgodm{d{Y:'' Bg Vah CëboI {_bVm h¡.

`h g~ XoIZogo àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ J«ÝWH$s gm“monm“ ny{V©Ho$CX ²X o í`g o lr{dÆ >bZmWà^ wMaUm |Z o AnZ o Á` oð > ^ « mVmlrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|Ho$ J«ÝW_| Amdí`H$VmZwgma ñda{MV A§em|H$moOmo‹S>m hmoJm. Bg _mÝ`VmH$m g_W©Z {ZË`godm{d{YH$s 12Ÿdt H$m[aH$m""{MÝVmgÝVmZhÝVmamo ... _whþa² _whþ:'' go hmoVm h¡ Omo {H$ {Z{d©ddmXê$ngolr{dÆ>bZmWà wMaUm|H$m "ZdaËZ' J«ÝWH$s Q>rH$mH$m _“bíbmoH$ h¡.

Bgr Vah lrJmonoídaMaUm|H$s hr Vah lrd«OamOOrZo ^r AnZrgodm{d{Y_| ñda{MV íbmoH$m|H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡.

Xygar Amoa lrJmonoídaOrHo$ AZwgma {ZË`godm{d{YHo$ AÝVJ©VàW_ Zd íbmoH$ AWm©V² ""^JdÕm_ ^JdZ²'' go boH$a ""_m§ {hnmb`'' n`©ÝV Ed§ lr`_wZmOrH$s ñVw{VHo$ ""h[aVw`©'' go boH$a""^md_wÎm__ ²'' n` ©ÝV Xm o íbm oH$ "lr_Ëà^w{da{MV' h ¢.""lr_Ëà w{da{MVgodm{d{Y:'' Bg {ZË`godm{d{YHo$ erf©H$H$s ì`m»`mH$aVo hþdo lrJmonoídaOr {bIVo h¢ : "" "à^w'nX§ lr_XmMm`©na§,""lr_Ëà yËgd:'' B{V AmMm`m}Ëgdo CŠVËdmV²''. Bggo àVrV hmoVmh¡ {H$ Cn ©wŠV íbmoH$ _hmà w lrdëb^mMm ©MaU {da{MV h¢; Am¡aAÝ` íbmoH$ `Wm`W lrJmonrZmWà wMaU Ed§ lr{dÆ>bZmWà wMaU{da{MV h¢. Bg _mÝ`Vm H$m g_W©Z BÝhr 9 íbmoH$m|Ho$ _Ü`_| AmVo5Ÿd| íbmoH$ ""nmZr`nm̧ {h VWm ... VÐyn_od VV²''ŸH$s CËWm{ZH$m_|lrJmonoídaOrHo$ : ""íbmoH$mÝVa§ lr_Ëà w{da{MVgodm{dYo: J«ÝWH$Vw©:

'' Bg H$WZgo Am¡a dht lr{dÆ>bZmWà wMaUm|H$s "ZdaËZ'J«ÝWH$s Q>rH$mHo$ _“bíbmoH$ ""{MÝVmgÝVmZhÝVmamo ... _whþa² _whþ:''VWm ""8/17Ëd_rídamo{g JrV§ Vo jwÐmoh§ Z {dXm{_ {hŸ(73), ""1/

1{H$`mZ² nydª Ordg² VXw{MVH¥${VíMm{n {H$`{V ... 1/2ñdXmofmZ² OmZm{_... emoMm{_ _w{XV:Ÿ(76)'' {dkpßVHo$ íbmoH$m|Ho$ CnbãY hmoZogohmoVm h¡. `{X Eogm hmo Vmo ñdrH$maZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ lm¡V naånamgolrJmonrZmWà^wMaUm|H$mo _hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©MaUm|goCpëb{IV godmíbmoH$ àmßV hþdo hm|Jo {OgHo$ erf©H$V`m JÚ{dÜ §eH$mo Omo‹S>H$a eof godm{d{YH$mo AmnZo nyU© {H$`m hmo; Am¡aVËníMmV² lr{dÆ>bZmWà wMaUm|Zo r Cg_| Amdí`H$ A§em|H$moOmo‹S>m hmo.

dñVwpñW{V `{X `h h¡ V~ {dMma_mÌgo AmíM © hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^JdËgodmO¡go _hËdnyU© {df`na AmMm`©MaUm|H$s H$m[aH$mE§ hmoZo na ^r Cg nalrJmonoídaOrH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÝ` {H$gr nydm©Mm`m]H$s {dd¥{V Š`m| CnbãY ZhthmoVr h¡Ÿ!

145 146

CËgdgodm^mdZmHo$ íbmoH$m|H$m ^r Š`m|{H$ Bg J«ÝW_| àH$meZ {H$`m Omahm h¡ AV: CgHo$ {df`_| ^r Hw$N> ~mV| {dMmaUr` ~ZVr h¢.

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{dMma H$aZo na; Am¡a ajm~ÝYZH$s H$m[aH$m ""lrdëb^mo {h{ZO^ŠV{hV¡H$~ÝYwam{díMH$ma VZ § {H$b {dÆ>b§ :, Vñ ¡d nmX wJb§gVV§ Z_m{_ àoåUm VXñVw öX`o __ gd©X¡d'' H$s {dd¥{V_|lrJmonoídaOrH$m ""{deofUà{VnmXZmWª Á oð> «mVamoZwOñ` ñdZm_m{nJ ¥hrVdÝV:'' `h {bIZm; lrJm onrZmWà^ wMaU Ed §lr{dÆ>bZmWà^wMaU Ho$ CËgdm|H$m AmíM`©OZH$ AZwëboI Am¡a""lr_X ²Jm on rZmWmZm § nÚm{Z'' _ | CnbãY hm oVr""ËdXmkßVñd`mJmË_mÝZHy$Q>ñ` g_n©UmX², JmodY©ZmMbmYreŸ! àgrXgVV§ _{`, WoÝÐ`mJ^“ñ` ñd`mJñ` M H$maUmV², ZÝXmXrZm_ZÝ`Ëd§H¥$V§ _{` VWm Hw$é'' H$m[aH$mAm|H$m Cg J«ÝW_| CnbãY hmoZmCËgd^mdZmH$m lrnwéfmoÎm_MaU {da{MV hmoZm gpÝX½Y ~ZmVr h¢.

EH$ AÝ` Ñ{ï>go {dMma {H$`m Om` Vmo lrJmonoídaMaUÛmamJ«ÝWmaå^_| H$s JB© à{Vkm ""AÌ g_mg: lrà yUm§ lr_X²JmonrZmW{OVm§d«OamO{OVm§ dm íbmoH$mZm_²'' _| lrnwéfmoÎm_MaUm|H$m CëboI Z hmoZogolrJmonoídaMaUm|Ho$ _VmZwgma CËgd^mdZm{df`H$ H$m[aH$mAm|H$mlrd«OamOOr {da{MV hmoZm {gÕ hmoVm h¡. Bg pñW{V_| ^r Cn w©ŠVe‘>mE§ Vmo Ag_mYo hr ahVr h¢. {H$ÄM, `{X Cn w©ŠV d«OamOOrAm¡a lrd«OamOMaU {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Z hm| Vmo; Am¡a lrd«OamOOrZo

CËgd^mdZm {df`H$ Xmo-Xmo J«ÝWm|H$s aMZm H$s Z hmo Vmo,"CËgd{ZU ©`J « ÝWg_ wÀM`'_ | lrd «OamOMaU {da{MV"g§dËgam oËgdH$ënVm' Zm_H$ EH$ ñdVÝÌJ«ÝWH$s CnbpãYlrJmonoídaOrH$s à{Vkm_| ^r g§e` CËnÝZ H$aVr h¡.

Bg àg“_| lrJmonrZmWà wMaUm|H$s {OZ H$m[aH$mAm|H$m g_mdoe godm{d{Y-íbmoH$_| Zht hþdm h¡ do Bg àH$ma h¢ :

n`:nÌm{X_mÌoU ny{OVmo `: na§ nX§Ÿ&àmJod {Xe{V àrV: g H¥$îU: eaU§ __Ÿ&&6Ÿ&&ñdê$nagXmZmWª {ZînrS>m~«÷{dÚ`mŸ&`XwpÀN>ï>§ _o XXm{g H¥$VmWm}pñ_ VV: à^moŸ&&16Ÿ&&`Wm ñdmÝVñW~mbmZm§ H¥$VmW©Ëdm` gd©XmŸ&ñdmopÀN>ï>§ H¥$n`m XÎm§ hao Xo{h VW¡d _oŸ&&20Ÿ&&Vmå~ybM{d©V{_d _w»`mopÀN>ï>§ d«Om{YnŸ&J¥ôUm{_ H¥$n`m XÎm_² AñVw _o \${bV§ VWmŸ&&21Ÿ&&g_wëbg{V H$‘w>_Nw>[aVnwîn_mbm§ `XmXXm{g h{gVm gVr g{I H¥$nmH$Q>mj¡_w©XmŸ&g_rj{g `Xm d{Xî`{g _wXm VXmh§ VXm-Ë_Vm_{n {h _wpŠVVmoß`{YH$VwÀN>_wpŠV¨ ~«wdoŸ&&24Ÿ&&`Xm g{I a{Vlw{Và{WV~ÝYarË`m a_³Ë`{Vl_Oer(ear ?)a§ ñ_a{g _m§ g_rú` {à §Ÿ&&VXm ì`OZdrOZmW©_{n MoÝ_o nwÊ`J_²Ÿ&gwaoegXZ§ Z dm ^dVw _moj Ef ñ\w$Q>_²Ÿ&&25Ÿ&&Z _o H$ñ`mnrßgm {ÌOJ{V dardË ©{Vna§-pËdX§ ËdoH§$ {Vð>Ë`{V __ _Zñ`m{b gVV_²Ÿ&&{MaàmÏ ª `Ëñd§ d«On{VgwVñVpËà`V_mŸ&

147 148

_wXm amYm Mmo m¡ _ËH¥$V{ZHw$ÄOofw a_U_²Ÿ&&26Ÿ&&

BVZo D$hmnmohHo$ AÝV_| `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ godm{d{Y-íbmoH$m|nalrJmonoídaMaUm|Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ` {H$grH$s ^r {dd¥{VHo$ CnbãY Z hmoZoHo$H$maU Am¡a godm{d{Y-íbmoH$Ho$ H$Vm©Ho$ gå~ÝY_| àmMrZV_ A{^àm`lrJmonoídaMaUm|H$m hr CnbãY hmoZogo VËH$mb Vmo AZÝ`J{VH$V`m AmnHo$Ûmam{Z{X©ï> ì`dñWm hr ñdrH$m © ~ZVr h¡. AnaÄM Bg {díbofUHo$ AÝVJ©V CpËWVAme‘>mAm|Ho$ g_mYmZW©, gåàXm`Ho$ àmMrZ hñV{b{IV J«ÝWm|Ho$ g“«hmb`m|gogh`moJ àmßV H$a, Bg {Xem_| Amoa A{YH$ emoYH$m © hmoZm Mm{h o Eogm ^ràVrV hmoVm h¡.

Jmoñdm_r eaX²(Ÿ_mÊS>dr-H$ÀN>Ÿ) Ÿ

lrJmonrZmWà wMaU {da{MV{ZË`godm{d{YíbmoH$

(Ÿ~oJ gdoao C{R>Ho$ {d{Ynyd©H$ ñZmZ H$arHo$ AmMm ©OrHo$ ñ_aU nyd©H$ à yZ²Ho$_pÝXaH$m| Z_ñH$ma H$arHo$ àmW©Zm H$aZrŸ)

5.Ÿ""àmVéËWm` g{dYmZ§ ñZmËdm lr_XmMm`m©Z² ñ_¥Ëdm^JdÝ_pÝXa§ àmW©{`Ëdm Z_ñH¥$Ë` _mO©Zm{XH§$ Hw$`m©V²''.

^JdX²Ym_Ÿ! ^JdZ²Ÿ! Z_ñVo@b‘>amo{_ VV²Ÿ&&A“rHw$é haoaW} jmÝËdm nmXmonñne©Z_²Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| ^JdÝ_pÝXa_| ~whmar-_pÝXadó H$aZoŸ)_mO©Z§ H¥$îUJohñ` _Zmo{djonH§$ aO:Ÿ&&Zme_o{V VXWª M _mO© m{_ VWmñVw _oŸ&&2Ÿ&&AmË_Zmo@kmZê$nñ` Xw[aVñ` j`m` {hŸ&&H$amo{_ goH$monbonm¡ ËdX²J¥ho JmoHw$boída:Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| à yZ²H$m| {~amOdoHw§$ qghmgZm{XH$ V¡ ma H$aZoŸ)

2.Ÿ""VV: qghmgZmñVaU§ Hw$`m©V²''.

qghmgZ§ _Õ¥ËnÙŸ-Ÿê$n§ gÁOrH$amoå`h_²Ÿ&&lrJmonremondoemWª VWm VÚmo½`Vm§ ^OŸ&&4Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| à yZHo$ ObnmZH$s Pmar Ed§ AamoJdoHo$ nmÌm{XH$ gmOZoŸ)

149 150

3.Ÿ""VV: nmÌm{U gÁOrHw$`m©V²''.

BX§ nmZr`nmÌm{U d«OZmWm` H$pënV_²Ÿ&&amYmYamË_H$ËdoZ y mV² VÐyn_od VV²Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&ñdm{_ZrH$aê$nm{U ^mdñdU©_`m{Z d¡Ÿ&&lrH¥$îU^moÁ`nmÌm{U gÝVw Vo _ËH¥$Vm{Z {hŸ&&6Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| {dkpßV H$arHo$ à yZ²Hw§$ eæ`mnogw§ OJmdZoŸ)

4.Ÿ""VV: eæ`mVmo {dkmß` CËWmn oV²''.

CXo{V g{dVm ZmWŸ! {à``m gh OmJ¥{hŸ&&A“rHw$éîd _Ëgodm§ ñdH$s`ËdoZ _m§ d¥UwŸ&&7Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| à yZ²Hw§$ qghmgZn| nYamdZoŸ)

5.Ÿ""VV: qghmgZo Cndoe oV²''.

H«$sS>mË_gmYZ`wV _Õ¥Õm_mjamË_H$_²Ÿ&AmñWm` JmoHw$bmYreŸ! a_ñd H¥$n`m _{`Ÿ&&8Ÿ&&^mdmË_H$V`m Šb¥ßV ñdmoÎmar`mË_H$mgZoŸ&&qghmgZo JmoHw$boeŸ! H¥$n`mon{de à^moŸ&&9Ÿ&&

3.Ÿ(Ÿ""nmZr`nmÌ_²'' BË`m» §Ÿ) íbmoH$mÝVa§ lr_Ëà w{da{MVgodm{dYo: J«ÝWH$Vw©:''-_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:.4.Ÿ""lr_Ëà^w{da{MVgodm{d{YíbmoH$: ñdm{_{ZŸB{V'' -_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:.

(ŸVm nmN>| Z_Z H$aZmoŸ)

6.Ÿ""VVmo Z_ñHw$`m©X²''.

`mÑemo@{g haoŸ! H¥$îUŸ! VmÑem` Z_moZ_:Ÿ&&`mÑemopñ_ haoŸ! H¥$îUŸ! VmÑe§ _m§ {h nmb`Ÿ&&105Ÿ&&

(ŸXmñ`^pŠVH$mo {Zê$nU H$aV h|. Vhm§ àW_ lrñdm{_ZrOrH$m| Z_ZŸ)Z_mo Z_mo@ñVw Vo amYoŸ! lrH¥$îUa_U{à oŸ!Ÿ&&ñdnmXnÙaOgm gZmW§ Hw$é _pÀN>a:Ÿ&&11Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| lrAmMm ©OrH$m| Z_ñH$ma H$aZmoŸ)

7.Ÿ""VV: lr_XmMm`m©Z² Z_ñHw$`m©V²''.

{MÝVmgÝVmZhÝVmamo `ËnmXmå~wOaoUd:Ÿ&&ñdr`mZm§ VmZ² {ZOmMm`m©Z² àU_m{_ _whþ_w©hþ:Ÿ&&12Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| _“b^moJ AmamoJdoH$m| {dkpßV H$aZrŸ)

8.Ÿ""VV: nmÌo gm_J«t g§ñWmß`, {dkmß` g_n© oV²''.

d«OórH$a w½_mË_Ÿ-Ÿ`ÝÌo nm̧ M VÝ_`_²Ÿ&&ñWm{nV§ Vo ^moOZmWª `mo½`^moÁ`mÝZgå ¥V_²Ÿ&&13Ÿ&&^wL²úd ^md¡H$g§ewÕŸ-ŸX{YXw½Ym{X_moXH$mZ²Ÿ&&

151 152

{à § Vo ZdZrV§ M amY`m g{hVmo haoŸ!Ÿ&&14Ÿ&&

5.Ÿ""Ed§ lr_Ëà w{da{MVgodm{d{Y ZdíbmoŠ wŠVdÝXZ^pŠV: B{V CŠV§ ...dÝXZ^pŠV: ZdíbmoŠ`m {dd¥Vm. AYwZm Xmñ`^pŠV: {gÕmÝV_wŠVmdë`wŠVm{dVÝ`Vo ñ_ ""h[aVw`©{à`'' B{V íbmoH$Û`§ _`m©XrH¥$Ë` J«ÝWH$V¥©{^:'' -_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:

^mfU§ _m Ë`O àmU{à o JmondYynVo:Ÿ&&ËdÝ_wIm_moXgwa{^Ÿ-Ÿ^moÁ § w§ŠVo@{YH§$ {à`:Ÿ&&15Ÿ&&amYmYagwYmnmVw: {H$_Ý`Z² _Ywam`{V_²Ÿ&&`pÝZdoÚ§ VXß oVZ² Zm_gå~ÝYVmo ^doV²Ÿ&&16Ÿ&&{à`m_wImå~wOm_moX-gwaä`ÝZ_² A{V{à`_²Ÿ&&A“rHw$éîd Jmonre VXr`ËdmZ² {Zdo{XV_²Ÿ&&17Ÿ&&{ZOmñ` Zdbmñ o@pñ_Z² Mmé^moÁ § _X{n©V_²Ÿ&&

wL²úd lrJmoHw$bmYreŸ! ñdm{Yì`mYr {Zdma`Ÿ&&18Ÿ&&`emoXmamo{hUr^mdmX² ~boZ gh ~mbH¡$:Ÿ&&

wŠV§ `Wm ~më`^mdàmH$Q>çmX² wL²úd _o VWmŸ&&19Ÿ&&godmWª XÎmJohñ` {ZOXmgñ` _o à^moŸ&AmJÝVì § ^moOZmWª lrH¥$îUŸ! H¥$n`m J¥hoŸ&&20Ÿ&&XodH$sdgwXodlrŸ-Ÿ~bamo{hUrg§`wV:Ÿ&lr_ÝZX`emoXmä`m§ g_§ _{` H¥$nm§ Hw$éŸ&&21Ÿ&&{Z:{H$ÄMZñ` XrZñ` JwUhrZ_{n à^moŸ!Ÿ&&ewÕmÝZ§ VV² ñdXÎmËdmX² w§údJmoHw$bZm`H$Ÿ!Ÿ&&22Ÿ&&

(ŸñdXmgH$m| CpÀN>ï> àXmZ H$[adoH$s àmWZmŸ)wŠËdm XÎdm@{V{à oä`mo ^ŠVoä`mo@{V{à § gXmŸ&&

VXmË_emoYH$mopÀN>ï>§ H¥$VH¥$Ë § M _m§ Hw$éŸ&&23Ÿ&&lrH¥$îUmÝVañdê$nŸ! ñdH$s`ñ` J¥ho __Ÿ&AmJË` ^moOZ§ H¥$Ëdm H¥$VmWª Hw$é _m§ à^moŸ!Ÿ&&24Ÿ&&

(ŸOb AamoJm`doH$s ^mdZmŸ)

8.Ÿ""VVmo Ob_² An© oV²''.

{à`ma{Vl_n[aŸ-Ÿ_{bV§ dm[a `m_wZ_²Ÿ&&g_n© m{_ VËnmZ§ Hw$é lrH¥$îUŸ! VmnöV²Ÿ&&25Ÿ&&

(ŸAmM_Z H$amdZmo VWm dmH$s ^mdZmŸ)

9.Ÿ""VVmo AmM_Z§ H$ma oX²''.

Hw$éîdmM_Z§ H¥$îUŸ! {à``m_wZdm[aUmŸ&&ñZohmË_XÝVgŠVmÝ`Ÿ-Ÿ^mdmnmH$aUmË_H$_²Ÿ&&26Ÿ&&

(Ÿ_wIdó H$amdZmo VWm dmH$s ^mdZmŸ)ñZohmX² a{Vl_ObŸ-ŸàmoÄN>X² amÐmYmH$amÄMb_²Ÿ&&ñ_¥Ëdm-@@ZÝX^amZ² ZmWŸ! Hw$é lr_wI_mO©Z_²Ÿ&&27Ÿ&&

(Ÿ~rar AamoJmdZr VWm dmH$s ^mdZmŸ)

10.Ÿ""VV: Vmå~yb_² An© oV²''.

153 154

Vmå~yb§ ñd{à`mdŠÌŸ-Ÿgm¡aä`a{Vg§ wV_²Ÿ&&J¥hmU JmoHw$bmYreŸ! VËH$nmobm^nmÊSw>a_²Ÿ&&28Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| _“bm g_`H$s AmaVr CVm[aHo$, e¥“ma dS>o H$arHo$, e¥“maYadoH$s {dkpßV H$[aHo$ ñZmZm{XH$ H$amdZoŸ)

11.Ÿ""VV: Amam{ÌH§$ H¥$Ëdm e¥“mamWª {dkmß` ñZmZm{XH§$ H$ma oX²''.a_Um{V^amX² amÌm¡ dómÊ`m yfUm{Z {hŸ&_¥JOm{Z M dóm{U àgrXmoÎmma`m{_ VoŸ&&30Ÿ&&{à`m“-g“-gå~pÝY-JÝY-gå~ÝYVmo ^doV²Ÿ&&H$Xm{MV² H$ñ`{MX² ^mdmo `V: ñZmZ§ g_mMaŸ&&30Ÿ&&ñZohmË_JÝYV¡boZ {à`mJÝYm{VMméUmŸ&&Aä`ŠVmo _“bñZmZ§ Hw$é JmoHw$bZm`H$Ÿ!Ÿ&&31Ÿ&&ñZohmË_JÝYV¡bñ` bmnZmX² JmoHw$bm{YnŸ!Ÿ&&{dVamË`pÝVH$s¨ ^pŠV¨ _{` ñZohmpË_H$m§ {d^moŸ&&32Ÿ&&lrgwJÝYmoÛV©ZoZ {Zeml_{ZdmaUmV²Ÿ&CÛ{V©V: H¥$îUŸ! ^pŠVXmZoZ Hw$é _o H¥$nm_²Ÿ&&34Ÿ&&{Xdm ËdX²dZJ_ZŸ-Ÿñ_aUmV² Vmn^mdV:Ÿ&&Jmo{nH$mñne©ZmoîUoZ dm[aUm ñZmn`må`h_²Ÿ&&35Ÿ&&

(ŸñZmZ ^ o nmN>| lrA“ nm|N>Zmo VWm dmH$s ^mdZmŸ)ñZmZmЩVm{Zd¥Î`Wª àmopÄN>Vm“Ÿ! {d^mo __Ÿ&&XyarHw$éîd JmonreŸ! H¥$n`m bm¡{H$H$mЩVm_²Ÿ&&35Ÿ&&

(Ÿe¥“maH$s ^mdZmŸ)Jmo{nH$mdX² {dà`moJo H$mbjonm` gd©WmŸ&&H¥$îU_y{Vª {à`m§ H¥$Ëdm ^OoV² VV²-VËñd^mdV:Ÿ&&36Ÿ&&

^mdmoËW{dà`moJo@{n Z ñWmVw§ eŠ`Vo `V:Ÿ&&AV: ñdöX²JV¡a² ^md¡: yf oV² V§ _Zmo_`_²Ÿ&&37Ÿ&&d«OoeŸ! agê$nmË_Z²Ÿ! e¥“ma§ aM`må`h_²Ÿ&&ñdrHw$éîd ËdXr`ËdmV² ñd{à`mdV² H¥$V§ {Z{eŸ&&38Ÿ&&

(ŸA“amJ Yam`doH$s ^mdZmŸ)Hw$MHw$‘w>_JÝYmT>ç_² A“amJ_² A{V{à`_²Ÿ&&lrH¥$îUVmnem³Ë`W©_² A“rHw$é _X{n©V_²Ÿ&&39Ÿ&&

(Ÿdó Yam`doH$s ^mdZmŸ){à`m“Vwë`dUm©{Z dóm{U d«OZm`H$Ÿ!Ÿ&&g_n©`m{_ H¥$n`m n[aYo{h X`m{ZYoŸ!Ÿ&&40Ÿ&&

(ŸAb‘>ma Yam`doH$s ^mdZmŸ)^yfUmÝ`dVmamË_H$mÝ`oVmÝ`n©`m{_ VoŸ&&{à`m“Vwë`H$mÝVr{Z àgrX d«OgwÝXaŸ!Ÿ&&41Ÿ&&{à`mZmgm^yfUñWŸ-Ÿ~¥hÝ_wŠVm\$bmH¥${V_²Ÿ&&g_n©`m{_ amYoeŸ! JwÄOmhma_² A{V{à`_²Ÿ&&42Ÿ&&{_{bVmÝ`moÝ`m“H$mpÝVŸ-ŸMmH$MŠ`g_§ {d^moŸ!Ÿ&&A“rHw$éîdmoÎm_m“o Ho${H${nÀN>_² A{V{à`_²Ÿ&&43Ÿ&&JmonórÑH²$pñWV§ lr_ÀN´>“mamË_H$_ÄOZ_²Ÿ&&emo mWª _mV¥dX² XÎm_² A“rHw$é d«Om{YnŸ!Ÿ&&44Ÿ&&H$ñVyar{VbH§$ ^mbo {M̧ Mmé H$nmob`mo:Ÿ&ÑîQ>‰m {à`mH¥$V§ öï>: VWm _wX_² AdmßZw{hŸ&&45Ÿ&_wImãO_H$aÝXmpßVŸ-Ÿbmo oZ ag^mdV:Ÿ&&_Ywnm{`V{MÎmm{Z d«OaËZm{Z Vm{Z VoŸ&&46Ÿ&&

155 156

(Ÿ_mbm Yam`doH$s ^mdZmŸ)Hw$gw_mÝ`{n©VmZreŸ! àgrX _{` gÝVV_²Ÿ&&H¥$nmg§öï>ѽd¥îQ²çm VX“rH¥${Vemo{^V:Ÿ&&47Ÿ&&

(ŸdoUw Yam`Ho$ doUwdmXZH$s {dkpßVŸ){à`mH$maUXm¡Ë`¡H$Ÿ-Ÿ^mdoZm{V{à`§ gXmŸ&&doUw§ Y¥ËdmYao H¥$îUŸ! nya` ñdm_¥Vñda¡:Ÿ&&48Ÿ&&

(ŸAmagr {XImdZr VWm dmH$s ^mdZmŸ){à`mZImË_H$mXe} {dbmoŠ` dXZmå~wO_²Ÿ&&d«OmYreŸ! à_w{XV: H¥$n`m _m§ {dbmoH$`Ÿ&&49Ÿ&&

(ŸJmonrdëb^^moJH$mo {Zê$nU. Vm_| àW_ e¥“ma Yam`Ho$ qghmgZn| lrHw§$nYmam`Ho$ lrHo$ gå_wI gm_J«r gmOZrŸ)

12.Ÿ""Ed§ e¥“ma§ H¥$Ëdm qghmgZo Cndoí` gm_J«r_² AJ«o ñWmß`""d«OórH$a ...'' BË`m{XgmY©nÚoZ {dkmß` ""^mfU_²...''BË`m{XnÚÛ oZ {dkmß` AZoZ nÚoZ g_n© oX²''.

Jmo{nH$m^mdV: ñZohmX² wŠV§ Vmgm§ J¥ho `WmŸ&&_X{n©V§ VWm wL²úd H¥$n`m Jmo{nH$mnVoŸ!Ÿ&&50Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| AmM_Z-_wIdó H$am`Ho$ ~ram g_{n©Ho$ Xw½Y\o$Z-K¡ m AamoJm`Ho$XyY g_n©ZmoŸ)

13.Ÿ""VVmo `WmdX² AmM_Z§ H$ma{`Ëdm Vmå~yb_² An© oV². VVmoXw½Y\o$Z§ Xw½YÄM An© oV²''.

ñdU©nmÌo n`:\o$ZŸ-ŸnmZì`mOoZ gd©V:Ÿ&&Aä`ñ`{V àmUZmW: {à`màË`“Mwå~Z_²Ÿ&&51Ÿ&&Jmonm{n©Vn`:\o$ZŸ-ŸnmZ§ `X² mdV: H¥$V_²Ÿ&&_X{n©Vn`:\o$ZŸ-ŸnmZ§ VX² mdV: Hw$éŸ&&52Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| \o$[a AmM_Zm{XH$ H$am`Ho$ Ira Am{X ^moJ Yam`doH$mo VWmdmH$s ^mdZmH$mo {Zê$nUŸ)

14.Ÿ""VV: nwZ: AmM_Z§ H$ma{`Ëdm Vmå~yb_² An©`oV². VV:nm`gm{XH$_² An©`oV²''.

d«OórH¥$Ve¥“mamŸ-ŸZÝVa§ VX²J¥ho `WmŸ&&A^mo{O nm`g§ Vm{^: gh wL²úd VW¡d _oŸ&&53Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| nwZ: AmM_Zm{XH$ H$am`Ho$ AmaVr CVmaZrŸ)

15.Ÿ""VV: nwZ: AmM_Z§ H$ma{`Ëdm Vmå~yb_² An©{`Ëdm6Amam{ÌH§$ Hw$`m©V²''.

A_“b{Zd¥Î`Wª _“bmdmßV o VWmŸ&&H¥$V_² Amam{ÌH§$ VoZ àgrX nwéfmoÎm_Ÿ!Ÿ&&54Ÿ&&

(Ÿ~mb ^JdËñdê$nHw§$ nbZm PwbmdZoŸ)àoåUm _Ëà|Ie`ZŸ-ŸXmobZo lr`emoX`mŸ&{gVmÚ_² A{n©V§ wŠV§ w§údoX§ M VW¡d _oŸ&&55Ÿ&&

157 158

(ŸVm nmN>| {IbmZm gm{OHo$ à yZ²H$m| {IbmdZoŸ)

16.Ÿ""VVmo AJ«o jU§ {H«$S>mW©_² AjmXrZ² {ZdoX oV²''.

H«$sS>mê$nmË_H¡$a² Aj¡: H«$sS>mWª ñWm{nV¡: à^moŸ&&H«$sS>m§ Hw$é _hmamOŸ! Jmo{nH$m{^íM amY`mŸ&&56Ÿ&&

(ŸnmN>| _mbm dS>r H$arHo$ Yyn-Xrn H$arHo$ amO^moJ g_n©ZoŸ)

17.Ÿ""VVmo amO^moJ§ g_n© oV²''.

lr_X²amYm“gm¡J³Ü`mŸ-ŸJê$Yynmn©UmX² {d^moŸ!Ÿ&&^mdmË_H¥$Vgm_½ «m§ ^moJoÀN>m§ àH$Q>rHw$éŸ&&57Ÿ&&Xrn: g_{n©Vmo ^mo½`Ÿ-Ÿê$nmÝZmW©àXrnZoŸ&&

6.Ÿ""V ¥Vr`_ ² Amam {ÌH$_ ² BX § Šd{MV ² b w ßV_ ² '' -_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:

VX²XrnZoZ MmoX²XrßVŸ-Ÿ^mdmo ^moOZ_mMaŸ&&58Ÿ&&

(ŸgwdUm©{X {d{^ÝZ ^moOZnmÌZ²H$s ^mdZmŸ)d«OórH$a w½_mË_Ÿ-Ÿ`ÝÌo nm̧ M VÝ_`_²Ÿ&&ñWm{nV§ Vo ^moOZmWª ^mo½`^moÁ`mÝZgå ¥V_²Ÿ&&59Ÿ&&ñdU©nmÌofw Xw½Ym{X XÜ`mÚ§ amOVofw MŸ&&_¥ËnmÌofw agmbmÚ§ ^moÁ § gÐmoMH$m{XH$_²Ÿ&&60Ÿ&&amOVo ZdZrV§ M nmÌo h¡_o {gVm VWmŸ&&`Wm`mo½`ofw nmÌofw nm`gì`ÄOZm{XH$_²Ÿ&&61Ÿ&&

gynm¡XZ§ nmo{bH$m{X VWmÝZ§ M MVw{d©Y_²Ÿ&&w§úd ^md¡H$g§ewÕ§ amY`m g{hVmo haoŸ!Ÿ&&62Ÿ&&

(ŸÑï>çm{XXmofZ²Ho$ {ZdmaUmW© e‘>moXH$H$mo àmjUŸ)H$å~wZmåZm{V{à`lrŸ-Ÿe’mÝVJ©Vdm[aUmŸ&&ÑîQ²ççm{XXmofm^mdm` gm_J«r àmo{jVm {d^moŸ!Ÿ&&63Ÿ&&

(Ÿ^moJ_| Vwbgr g_n©Zr7. naånamZwgma AmMm ©nmXwH$mZ²Hw§$ ^moJ g_n©ZoŸ)

18.Ÿ"" ""^mfU§ _m Ë`O'' B{V íbmoH$MVwï> oZ g_n© oX². VV:lr_XmMm`}fw g_n©`oX²''.

à{jßVm Vwbgr Vo@{VŸ-Ÿ{à`JÝYm VW¡d MŸ&Hw$éîd VoZm{VVwï>mo ^moOZ§ d«OZm`H$Ÿ!Ÿ&&64Ÿ&&ñdmW©àH$Q>godm»`Ÿ-Ÿ_mJ} lrdëb^à^moŸ!Ÿ&&

7.Ÿ""^mfU§ _m Ë`O'' B{V íbmoH$MVwï> oZ g_n© oX²'' B{V _yb_².""VV: lr_XmMm }fw g_n© oX²'' B{V'' -_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:.

{Zdo{XVñ` _o ^moÁ § ñdmñ o Hw$é hþVmeZŸ!Ÿ&&65Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| AmM_Zm{XH$ H$am`Ho$, ~rar AamoJm`Ho$ ^Jmo nYam` hm| Vhm§_pÝXadó H$aZmoŸ)

19.Ÿ""VVmo `WmdX² AmM_Z§ H$ma{`Ëdm Vmå~yb_² An© oV². VVmo^moOZnmÌñWbo _mO©Z§ Hw$`m©X²''.

159 160

JmoHw$boe VdmopÀN>ï>Ÿ-ŸbonmV² nmÌà_mO©ZmV²Ÿ&&ËdËgodmÝVaY_}fw a{Va² ^d{V {ZíMbmŸ&&66Ÿ&&

(ŸnmN>| ^JdÀMaUma{dÝXZ²_| _hm_ÝÌmoÀMmaU nyd©H$ Vwbgr g_n©ZrŸ)

20.Ÿ""VV: MaU`mo: Vwbgt g_n© oV²''

{à`m“JÝYgwa{^Ÿ-ŸVwbgt Vo nX{à`m_²Ÿ&&g_n© m{_ _o Xo{h hao Xoh_² Abm¡{H$H$_²Ÿ&&67Ÿ&&àgrX ny{OVmo ^ŠË`m Vwbñ`m {à`JÝY`mŸ&&{Z:{H$ÄMZmYre ZmÝ`V² H$Vwª eŠZmo{_ gd©WmŸ&&68Ÿ&&

(ŸnmN>| qghmgZHo$ AmJ| nmXnr{R>H$m-gr‹T>r gmOZrŸ)öËn‘>OmË_H§$ ñdUª nmXnrR>§ g_{n©V_²Ÿ&&nmXm¡ Y¥Ëdm JmoHw$boe öÎmmn§ g_nmHw$éŸ&&69Ÿ&&

(ŸnmN>| _mbm Yam`Ho$, AmaVr CVm[aHo$ {dkpßV H$aZrŸ)

21.Ÿ""VVmo Amam{ÌH§$ H¥$Ëdm {dkmn oX²''.

^ŠVmWm©{d y©Vê$n H¥$îUŸ! Vo MaUmãO`mo:Ÿ&&gdm©ew^{dZmemWª Ý`ñV: nwînmÄO{b: ew^:Ÿ&&70Ÿ&&A_“b{Zd¥Î`Wª _“bmdmßV o VWmŸ&&H¥$V_² Amam{V©H§$ VoZ àgrX nwéfmoÎm_Ÿ!Ÿ&&71Ÿ&&

(Ÿ_Ü`môZ g_`_| e`Z VWm JmoMaU H$s ^mdZmŸ)

àrVmo Xo{h ñdXmñ § _o nwéfmWm©Ë_H§$ ñdV:Ÿ&&ËdX²Xmñ`{gÕm¡ XmgmZm§ Z {H$pÄMX² Ad{eî`VoŸ&&72Ÿ&&EVmdXod {dkmß § gd©Wm gd©X¡d _oŸ&&Ëd_rídamo{g JrV§ Vo jwÐmoh§ Z {dXm{_ {hŸ&&73Ÿ&&

na_H$mé{UH$mo Z ^dËna: na_emoÀ`V_mo Z {h _Ëna:Ÿ&&B{V {d{M³Ë` gXm _{` {H$‘>ao `Xw{MV§ d«OZmWŸ! VdmMaŸ&&74Ÿ&&

{H$`mZ² nydª Ordg² VXw{MVH¥${VíMm{n {H$`{VŸ&&^dmZ² `V² gmnojmo {ZOMaUXmñ o ~V ^doV²Ÿ&&AV: ñdmË_mZ§ ñd§ {Zén__hÎd§ d«OnVoŸ&&g_rú`mñ_Z² ZoÌo {e{ea` {ZOmñ`må~wag¡:Ÿ&&75Ÿ&&ñdXmofmZ² OmZm{_ ñdH¥${V{d{hV¡: gmYZeV¡a²Ÿ-ŸA oÚm§ñË`ŠVw§ MmnQw>Va_Zm `Ú{n {d^moŸ&&VWm{n lrJmonrOZnXnamJmpÄMV{eam:Ÿ&&ËdXr`mo@ñ_r{V lrd«OZ¥n Z emoMm{_ _w{XV:Ÿ&&76Ÿ&&{à`mg‘>oVHw$ÄOr`Ÿ-Ÿd¥j_ybofw nëbd¡:Ÿ&&H¥$Vofw ^mdVënofw H«$sS>Z² JmoMmaU§ Hw$éŸ&&77Ÿ&&go{dVmo@Ì hao aÝVw§ J¥ho _X²öX`mË_Ho$Ÿ&&{Z_rb`m{_ ѽÛma§ {dbg¡H$mÝVgÙ{ZŸ&&78Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| à yZ²Ho$ dóm{XH$ YmodZoŸ)

22.Ÿ""VVmo dóàjmbZm{XH§$ Hw$`m©X²''.

dóàjmbZmX² Xwï>Ÿ-Ÿg§gJ©O_Zmo_b_²Ÿ&&_hËgodm~mYê$n§ __ H¥$îUŸ! {Zdma`Ÿ&&79Ÿ&&

161 162

(ŸVm nmN>| g§Om g_o CËWmnZ H$am`Ho$ \$bm{XH$ g_n©ZoŸ)

23.Ÿ""VV: MVwW©àhao àgwßV§ à~moÜ` \$bm{XH$_² An© oV²''.

`Wm JmodY©Zo wŠV§ \$b_ybm{XH§$ haoŸ&&am_oU g{I{^: gmYª nw{bÝXr{^: g_{n©V_²Ÿ&&80Ÿ&&VWm \$bm{XH§$ gdª wL²úd ^mdm{n©V§ _`mŸ&&nw{bÝXrdX² ^mdXmZmV² gmW©H§$ OÝ_ _o Hw$éŸ&&81Ÿ&&

(ŸnmN>| ^moJ gam`Ho$ AmM_Zm{XH$ H$am`Ho$ d«O_| nYmaVo à yZ²H$s {dkpßVH$aZrŸ)

24.Ÿ""VVmo d«O AmJÀN>ÝV§ {dkmn oX²''.

~b^ÐmX`mo Jmonm JmdíMmJ«o M n¥ð>V:Ÿ&&Jmo{nH$mdo{ï>Vmo _Ü o aUX²doUwa² d«OmJ_mV²Ÿ&&82Ÿ&&{Xdm {dahO§ Vmn§ d«OñWmZm§ `Wm öV_²Ÿ&&VWm _ëbmoMZo ZmWŸ! {e{earHw$é gÝVV_²Ÿ&&83Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| `WmepŠV XyYKa-~mb^moJH$s gm_J«r g_n©ZrŸ)

25.Ÿ""VVmo `pËH$pÄMZ² _moXH$m{X g_n© oV²''.

lr_ÝZÝX`emoXm{XŸ-ŸàoåUm ^wŠV§ d«Oo `WmŸ&&^moOZ§ Hw$é JmonreŸ! VWm ào_m{n©V§ haoŸ&&84Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| g§Om g_`H$s AmaVr CVmarHo$, e¥“mam{XH$ d‹S>o H$[adoH$s {~ZVrH$arHo$, e¥“ma d‹S>o H$arHo$ K¡ m VWm XyY AamoJmdZoŸ)

26.Ÿ""VVmo Amam{ÌH§$ H¥$Ëdm e¥“mamoÎmmaUmWª {dkmß`, CÎmm`©,n`:\o$Z§ n`mo dm g_n© oV²''.

am{YH$míbofmÝVam`Ÿ-Ÿ^yfUmoÎmmaUmV² à^moŸ!Ÿ&&{Z{e VËH¥$Ve¥“mamŸ-Ÿ“rH$mamWª àgrX _oŸ&&85Ÿ&&d«Oo ñdmZÝXVmo Xmoh§ ~boZ gh JmonH¡$:Ÿ&&H¥$Ëdm nrV§ n`:\o$Z§ VWm {n~ d«Om{YnŸ!Ÿ&&86Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| V_moXrn g_{n©Ho$, e`Z^moJ_| XyY-AÝZm{X g_n©ZoŸ)

27.Ÿ""V_moXrn§ {ZdoÚ, {Z{e Xw½YmÝZm{X g_n© oV²''.

dmgar`{d`moJmV©Ÿ-Ÿam{YH$mñ`mdbmoH$ZoŸ&&Xrnmn©UmX² Jmo{nHo$eŸ! àgrX H$éUm{ZYoŸ&&87Ÿ&&Xw½YmÝZm{X `Wm wŠV§ amo{hÊ wnöV§ {Z{eŸ&&d«OZm`H$ ^moŠVì § VW¡d {h _X{n©V_²Ÿ&&88Ÿ&&

(ŸVm nmN>| e`Z^moJ gam`Ho$, AmaVr H$arHo$, nm¡T>doH$s {~ZVr H$arHo$à yZ²H$m| nm¡T>mdZoŸ)

28.Ÿ""VV: Vmå~ybmM_Zm{XH§$ {dYm`, Amam{ÌH§$ H¥$Ëdm, e`ZmWª{dkmß`, e`Z§ H$ma`oX²''.

^mdmË_H$mñ_X²öX`Ÿ-Ÿn`©‘>o eofê$nHo$Ÿ&&a_ñd amY`m H¥$îUŸ! e`mZmo ag^mdV:Ÿ&&89Ÿ&&

163 164

(Ÿam{Ì AZdgaH$s ^mdZmŸ)A{` d«Og{I d«O d«OdYyH$Xå~mpå~H$m-g_h©U\$br^dÀMaUn‘>Oñ`mpÝVH$_²Ÿ&&{ZVå~{_bXå~aŠd{UVho_Xm_m“Zm-d¥Vñ` Z{bZmdbrà{V^Q>à^ñ` ÐwV_²Ÿ&&90Ÿ&&{Z ©a§ H«$sS>Vmoam{bŸ! Hw$ÄOo {dJVdmggmo:Ÿ&&AÝ`moÝ`à^`¡dmgrX² AÝ`moÝ`ñ`mo{MVm§ewH$_²Ÿ&&91Ÿ&&a{Vl_e`mZ`moabgbmoMZmå^moO`mo:Ÿ&&H$b§ {H$_{n Hy$OVmoa{^_wI§ {_W: gpñ_V_²Ÿ&&aVm“^[aVm‘>`moa² {_{bVOmZwg§dmhZoŸ&&nXmå~wOVbm{Z _X²ö{X bwR>ÝVw amYoe`mo:Ÿ&&92Ÿ&&Ho${blmÝVe`mZlramYmlrenXgamoOm{ZŸ&&H¥$n`m H¥$Vm{Z _Xwa{g H$Xm Zw g§bmb{`î o@h_²Ÿ&&93Ÿ&&

àmV: Hw$ÄOJ¥hmX ² ~{h`©{X g_mJË` pñWVm Ëd§^dñ`å^moOm{j XXm{g M{d©V{_X§ MmH$m`© hñVoZ Vw Ÿ&Vmå~ybñ` `Xm nwZñV{Xh gpÀN>Ðñ` _wŠË`m{n MH$m`ª qH$ gVV§ àgrX{g `{X Ëd§ ñdm{_ZrËW§ VXmŸ&&94Ÿ&&

*

(ŸgåàXm`Ho$ AZwgma gmYZ-\$bHo$ {ZX}e nyd©H$ Cng§hmaŸ)lrdëb^mMm`©_Vo \$b§ VËàmH$Q²ç_Ìmì`{^Mm[ahoVw:Ÿ&&ào_¡d Vpñ_Z² ZdYmoŠV^pŠV: VÌmon`moJmo@{IbgmYZmZm_²Ÿ&&95Ÿ&&VVmo `{XÝXrdagwÝXamjrd¥Vñ` d¥ÝXmdZZpÝXVm§õo:Ÿ&&gdm©Ë_^mdoZ gXmñ`bmñ`_ñ`m{Ze§ gmZw \$bmZw y{V:Ÿ&&96Ÿ&&

* ""EVmdVr lrJmonrZmW{OVm§ nÕ{Vê$nm H¥${V:'' -_ŸlrJmonoídaMaUm:.

(ŸAmMm ©godZŸ)lr_XmMm ©nmXmãO§ ^doX² ofm§ ö{X pñWa_²Ÿ&&gXm lram{YH$mH$mÝV: VÌ {Vð>{V gwpñWa:Ÿ&&97Ÿ&&AV: {nV¥nXmå^moOŸ-Ÿ^OZ§ gd©Wm _V_²Ÿ&&CÎm_mZm{_Vmo ZmÝ`m H¥${V: H$mMZ {dÚVoŸ&&98Ÿ&&_mZwî`àmpßVgm\$ë`§ `V² g§gma{dam{JVmŸ&gmpÎdH$Ëdñ` gm\$ë § lrH¥$îUñ`mZwam{JVmŸ&&99Ÿ&&

(ŸnÄMm_¥VH$s ^mdZmŸ)nÄMm_¥VoZ ^mdmË_Ÿ-Ÿê$noUm{V{à oU VoŸ&ñZmn`m{_ VV: ñZmËdm ö{X _o gwpñWamo ^dŸ&&100Ÿ&&{à`mhmñ`à^mVwë`Ÿ-Ÿê$noU n`gm Jdm_²Ÿ&ñZmZ§ g_mMa {d^mo H$å~wñWoZ d«OoídaŸ!Ÿ&&101Ÿ&&am{YH$mñ`m_¥VH$aŸ-ŸMpÝÐH$m{deXoZ d¡Ÿ&gagoZ KZoZoh XÜZm ñZmZ§ g_mMaŸ&&102Ÿ&&{à`mYam_¥VñnÝXŸ-Ÿ_YwaoU _hmà^moŸ&e’pñWVoZ _YwZm ñZmËdm _wX_² AdmßZw{hŸ&&103Ÿ&&{à`mñZoh¡H$ê$noU K¥VoZ d«OZm`H$Ÿ!Ÿ&ñZmZ§ ñZohmË_H§$ H¥$Ëdm pñZ½YVm§ àH$Q>rHw$éŸ&&104Ÿ&&{à`màË`“gm¡ÝX`©Ÿ-Ÿ_mYw`©g_Vm§ JV_²Ÿ&V`m eH©$a`m ñZmËdm àË`“moÀNy>ZVm§ d«OŸ&&105Ÿ&&

(ŸXrZVm nyd©H$ àmW©ZmŸ)hm ZmWŸ! hm a_UŸ! hm H$éU¡H${gÝYmoŸ!

hm H¥$îUŸ! hm n{VVnmdZŸ! XrZ~ÝYmoŸ!Ÿ&&g§gmagmJa_hmo{_©fw _ÁO_mZ§

_m_² CÕa àUVnmbH$Ÿ! ~mbH¥$îUŸ!Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&

165 166

(ŸZm_godmŸ)"lr~mbH¥$îUo'{V Zm_ gH$bm^rï>X§ H$bm¡Ÿ&&{OôdmJ«o dV©Vm§ VoZ gXm _o H¥$VH¥$Ë`VmŸ&&2Ÿ&&A{à § g{à § dm{n YZhrZñ` _o à^moŸ&&_X²J¥ho ^moOZmWm© ømJÝVì § _hmà^moŸ&&3`m àr{V{d©Xwam{n©Vo _wa[anmo Hw$³Ë`{n©Vo `mÑer`m JmodÕ©Z_ypÜZ© `m M n¥WwHo$ ñVÝ o `emoXm{n©VoŸ&&^maÛmOg_{n©Vo e~[aH$mXÎmo@Yao `mo{fVm§`m àr{Va² _w{ZnpËZ^ŠVa{MVo øÌm{n Vm§ Vm§ Hw$éŸ&&4Ÿ&&`emoXm`m: ñVÝ o VXZw ZdZrVo d«OJdm§{dhmao XÜ`ÝZo {ÛO wd{VXÎmo ~hþJwUoŸ&&VWm {_ÌmV² àmßVo n¥WwH$da-_wï>m¡ _wahao`Wm àr{VñVm§ _o àH$Q>` gwZ¡doÚ{ZM oŸ&&5Ÿ&&{dXwañ` J¥ho àrË`m `Wm wŠV§ {ZOoÀN>`mŸ&&VW¡d w§úd Z¡doÚ§ _{` ZmWŸ! H¥$nm§ Hw$éŸ&&6Ÿ&&`Wm Ëd§ Jmo{nH$m{Xä`mo {ZOmZÝX§ à`ÀN>{gŸ&&VW¡d wŠV{eï>mÝZ§ ^ŠVoä`mo `ÀN> nwîH$b_²Ÿ&&7Ÿ&&

(Ÿlr`_wZmOrH$s ñVw{VŸ)d¥ÝXmaÊ`JV§ amgŸ-ŸagmoÝ_Îm_V§ JO_²Ÿ&&~~ÝY Jmon~mb¡H$m ~hþ e¥’b`m {Z{eŸ&&1Ÿ&&8h[aVw ©{à oŸ! H¥$îUoŸ! àoåUm ^moÁ § _X{n©V_²Ÿ&&A“rHw$éîd H¥$n`m g\$b§ OÝ_ _o Hw$éŸ&&2Ÿ&&Z_ñVo gpÀMXmZÝXŸ-Ÿagê${n{U gyaOoŸ!Ÿ&&Hw$_marpîdd _o Xo{h lrH¥$îUo ^md_wÎm__²Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

8.Ÿ"" ""h[aVw`©'' B{V Amaä` ""^md_wÎm__²'' BË`ÝV§ íbmoH$Û`§ Mlr_Ëà w{da{MVgodm{d{Y:'' {dd¥{VHo$ AZwgma o Xmo íbmoH$ lrà w{da{MV h|.

(Ÿ{dkpßVŸ)ËdXr`_YwgypŠV{^a² d «OOZoeg“me`m_Zm oOeanr{S>Vm: H$W_{n pñWVm _o@gd:Ÿ&&AV: na_`o `{X {à`V_m“g“mo ^doV ²VX¡d __ Or{dV§ {da{hVmXemõrH$a_² Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&lrJm oH w $bZmWm o@ñ_mH$_² E o{hH§$ nmabm ¡{H$H § $ MŸ&&ñd`_od OmVmoñVr{V {H$_ñ_mH§$ {dMmaUr`_pñVŸ&&2Ÿ&&""{MÝVm H$m{n Z H$m`m ©'' Jm odÕ©ZZmWm oAñ_ËHw$bn{V:, Añ_{ÕV_od H$[aî`{V''Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&qH$ ~« wdm{U g{I àoð>{dahmZbXm{hVmŸ&&Ordm_rË`oVXodmb§ {ZanÌnVmñnX_² Ÿ&&4Ÿ&&g»`oVëboIZr`§ Ëd`m{V`ËZoZ am{YH$m (H$mÝV:)Ÿ&&qH$ H ¥ $n{`î`Ë`Wdm _Zm oaWoZ ¡d OÝ_{Zdm ©h:Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&_XÝV: ñZohdeVm o _ÀN>araì`dpñW{V_² Ÿ&&OmZÝVm o@{n Z OmZpÝV VÎm y{MVVa§ {h d:Ÿ&&6Ÿ&&`Wm ZV©`{V ñdm_r dñVwVñËdnam{YZ_² Ÿ&&_m § VWmh§ V w Z ¥Ë`m{_ ^¥e§ pŠbï>m o@pñ_ VoZ {hŸ&&7Ÿ&&Ìnmd¡am½`am{hË`mX² ^dXm{V©{Ohrf©`mŸ&&nwZñVÌmJVm{dÀN>m § H$am o{_ ñZoh`pÝÌV:Ÿ&&8Ÿ&&na § V w VXZwê$n § eara § Z ¡d dV©V o Ÿ&&VWm{n `{X nÄMå`m§ ñdmñÏ`§ {H$pÄMX² ^{dî`{VŸ&&9Ÿ&&VXm g_mJ{_î`m{_ Xw:I§ _m Hw $éV {à`m:Ÿ&&gd}eo Jm oH w $bmYreo eaUmEd gd©V:Ÿ&&10Ÿ&&AVpíMÝVm Z H$V©ì`m ^dpX²^: H¥$îUgmËH¥$V¡:Ÿ&&11Ÿ&&lrJm oH w $bOrdZ: gdª ^Ð_od H$[aî`{VŸ&&Ah§ `Wm erK«§ Xe©Z§ àmßZmo{_ VWm {dYo`§ àË`h_²Ÿ&&12Ÿ&&Eo{hHo$ nmabm oH o $ M gd©Wm eaU§ h[a:Ÿ&&gånËñdmnËñd{n gXm eaU§ h[aa od {hŸ&&13Ÿ&&

167 168

Ÿ&& dfm}Ëgd godmH$s ^mdZm Ÿ&&

(Ÿ_hmà w lrdëb^mMm ©MaUZ²H$mo Ü`mZŸ)1gm¡ÝX ª {ZOöÒV§ àH${Q>V§ órJyT>^mdmË_H§$nw§ê$nÄM nwZñVXÝVaJV§ àmdr{deV² ñd{à oŸ&&g§píbï>mdw `mo~© m¡ ag_`: H¥$îUmo {h VËgm{jH§$ê$n§ VpËÌV`mË_H§$ na_{^Ü o § gXm dëb^_²Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&

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1.Ÿ o íbmoH$ Jmo.dm.lr_ybMÝÐ Vobrdmbm Ûmam gmåàXm{`H$ _m{gH$n{ÌH$m"nw{ï>^pŠVgwYm' {d.Ÿg§.Ÿ1972-73Ÿ_| ""lr_X²JmonrZmWmZm§ nÚm{Z'' erf©H$mÝVJ©VàH$m{eV ^`mo ho.

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Ü o § VÐyn^mdoZ ewÕ¡a² Ord¡a² Z MmÝ`WmŸ&&15Ÿ&&

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169 170

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171 172

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173 174

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175 176

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177 178

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181 182

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183 184

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185 186

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Ad©shQ_phgu (1)Å¡ L$V$p¡fu (rNfrh) ^qfL¡$ kpdN°u ApC kp¡ sp¡ cp¡N îuW$pLy$fÆ Ap`

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(2)^_ rh._u L$pd_pAp¡_¡ |Z® L$fhpdpV¡$ S>¡ ipõÓrhrls îhZ-L$us®_-AQ®_ rh. L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡hp A_y›$p__¡ L$d®dpN}e ÅZhy„. `p¡sp_uApÆrhL$p QgphhpdpV¡$ Å¡ îhZ-L$us®_-AQ®_ rhN¡f¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ lp¡e sp¡s¡d_¡ sp¡ L©$rj_u dpaL$ "gp¥qL$L$ L$d®'S> L$l¡hp. ÅS>ê$ S>C_¡ dgânpg_p\® N„NpS>ghp`fhp S>¡hy„ s¡ r_rjv¹$^ ApQfZ R>¡; A_¡ Aphp vy$óL©$Ðe_¡ L$pfZ¡ `p`S> gpNsy„lp¡e R>¡.

(îurh£g_p\—âcyQfZ—:—c[¼sl„k).

(3)A`_¡ k¡ìe õhê$`L$u k¡hp Ap`ylu L$f_u. Ap¡f DÐkhpqv$ kdeA_ykpf, A`_¡ rhÑ A_ykpf, h÷-Apc|jZ cp„rs-cp„rsL¡$ d_p¡f\ L$qf kpdN°uL$f_u.

(îuNp¡Ly$g_p\Æ-Qsy\£i—:—24 hQ_pd©s).

(4)S>b k„sv$pkL$p¡ kNfp¡ Öìe Nep¡ sb îuW$pLy$fÆL$u k¡hpd¢ d„X$p_îuW$pLy$fÆL¡$ Öìekp¢ fpM¡ Ap¡f îuW$pLy$fÆL¡$ Öìed¢s¡ Qp¡buk V$L$p |„Æ L$qf L$p¡X$ub¡Qs¡. kp¡ îuW$pLy$fÆL$u |„Æd¢s¡ sp¡ L$prkv$L$p¡ qv$ep¡ _ ÅC kp¡ L$dpCL$p¡ V$L$p qv$e¡.sb C_L$u dS|>fuL$p¡ fpS>cp¡N _ cep¡ kp¡ dlpâkpv$ lw _ rgep¡. V$L$pL¡$ Q|_L$p¡Þepfp¡ cp¡N Ofs¡ kp¡ fpS>cp¡N Å_s¡=dlpâkpv$—g¡s¡; Ap¡f r_ÐeL$p¡ _¡N blp¡sîuW$pLy$fÆL¡$ Öìekp¢ lp¡sp¡. sps¡ Ap y_u fpS>cp¡NL$u k¡hp rkv¹$^ _ cC (Å_¡).

L$prkv$L$p¡ qv$e¡ kp¡ _pfpeZv$pkL$p¢ rgM¡ Å¡ syçlpfu âcysps¢ A¡L$ qv$_ fpS>cp¡NL$p¡_pNp `ep£ Å¡ d¡fu kÑpL$p¡ cp¡N _ ^ep£—! ep âL$pf kÞsv$pk rhh¡L$ ¥ep®îeL$p¡ê$` qv$Mpe¡. rhh¡L$ el Å¡—=—îuNykp„CÆL$p¡ lw„X$u `W$pC—••—Ap y_u k¡hp _ cC,fpS>cp¡NL$p¡ _pNp, dp_¡. ¥e® el Å¡—=—îuW$pLy$fÆL¡$ ÖìeL$p¡ Mp_`p_ _ qL$e¡. Apîeel Å¡—=—d_d¢ Ap_„v$ `pe¡—••—vy$:M¼g¡i _ `pe¡.

(îulqffpeÆ-[v¹$h$sue¡i—:—cphâL$pi.84 h¥óZhhpsp®-76).

(5)`pqfîrdL$ (Þep¡R>phf-c¡V$-`Npf-dS|>fu) sfuL¡$ rhÑ Ap`u_¡ buÅL$p¡C `pk¡\u k¡hp L$fphhpdp„ Aphsu lp¡e sp¡ s¡\u rQÑdp„ Al„L$pf h ¡ `Z rQÑL$qv$ cNhp_¹dp„ Qp¢V¡$ _l]. Å¡ cNhÐk¡hp L$fhpdpV¡$ buÅ `pk¡\u `pqfîrdL$^_ g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Np¡f-dlpfpS>_¡ S>¡d eoepN_y„ am _ dm¡ Z eS>dp__¡S>dm¡ s¡hu fus¡ k¡hpL$sp®_u Z cNhÐk¡hp r_óag Åe. v$rnZp Ap`u_¡ eS>dp_,Np¡f-dlpfpS>v¹$hpfp, S>¡d eoepN L$fph¡ s¡d cNhÐk¡hp (lpgdp„ S>¡d h¥óZhp¡c¡V$-kpdN°u-d_p¡f\p¡ _p¢^phu_¢ Np¡õhprd-dlpfpÅ¡v¹$hpfp L$fph¡ R>¡ s¡d—:—A_yhpv$L$) L$fphu g¡hpdp„ ip¡ hp„ p¡—? L$d®dpN®dp„ s¡h„y L$fhp_y„ ip÷dp„ L$üy„ lp¡hp\us¡d L$fu iL$pe R>¡. c[¼sdpN®dp„, f„sy, s¡hu rhr^ D`v¡$ipe¡gu _ lp¡hp\u, Aphufus¡ ^_ Ap`u_¡ cNhÐk¡hp L$fphhu _l]. c[¼sdpN®dp„ sp¡ cNhvy$¼s âL$pf¡—(`p¡sp_p s_-d_-^_\u `p¡sp_p Of¡ `p¡sp_p `qfhpfS>_p¡_p klep¡N\u)—S>cNhÐk¡hp L$fhu Å¡CA¡.

(kyfsõ\—3/2—N©lpr^`rs—îu yfyjp¡ÑdÆ—:—rkÙp„.dy¼sp.rhh©.âL$p.2)

(6)""—AÓ N©lõ\p_-rh^p_¡_, õhN©lpr^r›$s-õhê$`-cS>_-`qfÐepN¡_AÞeÓ sÐL$fZ¡ c[¼s: _ chrs, Crs k|rQs„ chrs—:—Al]ep„ k¡hp¡ ep¡Nu õ\p_sfuL¡$ Of_y„ rh^p_ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡\u, Å¡ `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ rbfpS>sp âcy_y„cS>_ R>p¡X$u_¡ buS>¡ L$i¡—cS>_ (—c¡V$-kpdN°u-d_p¡f\-Tp„Muê$ ¡—)—L$fhpdp„ Aph¡sp¡ c[¼s \C—_ L$l¡hpe''.

(îuhëgcpÐdS>-îubpgL©$óZÆ—:—c[¼shr^®.ìep.2).

3 4

(7)S>¡ îuhëgcLy$m R>¡ s¡ `p¡s_p k¡ìeõhê$` D`f L¡$hp¡ õ_¡l fpM¡ R>¡ L¡$A¡L$ bpSy> Öìe_p¡ Y$Ngp¡ L$fp¡ A_¡ A¡L$ bpSy> îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ ^fphp¡ sp¡ îuhëgcLy$mA¡ Öìe kpdy„ Å¡i¡ `Z _rl; A_¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ Arsõ_¡l L$fu `^fphu g¡i¡.`Z S>¡ Ap L$rm_p¡ Æh R>¡ s¡_¡ sp¡ Öìe OÏ„ râe R>¡. dpV¡$ s¡ sp¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ kpdy„Å¡i¡ _rl. A_¡ L¡$hm h¥ch kpdy„ Å¡i¡ A_¡ sfs dp¡l `pdi¡...

(îudËz$Æ dlpfpS>_p„ 32 hQ_pd©sp¡—:—5).

(8)gp¥qL$L$ L$pd_pAp¡_¡ |Z® L$fhp_u BÃR>p\u S>¡ cNhv¹$cS>_d¢ âh©Ñ \peR>¡ s¡ v$f¡L$ âL$pf¡ ¼g¡i `pd¡ R>¡. s¡\u, L„$CL$ c¡V$-kpdN°u dmu fl¡ s¡hu L$pd_p\uS>¡ k¡hp hN¡f¡ L$f¡ s¡ `pM„X$u A_¡ v¡$hgL$ L$l¡hpe R>¡.

(îu_©tklgpgÆ dlpfpS>—:—rkv¹$^p.dy¼sp.V$u.ígp¡.16-17).

(9)îuDv$e yf v$fbpf_¡ Apiuhp®v$. Ap\u S>Zphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ d¢ õ\phf-S>„Nd k„ rÑ_p Apr\®L$ s\p dprgL$ue hrlhV$ A„N¡, d_¡ kgpl Ap`hpdpV¡$,ep¡Áe ìe[¼sAp¡_u A¡L$ krdrs_u _udZ|L$ L$fu R>¡. k¡hp rhN¡f¡ bpbsdp„ yfps_s¡dS> âhs®dp_ âZpgu_p A_ykpf L$pe® L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡. s\p Å¡ `yfps_`f„ fp_p¡ bp^ _ \sp¡ lp¡e A_¡ krdrs Å¡ L$p¡C ky pfp_u CÃR>p fpMsu lp¡esp¡ s¡ ky pfpAp¡ õhuL$pfhpdp„ Aphi¡. s\p îuW$pLy$fÆ_y„ Öìe Adpfp ìe[¼sNsh`fpidp„ _l] Aph¡, S>¡hu L¡$ f„ fp ApS>¡ Z R>¡; A_¡ s¡_¡ Åmhhpdp„ Aphi¡.s¡ R>sp„ `Z dpfp hX$hpAp¡_p kde\u Qpëep Aphsp„ dpfp dprgL$u_p lL¹$L$p¡s¡S> âdpZ¡ L$ped fl¡i¡. Ap dyS>bS> S>dp-D^pf_u _p¢ p¡ `Z s¡-s¡ Mpspdp„Qpgy fl¡i¡, S>¡ dyS>b Qpgy Mpspdp„ lpg _p¢ pC füy„ R>¡.

(r_.gu.Np¡õhprdrsgL$pres îuNp¡h ®_gpgÆ dlpfpS>—:—X¡$¼g¡f¡i_ rdrs—••—cpÖ-iy¼gp `„Qdu k„.1989—=—sp.`-9-1932).

(10)dlpfpS>_¡ S>¡ AphL$ h¥óZhp¡ rhN¡f¡dp„\u Aph¡ s¡dp\u Of-MfQ sfuL¡$W$pL$p¡fÆ_p¡ MfQ dlpfpS> Qgph¡ R>¡. W$pL$p¡fÆ_¡dpV¡$ õ\phf L¡$ S>„Nd AdyL$ rdëL$sSy>v$u L$pY$u s¡dp„\u MfQ Qgphsp _\u. W$pL$p¡fÆ_p h¥ch_p¡, cp¡N_p¡, Apc|jZ-h÷ rhN¡f¡_p¡ MfQp¡ dlpfpS> L$f¡ R>¡. p¡sp_u AphL$D`f A¡ kfh¡ MfQ L$f¡ R>¡...

W$pL$p¡fÆ_u kÞdyM c¡V$ ^fu iL$psu _\u...W$pL$p¡fÆ_u c¡V$ v¡$hd„qv$fdp„S> dp¡L$ghu`X¡$. dlpfpS>\u s¡ c¡V$_p¡ D`ep¡N \C iL¡$—_rl.

(r_.gu. Adf¡guhpmp îuhpNuigpgÆ_p Apd-dyMÐepf—:— NpeL$hpX$uhX$p¡v$fp fpÄe_u L$p¡V®$dp Sy>bp_u).

(11)S>¡hu fus¡ Adpfp |h® yfyjp¡ `p¡s¡ Ap`Zp ^d®_y„ kÐe õhê$` s\piyÙpÜ¥srkÙp„s k„ |Z®fus¡ kdÆ_¡ h¥óZh^d®_p¡ e\p\® D`v¡$i gp¡L$p¡_¡ L$fsp„ lsp;A_¡ hQgp L$pmdp, S>¡ k„ rÑ rhN¡f¡ L$pfZp¡\u Ad¡ OZ¡ v$fS>S>¡ R>p¡X$u v$u^p¡ R>¡,s¡\u OZp Mfp„ gp¡L$p¡_¡ kp^pfZ k¡hp A_¡ L$p¡fu rhÑÅ c[¼s_y„S> ê$qY$ A_ykpfop_ füy„ R>¡.

(r_.gu.îuv¡$hL$u_Þv$_pQpe®Æ-`„Qd¡i—:—"Apîe'A¡râg87).

(12)Ap`Zp¡ âdyM rkÙpÞs R>¡ "Akdr ®s_p¡ ÐepN'. DÑd D`pe sp¡s¡ S> R>¡ L¡$ Ofdp„ S>¡ `Z fkp¡C b_¡ s¡ âcy_¡ cp¡N ^fu_¡ `R>u S> dlpâkpv$g¡hp¡. ... Äep„ ky u Akdr ®s_p¡ ÐepN _l] \pe Ðep„ ky u byrÙ DÑd _l]b_¡. kp_ycphsp ¼epf¡ rkÙ \C iL¡$—? Äepf¡ Ap`Zu byrÙ r_d®m b_¡. ...ApS>¡Ap`Z¡ (Ofdp„ rbfpS>sp k¡ìe) lufp_¡ `pfMu _\u iL$sp. kpQp lufp_¡ Th¡fuS> `pfMu iL¡$. [õ\rs L¡$hu R>¡ L¡$ Ap`Z¡ Mp¡V$p lufp_¡ kpQp¡ dp_u_¡ s¡_u `pR>m(lh¡gu-d[Þv$fp¡dp„—?) cpNu füp R>uA¡. îudlpâcyÆA¡ sp¡ r_r^ê$`u kpQp¡ lufp¡S> Ap`Z_¡ Apàep¡ R>¡. cNhp_¹ Nuspdp„ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ ""qv$ìe„ v$v$prd s¡ Qny: `íed¡ ep¡Nduíhfd¹''. cNhp__¡ Ap¡mMhpdpV¡$ sp¡ qv$ìesp âpàs \hu Å¡CA¡. qv$ìespS> ApÐdbm R>¡. ... s¡\u dpfp¡ sp¡ Ap` gp¡L$p¡\u kpN°l A_yfp¡ R>¡ L¡$ ApÐdbm_¡âpàs L$fhpdpV¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ L„$CL$ v¥$r_L$ r_ed b_php¡. jp¡X$iN°Þ\_p `pW$_p¡ r_edgp¡...

(r_.gu.Np¡. îurNqf^fgpgÆ dlpfpS>, BÞv$p¥f-_p\Üpfp, rÜsueN©^ui—:— îudv¹$hëgc A_¡ îulqffpeÆ Æh_v$i®_, cpN-2, hQ_pd©s 7—dy„, ©›$—124).

5 6

(13)hL$ug—:—Å¡ yrô$dpN}e, L$p¡C`Z, d„qv$fdp„ h¥óZhp¡ îuW$pLy$fÆ_u k¡hps¡dS> _¡N-cp¡NdpV¡$ A_¡ îuW$pLy$fÆ_u k¡hp_p _cphdpV¡$ c¡V$ rhN¡f¡ Ap`urhÑÅk¡hp L$fsp lp¡e sp¡ A_¡ s¡ d„qv$fdp„ s_yÅk¡hp L$fsp lp¡e sp¡ s¡ d„qv$fyrô$dpN}e _\u A¡d Ap`_y„ L$l¡hy„ R>¡—?

|.`p.dlpfpS>îu—:— yrô$dpN}e h¥óZhp¡_u s_yÅ L¡$ rhÑÅ k¡hp õhs„ÓL$fhp_u âr¾$ep _\u A_¡ s¡hu k¡hp L$f¡ sp¡—s¡ kp„âv$preL$ d„qv$f _—L$l¡hpe.

(r_.gu.Np¡õhpdu îuh°S>fÐ_gpgÆ dlpfpS> kyfsõ\—3/2 N©lp^ui—:—Sy>bp_u, _qX$epv$_p L¡$kdp„).

(14)...s¡huS> fus¡ Ap`Z¡ Ðep„ kÞdyMc¡V$ \pe R>¡ s¡ `Z v¡$hÖìe R>¡;A_¡ s¡ kpdN°u_p L$pddp„ _\u Aphsu. îuNp¡Ly$g_p\Æ A_¡ îuQÞÖdpÆ _pOfdp„ lÆ Ap r_ed_y„ `pg_ \pe R>¡. Ðep„ S>¡ kÞdyMc¡V$ \pe s¡ L$us®r_ep¡gC Åe R>¡. A¡ L$us®r_ep¡ dlphr_ep¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ hëgcLy$g_p¡, edy_pÆ_p¡ Np¡flp¡e R>¡. buÅ¡ s¡_y„ A_yL$fZ L$f¡ s¡ Mp¡Vy„$...Ad¡ îu_p\Æ ANpX$u S>¡ kÞdyMc¡V$^fuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡ îudlpâcyÆ_u `pvy$L$pÆ_¡ ^fuA¡ R>uA¡ R>sp„ s¡ Ag„L$pfpqv$L$dp„h`fpe R>¡, kpdN°udp„ _rl. kÞdyMc¡V$ ^fhpdp„ OZp¡ A_pQpf \peR>¡...îuW$pL$p¡fÆ-r_rdÑ¡ L$p„C d„Npe _l] L¡$ L$p„C A`pe _l]. A¡ fus¡ Aph¡gÖìe v¡$hÖìe b_¡...s¡ g¡_pf_u by[v¹$^$ bNX¹$ép hNf _ fl¡.

(r_.gu.îufZR>p¡X$gpgÆ, fpS>_Nf_p hQ_pd©s=484-87).

(14/L$)h¥óZhp¡_u `pk¡ S>¡ L$p„C `fd `v$p\® R>¡, s¡_y„ A[õsÐh ApS>_pS>iyc qv$__¡ Apcpfu R>¡. L$pm_u cujZsp A_¡ `qf[õ\rs_u rhjdsp_p AÐe„srhL$V$ eyNdp„ îudÐâcyQfZ_p qv$ìe rkv¹$^p„sp¡D`f AV$g fl¡hpdp„S> ÆhdpÓ_y„A¥rlL$ A_¡ pfgp¥qL$L$ L$ëepZ fl¡gy„ R>¡. AÞepîe_p¡ ÐepN A¡ cph_pD`f S>Ns_pÆhp¡ ×Y$ fl¡ sp¡, S>¡ h¥óZh lh¡guAp¡_p h¥chp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ h¥óZhp¡ Ofk¡hp c|guNep lsp, k„Å¡Nhips¹ s¡ lh¡guAp¡dp„ îu_p v$i®_ ApS>¡ b„ \sp„ h¥óZhp¡_pOf îuW$pLy$fÆ_u k¡hp\u qL$ëgp¡gsp \i¡. A¡ gpc k„âv$pe A_¡ k„âv$peuAp¡ dpV¡$_p_p¡k|_p¡ _\u. Cðf¡ÃR>p AL$m R>¡. d_¡ îv¹$^p R>¡ L¡$ Ap ApL$fu L$kp¡V$udp„\uAp`Ï„ kh®_y„ î¡eS> k^_pê„$ R>¡.

(14/M)d¡f¡ A_yepeuAp¢L$p¡ v$p¡ âL$pfk¡ v$unp v¡$sp lw„. â\d L„$W$u bp„ _ps\p v|$kfu b°ûkçbÞ^v$unp v¡$_p. L„$W$u bp„ _p kp^pfZ h¥óZhp¢L$p¡ lu v$u Åsul¥. s\p b°ûkçbÞ^ rhi¡jê$`k¡ D_ A_yepeuAp¢L$p¡ Å¡ k¡hpd¢ rhi¡jê$`k¡ bY$_pQpls¡ l¦. l¡gu v$unpL$p¡ "ifZ-v$unp' L$ls¡ l¦ s\p v|$kfu v$unpL$p¡ "ApÐdr_h¡v$_'L$ls¡ l¦. ifZ v$unpd¢ h¥óZh rka® _pdõdfZ L$f_¡L$p lu Ar^L$pfu l¥. sp¡k¡hphpg¡ h¥óZhL$p¡ b°ûkçbÞ^v$unp g¡_¡L¡ $ bpv$ lu Ar^L$pf lp¡sp l¥.b°ûkçbÞ^hpgp h¥óZh A`_¡ Ofd¢ lu k¡hpL$p Ar^L$pfu lp¡sp—l¥... ld õhê$`L$uk¡hp _Þv$pgeL$u cph_pk¡ L$fs¡ l¥. Ckrge¡ ld—kpsp¢L¡$ kps yÓp¢L¡$ Of "Of' luL$lgps¢ l¦ Ap¥f ldpfp Of "sukfp-Of' L$lgpsp l¥ Ap¥f ldpf¡ OfL$u k©rô$ "sukf¡OfL$u k©rô$' L$lgpsu—l¥.

(14/N) îuApQpe®QfZ_p rkÙpÞsp¡dp„ cNhs¹ kçbÞ^ A_¡ cNhs¹k¡hp _¡ S> â^p_sp Ap`hpdp„ Aphu lsu. bpv$dp„ `qfgrns \pe R>¡ L¡$ Apdp„`Z L„$CL$ A„sf Aphu Ney„. ... îuApQpe®QfZ_p _¡ îuâcyQfZ_p k¡hL$p¡, Ap`Z¡Å¡CA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ kh® âL$pf_p„ R>¡. A¡hy„ _\u L¡$ AdyL$ rhriô$ ìe[¼s S> cNhÐk¡hp_¡ep¡Áe lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡ AdyL$ `qf[õ\rsdp„ S> cNhÐk¡hp \C iL¡$ R>¡. Aphp¡L$p¡C S> Dëg¡M _\u dmsp¡. A_¡L$ âL$pf_p Æhp¡ cNhÐk¡hp L$fsp lsp. S>¡dp„õdip_hpku, h¡íep hN¡f¡\u gC_¡ kpfp rhÜp_¹ b°pûZp¡ `Z lsp. ApS>_pkdedp„, d_¡ A¡hy„ âsus \pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap`Z¡ s¡ QqfÓ_¡ c|gu A_¡ pR>m\u dy¿eb_¡gp L¡$hm cphpÐdê$`_¡ gC b¡W$p R>uA¡ L¡$ S>¡ ApS>¡ `Z h¥óZhp¡dp„ âQrgsR>¡. ... lz„ dp_y„ Ry>„ L¡$ QqfÓp¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp„ rkÙpÞsp¡_u AphíeL$sp fl¡ R>¡.

(r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°S>c|jZgpgÆ dlpfpS> s©sue¡i—:—15/L$—:—sp.24-12-48—_p qv$_¡ dy„bC_p h¥óZhp¡_u Ål¡f—kcpdp„ îudÐâcyQfZ_p âpL$V$ép¡Ðkhâk„N¡AÝenõ\p_¡\u L$f¡g hQ_pd©s "h¥íhp_f' A„L$-31 k_¹-48—::—15/M—:—bep_d|rs®bp L$pep®. klp. L$rd. v¡$hõ\p_rhcpN M„X$ Dv$e yf A¡h„ L$p¡V$p bS>qfe¡ L$rdi_dy.L$p„L$fp¡gu. apCg k„¿ep.1-4-64. îuv¹$hpfL$p^uid„qv$f qv$_p„L$ 7/11/65—::—15/N—:—îudv¹$hëgc A_¡ îulqffpeÆ Æh_v$i®_, cpN-2, hQ_pd©s 20—dy„, ©›$—146,149).

(15 )ApS> dyT¡ A`_¡ ùv$eL¡$ D•pf L$l_¡ v$p¡, d¡fp ùv$e S>g flp l¥, d„qv$fp¡d¢Öìek„N°lL$u âh©rÑ dpÓ fl NC l¡ Ap¡f hlu A_\p£L$u S>X$ l¥. A¥k¡ d„qv$fp¡L¡$

7 8

A[õsÐhk¡ L$p¡C gpc _l]. ldpfp k„âv$pe kpdyrlL$ _l] h¥e[¼sL$ l¥. kph®L$prgL$s\p kph®v¡$riL$ Ahíe l¥ f„sy kph®S>r_L$ _l]. ""—L$fs L©$`p r_S> v¥$hu Æh_`f—'' Ck D[¼sd¢ "r_S>' iåv$L$p âep¡N qL$ep Nep l¥. v¥$hu Æh L$l] cu lp¡ kL$s¡l¦ `f„sy kph®S>r_L$ ê$`k¡ _l]. ApS> ld " yrô$'L$p _pd g¡_¡L¡$ cu Ar^L$pfu _l]l¦—! ldpf¡ d„qv$f L$lp„ l¦—! ApS>L$p ldpfp Æh_ Qphp®L$-Æh_ lp¡ flp l¥. ¼epld, ApS> rS>k âL$pfL$p k„âv$pe l¥, Dk¡ rS>hp_p Qpls¡ l¦—? eqv$ kÃQ¡ k„âv$peL$p¡Qpls¡ lp¡ sp¡ õhê$ k¡hp Of-Ofd¢ ^fpAp¡ A¡h„ _pdk¡hp`f cpf f¿Mp¡...c[¼sL$uâp[às õhN©lp¡d¢ k¡hp L$f_¡k¡ lu lp¡Nu. ApS>L¡$ C_ d„qv$fp¡k¡ L$p¡C gpc _l] l¥,¼ep¢qL$ C_d¢ Öìek„N°lL$u â^p_sp ApNeu l¥ Ap¥f S>lp„ Öìe CL$Ì$p lp¡sp l¥ hl]A_\® lp¡s¡ l¦. ApS> k„âv$peL$p rhL©$s õhê$` Ckuk¡ l¥.

(r_.gu.Np¡.îuL©$óZÆh_Æ-dlpfpS>, dy„bC-dÖpk—: hëgcrhop_ k„.5-6 hj® 1965).

(16/L$)ld îuhëgcpQpe®ÆL$u ApopL$p `pg_ L$lp„ L$f fl¡ l¦—? ldpf¡elp„ N©lk¡hp L$lp„ flu l¥—? L¡$hg d„qv$fp¢L¡$ v$i®_p¢k¡ ¼ep gpc l¥—? îudlpâcyÆL$uApop l¥ ""L©$óZk¡hp kv$p L$pep®''. eqv$ îudlpâcyÆ d„qv$fL$p¡ dy¿e dp_s¡ sp¡A`_u su_ `qf¾$dpAp¢d¢ A_¡L$ d„qv$f õ\pr`s L$f v¡$s¡. îuNykp„CÆ_¡îurNf^fÆL$p¡ kpsõhê$`L$p d_p¡f\ L$fs¡ kde Cku âL$pfL$u Q¡sph_u v$u \u.d[Þv$fõ\p`_ L$fs¡ kde D_L$p¡ X$f \p qL$ Ofd¢k¡ W$pLy$fÆ d[Þv$fd¢ ^pf ÅA¢N¡.d¡f¡ r`spÆ_¡ L$g (D`f V$p„L¡$g 15—dp hQ_dp„) Å¡ L$lp hl Anfi: kÐe l¥.syd A`_¡ Ofp¢d¡ W$pLy$fÆL$p¡ `^fpAp¡ Ap¡f k¡hp L$fp¡.

(16/M) yrô$dpN}e âZprgL$pdp„ V²$õV$ Mê„$ Dsfsy„ _\u. îuApQpe®QfZ¡v$f¡L$ b°ûk„b„ u Æh_¡ Apop L$fu—R>¡ L¡$ ""N©l¡ [õ\Ðhp õh^d®s:'' (c[¼shr ®_u)A\p®s¹...N©ldp„ flu_¡ õh^dp®QfZ L$fhy„. Np¡õhprdbpgL$p¡ `Z ApQpe® lp¡hp\uh¥óZh `Z R>¡. A¡V$g¡ ApQpe®îu_u D`fp¡¼s Apop `pg_ L$fhp_u s¡d_u `ZafS> R>¡...dpV¡$ dpfy„ dp_hy„ sp¡ ApS> R>¡ L¡$ ApQpe®QfZ_p„ rkv¹$^p„sâdpZ¡ h¥óZhp¡`p¡sp_p Of¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_u k¡hp L$f¡ A_¡ ^d®N°Þ\p¡_y„ hp„Q_ L$f¡, _rl L¡$ d[Þv$fp¡dp„S>C_¡...V²$õV$ A¡ yrô$dpN}e âZprgL$pdp„ b„ -b¡ksy„ _\u bëL¡$ Ap`Zu âZpgu_p¡c„N L$f¡ R>¡.

(v$lukfdp„ îuNp¡h ®__p\-lh¡guV²$õV$_p k„õ\p`L$ r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°Å^uiÆdlpfpS>—:—17/L$ "hëgcrhop_' A„L$—5-6 hj®—1965, 17/M—:—"_hâL$pi' A„L$—8 hj®—8).

(17/L$)Ap¥f S>b S>_fg `[ågL$-V²$õV$ l¥, sb W$pLy$fÆL$p¡ Np¡õhpdu-k„b„ k¡ ©\L¹$ L$f, W$pLy$fÆL$p¡ kb k„ rÑ A ®Z L$f, A\p®s¹ c¡V$ L$fL¡$, qfgurS>ekA¢X$pµd¢V$ L¡$ ê$`d¢ lzA¡ hl V²$õV$ l¦. A¡ku Ahõ\pd¢ C_ V²$õV$p¢k¡ Å¡ _¡N-cp¡NQgpep Åsp l¥ hl v¡$hÖìek¡ Qgpep Åsp l¥. v¡$hÖìeL$p D`cp¡N L$f_¡hpg¡ A„sd¢v¡$hgL$ (—_fL$dp„ X$_pf p`u—)lu l¦. îudv$pQpe®QfZ_¡ âcyL$u kp¡_¡L$u L$V$p¡fu rNfhufM L$f S>b cp¡N Afp¡Npep sb Ap`_¡ D¼s Öìek¡ kdr ®s kbL$p kb âkpv$Npep¢L$p¡ qv$ep. el l¥ kpçâv$preL$ rkv¹$^p„s. Ck âL$pfL¡$ Apv$i®ê$` rkv¹$^p„sp¢L$prS>k â\pk¡ rh_pi lp¡ L$f ApQpep£L$p¡ v¡$hgL$ b_pep Åe, Dk â\pL$p¡ rS>s_uiuO° kçâv$pek¡ lV$p v$u Åe Ds_p lu î¡e Ckd¢ Np¡õhprd-kdpS> s\p h¥óZh-kdpS> L$p r_rls l¥.

(17/M)cNhÐk¡hp k„âv$peL$u ApÐdê$` âh©rÑ l¥. ApQpf k¡hpL$p A„Nl¥ k¡hpL$u A_yL|$gspL¡$ A_yê$` lu ApQpfL$p `pg_ qL$ep Å_p Qprle¡. ApQpf-`pg_L$p¡ âdyMsp v¡$ L$f cNhÐk¡hpL$p ÐepN DrQs _l] l¡. cNhÐk¡hp S>¥k¡ cub_¡ L$fp¡...NyfyOfp¢d¢ ds c¡Å¡...eqv$ ld cNhv¹$ÖìeL$p¡ ¡V$d¢ X$pg¢N¡ sp¡ hl A`fp^l¥. N°Þ\p¢L¡$ AÝee_L¡$ ârs ld¢ kdpS>L$p¡ ApL$rj®s L$f_p Qprle¡.

(r_.gu.Np¡. îuv$urnsÆ dlpfpS> dy„bC-qL$i_NY$—: 18/L$—:—"ApQpep£ÃR>¡v$L$V²$õV$-â\pk¡ yÅfu`_L$u õ\p`_p Op¡f rkÙpÞslpr_ A¡h„—Op¡f õhê$`Ãeyrs'g¡M©›$—7.; 18/M—:—"îuhëgcrhop_'—A„L$—5-6 hj®—1965).

(18/L$)S>¡d õhê$`k¡hp õhp\®by[v¹$^$\u A_¡ gp¥qL$L$ L$pe® kdÆ_¡ _ L$fhp_uîudlpâcyÆ_u Apop R>¡, s¡ âdpZ¡ _pdk¡hp Z h©rÑ—A\£ _ L$fhu A¡hu ApopîudlpâcyÆ r_bÞ^dp„ L$f¡ R>¡...h©rÑ—A\£ k¡hp L$fhp\u âÐehpe (v$p¡j)gpN¡.S>¡d N„Np-S>dy_pS>m_p¡ D`ep¡N Nyv$pânpg_p\® _ \pe, s¡d k¡hp_p¡ D`ep¡N`Z h©Òe\® _ L$fpe.

(18/M)s_ A_¡ rhÑ Å¡ âcydp„ h`fpe sp¡ d_ âcydp„ S>ê$f gpN¡ R>¡.dpV¡$S> îuhëgc¡ D`v¡$i L$ep£ R>¡ L¡$ ""s[Ðkv¹$Ýe¥ s_yrhÑÅ''. dp_ku S>¡ `fp R>¡

9 10

s¡_¡ rkv¹$^ L$fhp s_y-rhÑÅ k¡hp S>ê$fu R>¡. s_ A_¡ rhÑ bÞ_¡ ¼ep„e A¡L$õ\m¡ gNpX$p¡ sp¡ rQÑ s¡dp„ fps-qv$hk fl¡ R>¡. v$gpg_p¡ ìehkpe L$f_pfìehkpedp„ L¡$hg s_\u îd L$f¡ R>¡ `Z s¡dp„ rhÑ `p¡sp_y„ S>fpe gpNsy„ _\u.Ap\u Å¡ bÅfcph h ¡ L¡$ OV¡$ sp¡ s¡_p\u s¡_¡ d_\u tQsp \su _\u...A_¡R>p¡L$fp_p¡ r`sp A¡L$gu rhÑÅ sfuL¡$ V¹$éyi_ au Ap`u_¡ kdS>¡ R>¡ L¡$ R>p¡L$fp¡ `pk\hp_p¡S> R>¡. Ap ÓZ¡_¡ ag âp[às _l] \pe L$pfZL¡$ s_yÅ-rhÑÅ bÞ_¡ gpNsp_\u. lh¡ s_yrhÑÅ bÞ_¡ gNpX¡$ sp¡ rQÑ fp¡hhp_p v$pMgp Å¡CA¡—:—A¡L$ vy$L$p_v$pfvy$L$p_ A_¡ dpg _u Mfuv$udp„ d|X$u gNpX$u h¡ pf iê$ L$fu A_¡ khpf\u fps ky ulpS>fu Ap`u s_ `Z h¡ pfdp„ gNpX¡$ R>¡ sp¡ s¡\u fps-qv$hk vy$L$p_ A_¡ h¡ pf_p S> rhQpfp¡ Aph¡ R>¡—:—L¡$d h¡ pf kpfp¡ \pe, L¡$d h ¡...dpV¡$ yrô$dpN®dp„ âcydp„Apk[¼s rkv¹$^ \hpdpV¡$ d_p¡h¥opr_L$ âr¾$ep bsphu R>¡ L¡$ s¡Z¡ s_y-rhÑ_uk¡hp cph |h®L$ L$fhu.

(r_.gu.Np¡.îuNp¡thv$fpeÆ dlpfpS>—`p¡fbÞv$f—:—19/L$—:—ky^p^pfp 114—••—19/M—:—ky^prbÞvy$ 73).

(19)hëgcdsd¢ el rkv¹$^p„ss: Ngs l¥ Ap¡f A¥k¡ v¡$hõ\p_p¢L¡$ QY$ph¡L$pâkpv$ cu Mpep _l] Å kL$sp l¥, ¼ep¢qL$ hlp„ v¡$hgL$Ðh lu â^p_ l¥. ApS>L¡$eyNL$p¡ v¡$Ms¡ lzA¡ S>lp„ Þepk L$f_p AphíeL$ l¥ hlp„ D`ey®¼s rkv¹$^pÞsp¢L$p¡ Ýep_d¢fM L$f lu Þepk L$f_p AphíeL$ l¥, rS>kk¡ v¡$hgL$h©rÑk¡ bQp Å kL¡$. eqv$A¥ku ìehõ\p _l] L$u Åsu sp¡ v¡$hÖìe lp¡sp l¥, rS>kL$p k¡h_ L$f_¡k¡ ApQpe®õ`ô$ L$ls¡ l¦ qL$ _L®$`ps lp¡Np.

(r_.gu.Np¡.îufZR>p¡X$pQpe®Æ â\d¡i—:—""ldpfu Oprd®L$ [õ\rsL$p hs®dp_õhê$` A¡h„ crhóeL$u ìehõ\pL¡$ l¡sy ârsh¡v$_'').

(20)¼ep¢qL$ îu_p\Æ õhe„ DkL¡$ cp¡L$sp l¦ qL$Þsy h¥óZhh©„v$ s\p k¡hL$NZcu DkL¡$ dlpâkpv$ g¡_¡ sL$L¡$ Ar^L$pfu _l] l¥. el ApQpe®QfZL¡$ Crslpkk¡âÐen âdpZc|s l¥. DkL¡$ dlpâkpv$ g¡_¡L$p L¡$hg NpeL$p¡ lu Ar^L$pf l¥. AÞe\pDk v¡$hÖìeL¡$ D`cp¡N L$f_¡k¡ r_íQe lu A^:`s_ l¥...kb âL$pfL¡$ v$p_ QY$php¢h hk|g hk|gu L$f_¡L$p Dëg¡M qL$ep Nep l¥, hl cu k„âv$peL¡$ rkv¹$^p„sk¡ r_sp„srhfyv¹$^ l¥. ldpf¡ k„âv$peL$u âZpguL¡$ A_ykpf Å¡ ldpf¡ k„âv$peL¡$ k¡hL$ l¦, D_L$p

lu Öìe Nyfy-rióeL¡$ k„b„ k¡ g¡L$f k¡hpd¢ D`ep¡N L$fpep Å kL$sp l¥. k„âv$ped¢kb âL$pfL¡$ v$p_-QY$ph¡L$p D`ep¡N k¡hpd¢ _l] qL$ep Åsp l¥. Ap¥f L$v$prQs¹ L$l]qL$ep Åsp lp¡ sp¡ hl k„âv$peL¡$ r_edp¢k¡ rhfyv¹$^ lp¡_¡L¡$ L$pfZ b„v$ L$f v¡$_p Qprle¡.

(`|.`p.Np¡.îuO_íepdgpgÆ-kàsd¡i—:—îu_p\v¹$hpfp qW$L$p_¡L¡$ âb„^L$uqv$ëguep¡S>_pL$u Apgp¡Q_p sp.1-2-56).

(21/L$)âí_—:—v¡$hÖìe L$p¡_¡ L$l¡hpe—? v¡$hÖìe A¡V$g¡ v¡$h_y„ Öìe v¡$h_¡ DØ¡iu_¡A ®Z L$fpsy„ Öìe L¡$ L$p¡C v$p\® "v¡$hÖìe' L$l¡hpe. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ Nyfy_¡ DØ¡iu_¡ A ®ZL$fpsy„ Öìe "NyfyÖìe' L$l¡hpe. âcy_u âkpv$u hõsy_¡ "dlpâkpv$' L$l¡hpe...ApâL$pf_p„ d„qv$fp¡dp„ sp¡ kÞdyMdp„ c¡V$ ^fpsy„ Öìe s¡dS> V²$õV$_u Ap¡qakdp„ Aphsy„Öìe s¡_¡ õ`ô$ "v¡$hÖìe' L$lu iL$pe A_¡ s¡ Öìe\u rkv¹$^ \su kpdN°udp„cNhÐâkpv$u \ep R>u dlpâkpv$ Ï„ sp¡ Aph¡ R>¡ f„sy s¡_u kp\¡ s¡dp„ v¡$hÖìe`Ï„sp¡ fl¡S> R>¡. s¡\u h¥óZhp¡A¡ A¡ dlpâkpv$_¡ v¡$hÖìe kdÆ_¡S> ìehlpf L$fhp¡Å¡CA¡. s¡ dlpâkpv$ g¡hpdp„ v¡$hÖìe_p¡ bp^ sp¡ fl¡gp¡S> R>¡.

(21/M)d„qv$f_p õ\m a¡fapf A„N¡ îu Np¡. |.108 îubpgL©$óZgpgÆA¡L$üy„ L¡$ yrô$dpN®dp„ kph®S>r_L$ d„qv$f_u `f„ fpS> _\u. A¡dp ìe[¼sNs õhê$`,r_Æ õhê$`, _u S> hps R>¡. A_¡ s¡\u s¡_p¡ k¡hpâL$pf v¡$hpgeâL$pf_p¡ _\u.d„qv$f_u bp„ Zu Z Of S>¡huS> \pe R>¡. ¼ep„e ÝhS>-OyçdV$ lp¡sp _\u. h¥óZhp¡`Z Ofdp„ k¡hp L$f¡ R>¡, s¡_¡ "d„qv$f'S> L$l¡ R>¡...

(—"k¡hp-v¡$hÖìe-rhdi®' N°„\_p klg¡ML$ r_.gu.Np¡.îubpgL©$óZgpgÆdlp¡v$e, k|fs—:—22/L$—:—h¥.hp.A„L$.3.hj®.dpQ® 1983—••— 22/M—:—"NyS>fpskdpQpf' A„L$ 25-5-93dp„\u kpcpf—).

(22)...b°ûk„bÞ^ g¡ L$f k¡hp L$f_¡k¡ âÐe¡L$ B[ÞÖep¢L$p cNhp_¹d¢ rhr_ep¡Nlp¡sp l¥...d[Þv$f-NyfyOf L¡$hg D`v¡$i N°lZ L$f_¡L¡$rge¡ l¦. k¡hp ld¢ A`_¡ Ofp¢d¡L$f_u l¥.

(`|.`p.Np¡.îud\yf¡íhfÆ, k„õ\p`L$-îuNp¡h^®__p\Æ—d„qv$f, léyõV$_V¡$L¹$kpk ey.A¡k.A¡.—:—hëg.rhop. A„L$—5-6 hj®—1965).

11 12

(23)âí_—:—Ap`Zp k„âv$pedp„ d„qv$f_¡ "d„qv$f' _ L$l¡sp„ "lh¡gu' ipdpV¡$L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡—? DÑf—:—kpdpÞefus¡ Bsf tlvy$ k„âv$pedp„ "d„qv$f' iåv$ v¡$hpge_pA\®dp„ h`fpe R>¡ f„sy Ap fus¡ v¡$hpge_p ê$`dp„ d„qv$f S>¡hu k„õ\p_y„ yrô$dpN®dp„A[õsÐh _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ yrô$dpN®dp„ S>¡ âcy Ap`Zp dp\¡ `^fphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡s¡ âcy-õhê$` A_¡ s¡d_u k¡hp v$f¡L$_p ìe[¼sNsê$ ¡ s¡d_u cph_p A_ykpf`^fphu Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_p îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_u k¡hp `yrô$dpN}e Æh_y„A¡L$dpÓ p¡sp_u afS> b_u S>sy„ p¡sp_y„S> dp®QfZ R>¡. yrô$dpN®dp„ k¡hp kpdyrlL$Æh__p¡ rhje _rl Z ìe[¼sNs Æh__p¡ rhje R>¡. S>¡d gp¡L$dp„ Ð_u A\hpdpsp _p¡ `rs A\hp yÓ _u k¡hp_p¡ L¡$ hpÐkëe—Ap`hp_p¡ s¡_p¡ ìe[¼sNs ^d®afS> A_¡ Ar^L$pf lp¡e R>¡, s¡ S> âdpZ¡ S>¡ k¡hL$_y„ S>¡ k¡ìe—õhê$` lp¡e s¡ k¡ìe_uk¡hp_p¡ s¡_p¡ ìe[¼sNs ^d® A_¡ Ar^L$pf R>¡. k¡hp A¡ Ål¡f L$pe® L¡$ Ål¡f âh©rÑ_\u `f„sy k¡hp A¡ `p¡sp_p Ap„sqfL$ Æh_ kp\¡ k„b„^ ^fphsu lp¡hp\u s¡Ap`Zp Æh__u Ap`Zp r_S>Ofdp„ \su õh^d®ê$` âh©rÑ R>¡...dpV¡$ Csflh¡guAp¡_u S>¡d "îu_p\Æ_y„ d„qv$f' iåv$ ê$Y$ \C Ne¡gp¡ lp¡hp\u s¡ h`fpeR>¡. lL$uL$sdp„ kpdyrlL$ v$i®_ L¡$ k¡hp Äep„ \su lp¡e s¡hp AÞedpN}e Ål¡fv¡$hõ\p_ S>¡hy„ A¡ d„qv$f _\u.

(—"k¡hp-v¡$hÖìe-rhdi®'N°„\g¡ML$ A.kp¡.hp.Np¡.`|.`p.îuhëgcfpeÆ,kyfs—:— yrô$.ius.R>p„e. `p_p„ _„.157-158).

(24)îudlpâcyA¡ Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p d„qv$fp¡_u âZpgu Ecu L$fu _\u; Z A¡dp„S>Nv¹$Nyfy îuhëgcpQpe®_p¡ A¡L$ gp„bp¡ ×rô$L$p¡Z lsp¡—:—âÐe¡L$ h¥óZh_y„ Of _Þv$pgeb_hy„ Å¡CA¡ ...A¡L$ d„qv$f_u bpSy>dp„ A¡L$ bl¡_ fl¡. A¡d_¡ Ðep„ W$pL$p¡fÆ rbfpS>¡.d„qv$f_u Apfsu_p O„V$p A¡d_¡ k„cmpe. k¡hp L$fsp b¡W¡$gu A¡ bl¡_ W$pL$p¡fÆ_ph÷p¡ L$pY$u õ_p_ L$fphsu lsu Ðep„ Apfsu_p O„V$p `X$ép. ¡gu W$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ `X$spdyL$u_¡ d„qv$f¡ v$p¡X$u.—\p¡X$u hpf¡ O¡f Aphu. lh¡ rhQpf L$fp¡, Aphu fus¡ L$p¡C k¡hp L$f¡sp¡ A¡dp„ k¡hp_p¡ Ap_„v$ Aph¡ Mfp¡—? Al] sp¡ âÐe¡L$ h¥óZh_y„ Of _Þv$pge—R>¡.

(îud˜pNhssÒhdd®op `|.`p.kyîuB[Þv$fp—b¡V$uÆ—:h¥.`.A„L$—S|>_—1990).

(25)""—Ars ^Þehpv$pl® l¥ qL$ Ap`_¡ Bs_u d¡l_s L$fL¡$ kçâv$peL¡$rkv¹ $^pÞs_L| „ $ L$p ¡V ® $d¢ kdTpe¡—''—••—""ldpfp Bkd¢ `|fp klep¡N lp¡Np,s_d_^_k¡...ldpf¡ kcu rQ.bpgL$ Bk L$pe®d¢ klep¡N L$f_¡L$p¡ s¥epf l¦''.

( —Åd_Nfõ\ rQ.lqffpeÆ_p rkv¹ $^p „sr_›$ r`s©QfZr_.gu.Np¡.îuh°S>c|jZgpgÆ dlpfpS>—:—Np¡.íep.d._¡ dp¡L$gph¡g sp.26-10-86 A_¡ 7-11-86 _p `Óp¡dp„—).

(26)

Np¡.îulqffpeÆ—:—S>fp Ýep_\u kp„cmÅ¡ ... ""sÓ Aed¹ A\®:.gpc |Å\®eÐ_õe D`^d®Ðh-v¡$hgL$Ðhpqv$'' õ`ô$ kp„cmÅ¡, ""kç`pv$L$Ðhps¹''....gpc- |Å\® eÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡ k¡hp L$fu_¡, Äepf¡ s¡ gpc- |Å\® âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡sp¡ s¡ D`^d® \ey„; v¡$hgL$Ðh hN¡f¡ S>¡ v$p¡jp¡ R>¡ s¡ s¡_u A„v$f âh¡i¡ R>¡.

...

Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ—:—A¡V$g¡ Mpk Ýep_dp„ fpMÅ¡ lp¢, L¡$ cphârs›$p S>¡õhê$`_u \C lp¡e s¡ õhê$`_u Z gpc A\hp |Å dpV¡$ Å¡ k¡hp L$fhpdp„ Aph¡sp¡ k¡hpL$sp® v¡$hgL$ (`p`u) \C füp¡ R>¡ ...

Np¡.îulqffpeÆ—:—A_¡ D`^d®Ðh Aphu füy„ R>¡ ...A_¡ Ap r_rjÙ—R>¡.

...

Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ—:—Ap [õ\rsdp„ Nyfy `p¡sp_u gpc L¡$ |Å_¡dpV¡$ rióe\uL$p„C `Z W$pL$p¡fÆdpV¡$ dp„Nsp¡ lp¡e s¡ ... ip÷r_rjÙ lp¡hp\u ... v$p_ lp¡hp\uv¡$hÖìe lp¡hp\u D`ep¡N L$fhpep¡Áe lp¡sy„ _\u.

Np¡.îulqffpeÆ—:—lp, rbgLy$g. ... Ap sp¡ rbgLy$g õ`ô$ R>¡. ... "õhh©rÑhpv$'\u`Z õ`ô$ \pe R>¡.

— |.`p.Np¡.îulqffpeÆ dlpfpS>, Åd_Nf yrô$rkÙpÞsQQp®kcp, rhõs©srhhfZ ©›$—164,193—

(27)Ap L$pe®¾$d v¹$hpfp b_¡ A¡V$gp¡ âepk Ap`îuA¡ dy„ThZ v|$f L$fhp_p¡L$ep£ R>¡; buÅ¡ L$p¡B Apdp„ Apie d_¡ v¡$Mpsp¡ _\u. A„sdp lz„ sp¡ A¡L$ S> hõsyL$lui L¡$ kdpS>_u A„v$f; A_¡ Ap`Zp k„âv$pedp„ A¡V$gy„ b y„ rkv¹$^pÞsh¥ fuÐe\B Ney„ R>¡ L¡$ NyS>fps_p A¡L$ Npddp„ lz„ Ne¡gp¡—••—lz„ sp¡ âhpk Myb L$ê„$ Ry>„—••—

13 14

A¡ Npddp„ yrô$dpN®_p S> Ap`Zp k„âv$pe_p b¡ d„qv$fp¡ R>¡ A_¡ d„qv$fp¡_u qv$hpg`Z A¡L$ S> R>¡. `f„sy gp¡L$pr\®Ðh, S>¡d Ap ¡ Apop L$fu NB L$pg¡ ""gp¡L$p\} Q¡v¹$cS>¡s¹ L©$óZ„ [¼gô$p¡ chrs kh®\p'', A¡V$gy„ b y„ gp¡L$pr\®Ðh kdpS>dp„ DÐ`Þ_\ey„ R>¡. `qfZpd A¡ Apìey„ L¡$ bÞ_¡ d„qv$fp¡_u qv$hpgp¡ A¡L$ S>. d„Ngp_p v$i®_dp„h¥óZhp¡; A¡L$ d„qv$f sp¡ bpgL©$óZgpg_y„ R>¡ A_¡ buSy>„ d„qv$f QÞÖdpÆ_y„ R>¡. khpf`X¡$ A¡V$g¡ QÞÖdpÆhpmp h¥óZhp¡ bpgL©$óZgpg_p¡ S>¡ d¡hp¡ lp¡e s¡ QÞÖdpÆdp„gB Åe A_¡ bpgL©$óZgpgÆhpmp S>¡ h¥óZhp¡ lp¡e A¡ QÞÖdpÆ_p¡ S>¡ d¡hp¡A_¡ âkpv$ lp¡e s¡ bpgL©$óZgpgÆdp„ gB Aph¡—! Aphu S>bfv$õs lp¢kpsp¡kuh¥óZhkdpS>dp„ DÐ`Þ_ \B; ÅZ¡ A¡L$buÅ_u õ`^p® L$fsp lp¡e A¡d. Bjp®-v¹$h¡j_y„ hpsphfZ Äepf¡ k¡hp_p n¡Ódp„ DÐ`Þ_ \pe A¡_p\u dp¡Vy„$ gp¡L$pr\®ÐhL$ey„ lp¡B iL¡$—! Ap b^p L¡$V$gpL$ rhQpfp¡ A_¡ S>¡ ip¡-buT_¡k k„âv$pedp„ \ep¡ A¡b^p_y„ r_hpfZ \pe A¡ dpV¡$ Ap ApMy„ A¡L$ ky„v$f QQp®kcp_y„ Apep¡S>_ \ey„.A_¡ dpfu sp¡ Mpk rh_„su R>¡ L¡$ Aphp b^p rkv¹$^pÞsh¥ fuÐe_p¡ chpX$p¡ Å¡h^pf¡ \sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ NyS>fpsdp„ \pe R>¡. cpNhsÆdp„ Z g¿ey„ R>¡ ""NyS>®f¡ ÆZ®sp„Nsp:'' c[¼s Å¡ ÆZ® \C lp¡e sp¡ NyS>fpsdp„. NpX$qfep¡ âhpl hÝep¡ lp¡e sp¡NyS>fpsdp„. A¡V$g¡ rkv¹$^pÞs_u kÐer_›$p_¡ ... A_¡ dlpâcyÆ_p yrô$rkv¹$^pÞsp¡_y„kv¹$ÅNfZ ... A¡dp„ dpfp\u b_sp¡ klL$pf lz„ Ap`hp s¥epf—Ry>„.

(—`|.`p.Np¡.rQ.îuÖyrdgLy$dpfÆ dlp¡v$e—:—""`yrô$rkv¹$^pÞs-QQp®kcpsp.10-13 ÅÞeyhpfu 92 `pgp®, dy„bB, rhõs©s rhhfZ ©.317-318—).

(28) yrô$dpN® Nyàs R>¡, v¡$MpX$p¡ L$fhp dpV¡$ sp¡ R>¡ S> _l], c¼s A_¡ cNhp_¹hÃQ¡ ApÞsqfL$ kçbÞ^ ×Y$ L$fhp_p¡ dpN® R>¡...bÞ_¡_p kçbÞ^p¡ A¡hp lp¡hpÅ¡BA¡ L¡$ L$p¡B ÓuÅ ìe[¼s_¡ A¡_u ÅZL$pfu _ \pe. Ap`Zp¡ Ap`Zp cNhp_¹kp\¡ L¡$hp¡ kçbÞ^ R>¡, s¡ buÆ L$p¡B ìe[¼s_¡ S>Zphhp_u S>ê$fs iy„—? _pd_pd¡mhhp dpV¡$—? `p¡sp_y„ dlpÐçe h^pfhpdpV¡$—? Ap sp¡ b y bp^L$ R>¡.

(—`|.`p.Np¡.rQ.îuv¹$hpfL¡$igpgÆ dlp¡v$e îuhëgcpQpe®âpL$V$é`uW$Adf¡gu-L$p„v$uhgu-Qç`pfÎe-k|fs—:—" yrô$_h_us' ©.12—).

(29/L$)âí_—:—ApS> Qg fl¡ Å¡ qX$õàeyV¹$ l¦ hpd¢ qL$s_¡L$ rkÙpÞs QrQ®slp¡ fl¡ l¦ S>¥k¡ qL$ _e¡ d[Þv$f _l] Mp¡g_¡, V²$õV$ d[Þv$f _l] b_p_¡, W$pLy$fÆL¡$

_pd ¡ Öìe _l] g¡_p¡, W$pLy$fÆL¡$ v$i®_ _l] L$fp_¡, s\p rb_p kdS>¡-kp¡Q¡ L$p¡CLy$b°ûkçbÞ^ _l] v¡$_p¡. B_ kb rhjed¢ Ap`L$p¡ Arcds ¼ep l¥—?

DÑf—:—v¡$Mp¡ d[Þv$fL$u S>lp„ sL$ [õ\rs l¥ sp¡ e¡ bps kÐe l¥ L¡$ yrô$dpN}eâL$pfky„ d[Þv$f sp¡ dpÓ A¡L$ lu l¥; Ap¡f kb OfL$u [õ\rs lsu. ... ApS> d[Þv$frS>s_¡ l¦ A\hp rS>_ õ\p__¹Ly„$ A`_ d[Þv$f kdT¡ l¦ hp¡ õ\p_ ... hpLy$ A`_dep®v$p yrô$ d[Þv$f L$l kL¡$ l¦, yrô$d[Þv$f _l]. yrô$L$p¡ âL$pfsp¡ dpÓ N©lk¡hpd¢lu l¥.

(29/M)ApS>\u v$p¡Y$kp¡ hj® |h£, îudlpâcyÆ_p kde\u Ðep„ ky u,yrô$dpN®dp„ L$p¡C cNhv¹$ d[Þv$f Mp¡ghp_p¡ ¾$d _ lsp¡. âÐe¡L$ h¥óZh_¡ Of¡-Of¡

k¡hp \pe s¡_p¡ ApN°l fMpsp¡. h¥óZhp¡ `p¡sp_¡ Of¡ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_p õhê$`_¡ k¡ìeL$fu `^fphu NyfyOf_u âZprgL$p dyS>b k¡hp L$fsp.

(—`|.`p.Np¡.îuh°S>¡iLy$dpfÆ s©sue¡i 30/L$—:—"ApQpe®îuhëgc' ApµNõV$1994, A„L$—5, `yrô$dpN®hs®dp_, âí_-DÑf 4, `©.—7. 30/M—:—b°S> dp¡l¡rbkfs _pl], ©.140-41—)

(30)îudlpâcyÆ Apop L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ vy$r_epdp„ cV$L$sy„ fl¡sy„ Ap`Ï„ d_-rQÑ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ kp\¡ Å¡X$u_¡ s¡d_u s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp L$fhu. ... s_yrhÑ_u k¡hpA¡V$g¡ Ap`Z¡ L$dpe¡gp `p¡sp_p ^_\u, `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_u `p¡sp_pifuf\u k¡hp L$fhu s¡.

(— |.`p.Np¡.rQ.îuhpNuiLy$dpfÆ "hëgcue Q¡s_p', Ap¡¼V$p¡bf 15, 2003,©.—4—)

(31)rQÑ cNÐâ¡ddp„ `qf |Z® \C Åe R>¡, |Z®s: cNhp_¹dp„ Å¡X$pCÅe R>¡, sÞde A_¡ sëgu_ \C Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ `fpk¡hp \pe R>¡. Ap_¡ dp_kuk¡hp L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap_u kp\¡ d_yóe¡ ifuf\u `Z k¡hp L$fhu Å¡CA¡. ... s_yÅk¡hp\u ifuf_u iyrÙ \pe R>¡. Al„sp-lz Zp _p¡ _pi \pe R>¡. ^_\u L$fpsuk¡hp "rhÑÅ' k¡hp R>¡. s¡_p\u ddsp-dpfp`Zp_p¡ _pi \pe R>¡. Al„sp A_¡ddsp A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp fl¡ R>¡ Ap\u s_yÅ A_¡ rhÑÅ k¡hp kp\¡

15 16

\hu Å¡CA¡. Apdp„ â^p_sp s_yÅ k¡hp_u R>¡. L¡$hm ^_ Ap`u v¡$hp\u k¡hp\su _\u. A¡_p\u fpS>ku h©rÑ Aph¡ R>¡.

(— |.`p.Np¡.rQ.îuv¹$hpfL¡$igpgÆ dlp¡v$e, j›¡$i, hX$p¡v$fp—:—"îud˜Nh•uspyrô$v$i®_' ©.125—)

(32)ApS>¡ afu\u A¡ kde Apìep¡ R>¡. s¡_p\u `Z dyíL¡$g kde Apìep¡R>¡. s¡ kde¡ sp¡ AÞedpN}e gp¡L$p¡ dsp¡_¡ âõsys L$fu_¡ c°d DÐ`Þ_ L$fsp lsp.`Z ApS>¡ sp¡ Ap`Zp kçâv$pe_p S> "kyoS>_p¡' îudlpâcyÆ_u hpZu_p¡ rh`fusA\® L$fu füp R>¡. gp¡L$p¡_¡ `\c°ô$ L$fu füp R>¡, v¥$huÆhp¡_u kp\¡ Op¡f AÞepeL$fu füp R>¡. s¡\u S> lpgdp„ dlpâcy îuhëg^ui_p h„iS> yrô$dpN}e eyhpApQpep£A¡ A¡L$ "k„hpv$õ\p`L$dÎX$m'_u õ\p`_p L$fu_¡ dyçbCdp„ ... Qpf qv$hkky u A¡L$ yrô$rkÙpÞs QQp®kcp_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$e®y„ lsy„. ... kcpdp„ 35 dlp_ycphApQpep£ D`[õ\s lsp. 28 Np¡õhpdu ApQpe® dlp_ycphp¡A¡ Np¡.—îuíepd—d_p¡lfÆ dlpfpS>îu—(qL$i_NY$-`pgp®)_p "rkÙpÞshQ_phgu'_p cphp_yhpv$_¡kldrs Ap`u lsu. L¡$V$gpL$ ApQpe® dlp_ycphp¡A¡ Akldrs Ap`u lsu A_¡L¡$V$gpL$ dp¥_ füp lsp. Akldrs âL$V$ L$fhphpmp `|.`p.Np¡.îulqffpeÆh°S>c|jZgpgÆ dlpfpS>îu, Åd_NfhpmpA¡ `|Äe Np¡õhpdu îuíepd—d_p¡lfÆ dlpfpS>îu_u kp\¡ s¡dZ¡ L$f¡g cphp_yhpv$_p dyv¹$v$pAp¡ D`f QQp®âpfçc L$fu lsu. ... kde_p Acph¡ QQp® r_Z®e`f `lp¢Qu _ iL$u. `fÞsyhs®dp_dp„ L¡$V$gpL$ QQp®õ`v$, k„iepõ`v$ dyv¹$v$pAp¡_u õ`ô$sp Ap QQp®dp„ âpàs\C s¡ Mf¡Mf A¡L$ dp¡V$u rkrÙ R>¡. A¡V$gy„ S> _l] fÞsy _uQ¡ bsph¡g dyv¹$v$pAp¡_prhíg¡jZdp„ |Äe îuíepd—d_p¡lfÆ_u kp\¡ klds \C_¡ |Äe îulqffpeÆA¡Ap`Zp kçâv$pe_u DÑd k¡hp L$fu R>¡—:

1. yrô$dpN}e k¡ìeõhê$` |Z® yfyjp¡Ñd õhê$`\u S> rbfpS>¡ R>¡, s¡ õhê$` `R>uNyfy_p k¡ìe lp¡e L¡$ rióe(h¥óZh)_p k¡ìe lp¡e. bÞ_¡(õhê$`p¡)dp„\u L$p¡Cdp„`Z yfyjp¡Ñd`Ï„ Þe|_pr^L$ lp¡sy„ _\u.

2. yrô$dpN}e rkÙpÞs A_ykpf L©$óZk¡hp L$fhp_y„ õ\p_ Of S> lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡,kph®S>r_L$(õ\m) _l].

3. yrô$dpN}e cNhÐk¡hp_¡ ^__u âp[às_y„ kp^_ b_phhy„ _ Å¡CA¡.

4. v¡$hgL$ ìe[¼s (=—cNhÐk¡ìeõhê$`_¡ ^__u âp[às_y„ kp^_ A\hpApÆrhL$p_y„ kp^_ b_ph_pf) _u k¡hp r_rjÙ L$np_u lp¡hp\u (s¡) k¡hp_p¡Ar^L$pfu _\u.

5. îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ dpV¡$ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_u v$p_-c¡V$ dp„Nhu A\hp õhuL$pfhu A¡ip÷Üpfp r_rjÙ R>¡. A¡V$gy„ S> _l] `fÞsy gpc- |Å_p l¡sy\u `p¡sp_pdpV¡$Öìe A\hp L$p¡C hõsy_¡ õhuL$pfhu s¡ ip÷_u ×rô$dp„ F>Zp_ybÞ^u v$p¡j_¡DÐ`Þ_ L$f_pf lp¡hp\u bÞ^_L$pfL$ R>¡.

5. yrô$dpN®_p rkÙpÞs A_ykpf îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ r_h¡v$_ L$f¡gp `v$p\®_y„ S> kd ®Z\C iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡ kdr ®s v$p\p£_p¡ S> cNhv¹$ D[ÃR>ô$ê$`dp„ âkpv$ gC iL$peR>¡. îuW$pL$p¡fÆ dpV¡$ v$p_ A\hp c¡V$ _p ê$`dp„ Aph¡g kpdN°u_¡ âkpv$_pê$`dp„ gC iL$psu _\u L¡$dL¡$ îuW$pL$p¡fÆ dpV¡$ v$p_ A\hp c¡V$ _p ê$`dp„ âpàs\e¡g `v$p\®(Öìe)\u Aph¡g kpdN°u_¡ âkpv$_p ê$`dp„ `pR>u g¡hp\u"v$Ñp`lpf'_y„ `p` gpN¡ R>¡.

6. k¡hp sp ¡ ip÷_p ¡ rhje R> ¡ . s ¡\u k¡hp_p kçbÞ^dp „ ip÷\u—••îudlpâcyÆ_p N°Þ\p¡\u S> b^p¡ r_Z®e \C iL¡$ R>¡, AÞe L$p¡C âL$pf¡_l].

(—k„ey¼s Op¡jZp`Ó—:—Adv$phpv$, rdrs apëNy_ kyv$u—7, îuhëgcpåv$—514,qv$_p‘—:—11—dpQ®—1992.

lõspnf—:—r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°S>fpeÆ dlpfpS>,

|.`p.Np¡.îuh°S>¡ÞÖLy$dpfÆ dlpfpS> (Adv$phpv$);

|.`p.Np¡.îuv¡$hL$u_Þv$_pQpe®Æ, Qsy\£i(Np¡Ly$g-Adv$phpv$),

|.`p.Np¡.îuh°S>¡iLy$dpfÆ dlpfpS>(L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)

|.`p.Np¡.îufpS>¡iLy$dpfÆ dlpfpS>(L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)

|.`p.Np¡.îuhëgcgpgÆ dlpfpS>(L$X$u-Adv$phpv$);

|.`p.Np¡.îuS>ev¡$hgpgÆ dlpfpS>,

|.`p.Np¡.îud\yf¡iÆ dlpfpS>,

17 18

`|.`p.Np¡.îuL$Þl¥epgpgÆ dlpfpS>,

|.`p.Np¡.îulqffpeÆ(L$pdp-hufdNpd-Adv$phpv$).—

(33)s_yÅ k¡hp Ap¥f rhÑÅ k¡hp A¡L$ lu ìe[¼s L$f¡ sb L$l] ÅL$f hldp_kuL$p¡ rkÙ L$fsu l¥. L¡$hg s_yÅ L$fgu ep L¡$hg rhÑÅ L$fgu sp¡ AlÞsp-ddsp v|$f _l] lp¡Nu. ... L¥$k¡—? d¦ Ap`L$p¡ A¡L$ Dv$plfZ v¡$sp lw„. ... Å¡ Ofk¡hpL$fs¡ l¦ D_L¡$rge¡ sp¡ L$p¡C âí_ _l] l¥. g¡qL$_ eqv$ L$p¡C rhÑÅ k¡hp L$f¡Np sp¡kdT guÆe¡ qL$ Dk_¡ d[Þv$fd¢ c¡V$ v$u. d_p¡f\ qL$ep. DkL$u Ap` fkuv$ g¢N¡.... sb Ap` L$l¢N¡ ""d¥_¡ k¡hp rgMpeu l¥''. Ap` L$ls¡ l¦ ""d¥_¡ k¡hp rgMpeul¥'' sb AlÞsp L$lp„ v|$f lzC—? Ab Ap` d¡lspÆk¡ ¼ep dp„Np¡N¡—? ""e¡ d¡fufkuv$ l¥, d¡fp âkpv$ gpAp¡''. sp¡ v¡$Mue¡, AlÞsp-ddspd¢ ld Ap¥f b„ Ne¡.sp¡ A¥ku k¡hp k„kpfL$p¡ v|$f _l] L$f¡Nu, k„kpfd¢ bp„ ¡Nu. .... L¡$hg eqv$ ld rhÑÅL$fs¡ l¦ sp¡ ldpf¡ Al„L$pfL$p¡ bY$ps¡ l¦. Ap¥f AlÞsp v|$f _ lp¡Nu, ddsp v|$f _lp¡Nu sp¡ dp_ku L¥$k¡ rkÙ lp¡Nu—? ¼ep¢qL$ kcu bÞ^_L$p d|g AlÞsp-ddsplu l¥.

( |.`p.Np¡.îuÜpfL¡$igpgÆ, L$pdh_-kyfs, rkÙpÞsdy¼sphgu âhQ_,cê$Q, S>ÞeyApfu 2005)

(34)Ad¡ sp¡ fpS>_p Mpkp Mhpk dy[¼s d_ _ Aph¡ f¡'' h°År^`_y„k¡h_ L$f_pfp Ad¡ dy[¼s dp„Nsp _\u. R>sp„ yrô$dpN} h¥óZhp¡ cpNhs kàsplb¡kpX$u_¡ `p¡sp_p r`s©Ap¡_¡ dp¡ndpN£ dp¡L$g¡ R>¡—! r`s©dp¡np\£ cpNhs kàspl—! L$p¡C A¡L$kp¡ ApW$—! L$p¡C A¡L$ lÅf ApW$—! ... Ap`Zp r`s©Ap¡ sp¡ Np¡gp¡L$dp„Åe R>¡ A¡d_¡ `pR>p dp¡ndp„ ip dpV¡$ dp¡L$gp¡ R>p¡—? ... cpNhs kàspl |fuL$fu_¡ `R>u dpmp `l¡fpdZu L$f¡ A_¡ L$l¡ L¡$ Np¡gp¡L$^pd... lh¡ Np¡gp¡L$ ^pddp„dp¡L$ghp R>¡—! A¡V$g¡ r`s©Ap¡_¡ Al]\u Ðep„ v$p¡X$p-v$p¡X$u S> L$fphhu R>¡—! Ap`Ï„L$p¡C Ýe¡e S> _¼L$u _\u—!! Ap`Z¡ îudlpâcyÆ_p N°Þ\p¡ Mp¡ëep _\u A¡_y„ Apvy$ó`qfZpd R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ Ap`Zp |h®Å¡_¡ `Z cp¡Nhhy„ `X¡$ R>¡.

( |.`p.Np¡.rQ.îu yfyjp¡ÑdgpgÆ, Sy>_pNY$ îuedy_pô$L$ âhQ_, fpS>L$p¡V$,2006)

(35)...Äep„ ky u rkÙpÞs_p r_[íQs õhê$` L¡$ ìep¿ep_p¡ âí_ R>¡, Ad¡b^p dp®Qpe®, Ap`Zp kçâv$pe_p âhs®L$ dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe® s\p fhs}AÞe `Z dpÞe b^p ìep¿epL$pfp¡_p kÞv¡$lfrls rh^p_p¡_p Ap^pf¡ Ap õ`óV$iåv$p¡dp„ Op¡rjs L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ Ap`Zp ^prd®L$ rkÙpÞs s¡dS> `f„ fp A_ykpfcNhÐk¡hp—-—k¡hpõ\m—-—k¡hp¡ ep¡rNkç`rÑ—-—k¡hpL$sp® (—Nyfy L¡$ h¥óZh—) s¡dS>cNhÐõhê$`_y„ Mp_Nu A\hp `pqfhpqfL$ lp¡hy„ A¡L$ A_yëg„O_ue ^prd®L$Ar_hpe®sp R>¡. s¡\u s¡Ap¡dp„\u L$p¡C_¡ `Z kph®S>r_L$ b_phhy„ kh®\p ^d®rhfyÙlp¡hp_p L$pfZ¡ A¡L$ Op¡f ^prd®L$ A`fp^ R>¡.

...hpëgc kçâv$pe_p rkÙpÞs âdpZ¡ `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ `p¡sp_p ^__¡ s\pr_S> `qfhpfS>_p¡_¡ cNhs¹ õhê$`_u k¡hpdp„ D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hp A¡ S> Apfp^_p_y„hpõsrhL$ õhê$` R>¡.

...Ap\u `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ `p¡sp_p ^__p rhr_ep¡N rh_p s\p `p¡sp_p`qfhpf_p dpZkp¡_p klep¡N hNf L$fpsu Apfp^_p, hpëgc kçâv$pe_uApfp^_p_u `qfcpjp âdpZ¡ Apfp^_p R>¡ S> _rl. Aphu [õ\rsdp„ AdpfpOfdp„ Aphsp gp¡L$p¡ Üpfp Adpfp k¡ìe cNhv¹$õhê$`_p v$i®_ L$fhp L¡$ c¡V$ ^fhuhN¡f¡ ApQfZ Apfp^_p_u AÞsN®s dpÞe r¾$epL$gp` _\u.

...cS>_(k¡hp) Å¡ r_S> Ofdp„ _\u L$fpsy„ sp¡ A¡hp cNhv¹$cS>__¡y[óV$dpN}e `qfcpjpdp„ cNhv¹$cS>_ S> _\u L$l¡hpsy„. y[óV$dpN®dp„ r_S>Ofdp„

flu_¡ cNhv¹$cS>_ L$fhp_p âL$pf rkhpe buÅ¡ L$p¡C âL$pf—R>¡—S>—_rl.

...c¡V$ ^f¡gp ^_\u cp¡N ^f¡gu kpdN°u_¡ âkpv$ê$ ¡ N°lZ L$fhu Adpf¡Ðep„ rbgLy$g hrS>®s R>¡. ...kph®S>r_L$ d„qv$fdp„ v$i®_p\} S>_kdyv$pe_p ârsr_r^_pê$`dp„ k¡hp L$fhp_u âr¾$ep_¡ _ sp¡ hpëgckçâv$pedp„ L$p¡C AhL$pi R>¡ A_¡ _A¡h„y ApQfZ rkÙpÞs_u ×[óV$A¡ âi„k_ue `Z R>¡. cNhÐk¡hp_y„ A_y›$p_ _sp¡ _p¡L$fu L¡$ _ sp¡ ^„^p_p ê$`dp„ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. ... hpëgckçâv$pedp„ Np¡.—dlpfpÅ¡_¡ ... cNhÐk¡hp_u Ah¡Ædp„ L¡$ `yÅfu_u l¥rkesdp„ L„$C `Z c¡V$õhuL$pfhu dpÓ hrS>®s S> _\u bëL¡$ A^d® s\p Aep¡Áesp k„ pv$L$ R>¡.

...îudlpâcy b^p `y[óV$dpN}Ap¡_u k¥Ùp[ÞsL$ r_óW$p õh^dp®_ykfZ_y„kpdÕe® s\p pfõ`qfL$ kp¥d_õe âv$p_ L$f¡. ... b^p y[óV$dpN}ep¡_p r_S>Ofp¡dp„

19 20

rbfpS>dp_ k¡ìeõhê$` l„d¡ip Mp_Nu S> fl¡; ¼epf¡e kph®S>r_L$ _ b_u Åe—! ""byrÙâ¡fL$ L©$óZõe `pv$`Ú„ âkuv$sy''.

lõspnf—:—Np¡. ifv¹$ Ar_fyÙÆ (dp„X$hu-lpgp¡g)

Np¡. qL$ip¡fQÞÖ (dp„X$hu-Sy>_pNY$)

Np¡. AS>eLy$dpf íepdky„v$fÆ (dÖpk)

Np¡. d_dp¡l_ (dy„bC)

Np¡. íepdkyÞv$f dyfgu^fÆ (bp¡fuhgu)

Np¡. lqffpe L©$óZÆh_Æ (dy„bC)

r_.gu.Np¡.îuL©$óZQÞÖÆ îuL©$óZÆh_Æ (dy„bC)

Np¡. hëgcgpg îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)

Np¡. lqffpe îuNp¡thv$fpeÆ (`p¡fb„v$f)

r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°Å^ujÆ îuL©$óZÆh_Æ (v$rlkf)

Np¡. h°S>¡iLy$dpf îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)

r_.gu.Np¡.îuL©$óZLy$dpf îufdZgpgÆ (L$p„v$uhgu-L$pdh_)

Np¡. fpS>¡iLy$dpfÆ îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)

Np¡. rhS>eLy$dpfÆ îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$X$u-Adv$phpv$)

Np¡. ep¡N¡íhf d\yf¡íhfÆ (hX$p¡v$fp-kyfs)

Np¡. fOy_p\gpg îufdZgpgÆ (L$pdh_-Np¡Ly$g-`pgp®)

Np¡. v¡$hL$u_Þv$_pQpe® (Np¡Ly$g-Adv$phpv$)

Np¡. _h_usgpg îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$pdh_-cph_Nf)

Np¡. dyfgud_p¡lf îuh°Å^uiÆ (v$rlkf)

r_.gu.Np¡.îudp^hfpeÆ îuNp¡Ly$g_p\Æ (dy„bC-_prkL$)

Np¡. fd¡iLy$dpf îuNp¡ u_p\Æ (dygy„X$-_prkL$)

Np¡. L$ëepZfpe (L$Þl¥epbphp) (hufdNpd-Adv$phpv$)

Np¡. ep¡N¡iLy$dpf fOy_p\gpgÆ (L$pdh_-Np¡Ly$g-`pgp®)

Np¡. h°S>râe dyfgu^fÆ (bp¡fuhgu)

Np¡. _ufS>Ly$dpf îudp^hfpeÆ (dy„bC-_prkL$)

Np¡. ifv$Ly$dpf (iug|bphp) îudyfgu^fÆ (`p¡fb„v$f)

Np¡. QÞÖNp¡ pg (Q„vy$bphp) îudyfgu^fÆ (`p¡fb„v$f)

r_.gu.Np¡.îu_©ÐeNp¡ pgÆ îuL©$óZÆh_Æ (dy„bC)

`ÓÜpfp kçdrs—:

r_.gu.Np¡.îubpgL©$óZgpgÆ îuNp¡thv$fpeÆ (kyfs)

r_.gu.Np¡.îuh°S>c|jZgpgÆ dlpfpS> (Åd_Nf)

`ÊQd`uW$p^uíhf r_.gu.Np¡.îurNqf^fgpgÆ (L$pdh_-hëgcrhÛp_Nf)

r_.gu.Np¡.îuNp¡thv$gpgÆ (L$p¡V$p)

(—""dlpâcy îudv¹$h$ëgcpQpe® h„iS> Np¡õhpduAp¡_y„ k„ey¼s Op¡jZp`Ó''1986. yrô$rkÙpÞsQQp®kcp k„rnàs rhhfZ, ©›$ 49-78—)