of Atomic, Molecular,and Optical Physics

Gordon W. F. Drake (Ed.)

With CD-ROM, 288 Figures and 111 Tables

£_} Springer

© 2008 AGI-Information Management Consultants

May be used for personal purporses only or by libraries associated to dandelon.com network.

Contents

List of Tables XLVIIList of Abbreviations LV

1 Units and ConstantsWilliam E. Baylis, Gordon W. F. Drake 11.1 Electromagnetic Units 11.2 Atomic Units 51.3 Mathematical Constants 5References 6

Part A Mathematical Methods

2 Angular Momentum TheoryJames D. Louck 92.1 Orbital Angular Momentum 122.2 Abstract Angular Momentum 162.3 Representation Functions 182.4 Group and Lie Algebra Actions 252.5 Differential Operator Realizations of Angular Momentum 282.6 The Symmetric Rotor and Representation Functions 292.7 Wigner-Clebsch-Gordan and 3-j Coefficients 312.8 Tensor Operator Algebra 372.9 Racah Coefficients 432.10 The 9- j Coefficients 472.11 Tensor Spherical Harmonics 522.12 Coupling and Recoupling Theory and 3n-j Coefficients 542.13 Supplement on Combinatorial Foundations 602.14 Tables 69References 72

3 Group Theory for Atomic ShellsBrian R. Judd 753.1 Generators 753.2 Classification of Lie Algebras 763.3 Irreducible Representations 773.4 Branching Rules 783.5 Kronecker Products 793.6 Atomic States 803.7 The Generalized Wigner-Eckart Theorem 823.8 Checks 83References 84

ntents

4 Dynamical GroupsJosef Paldus 874.1 Noncompact Dynamical Groups 874.2 Hamiltonian Transformation and Simple Applications 904.3 Compact Dynamical Groups 92References 98

5 Perturbation TheoryJosef Paldus 1015.1 Matrix Perturbation Theory (PT) 1015.2 Time-Independent Perturbation Theory 1035.3 Fermionic Many-Body Perturbation Theory (MBPT) 1055.4 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory I l lReferences 113

6 Second QuantizationBrian R. Judd 1156.1 Basic Properties 1156.2 Tensors 1166.3 Quasispin 1176.4 Complementarity 1196.5 Quasiparticles 120References 121

7 Density MatricesKlaus Bartschat 1237.1 Basic Formulae 1237.2 Spin and Light Polarizations 1257.3 Atomic Collisions 1267.4 Irreducible Tensor Operators 1277.5 Time Evolution of State Multipoles 1297.6 Examples 1307.7 Summary 133References 133

8 Computational TechniquesDavid R. Schultz, Michael R. Strayer 1358.1 Representation of Functions 1358.2 Differential and Integral Equations 1418.3 Computational Linear Algebra 1488.4 Monte Carlo Methods 149References 151

9 Hydrogenic Wave FunctionsRobert N. Hill 1539.1 Schrodinger Equation 1539.2 Dirac Equation 157

9.3 The Coulomb Green's Function 1599.4 Special Functions 162References 170

Part B Atoms

10 Atomic SpectroscopyWilliam C. Martin, Wolfgang L. Wiese 17510.1 Frequency, Wavenumber, Wavelength 17610.2 Atomic States, Shells, and Configurations 17610.3 Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Like Ions 17610.4 Alkalis and Alkali-Like Spectra 17710.5 Helium and Helium-Like Ions; LS Coupling 17710.6 Hierarchy of Atomic Structure in LS Coupling 17710.7 Allowed Terms or Levels for Equivalent Electrons 17810.8 Notations for Different Coupling Schemes 17910.9 Eigenvector Composition of Levels 18110.10 Ground Levels and lonization Energies for the Neutral Atoms 18210.11 Zeeman Effect 18310.12 Term Series, Quantum Defects, and Spectral-Line Series 18410.13 Sequences 18510.14 Spectral Wavelength Ranges, Dispersion of Air 18510.15 Wavelength (Frequency) Standards 18610.16 Spectral Lines: Selection Rules, Intensities, Transition Probabilities,

/Values, and Line Strengths 18610.17 Atomic Lifetimes 19410.18 Regularities and Scaling 19410.19 Spectral Line Shapes, Widths, and Shifts 19510.20 Spectral Continuum Radiation 19610.21 Sources of Spectroscopic Data 197References 197

11 High Precision Calculations for HeliumGordon W. F. Drake 19911.1 The Three-Body Schrb'dinger Equation 19911.2 Computational Methods 20011.3 Variational Eigenvalues 20511.4 Total Energies 20811.5 Radiative Transitions 21511.6 Future Perspectives 218References 218

12 Atomic MultipolesWilliam E. Baylis 22112.1 Polarization and Multipoles 22212.2 The Density Matrix in Liouville Space 222

12.3 Diagonal Representation: State Populations 22412.4 Interaction with Light 22412.5 Extensions 225References 226

13 Atoms in Strong FieldsS. Pedro Goldman, Mark M. Cassar 22713.1 Electron in a Uniform Magnetic Field 22713.2 Atoms in Uniform Magnetic Fields 22813.3 Atoms in Very Strong Magnetic Fields 23013.4 Atoms in Electric Fields 23113.5 Recent Developments 233References 234

14 Rydberg AtomsThomas F. Gallagher 23514.1 Wave Functions and Quantum Defect Theory 23514.2 Optical Excitation and Radiative Lifetimes 23714.3 Electric Fields 23814.4 Magnetic Fields 24114.5 Microwave Fields 24214.6 Collisions 24314.7 Autoionizing Rydberg States 244References 245

15 Rydberg Atoms in Strong Static FieldsThomas Bartsch, Turgay Uzer. 24715.1 Scaled-Energy Spectroscopy 24815.2 Closed-Orbit Theory 24815.3 Classical and Quantum Chaos 24915.4 Nuclear-Mass Effects 251References 251

16 Hyperfhne StructureGuyT. Emery. 25316.1 Splittings and Intensities 25416.2 Isotope Shifts 25616.3 Hyperfine Structure 258References 259

17 Precision Oscillator Strength and Lifetime MeasurementsLorenzo J. Curtis 26117.1 Oscillator Strengths 26217.2 Lifetimes 264References 268

18 Spectroscopy of Ions Using Fast Beams and Ion TrapsEric H. Pinnington, Elmar Trdbert 26918.1 Spectroscopy Using Fast Ion Beams 26918.2 Spectroscopy Using Ion Traps 272References 277

19 Line Shapes and Radiation TransferAlan Gallagher 27919.1 Collisional Line Shapes 27919.2 Radiation Trapping 287References 292

20 Thomas-Fermi and Other Density-Functional TheoriesJohn D. Morgan III 29520.1 Thomas-Fermi Theoryand Its Extensions 29620.2 Nonrelativistic Energies of Heavy Atoms 30020.3 General Density Functional Theory 30120.4 Recent Developments 303References 304

21 Atomic Structure: Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock TheoriesCharlotte F. Fischer 30721.1 Hamiltonians: Schrodinger and Breit-Pauli 30721.2 Wave Functions: LS and LSJ Coupling 30821.3 Variational Principle 30921.4 Hartree-Fock Theory 30921.5 Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock Theory 31321.6 Configuration Interaction Methods 31621.7 Atomic Properties 31821.8 Summary 322References 322

22 Relativistic Atomic StructureIan P. Grant 32522.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 32622.2 Dirac's Equation 32822.3 QED: Relativistic Atomic and Molecular Structure 32922.4 Many-Body Theory For Atoms 33422.5 Spherical Symmetry 33722.6 Numerical Approximation of Central Field Dirac Equations 34422.7 Many-Body Calculations 35022.8 Recent Developments 354References 355

23 Many-Body Theory of Atomic Structure and ProcessesMiron Ya. Amusia 35923.1 Diagrammatic Technique 360

23.2 Calculation of Atomic Properties 36523.3 Concluding Remarks 375References 376

24 Photoionization of AtomsAnthony F. Starace 37924.1 General Considerations 37924.2 An Independent Electron Model 38224.3 Particle-Hole Interaction Effects 38424.4 Theoretical Methods for Photoionization 38624.5 Recent Developments 38724.6 Future Directions 388References 388

25 AutoionizationAaron Temkin, Anand K. Bhatia 39125.1 Introduction 39125.2 The Projection Operator Formalism 39225.3 Forms of Pand Q 39325.4 Width, Shift, and Shape Parameter 39425.5 Other Calculational Methods 39625.6 Related Topics 398References 399

26 Green's Functions of Field TheoryGordon Feldman, Thomas Fulton 40126.1 The Two-Point Green's Function 40226.2 The Four-Point Green's Function 40526.3 Radiative Transitions 40626.4 Radiative Corrections 408References 411

27 Quantum ElectrodynamicsJonathan R. Sapirstein 41327.1 Covariant Perturbation Theory 41327.2 Renormalization Theory and Gauge Choices 41427.3 Tests of QED in Lepton Scattering 41627.4 Electron and Muon g Factors 41627.5 Recoil Corrections 41827.6 Fine Structure 42027.7 Hyperfine Structure 42127.8 Orthopositronium Decay Rate 42227.9 Precision Tests of QED in Neutral Helium 42327.10 QED in Highly Charged One-Electron Ions 42427.11 QED in Highly Charged Many-Electron Ions 425References 427

Conteni

28 Tests of Fundamental PhysicsPeter J. Mohr, Barry N. Taylor 42928.1 Electron g-Factor Anomaly 42928.2 Electron g-Factor in 12C5+ and 1 607 + 43228.3 Hydrogen and Deuterium Atoms 437References 445

29 Parity Nonconserving Effects in AtomsJonathan R. Sapirstein 44929.1 The Standard Model 45029.2 PNC in Cesium 45129.3 Many-Body Perturbation Theory 45129.4 PNC Calculations 45229.5 Recent Developments 45329.6 Comparison with Experiment 453References 454

30 Atomic Clocks and Constraintson Variations of Fundamental ConstantsSavely G. Karshenboim, Victor Flambaum, Ekkehard Peik 45530.1 Atomic Clocks and Frequency Standards 45630.2 Atomic Spectra and their Dependence on the Fundamental

Constants 45930.3 Laboratory Constraints on Time the Variations

of the Fundamental Constants 46030.4 Summary 462References 462

Part C Molecules

31 Molecular StructureDavid R. Yarkony 46731.1 Concepts 46831.2 Characterization of Potential Energy Surfaces 47031.3 Intersurface Interactions: Perturbations 47631.4 Nuclear Motion 48031.5 Reaction Mechanisms: A Spin-Forbidden Chemical Reaction 48431.6 Recent Developments 486References 486

32 Molecular Symmetry and DynamicsWilliam G. Harter 49132.1 Dynamics and Spectra of Molecular Rotors 49132.2 Rotational Energy Surfaces and Semiclassical

Rotational Dynamics 49432.3 Symmetry of Molecular Rotors 498

32.4 Tetrahedral-Octahedral Rotational Dynamics and Spectra 49932.5 High Resolution Rovibrational Structure 50332.6 Composite Rotors and Multiple RES 507References 512

33 Radiative Transition ProbabilitiesDavid L. Huestis 51533.1 Overview 51533.2 Molecular Wave Functions in the Rotating Frame 51633.3 The Energy-Intensity Model 51833.4 Selection Rules 52133.5 Absorption Cross Sections and Radiative Lifetimes 52433.6 Vibrational Band Strengths 52533.7 Rotational Branch Strengths 52633.8 Forbidden Transitions 53033.9 Recent Developments 531References 532

34 Molecular PhotodissociationAbigail J. Dobbyn, David H. Mordaunt, Reinhard Schinke 53534.1 Observables 53734.2 Experimental Techniques 53934.3 Theoretical Techniques 54034.4 Concepts in Dissociation 54134.5 Recent Developments 54334.6 Summary 544References 545

35 Time-Resolved Molecular DynamicsVolkerEngel 54735.1 Pump-Probe Experiments 54835.2 Theoretical Description 54835.3 Applications 55035.4 Recent Developments 551References 552

36 Nonreactive ScatteringDavid R. Flower 55536.1 Definitions 55536.2 Semiclassical Method 55636.3 Quantal Method 55636.4 Symmetries and Conservation Laws 55736.5 Coordinate Systems 55736.6 Scattering Equations 55836.7 Matrix Elements 558References 560

37 Gas Phase ReactionsEricHerbst 56137.1 Normal Bimolecular Reactions 56337.2 Association Reactions 57037.3 Concluding Remarks 572References 573

38 Gas Phase Ionic ReactionsNigel G. Adams 57538.1 Overview 57538.2 Reaction Energetics 57638.3 Chemical Kinetics 57838.4 Reaction Processes 57838.5 Electron Attachment 58238.6 Recombination 583References ,. 585

39 ClustersMaryL. Mandich 58939.1 Metal Clusters 59039.2 Carbon Clusters 59339.3 Ionic Clusters 59639.4 Semiconductor Clusters 59739.5 Noble Gas Clusters 59939.6 Molecular Clusters 60239.7 Recent Developments 603References 604

40 Infrared SpectroscopyHenry Buijs 60740.1 Intensities of Infrared Radiation 60740.2 Sources for IR Absorption Spectroscopy 60840.3 Source, Spectrometer, Sample and Detector Relationship 60840.4 Simplified Principle of FTIR Spectroscopy 60840.5 Optical Aspects of FTIR Technology 61140.6 The Scanning Michelson Interferometer 61240.7 Recent Developments 61340.8 Conclusion 613References 613

41 Laser Spectroscopy in the Submillimeterand Far-Infrared RegionsKenneth M. Evensong John M. Brown 61541.1 Experimental Techniques using Coherent SM-FIR Radiation 61641.2 Submillimeter and FIR Astronomy 62041.3 Upper Atmospheric Studies 620References 621

Contents

42 Spectroscopic Techniques: LasersPaul Engelking 62342.1 Laser Basics 62342.2 Laser Designs 62542.3 Interaction of Laser Lightwith Matter 62842.4 Recent Developments 630References 631

43 Spectroscopic Techniques: Cavity-Enhanced MethodsBarbara A. Paldus, Alexander A. Kachanov 63343.1 Limitations of Traditional Absorption Spectrometers 63343.2 Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy 63443.3 Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy 63643.4 Extensions to Solids and Liquids 639References 640

44 Spectroscopic Techniques: UltravioletGlenn Stark, Peter L. Smith 64144.1 Light Sources 64244.2 VUV Lasers 64544.3 Spectrometers 64744.4 Detectors 64844.5 Optical Materials 651References 652

Part D Scattering Theory

45 Elastic Scattering: Classical, Quantal, and SemiclassicalM. Raymond Flannery 65945.1 Classical Scattering Formulae 65945.2 Quantal Scattering Formulae 66445.3 Semiclassical Scattering Formulae 67545.4 Elastic Scattering in Reactive Systems 68345.5 Results for Model Potentials 684References 689

46 Orientation and Alignment in Atomicand Molecular CollisionsNils Andersen 69346.1 Collisions Involving Unpolarized Beams 69446.2 Collisions Involving Spin-Polarized Beams 69946.3 Example 70246.4 Recent Developments 70346.5 Summary 703References 703

Cor

47 Electron-Atom, Electron-Ion, and Electron-Molecule CollisionsPhilip Burke 70547.1 Electron-Atom and Electron-Ion Collisions 70547.2 Electron-Molecule Collisions 72047.3 Electron-Atom Collisions in a Laser Field 723References 727

48 Positron CollisionsRobert P. McEachran, Allan Stauffer. 73148.1 Scattering Channels 73148.2 Theoretical Methods 73348.3 Particular Applications 73548.4 Binding of Positrons to Atoms 73748.5 Reviews 738References 738

49 Adiabatic and Diabatic Collision Processes at Low EnergiesEvgueni E. Nikitin 74149.1 Basic Definitions 74149.2 Two-State Approximation 74349.3 Single-Passage Transition Probabilities: Analytical Models 74649.4 Double-Passage Transition Probabilities and Cross Sections 74949.5 Multiple-Passage Transition Probabilities 751References 752

50 Ion-Atom and Atom-Atom CollisionsA. Lewis Ford, John F. Reading 75350.1 Treatment of Heavy Particle Motion 75450.2 Independent-Particle Models

Versus Many-Electron Treatments 75550.3 Analytical Approximations Versus Numerical Calculations 75650.4 Description of the lonization Continuum 758References 759

51 Ion-Atom Charge Transfer Reactions at Low EnergiesMuriel Gargaud, Ronald McCarroll 76151.1 Molecular Structure Calculations 76251.2 Dynamics of the Collision 76551.3 Radial and Rotational Coupling Matrix Elements 76651.4 Total Electron Capture Cross Sections 76751.5 Landau-Zener Approximation 76951.6 Differential Cross Sections 76951.7 Orientation Effects 77051.8 New Developments 772References 772

Contents

52 Continuum Distorted Wave and Wannier MethodsDerrick Crothers, Fiona McCausland, John Glass, Jim F. McCann,Francesco O'Rourke, Ruth T. Pedlow 77552.1 Continuum Distorted Wave Method 77552.2 Wannier Method 781References 786

53 lonization in High Energy Ion-Atom CollisionsJoseph H. Macek, Steven T. Manson 78953.1 Born Approximation 78953.2 Prominent Features 79253.3 Recent Developments 796References 796

54 Electron-Ion and Ion-Ion RecombinationM. Raymond Flannery 79954.1 Recombination Processes 80054.2 Collisional-Radiative Recombination 80154.3 Macroscopic Methods 80354.4 Dissociative Recombination 80754.5 Mutual Neutralization 81054.6 One-Way Microscopic Equilibrium Current, Flux,

and Pair-Distributions 81154.7 Microscopic Methods for Termolecular

Ion-Ion Recombination 81254.8 Radiative Recombination 81754.9 Useful Quantities 824References 824

55 Dielectronic RecombinationMichael S. Pindzola, Donald C. Griffin, Nigel R. Badnell 82955.1 Theoretical Formulation 83055.2 Comparisons with Experiment 83155.3 Radiative-Dielectronic Recombination Interference 83255.4 Dielectronic Recombinationin Plasmas 833References 833

56 Rydberg Collisions: Binary Encounter,Born and Impulse ApproximationsEdmund J. Mansky 83556.1 Rydberg Collision Processes 83656.2 General Properties of Rydberg States 83656.3 Correspondence Principles 83956.4 Distribution Functions 84056.5 Classical Theory 84156.6 Working Formulae for Rydberg Collisions 84256.7 Impulse Approximation 845

56.8 Binary Encounter Approximation 85256.9 Born Approximation 856References 860

57 Mass Transfer at High Energies: Thomas PeakJames H. McGuire, Jack C. Straton, Takeshi Ishihara 86357.1 The Classical Thomas Process 86357.2 Quantum Description 86457.3 Off-Energy-Shell Effects 86657.4 Dispersion Relations 86657.5 Destructive Interference of Amplitudes 86757.6 Recent Developments 867References 868

58 Classical Trajectory and Monte Carlo TechniquesRonald E. Olson 86958.1 Theoretical Background 86958.2 Region of Validity 87158.3 Applications 87158.4 Conclusions 874References 874

59 Collisional Broadening of Spectral LinesGillian Peach 87559.1 Impact Approximation 87559.2 Isolated Lines 87659.3 Overlapping Lines 88059.4 Quantum-Mechanical Theory 88259.5 One-Perturber Approximation 88559.6 Unified Theories and Conclusions 888References 888

Part E Scattering Experiments

60 PhotodetachmentDavid J. Pegg 89160.1 Negative Ions 89160.2 Photodetachment 89260.3 Experimental Procedures 89360.4 Results 895References 898

61 Photon-Atom Interactions: Low EnergyDenise Caldwell, Manfred O. Krause 90161.1 Theoretical Concepts 90161.2 Experimental Methods 907

61.3 Additional Considerations 911References 912

62 Photon-Atom Interactions: Intermediate EnergiesBernd Crasemann 91562.1 Overview 91562.2 Elastic Photon-Atom Scattering 91662.3 Inelastic Photon-Atom Interactions 91862.4 Atomic Response to Inelastic Photon-Atom Interactions 91962.5 Threshold Phenomena 923References 925

63 Electron-Atom and Electron-Molecule CollisionsSandorTrajmar, William J. McConkey, Isik Kanik 92963.1 Basic Concepts 92963.2 Collision Processes 93363.3 Coincidence and Superelastic Measurements 93663.4 Experiments with Polarized Electrons 93863.5 Electron Collisions with Excited Species 93963.6 Electron Collisions in Traps 93963.7 Future Developments 940References 940

64 Ion-Atom Scattering Experiments: Low EnergyRonald Phaneuf 94364.1 Low Energy Ion-Atom Collision Processes 94364.2 Experimental Methods

forTotal Cross Section Measurements 94564.3 Methods for State and Angular Selective Measurements 947References 948

65 Ion-Atom Collisions - High EnergyLew Cocke, Michael Schulz 95165.1 Basic One-Electron Processes 95165.2 Multi-Electron Processes 95765.3 Electron Spectra in Ion-Atom Collisions 95965.4 Quasi-Free Electron Processes in Ion-Atom Collisions 96165.5 Some Exotic Processes 962References 963

66 Reactive ScatteringArthur G. Suits, Yuan T. Lee 96766.1 Experimental Methods 96766.2 Experimental Configurations 97166.3 Elastic and Inelastic Scattering 97666.4 Reactive Scattering 97866.5 Recent Developments 980References 980

67 Ion-Molecule ReactionsJames M. Farrar 98367.1 Instrumentation 98567.2 Kinematic Analysis 98567.3 Scattering Cross Sections 98767.4 New Directions: Complexity and Imaging 991References 992

Part F Quantum Optics

68 Light-Matter InteractionPierre Meystre 99768.1 Multipole Expansion 99768.2 Lorentz Atom 99968.3 Two-Level Atoms 100068.4 Relaxation Mechanisms 100368.5 Rate Equation Approximation 100568.6 Light Scattering 1006References 1007

69 Absorption and Gain SpectraStig Stenholm 100969.1 Index of Refraction 100969.2 Density Matrix Treatment of the Two-Level Atom 101069.3 Line Broadening 101169.4 The Rate Equation Limit 101369.5 Two-Level Doppler-Free Spectroscopy 101569.6 Three-Level Spectroscopy 101669.7 Special Effects in Three-Level Systems 101869.8 Summary of the Literature 1020References 1020

70 Laser PrinciplesPeter W. Milonni 102370.1 Gain, Threshold, and Matter-Field Coupling 102370.2 Continuous Wave, Single-Mode Operation 102570.3 Laser Resonators 102870.4 Photon Statistics 103070.5 Multi-Mode and Pulsed Operation 103170.6 Instabilities and Chaos 103370.7 Recent Developments 1033References 1034

71 Types of LasersRichard C. Powell 103571.1 Gas Lasers 103671.2 Solid State Lasers 1039

71.3 Semiconductor Lasers 104371.4 Liquid Lasers 104471.5 Other Types of Lasers 104571.6 Recent Developments 1046References 1048

72 Nonlinear OpticsAlexander L. Gaeta, Robert W. Boyd 105172.1 Nonlinear Susceptibility 105172.2 Wave Equation in Nonlinear Optics 105472.3 Second-Order Processes 105672.4 Third-Order Processes 105772.5 Stimulated Light Scattering 105972.6 Other Nonlinear Optical Processes 1061References 1062

73 Coherent TransientsJoseph H. Eberly, Carlos R. StroudJr 106573.1 Optical Bloch Equations 106573.2 Numerical Estimates of Parameters 106673.3 Homogeneous Relaxation 106673.4 Inhomogeneous Relaxation 106873.5 Resonant Pulse Propagation 106973.6 Multi-Level Generalizations 107173.7 Disentanglement and "Sudden Death" of Coherent Transients 1074References 1076

74 Multiphoton and Strong-Field ProcessesKenneth C. Kulander, Maciej Lewenstein 107774.1 Weak Field Multiphoton Processes 107874.2 Strong-Field Multiphoton Processes 108074.3 Strong-Field Calculational Techniques 1086References 1088

75 Cooling and TrappingJuha Javanainen 109175.1 Notation 109175.2 Control of Atomic Motion by Light 109275.3 Magnetic Trap for Atoms 109975.4 Trapping and Cooling of Charged Particles 109975.5 Applications of Cooling and Trapping 1103References 1105

76 Quantum Degenerate GasesJuha Javanainen 110776.1 Elements of Quantum Field Theory 110776.2 Basic Properties of Degenerate Gases 1110

Conte

76.3 Experimental 111576.4 BEC Superfluid 111776.5 Current Active Topics 1119References 1123

77 De Broglie OpticsCarsten Henkel, Martin Wilkens 112577.1 Overview 112577.2 Hamiltonian of de Broglie Optics 112677.3 Principles of de Broglie Optics 112977.4 Refraction and Reflection 113177.5 Diffraction 113377.6 Interference 113577.7 Coherence of Scalar Matter Waves 1137References 1139

78 Quantized Field EffectsMatthias Freyberger, Karl Vogel, Wolfgang P. Schleich, Robert F. O'Connell 114178.1 Field Quantization 114278.2 Field States 114278.3 Quantum Coherence Theory 114678.4 Photodetection Theory 114778.5 Quasi-Probability Distributions 114878.6 Reservoir Theory 115178.7 Master Equation 115278.8 Solution of the Master Equation 115478.9 Quantum Regression Hypothesis 115678.10 Quantum Noise Operators 115778.11 Quantum Monte Carlo Formalism 115978.12 Spontaneous Emission in Free Space 115978.13 Resonance Fluorescence 116078.14 Recent Developments 1162References 1163

79 Entangled Atoms and Fields: Cavity QEDDieter Meschede, Axel Schenzle 116779.1 Atoms and Fields 116779.2 Weak Coupling in Cavity QED 116979.3 Strong Coupling in Cavity QED 117379.4 Strong Coupling in Experiments 117479.5 Microscopic Masers and Lasers 117579.6 Micromasers 117879.7 Quantum Theory of Measurement 118079.8 Applications of Cavity QED 1181References 1182

80 Quantum Optical Tests of the Foundations of PhysicsAephraim M. Steinberg, Paul G. Kwiat, Raymond Y. Chiao 118580.1 The Photon Hypothesis 118680.2 Quantum Properties of Light 118680.3 Nonclassical Interference 118880.4 Complementarity and Coherence 119180.5 Measurements in Quantum Mechanics 119380.6 The EPR Paradox and Bell's Inequalities 119580.7 Quantum Information 120080.8 The Single-Photon Tunneling Time 120280.9 Gravity and Quantum Optics 1206References 1207

81 Quantum InformationPeter L. Knight, Stefan Scheel 121581.1 Quantifying Information 121681.2 Simple Quantum Protocols 121881.3 Unitary Transformations 122181.4 Quantum Algorithms 122281.5 Error Correction 122381.6 The DiVincenzo Checklist 122481.7 Physical Implementations 122581.8 Outlook 1227References 1228

Part G Applications

82 Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physics to AstrophysicsAlexander Dalgamo, Stephen Lepp 123582.1 Photoionized Gas 123582.2 Collisionally Ionized Gas 123782.3 Diffuse Molecular Clouds 123882.4 Dark Molecular Clouds 123982.5 Circumstellar Shells and Stellar Atmospheres 124182.6 Supernova Ejecta 124282.7 Shocked Gas 124382.8 The Early Universe 124482.9 Recent Developments 124482.10 Other Reading 1245References 1245

83 CometsPaul D. Feldman 124783.1 Observations 124783.2 Excitation Mechanisms 125083.3 Cometary Models 125483.4 Summary 1256References 1257

Co

84 AeronomyJaneL. Fox 125984.1 Basic Structure of Atmospheres 125984.2 Density Distributions of Neutral Species 126484.3 Interaction of Solar Radiation with the Atmosphere 126584.4 Ionospheres 127184.5 Neutral, Ion and Electron Temperatures 128184.6 Luminosity 128484.7 Planetary Escape 1287References 1290

85 Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physicsto Global ChangeKate P. Kirby, Kelly Chance 129385.1 Overview 129385.2 Atmospheric Models and Data Needs 129485.3 Tropospheric Warming/Upper Atmosphere Cooling 129585.4 Stratospheric Ozone 129885.5 Atmospheric Measurements 1300References 1301

86 Atoms in Dense PlasmasJon C. Weisheit, Michaels. Murillo 130386.1 The Dense Plasma Environment 130586.2 Atomic Models and lonization Balance 130886.3 Elementary Processes 131186.4 Simulations 1313References 1316

87 Conduction of Electricity in GasesAlan Garscadden 131987.1 Electron Scattering and Transport Phenomena 132087.2 Glow Discharge Phenomena 132787.3 Atomic and Molecular Processes 132887.4 Electrical Discharge in Gases: Applications 133087.5 Conclusions 1333References 1333

88 Applications to CombustionDavid R. Crosley 133588.1 Combustion Chemistry 133688.2 Laser Combustion Diagnostics 133788.3 Recent Developments 1342References 1342

its

89 Surface PhysicsErik T.Jensen 134389.1 Low Energy Electrons and Surface Science 134389.2 Electron-Atom Interactions 134489.3 Photon-Atom Interactions 134689.4 Atom-Surface Interactions 135189.5 Recent Developments 1352References 1353

90 Interface with Nuclear PhysicsJohn D. Morgan III, James S. Cohen 135590.1 NuclearSize Effects in Atoms 135690.2 Electronic Structure Effects in Nuclear Physics 135890.3 Muon-Catalyzed Fusion 1359References 1,369

91 Charged-Particle-Matter InteractionsHansBichsel 137391.1 Experimental Aspects 137491.2 Theory of Cross Sections 137691.3 Moments of the Cross Section 137891.4 Energy Loss Straggling 138191.5 Multiple Scattering and Nuclear Reactions 138491.6 Monte Carlo Calculations 138491.7 Detector Conversion Factors 1385References 1385

92 Radiation PhysicsMitio Inokuti 138992.1 General Overview 138992.2 Radiation Absorption and its Consequences 139092.3 Electron Transport and Degradation 139292.4 Connections with Related Fields of Research 139792.5 Supplement 1397References 1398

Acknowledgements 1401About the Authors 1405Detailed Contents 1425Subject Index 1471