Government of Maharashtra · · 2018-01-11GSDA Groundwater Survey and Development Agency,Pune GSI Geological Survey of India GUI Grapical User Interface GW Groundwater H HP Hydrology

Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Karli Sub-Basin (WF-77)

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Government of Maharashtra

Water Resources Department

Executive Director

Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation

Thane

Chief Engineer

Konkan Region, Mumbai

Superintending Engineer

South Konkan Irrigation Project Circle,

Sindhudurg-nagari

Executive Engineer

Sindhudurg Irrigation Division, Ambadpal

Draft Report

INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR

KARLI SUB- BASIN


1

Abbreviations:

A

ACZ Agro climatic Zone

AER Agro Ecological Region

AI/DC Area Irrigated /Day Cusecs

amsl Above mean sea level

APMC Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee

ARG Automatic Rain gauge Station

AWC Available Water Capacity

B

bgl Below Ground level

C

CA Catchment Area

CADA Command Area Development Authority

CBIP Central Board of Irrigation and Power

CDAP Comprehensive District Agricultural Planning

CDO Central Designs Organisation

CGWB Central Ground Water Board

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CWC Central Water Commission

D

DGPS Differential Global Positioning System

DIRD Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development

DOA Department of Agriculture, GOM

DOLR Department of Land Resources, GOI

DPA Drought Prone Area

E

Ecdsm Electrical Conductivity of soil

EGS Employment Generation Scheme

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

F

FCS Full Climatological Station

FLD Front Line Demonstration

G

GCA Gross Command Area

GD Gauge and Discharge Station

GIS Geographical Information System


2

GOI Govt. of India

GOM Govt. of Maharashtra

GOS Gate Operation Schedule

GPS Global Positoning System

GSDA Groundwater Survey and Development Agency,Pune

GSI Geological Survey of India

GUI Grapical User Interface

GW Groundwater

H

HP Hydrology Project, WRD

HW Hot weather

I

IBWT Inter Basin Water Transfer

ICA Irrigable command area

ICAR Indian Council for Agriculture Research

ICPO Irrigation cum power outle

IDMWRP Integrated Development and Management of Water Resources Plan

IIT Indian Institute of Technology

IM D India Meteorological Department

IPI Irrigation Projects Investigation

ISWP Integrated State Water Plan

IWRDM Integrated Water Resources Development and Management

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

IWWA Indian Water Works Association

J

JSA Jalyukt Shiwar Abhiyan

L

LIS Lift Irrigation Scheme

lpm Liters per Minute

LUMAPS Land Use Management Activities And Practices

M

MERC Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission

MERI Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute

MI Minor Irrigation

MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation

MIS Modern Irrigation System

MJP Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran

MMDB Maharashtra Marketing Development Board

MMISF Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers


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(MMISF)

MNRE Ministry of Nonconventional and Renewable Energy

MOA Ministry of Agriculture, GOI

MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forest

MOWR Ministry Of Water Resources

MRSAC Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Centre

MSAMB Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board

MSEB Maharashtra State Electricity Board

MSNA Maharashtra Sujal Nirmal Abhiyan

MTPD Metric Ton Per Day

MUS Million Units (Million kWh)

MW&IC Maharashtra Water & Irrigation Commission

MWRRA Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority

MWSIP Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Project

N

NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NBSS&LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning,Nagpur

NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NFS Non Farm Sector

NGO Non-Government Organisation

NGRI National Geophysical Research Institute

NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme

NWC National Water Council

NWDA National Water Development Authority

NWDPRA National Watershed Development Project in Rain fed Area

NWQMP National Water Quality Monitoring Programme

NWP National Water Policy

O

OB Observation well

OPS Other Priority Sectors

P

PIM Participatory Irrigation Management

PLF Plant Load Factor

PLP Potential linked credit plan

PT Percolation Tank

R

R & RV Renovation and Revitalisation

R& R Rehabilitation and Resettlement

RBA River Basin Agency


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RIF Rainfall Infiltration Factor

ROS Reservoir Operation Schedule

RR Rainfall Runoff

RRSSC Regional Remote Sensing Services Centre

RS Remote Sensing

RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate

S

SAA Service Area Approach

SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio

SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission

SEZ Special Economic Zones

SRG Standard Rain gauge Station

STP Sewerage Treatment Plant

SW Surface water

SWB State Water Board

SWC State Water Council

SWQMP State Water Quality Monitoring Program

SWP State Water Policy

T

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

TGA Total Geographical Area

TMC Thousand Million Cubic Feet

TOR Terms of Reference

U

UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme For Small And Medium

Town

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USSSL U.S.Soil Salinity Laboratory

W

WALMI Water and Land Management Institute

WAMADSS Watershed Management Decision Support Scheme

WER Water Evaporation Retardant

WLF Water Level Fluctuation

WMO World Meteorological Organisation

WRD Water Resources Department

WTP Water Treatment Plants

WUA Water Users Association


5

Executive Summary

This report provides valuable information related to the topographic,

demographic, climatic, surface and ground water resources, hydro-

meteorological and water quality scenario of Karli sub- basin. The core

components of the water network include the river Karli, and its principal

tributaries.

The entire Karli river system flows through the state of Maharashtra in

Sindhudurg and Kolhapur districts .This river receives several tributaries on both

the banks, out of which its principal tributaries joining Karli sub basin are the

Hateri and pitdhaval .The overall catchment comprises of 1 Watersheds.Karli

sub-basin comprises of 812.65 Sq.Km (MRSAC Nagpur) and 825.59 Sq.Km (As

per Hydrology study chp. No.06 Report) catchment area falling entirely in the

state of Maharashtra.

The Karli sub-basin falls in Western Ghats and Coastal part. The Karli

sub-basin has a tropical climate. The mean annual rainfall is more than 350 cm.

The mean July temperature varying between 25 °C and 30 °C and mean January

temperatures between 18 °C and 30 °C.

The Sub basin falls into major agro-climatic zones .Major part of the sub

basin 409 sq.km is covered with agricultural area. Approximately 7.67 % of the

sub basin area is covered byforest; Wasteland covers around 12.94 % of the total

basin area. The important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils,

lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils (red and black, red and yellow, etc.) and

saline and alkaline soils.

As per 2011 census, the total population in the sub basin is about 200547

falling in 2 districts. There are 10 Rain Gauge stations, 2Gauge Discharge (GD)

stations. quality observations are. The GSDA is monitoring the ground water

levels four times a year through a network of 1620 ground water observation

wells.


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There is not significant floating population in the basin. Karli Sub basin

consists of surface water bodies in the form of ponds, reservoirs, tanks etc.

Generally the water bodies in the basin provide water suitable for irrigation, and

water supply. Water Resource project reservoirs are the most predominant with

the total number of 159 in the sub basin. There are 1 Major, 0 Medium, 13

Minor, 2 K.T Weir (state sector) ,143 (local sector projects) and Zilla Parishad

projects in Karli Basin.

The major crops grown in the basin are mangoes, cashew nuts, jackfruits,

etc. Presently 6102.00 ha are provided with irrigation facility. As per planning

proposed in this report, all cultivable command can be irrigated with the

available resources. Import of water from other basin is not necessary.

The water dependability of Karli sub basin at 50% is 2024.09 Mm3 and at

75% is 1720.96 Mm3.

Salient Features Of Karli River Valley

Basin:- Karli/Maharashtra Salient Features

1 Geographical area 825.59 sq km (As per Hydrology study chp.

No.06)

812.65 Sq.Km (MRSAC Nagpur )

2 Cultivable area 409 Sq.Km (As per Agriculture Dept.)

3 Districts Covered 1) Sindhudurg 2) Kolhapur

4 Taluka Covered 1) Sindhudurg District

1) Kudal, 2) Sawantwadi, 3) Malvan,

4) Kankavali 5) Vengurla

2) Kolhapur District

1) Ajara 2) Bhudargad

5 Population (Lakhs)

*(As Per census 2011)

Year Total

2011 2.00 lakh

2030 2.50 lakh

6 No. of Watersheds 1

7 Main River Karli

8 Main Tributaries Hateri,Pitdhaval

9 Geology Major portion of basin consists of Basalt –

92.6 % remaining consists of Alluvium &

laterite formation

10 Soils


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i) Soil type and Fertility Major texture – Gravelly, sandy clay loam;

shallow to very deep soils. 52% of good

arable land .The soils are laterite and coastal

alluvial.

ii) Soil Suitability for crops Rice, coconut, oilseeds, millets, pulses and are

the main crops.

11 Land Use Pattern

i) Agro Climatic Zone Karli sub-basin fall in Agro climatic zone no.

(vii) i.e. Western coastal plains and Ghats.

ii) Present Land Use( Lakhs ha) 1. Forest-6000 ha

2. Net sown area-25900 ha

3.Cultivable area-40900 ha

4. Gross Cropped area- 26600 Ha

(Data from Agriculture Department)

12 Hydrology

i) Annual Rainfall in mm The mean annual rainfall is more than 350

cm.

ii) Surface water Availability(Mm3) 50% Dep. Average Dep. 75% Dep.

2024.09 2018.20 1720.96

iii) Categorization of Sub basin:

Surface water available per ha of

CA

CA – 40900 Ha, Surface Water Available -

1720.96 Mm3

i.e. 19458 m3/Ha. Hence basin is abundant.

iv) Ground water availability(mm3) 1) Net GW: 50.90,

2) Utilizable GW (70%):35.63.

3) Current Draft: 25.09

4) Balance GW potential:10.54

It is a safe watershed. Hence, Groundwater

development is possible

vi) Watershed No & category Over exploited:00; Critical:00; Semi

critical:00; Safe:1, Total watersheds: 1

13 Water Quality a) Surface Water

b) Ground

Water(polluted)

Polluted stretches

length: NA No of Villages: NA


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Table : Annexture – Water Balance of Karli Valley

Sr.

No

Availability

Ref

Table

Planning Mm3 Sr.

No

Use

Ref

Table

Planning Mm3

Present 2030 Present 2030

1 Natural 1 Non Irrigation

Use

a Natural Water Available 1720.96 1720.96 1.1 Domestic 3.378 4.201

2 Manually Managed a Urban

a Regeneration 0 0.44 b Rural +Live

Stock

Urban Use

b Regeneration 0 0 Sub Total (a+b) 3.378 4.201

Ind. Use

SubTotal (a+b) 0 0.44 1.2 Industrial Use 0.72 3.285

Intra Basin/Sub Basin

Transfer (Import)

0 0 Sub Total

(1.1+1.2)

4.098 7.486

Water Required through

River

0 0 2 Intra Basin/Sub

Basin Transfer

(Import for

Industry)

0 0

3 Water for

Environment

0 13.883

5 Recharge from Irrigation 0 0 Sub Total

(1+2+3)

4.098 21.369

6 Ground water 25.09 35.63 4 Irrigation Use 53.703 361.656

4.1 Major +

Medium

0 0

State + Local

From Import 0 0

Total(1+2+3+4+5+6) 1746.05 1757.47 Total 57.801 383.025

Balance water

for Irrigation

1688.25 1374.45


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Konkan in Karli - Picture of Intigrated Water Balance

`Status Available Water (Mm3) Total

Water

(2+3+4+5)

Water Use (Mm3) Balance

Total Water

available

Surface +

Ground

Recycled water

from domestic &

industrial use

Import

Dom

esti

c

Indust

rial

Irri

gat

ion

Eco

logy

1%

Export Total

(7+8+9+10+11)

(6-7)

Intra

basin

Inter

Basin

Intra

basin

Inter

Basin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Present

Status

1746.05 0 0 - 1746.05 3.378 0.72 53.703 0 0 0 57.801 1688.249

Status by

2030

1757.03 0.44 0 - 1757.47 4.201 3.285 361.656 13.883 0 0 383.025 1374.445


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Officers involved in Preparing Integrated State Water Plan for Karli Sub Basin :

Basin Incharge :- Shri M. J. Naik Superintending Engineer, South Konkan

Irrigation Project circle, Sindhudurgnagari

Sr.No. Contribution of Officer For Preparation Of ISWP

1 Shri M.U.Girase, Executive Engineer, Sindhudurg Irrigation Division,

Ambadpal


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INDEX

Sr. No. Name Page No.

From To

1 Introduction

1.1 Need And Principles Of Integrated Development And

Management Of Water Resources (IDMWR)

1.2 Objectives Of A State Water Plan For A Basin.

1.3 Objectives Of The Maharashtra State Water Policy

1.4 State Water Plan

1.5 Location of basin

1.6 Catchment Area

1.7 Demographic Profile of the Sub Basin

1.8 Topographical description

2 River System

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Status of Rivers & Tributaries

2.3 Topographical Description

2.4 Prominent Features

2.5 Geomorphology:

3 Geology and Soils

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Land Capability Classification:

3.3 Soil Erodibility

3.4 Soil Physical Properties

3.4.1 Soil Depth Classification of Karli Sub Basin

3.5 Irrigability Classes

3.5.1Fertility status of soils in Karli Sub Basin

3.6 Saline and Alkaline soil :

3.7 Details of area of textural class :

3.7.1 Details of area of textural class

3.8 Soil suitability and soil health

3.9.1 Land development 3.9.2 Soil Series

4 Hydrometeorology

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Climatic conditions of Basin

4.1.1 Rainfall Data

4.2 Meteorology

5 Agriculture

5. Introduction

5.1 Land Use Pattern in Karli Basin:

5.2 Land Holding in Karli Basin:

5.3. Area & Production for various Crops in Karli Basin

5.3.1 Production for Fruit Crops Karli Basin

5.4. Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Karli Basin

5.5. Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg. /ha.) in

Karli Basin

5.6. Water Saving Techniques in Karli Basin


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5.7. Agricultural Research Institutions in Karli Basin

5.8 Agricultural Extension Services:

5.8.1 National Horticulture Mission (NHM):

5.8.2 Dryland Agriculture Mission

5.8.3 Extension

5.8.4 Horticulture

5.8.5 Soil Conservation

5.8.6 Input and Quality Control

6 Surface Water Resources

6.1 Preamble

6.1.1 Nodal Points

6.2 Karli Basin

6.3 Past Assessments of Availability of Water

6.4 Data Available:

6.4.1 Rainfall Data

6.4.2 Weighted mean Rainfall

6.4.3 Discharge Data

6.5 Methodology adopted for assessment of availability:

6.6 Water availability:

6.6.1 Rainfall- Runoff Relationship

6.7 Gross yield series

6.8 Directives In State Water Board Meeting:-

7 Ground Water Resources

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Groundwater occurrence

7.2.1 Hydrological Properties of Hard Rock

7.2.1.1 Porosity and Permeability

7.2.1.2 Cleavage

7.2.1.3 Joints

7.2.2 Static Water Level Data

7.2.3 Groundwater level maps of the Karli Basin

7.3 Ground Water Availability

7.3.1 Ground water recharge

7.3.1.1 Norms for estimation of recharge

7.3.2 Ground water draft

7.3.3 Stage of groundwater development and categorization

of units

7.3.3.1 Categorization of areas for groundwater

development

7.3.4 Allocation of ground water resource for utilization

7.3.5 Poor quality ground water

7.3.6 Apportioning of ground water assessment from

watershed to development unit

7.3.7 Additional Potential Recharge

7.3.8 Recommendations of R&D Advisory Committee

7.3.8.1 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment Units

7.3.8.2 Future allocation of groundwater resources

7.3.9 Groundwater Recharge in Karli Basin

7.3.10 Groundwater draft in Karli Basin:

7.3.11 Groundwater Balance and Stage of Development in

Karli Basin

7.3.12 Groundwater Availability & Use of Groundwater

7.3.13 Groundwater Status:

7.4. Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management)

Act 2009


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8 Irrigation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Area

8.3 Yield

8.4 Directives in state water board meeting

8.5 Irrigation

8.5.1 (A+B) Projects Completed and Under-Construction.

8.5.2 Interstate Project

8.5.3 Lift Irrigation Schemes to other Basins

8.5.4 Well Irrigation

8.5.5 Sewage Irrigation

8.6 Siltation in Reservoirs and Silt monitoring

8.7. Micro Irrigation

8.8. Industrial Water use

8.9 Summary

9 Water Conservation

9.0 Introduction

9.1 Status of Watershed Development and Management

9.2 Soil Conservation Works

9.3 JalyuktShivarAbhiyan

9.3.1 Abstract of JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan Works in Karli

Basin

9.3.2 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan in Karli Basin

9.3.3 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan in Karli Basin – Sindhudurg

9.3.5 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan in Karli Basin – Kolhapur

District

9.4 Review of Impact

9.5- Increase in Recharge due to Completed of Small Scale

Irrigation Schemes

9.6. Construction & Maintenance

9.7 Summary

10 Floods

10.1 Introduction :

10.2 Flood Prone Area of Karli river basin

10.2.1 Prominent floods in History

10.2.2 Flood damage in the year2011

10.2.3 Maharashtra State water Policy

10.3 Critical Points from view of Flood Control

10.4.1 Rainfall Phenomena Pattern

10.5 Preventive Actions

10.5.1 Alert signal

10.5.2 Control Measures for Prevention of Damage

10.5.3 The prohibitive zone

10.5.4 The restrictive zone :

10.6 The Caution Zone.

10.6.1 The information regarding the same is communicated

immediately to Revenue and Police Authorities by WRD.

10.6.2 Blue Zone

10.6.3 Green Zone

10.6.4 Red Zone

10.7 Recommendations related to Flood in the Karli river basin

10.8 Reference:

11 Drainage

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Identification And Norms Of Damaged Area

11.2.1 Identification of water logged area.


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11.2.2 Identification and norms of salt affected area

11.3 Drainage system

11.4 Water logging and soil salinity.

11.5 Land Damage Index –

12 Drinking Water (Municipal and Rural)

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Coverage Of Scheme In The Sub Basin Karli.

12.3 Population, Water Demand And Supply –

12.4 Management Of Water Resources

12.4.1 Following Plans Are Suggested

12.5 Distribution And Management (O&M)

12.6 Management plan and Infrastructure

12.7 Sspecialconsiderationfor rural water supply schemes

12.8 Recycle & Reuse Of Water For Irrigation

13 Industries

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas

13.3 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors

13.4 Present Scenario

13.5 Present use of Water_ Basin wise:

13.5.1 Karli Basin…

14 Legal Issues (Tribunal Awards / Inter State Agreements)

15 Trans Basin Diversions

15.0 Introduction

15.1 Inter-Basin Diversions At National Level

15.2 Intra-Basin Diversion At State Level

15.2.1 Existing Infrastructure

15.2.2 Import and export of water from basin.

16 Other Special Requirements

16.0- Introduction

16.1 Hydro Power Generation in Karli Basin

16.2 Navigation

16.3 Recreation

16.4 Tourism

16.5 Tourism facilities developed near the lakes in future.

17 Environmental Management And Ecology

17.0 Background

17.1 Inrtroduction

17.2 Karli Sub Basin

17.3 Probable Sources of Water Pollution in Karli Sub Basin

17.3.1 Urban Development

17.3.2 Industrial Wastewater

17.3.3 Leachate and Solid Waste

17.3.4 Agricultural Practices

17.3.5 Lack of maintaining minimum water level in water

17.3.6 Algal Growth

17.3.7 Siltation

17.3.8 Miscellaneous sources

17.4. Sewage General Potential

17.5. Industrial Effluent Potential

17.6. Hydraulic and Organic Load

17.7 Local Estimation for Sewage


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17.8 Water Sampling and Quality Monitoring Stations

17.9 Environment Management

17.10 Control of Pollution at the Source

17.10.1 Sewage Treatment Plants

17.10.2 Sewage Irrigation (Short Term Temporary Relief)

17.11 Control of Pollution in the Path (Short & Long Term

Relief)

17.11.1 Nallah Treatment using In-situ Phytoremediation

17.11.2 Control of Pollution at End of Pipe

17.11.3 Desilting

17.11.4 Mechanical Aeration

17.11.5 Marine Adaption or Biological rejunevation

17.12 Physical Cleaning & Beautification

17.12.1 Minimum Flow in the River

17.13 Conservation& Best Possible Options for Improvement

18 Institutional Arrangements

18.1 River Basin Agencies

18.1.1 At present, five Irrigation Development

Corporations

18.1.2 State Water Policy, 2003

18.1.3 The MWRRA Act 2005

18.1.4 Maharashtra Act No. III of 1998

19 Use of Modern Tools

19.0 Introduction

19.1. Watershed Important:

19.2. Geographic Information System:

19.3 The components of a GIS

19.3.1 Data-

19.3.2 Software-

19.3.3 Platform-

19.3.4 User-

19.4 Environmental application of GIS

19.5 Software used

19.6 Approaches of GIS application in watershed management

19.7 Groundwater modeling in watershed

19.7.1 Related Technologies

19.7.2 Global positioning systems (GPS)

20 Water Balance

20.0 Introduction

20.1 Yield in the Sub basin

20.2 Availability and use of water

20.3 Sectorial Water demands for Surface and Ground water

20.4 Water Available for future use

20.5 Per capita availability of water

20.6 Water availability per ha of Cultivable area

21 Financial Aspects

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Irrigation Potential Status

21.3 Cost Efficiency

21.4 Financial Status in Vaghotan Sub Basin

21.5 Water Supply Schemes

22 Action Plans

22.1 Development Plan

22.1.1 New Irrigation

22.1.2 Water Conservation


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22.1.2.1 Water Conservation (Local Sector)

22.1.3 Drinking Water MJP action plan

22.1.3.1 MJP Development Plan

22.1.3.2 MJP Action Plan

22.1.3.3 Measures to be taken after completion of schemes

22.2 Flood Management

22.3 Rainfall

22.4 Recommendations of Study Groups/Committees/

Commissions

22.4.1 Recommendations related to flood

22.5 Management Plan

22.5.1 MPCB- Water Quality Management Plan

22.5.1.1 Action Plan for prevention of River Pollution

22.5.1.2 Industrial pollution

22.5.1.3 Financial Management

22.6 GSDA Ground Water Plan

Annexures-

Sr.

No.

Title Page No.

From To

1 Static water level readings from the observation wells in

Karli Basin.

2 Groundwater Recharge in Karli Sub Basin.

3 Groundwater Draft in Karli Sub Basin.

4 Groundwater Availability and Stage of Development in

Karli Sub Basin.

5 Stage of Development of Watersheds, Categories of

watershed and Groundwater availability.

6 Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes- Water use &

Irrigation Potential of completed, ongoing and Future

Projects.

Maps-

Sr.

No.

Title Page No.

1 GSDA Plates (From Plate 01 to Plate 10)

2 Political Map/Road Map

3 Maps Showing all Sub Basins in Sindhudurg

4 Administrative Map Karli Sub Basin

5 Watershed Map Karli Sub Basin


17

Chapter No. 1

Introduction

The need for preparing an Integrated Water Resources Development a

Management Plan arise because water is a limited commodity with respect to its

multiple uses like agriculture, industry, domestic, power generation, flood control and

navigation. These uses lead to the demands that are not static over time and continue to

grow with increase in population and urbanization. The need for IDMWR is also due to

the fact that development of water resources comes only at a cost which changes over

time and in a welfare state the principle of maximum benefit to maximum people with

minimum cost has to be followed.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF A STATE WATER PLAN FOR A BASIN.

The objectives of a State Water Plan for a basin are:

a. To prepare a long term integrated plan for the development of the basin‟s

surface and ground water resources.

b. To identify and set priorities for promoting water resources development

projects

c. To formulate a short term action plan consistent with financial allocations and

priorities of the State Government.

D. To identify steps to promote water conservation, preservation and enhancement

of water quality.

The Total 75% dependable availability of water in this basin is 1720.96 Mm3.

Considering the culturable command statistics, the per hectare availability is 42077 Ha.

This suggests that the entire culturable command can be brought under irrigations even

after deductions for domestic purposes. It further appears that most intensive irrigation

is possible in this area. Even with slightly decreased per capita availability in 2030, all

water needs of this basin can be made available for the future industrial growth and

subsequent urbanization. In future environmental issues like minimum environmental

flow and other environmental demands can also be met with without stretching any

human needs.

1.3 Overall planning strategy.

The State of Maharashtra is geographically divided into five basins viz. 1)

Godavari, 2) Krishna, 3) Tapi, 4) Narmada and 5) West flowing rivers of

Konkan strip. West flowing rivers of Konkan strip are divided into 25 sub-

basins and 26th

which includes rivers which directly joins to are. Karli is one of

those sub-basins. The geographical limit of the master plan would be Karli Sub-


18

basin, but it is important to recognize cross basin effects as well as the impact

on other environmental media. The responsibility for the planning process itself

invariably rests with the river basin organizations. The planning process has to

be designed to allow involvement and contribution from all affected parties,

including private sector, community groups and other stakeholders. The plan is

prepared by following “Whole to part approach” by dividing it into

1watersheds. The endeavour is to assess the potential of natural resources,

present management and prepare future plans.

1.4 STATE WATER PLAN

Based on the water resources management and development plans developed by

the respective river basin agencies, the State shall prepare a State Water

Resources Plan to promote a balanced development and by proper coordination

among diverse water uses, which shall include structural measures, operational

measures, watershed management measures, demand management measures

such as conservation, scarcity scheduling and efficient technologies, water

pollution control measures and monitoring measures that will assure

comprehensive sustainable management of the water resources and equity in

water distribution for the benefit of the State and its people.”

1.5 Location of basin

Basin originates near village Shivapur, Tal. Kudal, Dist. Sindhudurg.

Table 1.5.1 Location details of basin.

From To

Latitude 16º-3'-30"N 15º-58'-00"N

Longitude 74º-00'-30"E 73º-30 '- E״00

(Source – Topo sheets)

1.5.1 RAIN FALL VARIATION IN (WF-77) BASIN

Rainfall variation in WF-77 basin ranges from maximum 6326 mm to min 1600

mm, Average rainfall is 3719 mm.

1.6 Catchment Area

The geographical area of Karli-basin in Maharashtra is 86054.36 Sq.Km. with

length of 91 Km. from origin to confluence with Tarkarli creek .


19

Table 1.6.1 Details of catchment area of Basin.

Total Catchment

area of Karli- basin

(Sq.Km)

Kolhapur District Sindhudurg District

Area Sq.Km. Percentage Area Sq.Km. Percentage

812.65 27.89 3.43 % 784.75 96.57%

(Source- 1) MRSAC, NAGPUR

1.6.2. Talukas in (WF-77) Basin & their area

Table1.6.2 – Talukawise catchment area details of basin.

Sr. No. Description District Taluka Area in Sq. Km.

1 2 3 4 5

1) Area in (WF-77)

Basin (Sq.Km)

Kolhapur Ajara 2.98

Bhudargad 24.91

Sindhudurg Sawantwadi 1.00

Kankavali 0.06

kudal 609.79

malvan 138.21

Vengurla 35.67

Total 812.65

(Source- GSDA, Pune)

Map of basin is attached as per Map

Table1.6.3 – Boundary details of sub basin.

Sr.No. Direction Particular

1 North Tal.Kankavali Dist Sindhudurg.

2 East Tal Bhudargad and Tal. Ajara Dist Kolhapur.

3 West Arebian sea.

4 South Goa State.

(Source- Topo sheet)

1.8 Topographical description

Karli basin (WF-77) covers part of western side of Sahyadri ranges .Area divided in two parts

1.Ghat Area and 2. Rest part.

Table 1.8.1 – Elevation details of sub basin

Area of basin Elevation in Meter

From To

Hill Area 800 220

Ghat area 200 90

Rest Area 90 20

(Source- Google earth)


20

Map shows satellite image of WF-77 basin.

Chapter-2


21

River-System

2.0 River-System

Karli sub-basin is the part of Konkan Sub-Basin covers an area of about812.65sq.km, which

lies completely in Maharashtra in following districts:

Kolhapur,& Sindhudurg district.

2.1 Karli River

The Karli River is main river.Originating at shivapur Tal.kudal,Dist-Sindhudurg. The total

length of karli river is 91km.The important tributaries of the Karli River are

Hateri,Pitdhaval.The Catchment area of entire Karli River is 812.65 km2 which lies completely

in Maharashtra

The important tributaries of the Karli River are:-

(i) Hareri

(ii) Pitdhaval

Table No. 2.1: Details of Tributaries in the Sub-Basin

2.2 Topographical Description The spread of the basin lies in following District and Taluka‟s:-

District Sindhudurg Kolhapur

Taluka

1 Kankavali Ajra

2 Kudal Bhudargad

3 Vengurla

4 Malvan

5 Sawantwadi

Boundaries of basin :- North - Tal-Kankavali,

South -Tal-Bhudargad and Tal-Ajara,

East - Arebian sea,

West - Goa state.

Sr.

No RIVER

SUB

RIVER

LENGTH

in km

ORIGIN MERGING PLACE

PLACE ELEVATION

in m PLACE

ELEVATION

in m

1 Karli - 91 Shivapur 800 Deobag 20

2 - Hateri 12.40 Narur 500 Pandur 46

3 - Pitdhaval 16.9 Nirukhe 540 Anganewadi 32


22

Prominient Features Of Karli Sub-Basin

Table No. 2.2

Sr.No. Particulars Total

1

Topographical Area in km2

As per MRSAC,Nagpur 812.65

As per Hydrology Study 825.59

2 No. of watersheds 1

3 Main Tributaries 2

4 No. of villages 188

5 Main Urban Centres

District Nagar

Parishad MahanagarPalika Grampanchayat

Nagar

Palika

Sindhudurg Sawantwadi

Malvan

vengurla

-

Kudal

Kankavali-

6

Population (2011) 200547

A) Ajara 974

B) Bhudargad 3840

C) Kudal 129326

D) Sawantwadi 14899

E)vengurla 5992

F)kankavali 1218

G)Malvan 44298

7 Total CCA Ha 40900

Refer Watershede map, and River System & Rain gauge station & Projects in Karli Basin

2.3 Geomorphology of the Sub-Basin

The basin is roughly leaf in shape. Easten end of the area is flanked by western ghat (sahyadri

ranges).The physiography of the basin has given rise to three major characteristics land form

(1) hills, ghats and plateau (2)The foot hill zone (3)plains. This basin consists of 80%hilly area

and 20% flat plateau which is fit for cultivation.

2.4 Geology of the Sub-Basin

The Sub-basin is covered almost entirely by Deccan basalt of Upper Cretaceous to eoceneage

except for a few patches of alluvium occurring in the river valleys. The Deccan Trap is capped

by laterite at a few places.

The Deccan basalt flows are classified as „pahoehoe‟ and „aa‟ and are normally aphyric

to feldspar phyric. At places, some of the feldspar flows are quite extensive and serve as

reliable regional markers for grouping the flows into various formations. Three different


23

megacryst horizons viz. (M1, M2, and M3) have been identified and on the basis of these

marker horizons the lava pile has been divided into six formations. The lowermost Salher

Formation comprises of 11 aphyric flows which is followed by Lower Ratangarh Formation

comprising 7 fine grained feldspar phyric flows. Upper Ratangarh Formation comprising 6

aphyric to feldspar phyric „aa‟ flows appear next in the sequence. The uppermost Karla

Formation comprises of 3 compound pahoehoe flows of aphyric nature.

The overall the drainage course of rivers is very short and shows the drainage pattern

which is controlled by structure of the bed rock i.e. Deccan Lava flows. Hence water flowing in

them causes heavy erosion. Near the confluence of the sea, the rivers are affected by tidal effect

causing the salinity.

Geological formation of Karli sub Basin is mainly consists of

Dharwar,peninsulargneiss,Kaladgi,calnozoic and sausar group (stratographic map is attatched

herewith)

Stratigraphic Information of the Sub basin

LITHOLOGY ROCKTYPE STRATIGRAPHIC

STATUS

Basalt Aa/pahoehoe/Simple flows

(Mahabaleshwar/Karanja)

Deccan trap (Sahyadri

Group)

Massive Granite & Plutonic

Rocks

Granite/Pegmatite/aplite Peninsular gneiss

Phyllite / Schist / Slate Quartz chlorite amphibolite

schist/ferruginous phyllite

Dharwar

Laterite Laterite (Ferricrete) Cainozoic

Quartzite with Shale/Phyllite

bands

Quartzite/quartz sericite schist Dharwar

Bedded Sandstone/Quartzite Sedimentary quartzite Kaladgi

(Source : MRSAC DATA)


24

Chapter No. 3

Geology & soils

Part I – GEOLOGY

3.1. Introduction:

Karli sub-basin is made up ofriverKarli& its Tributaries Hateri,

Pithdhavalin Sindhudurg district in the states of Maharashtra. River Karli is

major river of length 92 kmwhich originates near village Shivapur, and

meets Arabian sea near villageDevabag of Tal.Malvan..Rainfall variation

in basin ranges from maximum 6500 mm to min 3500 mm, Average rainfall

is 3573.12 mm. The geographical area of Karli -basin in Maharashtra is

825.59.SqKm. with length of 56.50 Km. from origin to confluence with

Arabian sea. Groundwater availability in the sub basin is controlled by

topography, geo-morphology, lithology and geo-hydrology of the surface and

subsurface rocks. The net annual groundwater availability is 1169.62 Mm3.

3.2. Geology:

Geological formation of Karli sub Basin is mainly consists of Dharwar,

peninsulargneiss, Kaladgi, calnozoic and sausar group (stratographic map is attatched

herewith)

Stratigraphic Information of the Sub basin

LITHOLOGY ROCKTYPE STRATIGRAPHIC

STATUS

Basalt Aa/pahoehoe/Simple flows

(Mahabaleshwar/Karanja)

Deccan trap (Sahyadri

Group)

Massive Granite & Plutonic

Rocks

Granite/Pegmatite/aplite Peninsular gneiss

Phyllite / Schist / Slate Quartz chlorite amphibolite

schist/ferruginous phyllite

Dharwar

Laterite Laterite (Ferricrete) Cainozoic

Quartzite with Shale/Phyllite

bands

Quartzite/quartz sericite schist Dharwar

Bedded Sandstone/Quartzite Sedimentary quartzite Kaladgi

(Source : MRSAC DATA)

A. Dharwar Supergroup :

DharwarSupergroup of the Archaean- Palaeo- Protrozoic (> 2500 to 2000 m.y. Age)

occupying maximum area of the SubBasin, forms the oldest lithostatigraphic unit which

comprises Meta-Grewake, Chlorite- Phyllite, Quartz-Sericite / Muscovite Schist,

Metabasalt / Metagabro and Amphibolite / Hornblend Schist which are intruded by

Granit.Inkarli sub basin Dharvarsupergoup lies in east and west direction.


25

B. KaladgiSupergroup :

KaladgiSupergroup of Meso-to Neo-Proterozoic age (1600 to 570 m.y.) lies in the west

of the basin and mainly consist of Shale.It occupies very less area of the basin

C. Peninsular Gneiss

Peninsular Gneiss is a term coined to highlight the older gneissic complex

of the metamorphics found all over the Indian Peninsula.

The Archean gneisses and schists, which are the oldest rocks of the Indian

Shield, constitute a considerable area of Peninsular India.It lies almost in

all direction but most of the part is in south direction of basin.

D. Laterite

Laterite belonging to Cainozoic of Quarternary age (< 1.64 m.y.) occurs on isolated

plateaus- Tops with thickness varying from a few meters to as much as 30 m.

Secondary laterite derived by the erosion of the high level (Plateau) laterite, occupies

hill slopes and valley floors.

E. Deccan Trap (sahyadri group)

Basalt flows belonging to Deccan Trap of Late- Cretaceous Palaeogene (68 to 62 m.y.)

occupy major part of the basin. In Karli sub basin Deccan trap lies in the north-East

direction.

Part II - Soils

3.3 Introduction

In any agricultural region or basin choice of appropriate crop is a basic need for

successful farming. Soil is one of the most important factor for deciding crops and

cropping systems. Information on soils and their characteristics are very useful to

planners, administrators and decision makers for planning the basin for sustainable

agricultural production. To take full advantage of soils for increasing productivity of

crops, soil properties such as land capability class, texture, depth, slope, infiltration

rate of water, available water content of soil, irrigability class etc. have been described

below.

3.4 Land Capability Classification:

The suitability of land for irrigation depends on physical and socio-economic factors in

addition to soil irrigability class. Six land irrigability classes are defined. The

definitions for these six land irrigability classes are as below –

Class I : Lands that have few limitations.

Class II : Lands that have moderate limitations.

Class III : Lands that have severe limitations.

Class IV : Lands that are marginal for sustained use under irrigation.

Class V : Lands that are temporarily classed as not suitable for

sustained use under irrigation.

Class VI : Lands not suitable for sustained use under irrigation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peninsula

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archean

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schists

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Shield

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Shield


26

Table-3.4.1 Land capability classification in the area of Karli Sub Basin

Sr.

No.

Land Capability class AREA OF

EACH CLASS

% of total

area in each

class 1 Class-I Very good cultivable land 10.00 0.00

2 Class-II Good cultivable land 4469.58 5.50

3 Class-III Moderately good cultivable land 18885.99 23.24

4 Class-IV Fairly good land suitable for occasional

cultivation 11555.88 14.22

5 Class-V Nearly level land not suitable for cultivation

because of stoniness wetness etc. 0.00 0.00

6 Class-VI Steep slope highly erosion with shallow soil. 5404.12 6.65

7 Class-VII

Steep slope with severe soil erosion resulting in

eroded stony and rough soil surfaces with

shallow soil depth. 18243.99 22.45

8 Class-VIII

Very steep slope with very severe soil erosion

resulting in very eroded stony and rough soil

surfaces shallow. 11052.04 13.60

9 Remaining area is consist of waterbody mask and Habitation 11620.90 14.30

(Source :MRSAC DATA.)

3.5 Soil Erodibility

.The large area in this sub-basin is hilly having sleep gradient, hence survey to know

the extent of erodibility is necessary.(Erodibility map is attatched herewith. )

Table-3.4.2 Soil Erodibility classification in the area of Karli Sub Basin

SR.

NO.

SOIL ERODIBILITY AREA OF EACH

CLASS

% OF TOTAL AREA

IN EACH CLASS

1 Moderate 15440.35 19.00

2 Moderate to severe 39364.77 48.44

3 None 1186.47 1.46

4 None to slight 5233.47 6.44

5 Severe 1357.13 1.67

6 Slight to moderate 8484.07 10.44

5 Remainig area consist of habitation

mask and water body

11620.90 14.30


3.6 Soil Physical Properties

Soils are dark reddish brown, dark brown & yellowish red in colour. The parent

material from which soils are derived is Lateritic& basalt. The infiltration ranges

between 2.0 to 7.0 cm / hour.

The soils depth determines the quality of soil from the point of view of crop production.

Deep soils offer more volume for proliferation of plant roots and large area for

absorption of water and nutrients.


27

Table-3.4.3- Soil Depth classification of Karli Sub Basin


3.7 Chemical Properties

The Project wise test results of chemical properties of soil samples collected during pre

irrigation soil survey in this sub basin are as below.

Table 3.4.4 Fertility status of soils in Karli Sub Basin

Sr.

No.

Soil Property No. of soil sample

analyzed

Class No. of samples

observed

%

1 pH 1178 Acidic 1147 97.37

Neutral 25 2.12

Alkaline 6 0.51

2 EC (ds/m) 1178 Low 1178 100.00

Medium 0 0.00

High 0 0.00

3 N 1178 Low 54 4.58

Medium 127 10.78

High 997 84.63

4 Available P 1178 Low 383 32.51

Medium 298 25.30

High 497 42.19

5 Available K 1178 Low 309 26.23

Medium 246 20.88

High 623 52.89

(Source :SOIL TESTING LAB SONDHUDURG.)

3.8 Irrigability Classes:

The interpretation of soil & land conditions for irrigation is concerned primarily with

predicting the behavior of soil under greatly altered water regime brought about by

introduction of irrigation. For irrigation projects special interpretations & classification

of the soils for sustained use under irrigation are often required.

The soil survey of the command area is designed to ensure that all the

interpretations are gathered during the course of soil survey. The soils are first grouped

into soil irrigability classes according to their limitations for sustained use under

Sr.No Depth Range (cm) Area Ha Area (%)

1 Extremely shallow 0 - 7.5 10897.64 13.41

2 Very shallow to shallow 7.5 - 25 19544.23 24.05

3 Slightly deep to

Moderately deep

25 - 45 10296.28 12.67

4 Deep 45 and above 34041.91 41.89

5 Remaining area consist of

Habitation mask and water body

-----------

11620.90

14.30


28

irrigation. Special attention is given to the factors namely the drainability of the land

and the predicted effect of the irrigation water as to soil salinity and alkalinity status of

the soils under equilibrium condition with the irrigation water.

Soil irrigability classes are defined in terms of the degree of soil limitations for

development and their requirement for irrigation as follows.

Class A : None to slight soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class B : Moderate soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class C : Severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class D : Very severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation

Class E : Not suited for irrigation (or non-irrigable soil classes)

Most of the soilsoccur A, B class of soil irrgability.

The lateritic soils are moderately fertile. These are the soils developed on

laterite. Which is it self derived from the basalt trap. They are composed of a little clay

and much gravel of red sandstone rocks. Although there is no agreement among soil

scientists as regards the origin of laterite, it is widely accepted that the process of

laterization conditions. The lateric soils are as a rule, very poor in phosphoric acid

which is the most important plant food. Due to heavy rainfall the base is leached away

along with the silicic acid and hence the residual rock material is acidic and contains

high proportion of iron and aluminum oxide. These oxides lend the red color that is so

typical of these soils.The laterite soil is the predominant soil in the basin. Extensive

spreads of laterites are noticed throughout the basin. Regionally these laterite soils gets

mixed with trappean soils in the hilly areas while along the coast they form of banks of

loams mixed with alluvium and sand. They vary in color from red to brownish red,

owing to the preponderance of hydrated iron oxides. They are fairly well supplied with

nitrogen and organic matter. Their texture is loamy. They are porous and not moisture

retentive. The acidity and porosity on these soils have posed a problem for the

agricultural development in the basin. These soils are foundin several grades, the main

being paddy soils and varkas soils. Both these soils are available on the slopes of the

hills. Paddy, the principal crop of the basin grows in these soils and more than 50 per

cent of the area is under this crop. The balance land is traditionally cultivated for ragi,

vari etc. but this practice is being abandoned and there is a definite shift towards

horticultural crops in the recent years. There has been rapid increased in the area varkas

soil being brought under horticulture plantations. Entire landscape is also covered with

banana coconut, kokum, arecanut, cashewnut, rubber,jamun, pineapple and jackfruit

trees which thrive well in these soils and climate. Spices like black pepper,cinnamon,

nutmg and other pulses are also cultivated in the basin.

This is initial classification based on primarily natural drainage factor and also

other soil-characteristics as revealed in the present soil survey. A continuous watch on

behavior of sub soil water table will be necessary before and after introduction of

irrigation.


29

3.9 Saline and Alkaline soil :

In this basin soils are well drained, porous and acidic in nature. Therefore due to

introduction of irrigation, soils are not affected. Hence possibility of salt accumulation

is very negligible.

3.10 Details of area of textural class

Soil texture is more important in deciding crops, cropping systems and their

productivity. It has a great influence upon soil structure, bulk density, infiltration rate,

hydraulic conductivity, porousity and aggregate formation. It determines the soils

suitability for the crops. This character of soil is related to storage of water and

nutrients. Medium to fine textured soils can store maximum amount of moisture and

nutrients and is more favourable to the crops The textural classes clearly indicate that

major part of the sub-basin can be put to use for cultivation of difference crops

including horticulture.

Table 3.4.5 – Details of area of textural class

SR.

NO.

SOIL TYPE AREA IN

Ha

PERCENTAGE OF

AREA

1 Gravelly clay 0 0

2 Gravelly sandy clay loam 17260.69 21.24

3 Gravelly sandy loam 12368.53 15.22

4 Gravelly clay loam 17512.61 21.55

5 Sandy loam 7126.941 8.77

6 Silty loam 2925.54 3.6

7 Gravelly silty clay 8028.982 9.88

8 Gravelly silty loam 6403.682 7.88

9 Sandy clay loam 3656.925 4.5

10 Silty clay 6298.038 7.75

11 Remaining area is consist of

waterbody mask and Habitation 11620.90 14.30

(Source : MRSAC DATA.)

3.11 Soil suitability and soil health

The soil in KarliSub-basin contains very much good condition as seen. It has shown

good land capability class with 44 % of land is in aerable class. While the soil erosion

is most important part of the study, as there is need to have measures regarding soil

erosion. The depth of soil in Karli Sub-basin is quite good as maximum percentage of

soil lies in middle depth. Also chemical properties of soil in this region performs good,

as some measures are needed to take care. The irrigability of soil in this region is very

good for irrigation purpose. Hence it is seen that the soil in Karli Sub-basin has good

health & have best suitability for agriculture.


30

3.11.1 Land development

In KarliSub-basin the drainability of soil is quite good. In this region no any drainage

schemes are undertaken yet. As the region is not levelled and hilly. The land grading

&levelling for the purpose of agriculture has been done in the region.

3.11.2 Soil Series

Some important soil series done with soil series already formed as mentioned

below.(Soil Series map is attatched herewith)

Table-3.4.6 – Soil Series in Karli Sub Basin

Sr.No. Soil Series Area (ha) % TGA TEXTURE TAXONOMY EROSION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 Ambad

13002.4 16.00 Gravelly

sandy clay

loam

Loamy-skeletal, mixed,

TypicUstorthents

Moderate to

severe

2 Kandar

893.915 1.10 Gravelly clay Clayey, montmorillonitic,

Lithic Ustorthents

Moderate

3 Shirasgaon

365.693 0.45 Gravelly clay

loam

Clayey, mixed,

TypicUstorthents

Severe

4 Katalwadi

9061.05 11.15 Gravelly

sandy loam


Lithic Ustorthents

Slight to

moderate

5 Urunwadi

487.59 0.60 Clayey Fine, montmorillonitic,

TypicHaplusterts

Moderate to

severe

6 Tilari

373.819 0.46 Silty clay Clayey, mixed, Lithic

Haplustepts

Moderate to

severe

7 Lorenar

1340.87 1.65 Silty loam Clayey, mixed, Lithic

Haplustepts

Moderate to

severe

8 Lote


loam


Lithic Ustorthents

Moderate to

severe

9 Sibnery

203.163 0.25 Gravelly

sandy loam


Lithic Ustorthents

Severe

10 Natal

284.428 0.35 Gravelly silty

loam

Fine loamy, mixed,

DystricHaplustepts

Severe

11 Kulhe


loam

Fine, Mixed,

TypicDystrustepts

Moderate

12 Bhatle


clay

Fine, mixed,

DystricHaplustepts

Moderate to

severe

13 Adeli


loam

Fine, Mixed,

UlticHaplustalfs

Moderate to

severe

14 Salel

243.795 0.30 Sandy loam Fine loamy, mixed,

DystricHaplustepts

Moderate to

severe

15 Karmali


loam

Loamy, Mixed,

TypicDystrustepts

Moderate

17 Tural


loam

Fine, mixed,

TypicHaplustepts

Moderate to

severe

18 Gotos

682.626 0.84 Sandy loam Loamy, montmorillonitic,

TypicHaplustepts

Moderate to

severe

19 Aros


loam

Fine, Mixed,

UlticHaplustalfs

Moderate to

severe

20 Insuli

126.773 0.16 Silty loam Fine loamy, mixed,

DystricHaplustepts

None to

slight

21 Deshgavan 2681.75 3.30 Sandy clay Fine loamy, mixed, Severe


31

Sr.No. Soil Series Area (ha) % TGA TEXTURE TAXONOMY EROSION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

loam FluventicHaplustepts

22 Banda

276.301 0.34 Silty loam Fine, Mixed,

UdicHaplustalfs

None to

slight

23

Tendoli

2893.03 3.56 Silty clay Clayey, Mixed,

TypicDystrustepts

Moderate to

severe

24 Chandvan

5444.76 6.70 Sandy loam Fine, Mixed,

TypicDystrustepts

None to

slight

25 Desaibandh

601.361 0.74 Silty clay Fine, Montmorillonitic,

AquicEutrudepts

None

26 Sirgaon

365.693 0.45 Sandy clay

loam

Fine loamy, mixed,

UdicHaplustepts

Slight

27 Kalbadevi 650.12 0.80 Sandy Mixed, Aquic

Udipsamments

Slight

28 Remaining

is consist

of waterbody

mask and

habitation

11620.90

14.30

…………

………………

…………..

Total 81513.68 100 - - -

(Source : MRSAC DATA.)


32

Chapter 4

Hydrometrology

4.0 Introduction

Hydrometrology is a branch of metrology that deals with problems involving the

hydrologic cycle, water budget, and rainfall statistics of storms.

Rainfall is the most important input for the water resources of a basin. A clear

understanding of the rainfall pattern in the basin and its spatial and temporal variability

is thus essential. Other Metrological parameters like wind speed, normal sunshine

hours, radiation, humidity, maximum and minimum temperature are important for crop

planning.

4.1 Climatic conditions of Basin

The Karli River is main river.Originating at shivapur Tal.kudal,Dist-Sindhudurg. The

total length of karli river is 91km.The important tributaries of the Karli River are

Hateri,Pitdhaval. The Catchment area of entire Karli River is 812.65 km2 which lies

completely in Maharashtra.

4.2 RAINFALL DATA

There are 9 rain gauge stations located in and around the Karli basin. The details

ofaverage annual rainfall and data gaps are given below in Table

Karli River Rainfall Data (Rainfall in mm)

Sr. No. Station Name Average Maximum Minimum

1 Nerur 4267.3 5655.1 3621.2

2 Kudal 3078.1 4201.0 1977.8

3 Malvan 2907.4 5333.0 1847.9

4 Walawal 3086.5 4350.2 -

5 Kasal 3378.6 4438.4 2335.5

6 Sawantwadi 3941.4 5111.0 2780.4

7 Shirshinge 4747.9 6206.4 3644.2

8 Patgaon 4447.1 6326.4 2404.9

9 Awalegaon 3617.1 4781.6 2711.9

Basin spreads

Sr. No. District Name Area In Sq.km

1 Kolhapur 27.89

2 Sindhudurg 784.75


33

4.3 Metrology

The major metrological attributes are temperature, humidity, evaporation& wind speed.

The Various metrological parameters for Stations Awalegaon are as follows.

Awalegaon –

If we observe the meteorological data from 2003 to 2014, the min. temps. Observed at

this station was 15.78deg. Celsius & maximum temperature was 37.14deg. Celsius .The

hydrological parameters are useful in analyzing the quantum of water available in the

basin while the meteorological parameters are useful to work out the crop water

requirement & seasonal irrigation planning. Various monthly meteorological

parameters for this station are shown in sheet attached separately.

Monthly Average of Parameters for Awalegaon Station

Paramete

r /Month

Avg.

Evaporation

(mm)

Avg. Relative

Humidity

(%)

Avg. Min.

Daily Temp

( C).

Avg. Max.

Daily Temp

(C ).

Avg. Wind

speed

(Km./ Hr.)

Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

January 1.43 2.70 87.60 58.12 15.78 22.76 31.37 35.74 0.52 2.22

Feb 1.58 3.00 85.64 53.89 16.49 24.01 32.64 37.14 0.54 2.93

March 1.83 3.33 82.77 55.47 20.08 26.76 34.38 38.96 0.69 3.70

April 2.10 3.81 80.06 61.68 23.74 29.39 34.08 39.44 0.90 4.17

May 2.36 3.67 79.27 65.29 25.62 30.45 33.73 38.21 0.87 4.34

June 1.38 2.50 90.53 85.41 24.85 27.03 29.61 31.79 0.89 2.67

July 0.93 1.76 93.81 90.27 24.01 25.38 27.50 29.18 0.45 1.60

August 0.95 1.81 93.56 88.66 23.94 25.40 27.59 29.30 0.41 1.53

Sep. 1.08 1.93 92.56 86.35 23.63 25.97 28.50 30.80 0.37 1.48

Oct. 1.10 2.25 90.29 81.90 22.91 26.50 30.05 33.67 0.34 1.41

Nov. 1.28 2.35 86.51 75.86 20.17 25.85 31.16 34.86 0.47 1.61

Dec 1.38 2.53 86.38 66.90 16.47 23.58 30.94 34.72 0.57 1.84


34

Chapter-5

Agriculture

5. Introduction:

Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for more than 52 % of the

population in rural areas. The arrival of monsoon and its distribution over the state of

Maharashtra decides the production and productivity of foodgrains and other crops.

Hence, the sustainability of agricultural production relies mainly on arrival of monsoon.

It also governs the volume of water in irrigation reservoirs, limiting the area under

irrigation in different cropping seasons. Therefore, state has the natural limitations for

agricultural production in irrigated and scarcity areas.

The main source of production is expected from the irrigated command areas of

major, medium and minor projects. The state government is continuously striving for

increasing the production and productivity of rainfed as well as of irrigated agriculture.

Accordingly various schemes and projects are initiated and effectively implemented in

the State by Agriculture Department. But it was necessary to improve productivity of

water of irrigated agriculture by intensification and diversification under irrigation

projects.

The need to grow more food was felt during the 19th

Century because of the

increasing pressure of population. According to the recommendation of Famine

Commission(1881), Agriculture Department was established in 1883. Work started

with the aim of helping the rural community to achieve higher productivity in

agriculture. Agriculture and Land Records Departments were functioning together till

1907. After getting encouraging results in an effort made during 1915-16 to stop soil

loss, Mr Kitting, the then Agriculture Director started soil conservation work from

1922.

Agriculture Department took up various land development activities with the

enactment in 1942 and subsequent enforcement of Land Development Act in 1943. For

the first time in 1943, the then Government prepared a comprehensive Agriculture

Policy considering the problems in agriculture and allied sectors. According to this

policy, emphasis was given on use of water as irrigation for agricultural crops.

The post independence period from 1950 to 1965 is recognized as pre Green

Revolution period. During this period several schemes were launched to boost growth

of agriculture sector. Production of quality seeds through Taluka Seed Farms started

during 1957. Emphasis was given on increase in irrigated area along with cultivated

area during this period. A special campaign was launched in 1961-62 to encourage use

of chemical fertilizers.


35

Development of hybrid varieties of different crops since 1965-66 laid down the

foundation of Green Revolution. Five year plans following this period specially

emphasized development of agriculture. Nala bunding work was taken up along with

land development work by the department since 1974 which led to increase in well and

ground water level. Introduction of intensive agriculture, comprising of large scale use

of improved seed, fertilizers, pesticides and available water helped increase in

agriculture production. Lateron, considering the need for providing guidance to the

farmers for proper and judicious use of these inputs, Training and Visit Scheme was

launched in 1981-82. Valuable contribution of this scheme through effective

implementation of programs like Crop Demonstrations, Field Visits, Corner meetings,

Workshops, Fairs, Exhibitions etc. aimed at transfer of technology from Agriculture

Universities to farmers fields was evident from the increased agricultural production.

Though we have become self sufficient in food grain production inspite of the

tremendous increase in population, self sufficiency in agriculture is not the only aim of

the state but assurance of more and more net income to the farmers through the

efficient and sustainable use of available resources is more important. To achieve this,

commercial agriculture should be practiced. Different schemes are implemented to

increase agricultural production, export promotion and to encourage the agro

processing industry with a view to take advantage of liberalized economy and Global

trade. Thus, agriculture department is firmly stepping towards economic progress along

with self sufficiency through agriculture and to achieve important position in the global

agriculture produce market. The innovative horticulture plantation scheme under

employment guarantee scheme implemented since 1990-91 by the state is a part of this

policy.

Recently the Department of Agriculture Government of Maharashtra is using

the Information Communication technology to make the agriculture services more

farmer driven and accountable.

5.1 Land Use Pattern in Sub -Basin

The land use pattern of districts in Karli Sub -Basin is given in the Table No.5.1.The

total cultivable area of this Sub-basin is 52.12 % of the geographical area of total sub

basin. It includes the taluka wise areas spread in this sub basin. Net sown area is 33.06

% and area sown more than once is0.82% whereas the gross cropped area of this sub-

basin is 33.88% and cropping intensity is 102.48%.

5.1 Land Use Pattern in Karli Sub -Basin (Area: 00‟Sq.km.)

Sr.No. Land Use Classification Total Sub Basin

(2010-2011)

(%)

1 2 3 4

1 Geographical Area 785 -

2 Forest 60 7.67

3 Barren & uncultivable. 190 24.18

4 Land Under Non- Agril use 33 4.24


36

Sr.No. Land Use Classification Total Sub Basin

(2010-2011)

(%)

1 2 3 4

5 Culturable Waste land 102 12.94

6 Permanent Pasture 2 0.21

7 Misc.Trees & groves 55 6.95

8 Current Fallow 25 3.20

9 Other Fallow 65 8.31

10 Cultivable Area 409 52.12

11 Net Area Sown 259 33.06

12 Area Sown more than once 6 0.82

13 Gross Cropped area 266 33.88

14 Cropping Intensity % 102.48

(S´ource :Revenue Dept.)

5.2 Land Holding in Karli Sub Basin:

In Karli Sub -basin the percentage of marginal holding 21.34 %, small 17.83% and

others is 60.23% to the total land holdings. The average holding of this sub- basin is

1.034 ha.

Table-5.2 – Land Holding in Karli Sub -Basin

Sr.No.

Category Range of Holding

No. of

Farmers Area (Ha)

Average Area Per Head

( Ha)

1 Marginal 0.0 to 1.00 ha. 28490 9116.80 0.32

2 Small 1.0 to 2.00 6456 7618.45 1.18

3 Other s 2.00 to above 6369 25984.75 4.08

Total 41315 42720.00 1.034

(Source : Agri Census 2010-11)

5.3. Area & Production for various Crops in Karli Basin

Area & Production for various Crops in Karli Basin is given in the table No. 5.3. This sub-

basin is having maximum area under cereals (49.27%), oil seeds (2.63%) and

sugarcane(0.38%) and pulses (2.60%).

Table-5.3 Production for Major Crops Karli Basin

Sr.

No

Crop

Total Area of Crop in Sub

Basin

“00”ha.

Avg. yield of

crops in sub basin

Kg/ha

Front Line

demonstration

Kg/ha.

State

Avg.

Kg/ha.

1 Paddy 128 3178 4200

2 Nagli 3 1580 1700

3 Groundnut 5 2260 2500

4 Other Oilseeds 2 1200 -

5 Pulses 7 1500 -

6 Sugarcane 1 90000 -


37

Area under different fruit crops are given in Table No.5.3.1 .The major fruit crops grown in the

sub -basin includes mango. The area and productivity and state averages are also given.

Table-5.3.1 Production for Fruit Crops Karli Basin

Sr.No Crop

Total Area of

Crop in Sub

Basin“00”Ha.

Avg. yield of

crops in sub

basin MT/ha

Front Line

demonstration

MT/ha.

State

Avg.

MTs/ha.

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 Mango 32 27.90 31.40

2 Cashew 67 10.35 13.50

3 Coconut (nuts per ha) 20 9070 -

5.4. Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Karli Basin

The crop duration, water requirement and irrigation requirement of different crops grown in

this sub - basin is given in the Table No5.4

Table-5.4 Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops inKarli Basin

Sr.No Crops Crop Duration

Days

Water Requirement

(mm)

1 2 3 4

1 Paddy 120-150 1994

2 Nagli 110-120 --

3 Groundnut 100-115 660

4 Other Oilseeds 110-120 420-600

5 Pulses 75-90 480-540

6 Sugarcane 360-480 2800

7 Mango Perrinial crop -

8 Cashew Perrinial crop -

9 Coconut (nuts per ha) Perrinial crop -

5.5 Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg./ha.) in Karli Basin

The irrigation water is always beneficial for different field crops to increase the production and

productivity of crops. The increase in yield of crops is due to irrigation availability during

critical growth stages of crops. The comparative yields of major crops are given in the Table

No.5.5


38

Table-5.5 Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg./ha.) inKarli Basin.

Crop yield under Rainfed and irrigeted conditions for

year 2010-11 in Basin Karli

Crop yield under Rainfed and irrigeted conditions for year

2013-14 in Basin Karli

Sr.

No.

Crop Average yield in Kg/ha. Sr.

No.

Crop Average yield in Kg/ha.

Irrigate

d

Rainfed %

increases

in yield

Irrigated Rainfed % increases

in yield

1 Paddy 3540 3178 11.39 1 Paddy 3600 3169 13.60

2 Nagli 1820 1576 15.48 2 Nagli 1850 1666 11.04

3 Groundnut 2352 2246 4.72 3 Groundnut 2500 2294 8.98

4 OtherOilseeds 850 727 16.91884 4 Other

Oilseeds 880 750 17.3333

5 Pulses 750 563 33.21 5 Pulses 810 620 30.65

6 Sugarcane 90000 - - 6 Sugarcane 105000 - -

7 Mango 3200 2790 14.70 7 Mango 3200 2350 36.17

8 Cashew 1320 1035 27.54 8 Cashew 1350 1042 29.56

9 Coconut

(nuts per ha)

8850

- - 9

Coconut (nuts

per ha) 8990 - -

5.6. Water Saving Techniques in Karli Basin

The area under micro-irrigation in this sub-basin is of 132.80 Ha and projected area up to 2030

is given in the Table No 5.6. Karli Basinconsist of five taluka‟s of Sindhudurg district. Total

microirrigation area of Karli basin is 132.80 ha since 1986-87 to 2013-14. About 2000 ha area

will be covered under microirrigation by 2030.

Table-5.6 Water Saving Techniques inKarli Basin

Sr.No Water Saving Micro -Irrigation Techniques Area (Ha)

1 Area under Drip & Sprinkler Irrigation 132.80

2 Projection -2030 (Drip and Sprinkler) 2000

5.7. Agricultural Research Institutions in Karli Basin

District Name of Research Station Address

Sindhudurg

Agriculture Research Station &

Horticulture college, Mulde, Tal- Kudal

(DR.B.S.K.K.V. DAPOLI.)

At Post Mulade, Tal- Kudal,

Dist- Sindhdurg

Livestock Research Centre, Nileli, Tal-

Kudal (DR.B.S.K.K.V. DAPOLI)

At post Nileli, Tal- Kudal,

Dist- Sindhdurg

Taluka Fruit Nursery, Dhamapur, Tal-

Malwan (AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT)

At post Dhamapur, Tal-

Malvan, Dist- Sindhdurg

Taluka Fruit Nursery, Kumame

(AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT)

At post Kumame, Tal-

Malvan, Dist- Sindhdurg

Taluka Fruit Nursery, Nileli


At post Nileli, Tal- Kudal,

Dist- Sindhdurg

Taluka Seed Farm, Mangoan


At post Mangoan, Tal-

Kudal, Dist- Sindhdurg


39

5.8 Agricultural Extension Services : Agriculture department considers farmer as the focal point and the whole department is

organized in such a fashion that a single mechanism is working to facilitate the farmer for

adoption of advanced technology and sustainable use of available resources. Every agriculture

assistant working at village level has a jurisdiction of three to four villages with number of

farmers limited to 1000 to 1500, which facilitates more interaction for easier transferof

technology.

Agriculture Assistant at village level undertakes soil conservation work, horticulture

plantation and various extension schemes. He is supervised by Circle Agriculture Officer at

circle level. Administrative control, laison with other departments, monitoring and training

programs etc. are facilitated by Taluka Agriculture Officer at taluka level, Sub Divisional

Agriculture Officer at sub division level, District Superintending Agriculture Officer at district

level and Divisional Joint Director at division level. In addition, Agriculture Officer at

Panchayat Samiti level, working under Agriculture Development Officer, Zilla Parishad at

district level also implement various agro-inputs related schemes.

At district level, an autonomous registered society called, Ägricultural Technology

Management Agency"(ATMA) has been created under the chairmanship of Sindhudurg District

Collector. The main object of this ATMA body is to coordinate all agriculture related research -

technology and marketing linkages through convergences and to promote sustainable farming

systems for various categories of farm communities. It is a participatory approach in planning

and implementation wherein farmers as stake holders have been nominated at various level to

give their valuable inputs in planning and implementation of various agricultural and allied

activities considering the existing agro -ecological situations within each agro-climatic zones .

All the schemes implemented in the field are supervised technically and

administratively by respective directorates of Soil Conservation, Horticulture, Extension and

Training, Inputs and Quality Control, Statistics, Monitoring and Evaluation and Planning and

Budget at state level in the Commissionerate of Agriculture. Also separate sections are there for

the Establishment and Accounts related matters

5.8.1 National Horticulture Mission (NHM): National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is being implemented to promote holistic growth of the

horticulture sector covering fruits,vegetables, roots and tuber crops, mushroom, spices, flowers,

aromatic plants, cashew and cocoa. Programme for the development of coconut will be

implemented by the Coconut Development Board (CDB), independent of the Mission.

5.8.2 Dryland Agriculture Mission The state is having predominantly rainfed agriculture system. State is also having limitations to

bring more area under irrigation due to its topography. Hence, in coming years about 70 per

cent area is still likely to remain rainfed. So it has become imperative to develop dryland

agriculture to make it remunerative to farming community. The present constraints are very

limited sources of irrigation, drought prone area, degraded and light soils, major area under

degraded and light soils limiting the production and productivity. The percentage of drought

prone area in the state is 52 per cent and 39 % of the soils are light.This mission is being

implemented to minimize risk and to make dryland farming sustainably viable. The main

objectives of this mission are to increase the production, productivity of crops thereby income

of households. To create sustainable source of irrigation to in-situ soil moisture conservation

activities, farm ponds and other water conserving structures. to improve the water use

efficiency through use of micro irrigation system, to promote protective irrigation, value

addition and marketing to get remunerative prices.


40

5.8.3 Extension

1 Accelerated Fodder Development Programme

2 Coarse Cereals Under NFSM Guideline

3 Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project

4 Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Shetkari Din 29 August

5 Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krushi Ratna Puraskar

6 Dryland Farming Mission

7 National Mission of Oil seed and Oil Palm(NMOOP)

8 Integrated Paddy Production Programme

9 Jijamata Krishibhushan Puraskar

10 Krushi Din 1st July

11 National Mission on Oilseed and Oil Palm

12 National Food Security Mission( Commercial Crops)

13 National Food Security Mission (Pulses)

14 National Food Security Mission(Rice)

15 National Food Security Mission (Wheat)

16 National Mission on Sastainable Agriculture(NMSA)

17 Pest Disease Monittoring Information System(PDMIS}

18 Publicity through R.K.V.Y Preparation of Exhibition Material

19 Rainfed Area Development Under NMSA

20 RKVY Pigeon Pea Prduction Programme

21 Seed Treatment

22 Shetkari Masik

23 Vasantrao Naik Krishibhushan Award

24 Vasantrao Naik Sheti Mitra Award

25 Vasantrao Naik ShetiNisht Shetkari

26 Cotton Development Programme Under NFSM Commercial Crops

27 Cotton Development Programme Under RKVY Commercial Crops

28 Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project for 2015-16

29 Final Guidelines and Grants Distribution Under CROPSAP

30 Final Guidelines for SCP Programme 2015-16

31 Final Guidelines for TSP OTSP Programme 2015-16

32 Flexi Funds NMOOP Guideline

33 Interim Guidelines for SCP Programme 2015-16

34 Interim Guidelines for TSP OTSP Programme 2015-16

35 Interim TOF Guidelines 2015-16

36 Krushi Din 1st July Guideline 2015-16

37 Krushi Jagruti Saptah dated on 1 to 7th july 2015

38 Krushi Sevaratna Guidline 2015-16

39 National Food Security Mission Guidelines

40 National Mission on Oil Seeds and Oil Palm


41

41 NMOOP Grants Distribution First Installment

42 Parthenium Control Campaign Guidelines

43 PDMIS Guidelines 2015-16

44 Preparation of Seccess Story flim in DVD under RKVY

45 RKY under Hydroponic Fodder

46 Seed Treatment Campaign

47 Shetinista Puraskar2015-16

48 Shetkari Din 29Aug

49 Shetkari Masik Guideline 2015-16

50 Sugarcane Development Programme Under NFSM Commercial Crops

51 Vividh krushi puraskar 2015-16

5.8.4 Horticulture

1 Coconut Development Board

2 D.P.D.C Sponsored Plant Protection Scheme

3 EGS and MREGES Nursery

4 Employment Guarantee Scheme for cultivation of Horticulture crops.

5 Plant Protection Scheme for TSP

6 Horticulture Crop Pest and Disease Surveillance and Advisory Project

7 Kitchen Garden Plantation of Fruits and Vegetables Scheme

8 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

9 Mangonet Vegnet Grapenet Anarnet Guidelines

10 NMSA On Farm Water Management

11 Strengthening of Govt. Nurseries.

12 Banana Leaf Spot Disease Management Programme

13 Coconut Palm Insurance scheme Guidelines 2015-16

14 DPDC Plant Protection Scheme 2015-16

15 Hiring of Machinaries for Viticulture Management Under RKVY PPPIAD

16 Horticulture Crop Pest and Disease Surveillance and Advisory Project

17 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme 2015-16

18 Mangonet Vegnet Grapenet Anarnet Guidelines

19 Prime Minister Krishi Sinchan Yojana

20 Strengthing of Horticulture Nursuries 2015-16

5.8.5 Soil Conservation

1 Integrated Watershed Development programme

2 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jal Bhumi Sandharan Abhiyan

3 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jalmitra Puraskar

4 Adarshgaon Yojana


42

5 Documentation about Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan

6 Integrated Watershed Development programme Guidelines

7 Mahatma Phule Jal Bhumi Sandharan Abhiyan 2015-16

8 Mega Watershed DPR Revision Guidelines

9 Panlot Vikas Chalval Guideline

10 R.I.D.F Guideline 11 RVP Guideline 12 Soil Conservation Training Guidelines 13 Vidarbha Intensive Irrigation Development Programme 2015-16

5.8.6 Input and Quality Controls

1 Agro Polyclinics

2 Taluka Seed Farm 100 Percent State Sponsored Scheme

3 Fertilizer Testing Laboratories

4 Seed Testing Laboratories

5 Residue Testing Laboratories

6 Soil Survey and Soil Testing

7 Bio Pesticide Guidelines and Rate Fixation 2015-16

8 Chemical Pesticides Guidelines and Rate Fixation 2015-16

9 District Annual Scheme 2015-16

10 Taluka Seed Farm 100 Percent State Sponsored Scheme


43

Chapter 6

Surface Water Resources

6.1 Introduction

Water being a precious resource without which no life can sustain on

earth. The level of availability and development of infrastructure to harness the water

influence to a considerable extent the quality of life. The rapid growth of population

coupled with increasing economic activities has put a tremendous pressure on the

available water resources. Although irrigation is the major consumer of water at present

in our country and may continue to be so in the years to come demands from other

sectors, such as drinking and industries have been growing significantly. Water

conservation measures to improve the efficiency of water use are being stressed upon

for meeting the ever increasing demands. Inter-basin transfer of water from surplus

basins to deficit basins is being studied as one of the long term strategies.

A proper assessment of water resources potential has, therefore, become a

prerequisite for its sustainable development and management. Without a precise

estimate of the availability of the resource, it is impossible to properly plan, design,

construct, operate and maintain water resources projects catering to competing

demands like irrigation, drought and flood management, domestic and industrial

water supply, generation of electrical energy, fisheries and navigation. The correctness

of assessment of water resource is totally dependent upon the accuracy and length of

hydrological data. Thus, the hydrological data such as gauged flows of river, the

measurement of abstractions of water in the catchment etc. are essential for proper

assessment of water resource for appropriate planning.

An attempt has been made in this chapter to compile the available hydrological

data for ascertaining the water availability at as shown below.

Sr.No. Nodel Point

1 Part-I:- Karli river origin to Arebian sea confluence Entire Karli Valley

6.2 Karli Valley

Karli river rises near Shivapur village Tal. Kudal in western Ghat at an

elevation of 823 mtr. above Mean Sea level, it flows towords West. In the middle

reaches river flow westwords and in the tail reach it turns South west Before joining the

Arabian Sea towards the south of Malvan city. The Length of the river is 92 kms and its

catchment area is 825.59 Sq. Kms. The major tributaries of karli river are

Hateri/Bambarde river and Pithdhaval river.


44

The District wise distribution of the drainage area is shown in Table 6.2.1.

Table : 6.2.1Karli basin - Districtwise distribution of the drainage area

Sl. No. Name of District Drainage area Sq.km. Percentage of total area

1 Sindhudurg 784.76 96.57

2 Kolhapur 27.89 3.43

Total 812.65 100.00

6.3 Past Assessments of Availability of Water:

In the past Hon‟ B. J. Khatal committee studied the water availability in the Karli sub

basin. And as per study of this committee Karli sub basin has catchment area 753.46

Sq.Km. and yield @ 75% dependability is 1169.62 Mcum.

6.4 Data Available:

The observational network of rainfall and discharge data is fairly good in the Karli

River Basin. There are 10 rain-gauge stations and two G & D sites in Karli basin where

long term data is available.

6.4.1 Rainfall Data

There are 10 rain gauge stations located in and around the Karli basin. The details of

period of availability of data average annual rainfall is given below in Table6.4.1.

Table : 6.4.1 - Karli basin- Period of Availability and Average Annual Rainfall

Sr.

No.

Name of RG

Station

Period of availability

of data

Average annual

rainfall in mm

Year of Missing

data

1 Nerur 1991-2014 4267.3

2 Kudal 1960-2013 3078.1 1986

3 Malvan 1960-2014 2907.4 1986

4 Walawal 1990-2015 3086.5 1999

5 Kasal 1990-2015 3378.6 2011,2014

6 Sawantwadi 1990-2015 3941.4 1986

7 Shirshinge 1984-2015 4747.9

8 Patgaon 1964-2014 4447.1

9 Dukanwad 1999-2014 4158.41

10 Avalegaon 1968-2014 3617.1

The observed rainfall data, of all theabove rain gauge stations, used in the study.


45

6.4.3 Discharge Data

Discharge data is being observed by CWC @ G & D site Dukanwad & Awalegaon is

used to develop R.R. Relations.

Table :6.4.3- Details of G&D sites

Sr.

No.

Name of

discharge/gauge site

River /Tributary Catchment

area (Sq Km)

Period of

availability of data

1 Dukanwad Karli 124.16 1999 to 2014

2 Awalegaon Karli 75.34 1968 to 2014

The flow pattern of all the stations appears to be similar.

6.6.1 Rainfall- Runoff Relationship

The rainfall-runoff relations developed at the G & D sites for monsoon period are given

below.

Monsoon Rainfall-Runoff relations @ sites are as below

Sr. No Location Monsoon R- R Relation

1 Dukanwad R =0 .9438*P-455.27

2 Avalegaon R =0.9878*P-1084.9591

Discharges at Dukanwad and Avalegaon are virgin discharges the relation develop at

this sites gives the virgin yield.

6.4.2 Weighted Average Rainfall

There are 10 raingauge stations in and around the Karli basin. The Weighted Mean

Rainfall for the catchments upto State border and G&D sites have been estimated by

Thiessen Polygon Method. The Influence Factors of the rain-gauge stations for

catchments upto different locations viz. G&D sites where rainfall-runoff relations have

been developed are as under

The weighted mean rainfall of catchments upto various locations are given attached herewith.

Sr. No.

Name of R.G.

station

Karli river origin to Arebian

sea confluence

Area Influ. Factor

1 Nerur 153.65 0.1861

2 Kudal 161.58 0.1957

3 Malvan 38.83 0.0470

4 Walawal 137.32 0.1663

5 Kasal 50.82 0.0616

6 Sawantwadi 56.82 0.0688

7 Shirshinge 20.68 0.0250

8 Patgaon 26.03 0.0315

9 Avalegaon 179.86 0.2179

Total 825.59 1.00


46

6.6 Water availability:

The monsoon model is generally found more robust and realistic to the catchment

compensated. Therefore, monsoon model has been used to derive the monsoon yield.

The non-monsoon yield in this study is miniscule, so it is not considered in this

study. behavior as compared to monthly models as it represents lumped rainfall (from

June to Oct.) of entire season and most of the monthly fluctuations get compensated.

Therefore, monsoon model has been used to derive the monsoon yield. The relations so

developed were used judiciary to obtain realistic yields. All yields using all formulae

were compared to with Inglis and Ghat formulae. The realistic values are chosen. All

these calculations and comparisons are given in the annexure.

Table 6.6.5.1 Yield in Karli Valley

Sr.No Name of Basin Yield by RR Avalegaon in Mcum

50% 75%

1 Karli Valley 2024.09 1720.96

Above is the total water availability in parts and in entire basin is as summarized:

Thus, it is observed from the above table that the yield for entire valley is

2024.09Mm3 for 50 % dependability and 1720.96Mm3 for 75 % dependability while

2018.20mm3 is average yield. It may also be observed that the summation for parts I to

part III differs slightly from these figures because the number of years for parts (35) are

different than that of series for entire basin.

Classification of Terekhol Valley on the basis of Water Availabilty

Name of

Valley

CCA in

Ha

Natural

Availabilty

MCum

Ground Water

Availabilty

MCum

Total Water

Available

MCum

Total m3 /

Ha

Class

Karli

Valley

40900 1720.96 35.63 1756.69 42948.41 A

Table 20.7.2 Norms for Categorization of Valley

Sr. No Surface Water Availability Unit Category of Valley From To

1 Less than 1500 Cum/Ha Highly Deficit

2 1500 3000 Cum/Ha Deficit

3 3000 8000 Cum/Ha Normal

4 8000 12000 Cum/Ha Surplus

5 More than 12000 Cum/Ha Abundant

Source: Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission 1999 Part I P.N.160


47

Chapter No. 7

Ground Water Resources

7.1.1. Introduction:

In the South Konkan basin, the area is drained by some major rivers viz, Waghotan,

Achara, Gad, Karli, Terekhol, Tillari. The drainage system comprises of Karli River

rises in the sorrounding of Sahyadri Ghat near Village Shivapur Tal. Kudal and after a

course of about 92 kms, joins the sea at about 20 kms South of Malvan @ village

Deobag.

Karli river rises near Shivapur village Tal. Kudal at an elevation of 823 mtr.

above Mean Sea level, it flows towords West. In the middle reaches river flow

westwords and in the tail reach it turns South west Before joining the Arabian Sea

towards the south of Malvan city. The Length of the river is 92 kms and its catchment

area is 825.61 Sq. Kms. The major tributaries of karli river are Hateri/Bambarde river

and Pithdhaval river.

7.1.2. Geology:

The Geological formations in the area investigated are Archaeans, Kaladgis, Deccan

Trap, Tertiary and Secondary laterite and recent formations. The Archaean rocks

represented by Dharwarian Meta Sediments and granite gneisses with mafic and

ultramafic intrusive occupy major part of the area. Kaladgis rest unconfirmably over

the archaeans comprises of conglomerates, grits, ortho-quartzites shales and stand in

relief as narrow ridges. Deccan traps occupy small area in the northern and eastern part

of the area forming isolated patches separated by river valleys. Sedimentary beds

comprising carbonaceous, pyritic and ferruginous shales are noticed below lateritis in

well sentions and dissected valley sections along the coast near Malvan & Kaluswadi,

Laterites both primary and secondary occupy extensive areas in low lying platens and

coastal track in the West as well as East. Beach sand along narrow coastal strip and

along the banks of rivers are recent formations in the area.

Stratigraphic Succession within the Sub basin : Soil, Laterites, Kankar, etc. - Recent to Sub-recent

Laterites - Pleistocene

Deccan Traps - Cretaceous to Eocene

----------------------------------------------Unconformity ------------------------------------------

( conglomerates, cherty limestones,

Kaladgis -- cherty limestones, quartzites and Upper Pre-cambrian

shales associated with limestones)

----------------------------------------------Unconformity ------------------------------------------

Archaeans – ( Pegmatites and quartz veins,

Basic dykes, Granulites and

Granite gneisses, Hornblende schists, Lower Pre-cambrians

Mafic and Ultra-mafic rocks, Amphibolites,

Banded ferruginous quartzites )


48

i) Archaeans:

The Archeans occur in the southern part of the basin in very small extent.

ii) Kaladgis:

Kaladgis resting unconformably over the Archacans are observed West of Kunkavle,

Chunavrawadi, Asrondi, & Shirawada, South of Shravan and around Golvan, Kaladgis

comprise of conglomerates, grits, Orthoquartzites and shales

The regional strike of the Kaladgi formation veer from NNE_SSW to NW-SE dipping

at low to moderate angles of 50 to 200 towards west. The shales are almost horizontally

bedded at places. The strike N800W-S80

0E with gentle dip towards south. The kaladgi

formations display joints in diverse directions. The following set of joints is more common.

i) N-S vertical

ii) N400W-S400E vertical

iii) N100E-S100Wdipping 600 East

iv) N100W-S100E dipping 700 East

iii) Deccan Basalts:

Area towards north, west and east are covered by Deccan traps. In the Northern and

Western part the Deccan trape form isolsted patches separated by river valleys. The lava

flows in the North-Eastern portion occur as hard compact formations near Halval, Vagda,

Kasvan, Shirval, Balamwadi and Varde as also in the Eastern part of the area while those

towards north and west occur as boulder outcrops, the continuity of which is observed by

weathering and thick layer of laterite spread

The Deccan lava flows are horizontally disposed and are traversed by vertical and

horizontal joints. Two sets of vertical joints striking NW-SE and NE-SW and horizontal

joints are common.

iv) Tertiary Formations

Laterites along the west coast at places are undergain by sedimentary beds

comprising carbonaceous, pyritic and ferruginous shales. Such rocks are exposed in well

sections and dissected valley sections along the coast near Malvan & Kaluswadi about 10

kms inland.

Laterite :- Laterite both primary and secondary in nature occupy extensive areas of

low lying tracts and coastal part, conce aling wholly or partially the underlying Archaeans,

Kaladgis and deccan traps. Such large patches of laterite are seen around Kelus, Tenduli,

Shiroda, Aronda, sateli, Adali, Morgaon, Mhapan, kochra, hills covered by Deccan traps

near Nandos, Tiravade, Hodul, Kasal, Ovaliya, Asgani, Hirala, vaingavade, dikval, Golvan,

Poip,Gaudwadi,Parabwadi etc. Primary laterites

restricted to plateau tops along the coast exhibit vermicular to pisolitic texture are

red to brownish earthy coloured and are undergain by lithomarge of variated colours. The

laterites are generally ferruginous in nature with occasional concentration of pisolitic

bauxite. The laterites are jointed and fractured. The thickness of the laterite generally does

not exceed 20-25 meters. The exposed surfaces of laterite are frequently irregular, rough

and scoriaceous. The thickness various from place to place and ranges from 5 metrs to as

much as 18.0 meters. The pink ferruginous laterite as seen around Kelus, Shiroda, Aronda

is the not common type.

Recent and Sub recent :- Recent deposits occurring in the area are of two types i) Beach

sands and ii) River alluvium.


49

7.2.1. Hydrogeology:

Groundwater is an important component of Hydro-geological cycle which involves

processes of precipitation, runoff, evaporation and evapotranspiration. The ultimate

source of all groundwater is the meteoric water which precipitates on the land surface.

After its precipitation, some part of it get lost due to runoff, other by evaporation and

evapotranspiration and the remaining part of it percolates in to the ground under

suitable conditions. The sub-surface water is the groundwater.

The physiographic features play an important role in the occurrence of

groundwater. The occurrence of groundwater is also controlled by the geological strata

underneath. The physiographic features profoundly affect the distribution of rainfall

and there by change in the sub-surface water conditions. In the South Konkan Sub

Basin,

A considerable portion of the basin is hilly. On the basis of local variation in

relief and other characteristics the district can be grouped into three parts

(i) The Sahyadri Hills-the main system of hills which runs along the eastern boundary of

the basin

(ii) Plateau and

(iii) The Coast.

(i) The Sahyadri hills cover the eastern portion of the basin in two parts. The first part

occupies Vaibhavvadi tahsil, the second spreads over the parts of Kankavli, and kudal

tahsils. The hills have an elevation of over 200 metres at the bottom while at the upper

reaches they attain a height of about 700 metres. This region has very steep slopes and

is fairly covered by forests. This is the source region for most of the rivers in the basin.

(ii) The Plateau extends in a north-south direction through the central portion of the basin

and covers parts of devgad, kankavali, kudal, malvan, Vengurla tahsils of the

Sindhudurg district. It has transverse chains of small hills, which are projecting from

the Sahyadri hills; develop higher elevation in middle portions. The hill runs parallel to

each other and forms small valleys in the intervening land. In general, the plateau

attains height varying between 100 and 200 meters but there are a number of spot

heights that rise to more than 200 meters. The plateau is drained mainly by parallel

westward flowing streams. Forest cover is limited in this region. The soils on the slopes

of the hills are partly eroded, yellowish red and poor in fertility having shallow depth

and coarse texture. These soils are known as Rice soils and Varkas soils. Rice and ragi

(nagli) are the principal crops in this region. Cashewnut grows in plenty in this area and

the world famous “Alphanso” or “Hapus” mangoes are also grown mainly in rural area

of Kudal, Malvan and Vengurla taluka. Ratamba is other important fruit which is

grown widely and after cutting into pieces is dried and is known as “Kokam”.

(iii) Coastal line is situated along the extreme western fringe of the district and comprises of

parts of Devgad, Malwan, Vengurla tahsils. It is a long narrow strip of land running the

entire length of the basin.


50

Groundwater Occurrence:

Groundwater occurs under water table conditions in the weathered jointed zones of

granite, gneisses, schists, quartzites etc., jointed and weathered zones of Kaladgi

quartzites and shales, Deccan traps and laterites both primary and secondary. In the

case of recent deposits groundwater occurs under water table conditions in beach sands.

The occurance and movement of groundwater in the dharwarian sediments is along

weathered zone, planes of foliation, schistosity and fractured zones. In the upper zone

water moves through permeable weathered zone and in lower portion through fractures

and fissures where as in kaldgi quartzites and shales it is through weathered mantle

joints. In the case of deccan traps it is through weathered portion, joints fractures and

vesicles if they are interconnected and not filled by secondary minerals. The movement

of water in laterite is through the network of conduits and along the jointed surface

right up to the basal portion where lithomarge acts as an aquiclude

7.2.2.1. Static Water Level Data :-

There are 5 number of observation wells located in the Sub Basin. (Plate 5). The pre-

monsoon water level data and post- monsoon water level data for last ten years is

summarized in the Annexure 1

It is revealed from the above Annexure, that the average water level of post-monsoon

(2005 to 2014) ranges from 0.98 to 5.82 m. bgl and Pre-monsoon (2005 to 2014) ranges

from 3.5 to 9.53 m. bgl. Pre-monsoon and post monsoon water table contour shown in

Plate 6 and 7.

7.2.2.2. Groundwater level maps of the Sub Basin

The pre-monsoon and post-monsoon ground water maps are generated from the static

water level data recorded from the observation wells within the sub basin area.

Post-monsoon groundwater level map :-

The post-monsoon groundwater level map ( see plate.6) for year 2014 shows that

maximum area of the Sub Basin records less than 5 m. of static water level. Only small

portion in the Kankavali Tehsil of Sindhudurg the water levels exceed 5 m. of the

groundwater level.

Pre-monsoon groundwater level map:-

The pre-monsoon groundwater map ( see plate.7) for year 2014 shows that except some

part in the Malvan tehasil overall static water level range between 3 to 8 m. Some part

of Malvan tehsil shows water table below 8 mts in pre monsoon season.

7.3.1. Ground Water Availability:

The Groundwater Estimation Committee 1984 methodology was modified in the light

of enhanced database and new findings of experimental studies in the field of

hydrogeology. The present methodology used for resources assessment is known as

Ground Water Resources Methodology - 1997 (GEC'97). In GEC'97, two approaches

are recommended-water level fluctuation method and norms of rainfall infiltration


51

method. The water level fluctuation method is based on the concept of storage change

due to difference between various input and output components. Input refers to

recharge from rainfall and other sources and subsurface inflow into the unit of

assessment. Output refers to ground water draft, ground water evapotranspiration, and

base flow to streams and subsurface outflow from the unit. Since the data on subsurface

inflow / outflow are not readily available, it is advantageous to adopt the unit for

ground water assessment as basin / sub-basin / watershed, as the inflow / outflow across

these boundaries may be taken as negligible.

Thus in general the ground water resources assessment unit is Watershed,

particularly in hard rock areas. In case of alluvial areas, administrative block can also

be the assessment unit. In each assessment unit, hilly areas having slope more than 20%

is deleted from the total area to get the area suitable for recharge. Further areas where

the quality of groundwater is beyond the usable limits should be identified and handled

separately. The remaining area after deleting the hilly area and separating the area with

poor quality groundwater quality is to be delineated into command and non-command

areas and the assessment is done separately for monsoon and non-monsoon seasons.

A) Ground water Recharge :-

Monsoon Season

The resources assessment during monsoon season is estimated as the sum total of the

change in storage and gross draft. The change in storage is computed by multiplying

groundwater level fluctuation between pre and post monsoon periods with the area of

assessment and specific yield. Monsoon recharge can be expressed as :-

R = h × Sy × A + DG

where,

h = Rise in water level in the monsoon season,

Sy = specific yield

A = Area for computation of recharge,

DG = gross ground water draft

The monsoon ground water recharge has two components- rainfall recharge and

recharge from other sources. Mathematically it can be represented as-

R(Normal) = Rrf(normal)+Rc + Rsw + Rt + Rgw + Rwc

where,

Rrf is the normal monsoon rainfall recharge. The other sources of groundwater

recharge during monsoon season include Rc , Rsw , Rt , Rgw , Rwcs which are

recharge from rainfall, seepage from canals, surface water irrigation, tanks and ponds,

ground water irrigation, and water conservation structures respectively.

The rainfall recharge during monsoon season computed by Water Level

Fluctuation (WLF) method is compared with recharge figures from Rainfall Infiltration

Factor (RIF) method. In case the difference between the two sets of data are more than

20%, then RIF figure is considered, otherwise monsoon recharge from WLF is adopted.


52

While adopting the rainfall recharge figures, weightage is to be given to the WLF

method over adhoc norms method of RIF. Hence, wherever the difference between RIF

and WLF is more than 20%, data have to be scrutinized and corrected accordingly.

Non- Monsoon season

During the non-monsoon season, rainfall recharge is computed by using

Rainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF) method. Recharge from other sources is then added to

get total non-monsoon recharge. In case of areas receiving less than 10% of the annual

rainfall during non-monsoon season, the rainfall recharge is ignored.

Total annual ground water recharge

The total annual groundwater recharge of the area is the sum-total of monsoon

and non-monsoon recharge. An allowance is kept for natural discharge in the non-

monsoon season by deducting 5% of total annual ground water recharge, if WLF

method is employed to compute rainfall recharge during monsoon season and 10% of

total annual ground water recharge if RIF method is employed. The balance ground

water available accounts for existing ground water withdrawal for various uses and

potential for future development. This quantity is termed as Net Groundwater

Availability.

Net Groundwater Availability = Annual Ground Water Recharge - Natural

discharge during non monsoon season

Norms for estimation of recharge

GEC97 Methodology has recommended norms for various parameters being

used in ground water recharge estimation. These norms vary depending up on water

bearing formations and agro climatic conditions. While norms for specific yield and

recharge from rainfall values are to be adopted within the guidelines of GEC'97, in case

of other parameters like seepage from canals, return flow from irrigation, recharge from

tanks and ponds, water conservation structures, result of specific case studies may

replace the ad-hoc norms.

B) Ground water draft

The gross yearly ground water draft is to be calculated for irrigation, domestic

and industrial uses. The gross ground water draft would include the ground water

extraction from all existing ground water structures during monsoon as well as during

non-monsoon period. While the number of ground water structures should preferably

be based on the latest well census, the average unit draft from different types of

structures should be based on specific studies or ad -hoc norms in GEC'97 report.


53

C) Stage of groundwater development and categorisation of units

The stage of ground water Development is defined by:

Stage of groundwater = Existing Gross Ground water draft for all uses

Stage of groundwater = ----------------------------------------------------------- × 100

Development (%) Net annual Groundwater Availability

Categorisation of areas for groundwater development

The units of assessment are categorized for groundwater development based on

two criteria - a. stage of groundwater development, and b. long term trend of pre and

post monsoon groundwater levels. Four categories are- Safe areas which have

groundwater potential for development; Semi-Critical areas where cautious

groundwater development is recommended; Critical areas; and Over-exploited areas

where there should be intensive monitoring and evaluation and future ground water

development be linked with water conservation measures. The criteria for

categorization of assessment units are as follows:

Sr. Stage Of GW Significant Long Term Decline Category

No Development Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon

1 < 70 % No No SAFE

2 > 70 to < 90 % No No SAFE

Yes/No No/Yes SEMI CRITICAL

3 > 90 to < 100 % Yes/No No/Yes SEMI CRITICAL

Yes Yes CRITICAL

4 > 100 % Yes/No No/Yes OVER EXPLOITED

Yes Yes OVER EXPLOITED

The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for the period of 10

years. The significant rate of water level decline/rise may be taken greater than +5 or

less than -5 cm per year depending upon the local hydrogeological conditions. If this

rate is between -5 to +5 cm per year, then the trend will be treated as neither “Neither

Rise nor fall”.

D) Allocation of ground water resource for utilization

The net annual ground water availability is to be apportioned between domestic,

industrial and irrigation uses. Among these, as per the National Water Policy, 2002,

requirement for domestic water supply is to be accorded priority. The requirement for

domestic and industrial water supply is to be kept based on the population as projected

to the year 2025. The water available for irrigation use is obtained by deducting the

allocation for domestic and industrial use, from the net annual ground water

availability.


54

E) Poor quality ground water

Computation of ground water recharge in poor quality ground water is o be done on the

same line as described above. However, in saline areas, there may be practical

difficulty due to non-availability of data, as there will usually be no observation wells

in such areas. Recharge assessment in such cases may be done based on Rainfall

Infiltration Factor method.

F) Apportioning of ground water assessment from watershed to development unit

Where the assessment unit is a watershed, the ground water assessment is converted in

terms of an administrative unit such as Block/Taluka/Mandal. This is done by

converting the volumetric resource in to depth unit and then multiplying this depth with

the corresponding area of the Block.

G) Additional Potential Recharge

In shallow water table areas, particularly in discharge areas rejected recharge would be

considerable and water level fluctuation area subdued resulting in underestimation of

recharge component. In the area where the ground water level is less than 5 m below

ground level or in water logged areas, ground water resources have to be estimated up

to 5m bgl only based on the following equations:

Potential ground water recharge = (5-D) x A x Specific yield

where,

D = depth to water table below ground surface in pre monsoon in shallow aquifers

A = area of shallow water table zone

H) Recommendations of R&D Advisory Committee

To get a more appropriate methodology for groundwater resources estimation for hard

rock terrain, which will supplement GEC – 1997, the GoI has decided to constitute a

Committee for Estimation of Ground Water Resources in Hard Terrain. The Ministry

of Water Resources, Govt. of India, constituted a committee vide circular No. 3/7/2001-

GW II dated 03.09.2001. The committee after detailed deliberations recommended

following modifications in the GEC1997 methodology.

Criterion for Categorization of Assessment Units

The criterion for categorization of assessment units as recommended by GEC-1997

methodology has been modified. The modified criteria as given in the protocol are as

follows;

a) Long – term ground water level trend

The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for the period of 10 years.

The significant rate of water level decline may be taken between 10 and 20 cm per year

depending upon the local hydrogeological conditions. Accordingly, in Detailed

Guidelines for Implementing the Ground Water Estimation Methodology - 1997 page

153-154, the value of „Z‟ would be read as 10 to 20 cm per year.


55

b) Categorization of Units

In order to remove ambiguities in the categorization by the existing methodology, the

following procedure is suggested.

Sr. Stage Of GW Significant Long Term Decline Category No. Development Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon

1 < 70 % No No SAFE

Yes/No Yes/No To be re-assessed

Yes Yes To be re-assessed

2 > 70 to < 90 % No No SAFE

Yes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICAL

Yes Yes To be re-assessed

3 > 90 to < 100 % No No To be re-assessed

Yes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICAL

Yes Yes CRITICAL

4 > 100 % No No To be re-assessed

Yes/No Yes/No OVER EXPLOITED

Yes Yes OVER EXPLOITED

Note: 'To be re-assessed' means that data is to be checked for the purpose of categorization.

The above modifications are to be adopted in all type of rock formations including soft rock

and hard rock terrains.

Future allocation of groundwater resources

The criteria given in the GEC-1997 has been modified and the modified criterion for future

allocation of groundwater resources for utilization to be computed as given below

Case I, when GWav > Dgi + Alld

In such cases allocation for future domestic requirement = Alld

Case II, When GWav < Dgi + Alld

In such cases Allocation for future domestic requirement = (GWav-Dgi) or Dgd, whichever is

more.

where,

GWav = Net Annual Ground Water Availability

Dgi = Existing Ground Water draft for Irrigation

Dgd = Existing Ground Water draft for Domestic use

Dg = Existing Ground Water draft for all uses

Alld = Computed value of allocation for domestic use

(based on projected population, fractional load and per capita requirement)


56

7.3.1.1. Groundwater Recharge in Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin:-

The groundwater recharge by different means in South Konkan basin , Sub Basin is

shown in the Annexure 2

7.3.1.2. Groundwater draft in Karli Sub Basin of South Konkan Basin:

The Groundwater draft in the Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin is shown in the

Annexure 3

7.3.1.3. Groundwater Balance and Stage of Development in Sub Basin :-

On the basis of groundwater recharge and the draft conditions, the groundwater balance

is estimated and is shown in the Annexure 4.

The data from the Annexure 4 shows that there is a groundwater balance

available in all the 7 watersheds; which indicates that there us a scope for groundwater

development in all the watersheds.

7.3.1.4. Groundwater Availability & Use of Groundwater

Watershedwise Groundwater Exploitation

Category Watershed Nos. Total

Safe WF-77 01

Semi Critical Nil 00

Critical Nil 00

Over

exploited

NIL 00

Total 01

(Source GSDA – Groundwater Assessment Data; GEC97, Year 2011-12)

There is only one elementary watershed further divided into miniwatersheds

Figure 3.1. Watershedwise Groundwater Exploitation


Watersthedwise Groundwater

Exploitation

Safe


57

Groundwater assessment is carried out by the State Groundwater Agency with the help

of data collected from various other state agencies and data available with them. Karli Sub

Basin, in particular in a watershed, as per the Groundwater Assessment 2011-12 there are 1620

dug wells were considered for groundwater assessment. All these dug wells are spread in

863.51 sq.km. area (density one well for 1.87 sq km.)

7.3.1.5. Groundwater Status :

District Nos. of

Watersheds

Net annual

Groundwater

availability

Mm3. (2011-12)

Utilizable

Groundwater

In Mm3 (70% of

Availability)

Groundwater

Use (Draft) in

Mm3

Sindhudurg 1 50.90 35.63 25.09


The groundwater availability for the Sub Basin is 50.90Mm3

Considering 70 %

of the net use, around 35.63Mm3 (GWA 2011-12) is the water availability for use. In

Karli Sub Basin which clearly indicates that there is a scope for the future groundwater

development.

7.4 Groundwater Quality in Karli Sub-basin of South Konkan (Sindhudurg) Basin :-

The analysis of the groundwater undertaken indicates that most of the

parameters are within the standards described by BIS-Specification IS-10500-91. In

case of the Pre-monsoon chemical analysis, some of groundwater samples show

increased concentration of iron and some shows Fluoride .

Furthermore; the post-monsoon analysis of the groundwater samples undertaken

also indicates that most of the parameters are within the standards described by BIS-

Specification IS-10500-91. The overall water quality is good in the Karli Sub Basin.

From the chemical analysis of the groundwater samples collected from the Karli

Sub Basin, a pre-monsoon TDS map is prepared which is given below (Plate 2) And

post monsoon TDS map is shown in (Plate 1)

The TDS values of the water samples analyzed for both; pre-monsoon and post-

monsoon period show that the TDS concentration is within the safe and permissible

limit as per the standards described by BIS-Specification IS-10500-91.

7.5 :- Groundwater Managementplan

Observations and Recommendations

Observations :

The Stage of development for the watersheds, Categories of the watersheds and

the groundwater availability for the future development in Sub Basin is shown in

Annexure 5


58

i) In the Sub Basin, there is a watershed comprising worthy area of about 863.51 sq.km.

The watershed is in Safe category. The total gross groundwater draft is 25.09 Mm3.

The Net annual groundwater availability is 50.90 Mm3. While the net groundwater

availability in the Sub Basin for future irrigation use is 22.34 Mm3. The overall

development of the Sub Basin is 49.29%. Hence there is scope for Groundwater

development in future.

ii) From the static water level records of the observation wells within the Sub Basin and

from the groundwater level maps generated thereof it is obvious that the average

groundwater levels are well maintained by the annual replenishment by means of the

precipitation; as the Sub Basin falls in high rainfall zone.

iii) Except for few groundwater samples showing excess iron concentration and Fluoride

content during pre-monsoon, the overall water quality is good in the Sub Basin. The

surplus iron may be due to the iron rich lateritic formations existing in those particular

areas The TDS values are also signifying the overall good quality of the groundwater

in the Sub Basin.

iv) The watershed is in safe categorized watersheds which have substantial scope for

future groundwater development.

Recommendations :

i) In the safe categorized watersheds where the stage of development has reached near

60% and even in other watersheds also the main objective should be to make the

groundwater resources more sustainable. For that recharging the existing ground water

system using surface water, which otherwise is drained as untreated run-off is very

important. The groundwater recharge plans including unconventional measures, above

mentioned newer techniques of Artificial recharge of bore wells, hydrofracturing, roof

top rain water Harvesting, along with conventional groundwater recharge methods of

dug well recharge, check dams has to be implemented on suitable and feasible sites

involving community based water management projects.

7.6 Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009 :-

1. Maharashtra is probably the first State in the country to enact a community driven tool named

The Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009 (Act No. XXVI of

2013) for the sustainable groundwater development and management in the State. The Act

came in force from 1st June 2014.

a. The groundwater resource in the State will be treated as a common property resource and

the community will take care of their resource with GoM support. i.e. the will be acting as

trustee of this precious natural resource.

2. The objective is to facilitate and ensure sustainable and adequate supply of groundwater of

prescribed quality, for various category of users, through supply and demand management

measures, protecting public drinking water sources and to establish the State Groundwater

Authority, District Level Authority and Watershed Water Resources Committee to manage and

to regulate, with community participation, the exploitation of groundwater within the State of

Maharashtra. In the non-notified areas the powers of groundwater planning and development

are with the Grampanchayat.


59

3. Now there will be one Authority in the State for the surface water and groundwater. The

Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority established by the Maharashtra Water

Resources Regulatory Authority Act 2005 will act as the State Groundwater Authority in the

State.

4. The State will now be statutorily following the principle of Integrated Water Resources

Management.

5. Protection of Public Drinking Water Sources along with the polluters pays principle for

protection of public drinking water sources due to contaminations.

6. Preparation of prospective crop plan based on groundwater use plan is mandatory in notified

areas.

7. Prohibition on the sale of groundwater from the notified areas along with the cess on

groundwater withdrawal from the deep wells.

8. Water scarcity declaration and mitigation measures along with preventive management are

integral part.

9. The State Authority shall constitute a Watershed Water Resources Committee as per Section 29

of the Act for each notified area declared by the State Authority. Separate Watershed Water

Resources Committee for each Notified area shall be constituted immediately in 6 Over -

Exploited and 11 Semi- critical watersheds and then in 85 safe Watersheds in Purna - Tapi

Basin.

10. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted for the notified area shall be

responsible for regulating the available replenishable groundwater recharge for sustainable

management by the different users of groundwater by exercising controls to reduce

groundwater extraction as well as taking measures to augment groundwater recharge

structures.

11. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted under this Act shall be

responsible for regulating groundwater utilization for different user sectors and for

development and management of annually replenishable groundwater recharge available for

utilization.

12. The District Authority shall organize workshops in the taluka having Over-Exploited and

Semi - critical watersheds , on rain water harvesting at the District Collectors with the

participation of the Tahsildars, Block Development Officers, Municipal Engineers, Chief

Educational Officers and public representatives for motivating communities, groups,

associations, industries and commercial establishments to adopt rainwater harvesting to

meet their water requirements.

13. References:

1) District Resource Map, Geological Survey of India, Central Region; First Edition-1999.

2) Systematic Hydrogeological Investigation in Parts of Sindhudurg District, Central

Ground Water Board, Ministry of water Resources, Govt. Of India 1984-85

3) Appraisal of Hydrogeological Conditions of Ratnagiri District, Directorate of

GroundwaterSurveys and Development Agency, Government of Maharashtra, Pune;

Year 1975.

4) Detailed Guidelines for Implementing the Groundwater Estimation Metodology-1997,

Central Groundwater Board, Ministry of India, April, 1998.

5) Report On the Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Maharashtra, GEC-97,Year 2011-

12.

Groundwater Prospects Maps, NRSC, ISRO, Hyderabad


60

It seen that the surface water resources are predominant (1720.96 Mm3) in this basin. It

is also obvious that the present water use is very less particularly for irrigation and water

conservation purposes. Hence, it is imperative that the planning process be initiated by making

sectoral allocations and the outset and planning for different sectors be carried out considering

present uses, future needs, recycling, etc. for each of the sectors. Special requirement for flood

control, hydropower generation, quality maintenance, etc. may also be considered when

necessary.

For this exercise, various directives issued by Government of Maharashtra and

regulatory authoritiesare given priority. However, when actual requirement differ

fromdirectives, actual needs shall be given priority over directives.

As per the latest directives, _________, sectoral allocation shall be limited to 15 % for

domestic, 10 % for industrial and 75 % for irrigation and others. Since the basin needs,

assessed from data obtained from various departments are expected to be within the limits in

the GR following sectoral demands are made:

Sr. No. Demands Proposed (Mm3)

1 Domestic use 258.144

2 Irrigation use 1290.72

3 Industrial use 172.09

Total 1720.96

In next 4 chapters, the master plan for each chapters are described in details


61

Chapter- 08

Irrigation

8.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with development of water resources in the basin through Flow

Irrigation and Lift Irrigation Schemes. It also deals with use of water for various

purposes such as Irrigation, non-irrigation (domestic and industrial with due

consideration for recycling and reuse of water wherever participle), environment,

picsiculture, tourism and navigation. Assessment of Irrigation backlog in the basin,

Generation of employment and wealth in the fields of fisheries, tourism, navigation,

etc. also described.

8.1. Area:-

The water resources development in this sub basin having Legth 56.50 Km and Width

39 Km and catchment area 825.59Sq.km spread over two district namely Sindhudurg,&

Kolhapur is taking place through following ways –

The water resources development in this basin is taking place through following ways:-

I. Development through construction of state sector Irrigation projects by water resources

department.

II. Development through water shed based soil and water conservation measures in inter

disciplinary manner by various Government Department like Agriculture, Forest, Water

resources department , Groundwater Survey Development Agency (GSDA),etc.

III. Development through private sector i.e. use of Groundwater wells by users.

8.1.1. Yield:-

The total yield in the sub-basin at 75% dependability is 1720.96 Mm3 and at 50%

dependability is 2024.09Mm3.

8.1.2 Directives in state water board meeting:-

While planning for river basin, the requirement of water for drinking, industrial

requirement, ecological and environmental flow required for downstream etc. are

considered as per the directives given by the Hon‟ble chairman of state water board in

the various meetings as listed below.

a) In 2nd

meeting of state water board it is directed that drinking water is basic need and

while preparing the plan the norms of 135 lpcd for urban area and 100 lpcd including

cattle for rural area should be considered.


62

b) It is further directed that it may take some time to finalize the percentage of water in the

dam or reservoir that needs to be allotted or reserved for the environmental flow, hence

10% average non monsoon flow is taken as the requirement for environmental and

ecological flow

c) In the sixth meeting of the state water board, it was decided to prepare the water plan

for the river basin based on 75% dependable yield. Considering the above directives we

have prepared the water plan at 75 % dependability for all purpose.

8.2 Irrigation

8.2.1 Flow Irrigation

The potential of completed Major, Medium and Minor Projects in Karli Basin so far is

given in below Table-8.1(A)

Table-8.1(A) – Status of Potential Created

Sr.N

o. Type of Project

Designed Live

Storage(Mm3)

Actual Avg.

Live storage for

last 10 years

(Mm3)

Percentage of actual

Live storage with

Designed Live storage

1 2 3 4 5

1 Major Projects - - -

2 Medium Projects - - -

3 Minor Projects (09 Nos) 21.038 21.038 100

4 Barrges/ KTB (02 Nos) 2.129 2.129 100

Total 23.167 23.167 100

*The details of the same are enclosed as Annexure- Pg No.

(Source: Data from respective Division of all projects)

From the above table it is observed that designed live storage of completed irrigation

projects is 23.167 Mm3, actual water received during last 10 years is almost 100 % of designed

live storage.

The details of completed, ongoing and future projects are given below in Table-8.1(B)


63

Table-8.1(B) – Details of completed, ongoing and future Projects

Sr.

No.

Type of Project Planned

Utilization

(Mm3)

Gross

Storage

(Mm3)

Designed

Live storage

(Mm3)

ICA (Ha.)

1 2 3 4 5 6

A Completed Projects

1 Major 0 0 0 0

2 Medium 0 0 0 0

3 Minor

(09 Nos)

22.195 22.195 21.038 1211

4 Barrges/ KTB

(02 Nos)

2.126 2.126 2.129 327

Total 24.321 24.321 23.167 1538

B Ongoing Projects

1 Major (01 Nos) 297.15 297.15 285.63 17000

2 Medium 0 0 0 0

3 Minor (01 Nos) 1.555 1.585 1.555 120

4 Lift Irrigation Scheme 0 0 0 0

Total 298.705 298.735 287.185 17120

C Future Projects

1 Major 0 0 0 0

2 Medium 0 0 0 0

3 Minor (03 Nos) 6.849 6.849 6.754 417

Total 6.849 6.849 6.754 417

Grand Total 329.875 329.896 317.106 19075

The details of Completed, Ongoing and Future projects are attached as Annexure- Pg No.


64

Status of Potential

Planned Utilization for Completed Irrigation Projects

Sr.

No.

Type of Project &

Nos.

Designed

Live

Storage

(Mm3)

Planned Utilization (Mm3)

Irrigation WWD Domestic Industrial Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Major Projects

( 00 Nos) 0 0 0 0 0 00

2 Medium Projects

( 00 Nos) 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Minor Projects

( 09 Nos) 21.038 19.319 0 0.999 0.72 21.038

4 KTB/BARRAGES

(02 Nos) 2.129 1.764 0. 0.365 0 2.129

Total 23.167 21.083 0 1.364 0.72 23.167

The planned utilization as specified by Karli Water Sub Basin is as given

below

Irrigation : 21.083 /23.167% : 91.00 %Mm3

West Ward Diversion:0.00 X00% : 0.00 Mm3

Domestic : 1.364 / 23.167% : 5.88%Mm3

Industry : 0.72 / 23.167 % : 3.11% Mm3

------------------------------

Total : 100%

Presently the details of projects which have Govt Administrative Approval

but not yet started, projects for which Administrative Approval is awaited and

projects under survey and investigation/ future projects is given inAnnexure- Pg No.

Planned Utilization for Ongoing Irrigation Projects


65

Sr.

No.

Type of Project

& Nos.

Designed

Live

Storage

(Mm3)


Irrigation WWD Domestic Industri

al Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Major Projects

( 01 Nos) 285.63 281.251 0 1.990 0.779 285.63

2 Medium Projects

( 00 Nos) 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Minor Projects

( 01 Nos) 1.555 1.531 0 0.024 0 1.555

4 LIS (00) 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 287.185 282.782 0 2.014 0.779 287.18

5

(Source – Data collected from respective offices & District booklets)

Planned Utilization for Completed & Ongoing Irrigation Projects

Sr.

No.

Type of Project &

Nos.

Designed

Live

Storage

(Mm3)


Irrigation WWD Domestic Industrial Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Total

310.352 303.865 0 3.378 1.499 310.352


66

Planned Utilization for Future Irrigation Projects

Sr.

No.

Type of Project &

Nos.

Designed

Live Storage

(Mm3)


Irrigation WWD Domestic* Industrial** Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Major Projects

( 00 Nos) 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Medium Projects

( 00 Nos) 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Minor Projects

( 03 Nos) 6.754 6.301 0 0.453 0 6.754

4 LIS (00) 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total

Nos 317.106 310.166 0 3.831 1.499 317.106

Note : * As per Technical manual for preparation of State water plan, provision of drinking

water should be done in consultation with MJP. In absence of such data 15 % reservation for

drinking water should be made.

** As per Technical manual for preparation of State water plan, provision for industrial use

should be done in consultation with MIDC. In absence of such data 10 % reservation for

industry in storage should be made.

8.3 Multi-purpose projects in the sub basin

There are in total one major and 13minor projects in the karli sub basin .One

Major projects Talamba planned for irrigation as well as drinking and industrial use

and Hydropower of generation.

Hydro Electric Project: - Hydro Electric Project in Karli sub Basin.

Sr.No Project Name Taluka

Generation

Capacity

M.W.

Annual

Generation

(M.Unit)

Remarks

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 Talamba (Proposed) Sindhudurg 4.00 -

Total 4.00 -

8.4 Inter-state Project in the sub basin


67

No inter-state project in this sub basin.

8.5 Extent of area under Micro Irrigation

No under micro Irrigation command Area,

But in future During the course of time, with intensive research in the field of

irrigation, the irrigation techniques have been changed from traditional or conventional

flow irrigation to modern techniques such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation.

Also to provide irrigation facilities to scarce and un command areas, various Lift

Irrigation Schemes are will be taken by the Government. The water lifted up is very

costly considering the electricity charges and running maintenance charges of scheme.

So to use this water, modern techniques of irrigation will be used.

8.6 Lift Irrigation Schemes

No Lift Irrigation Schemes in this sub basin

8.7 Irrigation Backlog

The physical backlog in this sub basin is NIL.

8.8Sewage irrigation

At present there is no sewage irrigation use in Karli sub-basin.

8.8.1 Siltation in Reservoirs and Silt monitoring:-

The siltation in reservoir is often caused by Soil erosion or sediment spill which is

nothing but the population of water by fine particulate terrestrial plastic material with

particle size dominated by silt or clay.

To ascertain the net available storage regular periodic sedimentation survey of

reservoir must be conducted. Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute at Nasik

under the control of Maharashtra WRD has been monitoring the lakes & reservoirs of

major and medium size mainly in the context of sedimentation by adopting remote

sensing technology. At present situation Karli sub basin have one major dams. SO there

is silt monitoring required.

8.8.2 Micro Irrigation

Presently Government of Maharashtra has issued a GR dated_____ for

promoting micro irrigation. Though water scarcity cannot be motive for this basin,

better yield and effective farm management objectives can induce farmers to resort to

micro irrigation. Active government support from agriculture extension services is

necessary for this. The target of 2400 Ha by 2030 as set by agriculture department

appears quite conservative. Maharashtra as a state has gained a lot of experience in the

field of micro irrigation. A list of valuation of this activity is presented in the table

given on below:


68

Evaluation of Drip and sprinkler irrigation subsidy schemes in Maharashtra5

The important observations and recommendations are summarized below:-

1. The aim of the drip and sprinkler program should be to increase agricultural production

per unit volume of water, per unit area of cropped land. Scientific management of

irrigation provides the best insurance against weather induced fluctuations in total food

production.

2. Proper designing in drip and sprinkler is essential for getting desired success. More

than 95% of the systems were found to be designed by dealers themselves.

3. The role of appropriate pump in drip/sprinkler system has been grossly neglected.

4. Overall quality control of various components is a major grey area. Installation of

testing facilities with agriculture department and agriculture universities is urgent need

of the scheme.

5. Overall research support from the State Agricultural Universities is inadequate. A

perspective plan for various research supports should be considered.

6. The thrust areas could be alternative system in micro-irrigation, optimization with

different water quality, development of low cost technology along with various

fertigation systems and development of micro-irrigation for intercropping as well new

crops of Fruit crops-vegetables..

7. Considering the water needs and water policies of the government, there is immediate

need to have a policy decision to make mandatory budget provisions with certain fixed

percentage as a part of irrigation budget of the state. Agriculture Department also

should earmark the budget provision on similar grounds.

8. The co-ordination among canal irrigation managers and agriculture department is

essential as the drip or sprinkler system is not compatible within rotation of water, as is

being practiced at present. Suitable legal changes in distribution and on farm storages

(farm pond/cement bandhara) are necessary in irrigation command areas so that

irrigation, drip & sprinkler can be increased on large area with suitable cropping pattern

changes (Views of Dr.S.B.Varade, Soil Scientist, Aurangabad). Farmers installing

drip/sprinkler systems in command areas of irrigation projects should get electricity

connections on priority.

9. Credit facilities available for drip and sprinkler schemes should be made more vibrant

among farmers/bankers and extension workers.


69

8.8 Summary

The present water use and requirement in future by year 2030 for various purposes as

worked out from given below Table -

Table-8.2.1 – Summary

Sr.No. Purpose PresentUse

(Mm3)

FutureRequirement

(2030) (Mm3)

Remarks

1) Irrigation 21.083 310.166

2) Domestic 1.364 3.831

3) Industrial 0.72 1.499

Total 23.167Mm3 315.496 Mm3

Figure No. 1 – Summary

Purposes

020406080

100120140160180200220240260280300320340

irrigation domestic industrial total

present use

future use


70

Chapter 09

Water Conservation

9.0 Introduction

Thewater conservation works are helpful for distribution of water and increasing the

agricultural productivity. These works conserve the water at local level and provides

flexibility for water management by the farmers. The integrated approach for watershed

development helps for protecting the environment. It also useful for Soil Conservation

which results in controlling the siltation of irrigation reservoirs.

The Schemes are implemented by State and Zilla Parishad Irrigation

Department, as well as Agriculture Department, Forest Department. Different irrigation

storage structures are taken, such as Minor Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Ex.Mal.

Tanks, Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks, Cement Nalla bunds, Earthen Nalla bunds,

Farm ponds etc.

9.1 Status of Watershed Development and Management

The status of total 104 Nos. of completed watershed development work carried out by

Small Scale Irrigation (Water Conservation) Division and Zilla Parishad Irrigation

Department is given below,

Sr.No. Description Local Sector Project and

Zilla Parishad Project

Total

Project

1) Minor Irrigation Tanks. 05 05

2) Barrages /Kolhapur Type

Weirs

00 00

3) Cement Nalla

Bunds/KTB

97 97

4) PT/ VT /L.I. Schemes 2 2

Total 104 104

9.2 Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 0 to 250 ha (Minor Irrigation Tanks,Storage

Tanks, K.T.Weir and etc)

The 0 to 250 ha irrigation schemes are implemented by the Water Conservation

Department. Small Scale Irrigation (Water Conservation) Division undertakes the

Schemes having ICA of 101 to 250 ha and Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department

undertakes the Schemes having ICA below 100 ha.The various irrigation works taken

are such as Minor Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Restoration of Ex.Mal. Tanks,

Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks, Cement Nalla bunds, Lift Irrigation schemes,

Schemes for Reclamation of Saline Lands etc.


71

Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Scheme in Karli Sub Basin (0-250 Ha)

Sr.

No

Category

of

Projects

Nos.

Live

Storage.

(Mm³)

ICA (ha)

Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)

Cost (in

Lacs) Irrigatio

n.

Drinking

.

Industr

y Total.

1 Complete

d

104 4.23 1576 4.23 0 0 4.23 355.00

2

Under

constructi

on

16 2.536

237 2.506 0.03 0 2.536

1410.59

3 Future 23 4.78 553 4.44 0.34 0 4.78 2811.74

Total. 143 11.54 2366 11.176 0.37 0 11.546 4577.33


Sr.

No

Category of

Projects Nos.

Live

Storage.

(Mm³)

ICA (ha) Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)

Cost in

Lacs

Irrigation. Drinking. Industry Total.

1 Completed 104 4.23 1576 4.23 0 0 4.23 355

2 Under

construction

15 0.716 117 0.736 0 0 0.716 165.72

3 Future 21 1.64 298 1.64 0 0 1.64 492.23

Total. 140 6.586 1991 6.606 0 0 6.586 1012.95


Sr

.

N

o

Category of

Projects Nos.

Live

Storage

(Mm3)

ICA

(ha)

Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)

Cost in

lacs Irrigation Drinking Industry Total.

1 Completed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Under

construction

1 1.82 120 1.77 0.03 0 1.79 1244.87

3 Future 2 3.14 255 2.8 0.34 0 3.14 2319.51

Total. 3 4.96 375 4.57 0.37 0 4.93 3564.38


72

Table-9.2.1- Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Below 100 ha [ for details see Annexure-

Pg No. ] ( Minor Irrigation Tanks, Storage Tanks, K.T. Weir etc)

Sr.

No.

Type of

Schemes

No of Schemes Potential

Completed Ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm3

No Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp 1

M.I.

Scheme 5 28.86 0 0 0 0

5 28.86 96

0.395

2 Storage

Tank 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

0

3 Percolation

tank 2 49.79 0 0 0 0

2 49.79 80

0.56

4 Sinchan

Talav 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0

5 K.T.Weir 0 0 2 38.08 4 201.91 6 239.99 74.51

772.45

6 Diversion

bandhara 95 271.12 7 79.67 9 216.67

111 567.46 1512.72 199.6257

7 Storage

bandhara 2 5.23 1 14.94 0 0

3 20.17 15 0

8 Jal Shivar

Schemes 0 0 5 33.03 8 73.65

13 106.68 213 259.6051

Total 104 355.00 15 165.72 21 492.23 140 1012.95 1991.23

1232.636


73

Table-9.2.2- Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 101 to 250 ha [ for details see

Annexure- Pg No.] ( Minor Irrigation Tanks,Storage Tanks, K.T.Weir etc)

Sr.

No.

Type of

Schemes



No Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp 1

M.I.

Scheme 0 0 1 1244.87 2 2319.51

3 3564.38 375

3.10

2 Storage

Tank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Percolation

tank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 Sinchan

Talav 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 K.T.Weir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 Diversion

bandhara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 Storage

bandhara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 Jal Shivar

Schemes 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0

Total 0 0 1 1244.87 2 2319.51

3 3564.38 375

3.10

9.3 Soil /Water Conservation Agriculture Works

The Karli basin (WF-77 ) spreads over the parts of Kolhapur and Sindhudurg districts.

It covers total 81265.48 ha area.

9.3.1Water Conservation Works

There are mainly four types of water conservation works carried out by Agriculture

Department i.e. Earther structures ,cement Nala Bund, Farm Pond & Diversion

Bunds.These structures created approxly 78.79 Mm³ storage potential. Hence 7881.60

ha. Area indirectly created irrigation potential in the sub-basin, which helps to increases

ground water level appr.1 to 3 mtrs. The details are given below.


74

Table -9.3.1 Abstract of Water Conservation Schemes inKarli Sub -Basin

Sr.No Type Of Schemes No of Schemes Potential

Completed Ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm³

1. Mati Nala Bund 167 11 97 275 550 1650

2. Cement Nala

Bund

237 8 72 317 1268 2536

3. Farm Pond 342 5 91 438 525.6 525.6

4. Diversion Bund 162 7 62 231 1848 0

Total 908 31 322 1261 4191.6 4711.6

Note- For Storage potential factors used for no. of Erthen Structure ×6 =TCM, no.of C.N.B.

×8=TCM, no.of Farm Pond×1.20 =TCM

For area potential factors used for Erthen Structure × 2=ha, C.N.B. ×4=ha,

Farm Pond×1.20=ha, No. of Diversion Bund×8=ha

9.3.2 Soil Conservation Works in Basin

The Karlibasin comes under Sindhudurg district. It covers total 81265.48ha area is available

for watershed development works in this sub-basin, and treated area up to March, 2013 is

15808.99ha.The balance area for watershed activites in this sub- basin is of 44730.07ha.

District and Taluka wise proposed area, Treated area and Balance area is as given below.

Table-9.3.2 Soil Conservation Works Karli Sub Basin

Districts Taluka Watershed

Nos.

Total Area

(ha)

Area Proposes

to be treated

with soil &

Water

Conservation

Measures (ha.)

Area

treated

up to 2013

Balance

area to be

treated

(ha.)

(5-6)

Kolhapur Ajara WF-77 298.24 - - -

Bhudargad WF-77 2491.31 - - -

Sindhudur

g

Kankavali WF-77 6.57 - - -

Kudal WF-77 60979.76 47271.27 10391.30 36879.97

Malawan WF-77 13821.46 10864.34 4370.15 6494.19

Sawantwadi WF-77 100.75 56.25 10.30 45.95

Vengurla WF-77 3567.39 2347.20 1037.24 1309.96

Total

81265.48

60539.06 15808.99 44730.07


75

9.3.3 Watershedwise Status of Soil & Water Conservation Worksin Karli Sub Basin

Soil & Water Conservation works include different area treatments & drainage line

treatments are implemented by Soil & Water Conservation Department. Under area

treatment, on upper ridges the treatments like continuous contour trenches (CCT),

deep CCT, loose boulder structure, earthen structure, etc. are taken. It checks the soil

erosion and stores water. Stored water is percolated in soil, which increases the water

level of nearby wells in lower-side areas.On landsides, Compartment bunding (0-4%

slope) & Terracing (0 - 6 %) are taken. It stores the rain water & checks the soil

erosion.

On Lower ridges, drainage line treatments like Mati nala bund, Cement nala

bund, Diversion bunds are taken. The water is stored & percolated in soil, which

recharge the ground water. Water becomes available for crops during dry spell &

critical growth stages of crops. It increases the productivity and production.

b) Watershedwise Status of Soil & Water Conservation in Karli Sub Basin

Watershedwise Status of Soil & Water Conservation Works are given in the following Tables

Soil Conservation Work - area ha/no.of structure

Kolhapur WF-77

sindhudurg WF-77 372 479

1482.65 5260.65

167 237 342 162 908 435.7 0 3342 1482.65 107 0 5260.7Total Karli

237167

Sub

BasinDistricts Earthen

Structure

Cement

Nala

Bund

Karli

Water Conservation work

Watershed No. Farm

pond

Diversion

Bund

342 162 -

107

Total Majgi

(ha)

Compartm

ent

Bunding

(ha)

CCT

(ha)

908 -

435.7

-

-

-

3342.3

-

-

Gabian

Structures

Losse

Bolder

(no)

TotalPadkai

(ha)


76

9.4- Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan

A flagship program“Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” (JSA) is being implemented as

“Sarvansathi Pani – Tanchaimukt Maharashtra 2019” by the Government of

Maharashtra to permanently overcome scarcity situation in the State. Irregularity and

uneven rainfall consistency always creates scarcity which result bad impact on

agricultural sector and drinking water as well. “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” is being

implemented by the Water Conservation department for sustainable agriculture and to

overcome the drinking water problems in the State.

Objectives of “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan”

1. Assimilate rain water in the village Shivar itself.

2. Increase the ground water level.

3. To increase the Irrigated Area in the State – Providing assured water for Irrigation and

increase the efficiency of water use for sustainable irrigation

4. To provide enough Availability of water to all in the State – increase the water supply

by rejuvenation of the existing water supply schemes in rural area.

5. Implementation of Ground Water Act.

6. Create decentralise water storages.

7. To undertake new works for creating capacity to store water

8. Restoration & increase in the capacity of existing water resources ( Bandharas/ Village

Tanks/ Percolation Tanks/Cement Bandhra)

9. Repairs&Restoration of Storage capacity of existing structures with removal ofSilt.

10. To promote plantation of trees and undertake tree plantation.

11. To create awareness and sensitize people for water audit.

12. To sensitize and promote people for Effective use of water in Agriculture.

13. To encourage and increase the participation of the people for water assimilation.

The following works are being taken under JSA

1. Watershed development works.

2. Series of Cement Concrete Nalla Bandhalong with widening and deepening of nalla.

3. Restoration of old water bodies.

4. Repairs of existing Water bodies (K.T. Weir / Storage Tank / Storage Weir etc.).

5. Repairs, Renovation &Restoration of Minor Irrigation Tanks & Percolation Tanks etc.

6. Removal of Silt from Percolation Tank / Village Tank / Tank constructed during Shiv/

British/Nizam period / Mati Nalla Bandh etc.

7. To undertake measures for utilisation of irrigation capacity of Medium and Major

Irrigation Projects.

8. Joining of small Nallas / tributaries.

9. Recharge of wells/ borewells.

10. Effective use of available water

11. To strengthen the drinking water sources.

12. To promote the Water users Associations

13. Repairing canals.


77

9.4.1 Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan in Karli Basin

Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” works are implemented by the Agriculture Department,

Forest Department, Small Scale Irrigation, Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department, GSDA

and Rural Water Supply Department. In Karli Basin the total 9 Nos of villages are

selected for the first year i.e. 2015-16 in this Abhiyan from Sindhudurg districts.. The

Districtwise abstract of the works undertaken under Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaanby various

departments in Karli Basin is as below,

Table - 9.4.1 - Abstract of Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan Works inKarli Basin

Rs in Lacks

Sr.

No.

Name of

District

No of Schemes

Plan Completed On going Balance

No Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp

1 Sindhudurg 166 503.17 139 442.46 8 73.65 147 516.11

2 Kolhapur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 166 503.17 139 442.46 8 73.65 147 516.11

9.4.2 JalyuktShivar Abhiyaan in Ulhas Basin – Sindhudurg District

JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan” works are implemented by the Agriculture Department,

Forest Department, Small Scale Irrigation, Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department, GSDA

and Rural Water Supply Department. In Sindhudug district total 9 Nos of villages are

selected for the first year i.e. 2015-16 in this Abhiyan are from Karli basin. The different

water conservation works and irrigation storage structures are taken such as Minor

Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Ex.Mal. Tanks, Percolation Tanks, Nalla bunds, Farm

ponds, Terracing, Plantation, Repairs & Restoration of existing structures, Removal of

Silt etc. The abstract of the works undertaken by various departments in Karli Basin -

Sindhudurg District are as below,

Table - 9.4.2 - Abstract of Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan Works inKarli Basin -Sindhudurg District

Rs in Lacs

Sr.No.

Department

No of Schemes

Completed On going Future Balance


1 Agriculture Department 163 497.91 134 409.43 0 0 134 409.43

2 Forest Department 3 5.26 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 ZPIrrigation Department 0 0 5 33.03 8 73.65 13 106.68

Total Thane District

JSA 166 503.17 139 442.46 8 73.65 147 516.11

9.5. Review of Impact


78

A] The report of Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee June 1997 [GOI] indicated

about impact of watershed development as given below-

1] Recharge form storage tanks and ponds is 1.4 mm/day for the period in which the tanks

has water [Based on average area of water spread]

2] Recharge form percolation tanks-50% of gross storage considering number of fillings

3] Recharge due to check dams and nalla bunds provided annual desilting is done 50% of

gross storage provided annual desilting is done.

4) As per information furnished by GSDA

5] Case studies

Table 9.5- Increase in Recharge due to Completed of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes-

Sr.

No. Type of Structure Village

Recharge to Groundwater as

percentage of Gross Storage

1 K T weir Kaleli And Hirlok

Tal.- Kudal

50%

2 Minor Irrigation Tank Pat and Pawashi

Tal.- Kudal

50%

3 Minor Irrigation Tank Pawashi Tal.- Kudal 50%

9.7. Construction & Maintenance.

As per present Government Rules, Schemes upto 100 ha are being executed by

Zilla Parishad, Schemes from 100 to 250 ha are to be Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Dept

and Schemes above 250 ha irrigation potential are being executed by Water Resources

Dept .As per present government Rules, some of the Schemes like K.T. weirs etc after

completion are, are to be handed over to Water User Associations/Societies for

maintenance and management. However it is seen that for last 30 years or so no such

Scheme has been taken over by Farmers Association for one reason of the other. Hence

it is recommended that all the schemes after construction shall be looked after by

respective Dept for maintenance and management who have constructed the Scheme.

Summary

The present water use and requirement in future by year 2030 for various

purposes as worked out from given below Table –

Table-9.7.1 – Summary

Sr.No. Purpose PresentUse

(Mm3)

FutureRequirement

(2030) (Mm3)

Remarks

Local sector and Z.P

1) Irrigation 4.23 11.17

2) Domestic 0 0.37

3) Industrial 0 0

Agriculture

1) Irrigation 3.3 4.69

2) Domestic 0 0

3) Industrial 0 0

Total 7.53Mm3 16.23 Mm3


79

Chapter–10

Floods

10.1 Introduction

The geographical area of Maharashtra state is 308,000 Square Kilometer. Major river basins

the state are the Krishna river, Godavari river, Tapi river and the West flowing rivers of

Konkan strip. Maharashtra receives rainfallfrom south-west and north-east monsoon. The state

has highly variablerainfall ranging from 6500 mm in upper catchments to 500 mm in shadow

areas oflower catchments. Maximum rainfall occurs mainly in four months between June to

September with the number of rainy days varying between 40 to100 days. Karli sub basin has

also highly variable rainfall ranging from 3500 mm 6500mm in the catchment. The state

experienced flash floods particularly in Western Ghats in Karli basin. For instance, Sindhudurg

districts in Karli Basin experienced severe flood many times during recent decade.Karli river

rises near Shivapur village Tal. Kudal in western Ghat at an elevation of 823 mtr. above Mean

Sea level, it flows towords West. In the middle reaches river flow westwords and in the tail

reach it turns South west Before joining the Arabian Sea towards the south of Malvan city. The

Length of the river is 92 kms and its catchment area is 825.61 Sq. Kms. The major tributaries of

karli river are Hateri/Bambarde river and Pithdhaval river.

The Water Resources Department (WRD) of Government of Maharashtra (GoM) is entrusted

with the surface water resources planning, development and management. A large number of

major, medium and minor water resources development projects (reservoirs and weirs) have

been constructed in Maharashtra. Though the reservoirs in Maharashtra are not specifically

provided with flood cushion, they have moderated flood peaks to considerable extent by proper

reservoir operations.


80

.

10.2 Flood Prone Area of Karli River Basin:

Flood, by definition means an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. It

can also be described as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water.

10.2.1 Prominent Floods In History

Based on the previous history,sindhudurg district has an unexpected rainfall and flash flood

followed by landslides and road accidents.This district receives high amount of rainfall during

the rainy season.As a result most of the rivers get excess water and experience floods.The

heavy rainfall also results in landslides in isolated areas characterized by steep slopes.

The major rivers where flood comes at least once a year are:

1.Waghotan 2.Sukhnadi 3.Tillari 4.Karli 5.Gad nadi

Apart from flood tidal waves may affect the villages close to the Arabian Coast during cyclone

and Tsunami.Flood in 2005 affected almost the whole district by and large.The eastimated loss

resulted by this flood was more than 9 crores.

Identified Flood Prone Villages in Karli Basin Taluka - Kudal


81

Gram Panchayat Flood Prone

Village/Wadi

No of

families/Persons

to be affected

Red Zone or

Blue Zone

River

/Dam/Khadi

Kudal Aambedkarnagar 81 - Karli River

Kavilkate 10 -

Laxmiwadi (Near

ST Depot)

31 -

Pawashi Shelatewadi 146 -

Bao Baagwadi 31 -

Sarambal Dewoolwadi 101 -

Chendvan Malewadi 232 -

Chipi Chipi 22 -

Flood prone villages are not demarcated as Red zone or Blue zone but the work is in

progress.Most of the areas in the district are flood prone and therefore there is a danger to

human life,livestock and property.The living in kaccha mud houses are more vulnerable to

flood.Here most of the people are engaged in agriculture therefore standing crops may be

destroyed.Old people, pregnant women,disabled persons are highly vulnerable.They have to be

shifted to safe shelters.

It is estimated that the above villages are vulnerable to floods and cyclones.The main

elements which are vulnerable are the people staying near riversides,poor people,children,old

people and ailing people.The houses and the belongings of such people will be damaged,As the

main occupation of the people here is agriculture,their crops will be washed away.That is they

will lose their livelihood.The main infrastructures,communication system will be

disturbed.sources of drinking water will become impure.Necessary steps will have to be taken

to restore the same.

List of raingauge stations in Karli Basin

Sr.No. Name of water shed Name of Raingauge station

1. Karli Dukanwad, Nerur,

Walawal,kudal,malvan,Kasal,patgaon,sawantwadi

2. Pithdhawal (Gharkond) Awalegaon Tal-Kudal

3. Bambarde River --------

Yearwise flood damage

damages do to high flood in Karli Basin has been reported by Revenue department.


82

Sr.

No Year

Name

of

Damag

es

Affected

Area

Damages (Nos/Amount) Help Provide by

Govt. Assess

ment

Conces

sion Human

Animal/Birds Financial Cro

p No Amount

No Amount No Amount

1 2005

High

Flood --------

- 70

Cock 5200/- 420 13,65,695/-

-----

---

217 4,19,790/-

--------

2 2006 - 1 5000/- 315 14.38,640/- 104 1,86,090/-

3 2007 - - - 270 12,09,596/- 240 5,06,250/-

4 2008 1 - - 439 24,86,762/- 348 7,35,200/-

5 2009 - 6 53800/- 1032 40,16,455/- 1023 32,95,795/-

6 2010 1

Injured 2 25000/- 866 36,99,565/- 557 15,01,990/-

7 2011 1 3 65000/- 714 48,61,171/- 543 12,95,940/-

8 2012 02 03 54000/- 329 21,27,193/- 145 8,68,400/-

9 2013 - 1 12000/- 348 37,50,269/- 142 5,62,375/-

10 2014 - 8 1,36,000

/- 337 34,74,667/- 46 1,53,230/-

11 2015 1 1 4,20,000

/- 166 15,65,547/- 4 4,27,380/-

Total 99,52,440/-

:- Reservoir operation schedule ( ROS)

There are in all 16 Irrigation Projects are in Karli sub basin out of which Talamba

Major Irrigation project and Verde Minor scheme are in under Construction and Pavashi, Nileli,

Pulas Talewadi, Chorgewadi, Oros, Dhabhachiwadi, Hateri and Dhamapur are nine completed

M.I. project. And Nirukhe Devali And bhadgaon are future scheme in the sub basin. All these

completed M.I. projects have ungated spillways hence their Reservoir operation schedule is

not prepared. The Talamba Major Irrigation Project is under construction ROS is approved The

Kudal K.T. weir & pendur K.T. weir along Karli river are completed projects.


83

Frequency of Flood

Maximum rainfall occurs mainly in following dates.

1. 26/07/2005 2. 03/10/2009

List of Villages likely to be affected by the floods

List of village affected by Karli rivers are as given below, EAP of this major project is under

preparation. After Completion of EAP, demarcation of Blue line & Red line may be carried out in due

course of time. The List of flood affected villages is attached below

– Details of village likely to be affected by floods in Talamba Major projects (No of Villages- 40

Nos.)

Sr.

NO.

Name of Village Sr.

NO.

Name of Village

Tal- Kudal

1. Mahadevache Keravade 22. Sonavade

2. Nileli 23 Sarambal

3. More 24 Anav

4. Vados 25 Vetal Bambarde

5. Amberi 26 Nerur Par

6. Kandoli 27 Walval

7. Mangaon 28 Kavathi

8. Ghavnale 29 Chendavan

9. Naneli 30 Talgaon

10. Salgaon 31 Varad

11. Tulasuli Tarf Mangaon 32 Ambari

12. Keravade Tarf Mangaon Tal. Malvan

13. Mulade 33 Deoli

14. Mankuli 34 Kalse

15. Ambadpal 35 Dhamapur

16. Kudal 36 Pendure

17. Pawashi 37 Parad

18. Bao 38 Chippi

19. Pandur 39 Deobag

20. Kavilkatta 40 Tarkarli

21. Bambuli

Standard operating procedure

Talamba Major Irrigation Project SOP has been prepared approved by W.R.D

Present flood moderation capacity of project is as below.

All the dams in Karli River Basin are planned for conservation purposes andutilization of the stored

water for irrigation, industrial use, water supply and /orpower generation. Provision of specific flood

absorption storage is not consideredin any M.I Projects. The talamba Major Irrigation Project is planned


84

for flood absorption by preparing standard operation schedule. It will be executed after completion of

project.

Table No. 10.2.2. Details of Projects in Karli Basin

Sr.No. Name of dam Max. design inflow

(Cumecs)

Design spillway capacity

(Flood moderation

capacity) (Cumecs)

Ongoing Project

1 Talamba Major 2533 3686

2. Varde M. I. 29.00 29.00

Completed Project

3 Pawashi M.I. 284.00 284.00

4 Nileli M.I. 235.15 235.15

5 Talewadi M.I. 45.75 45.75

6 Pulas 94.60 94.60

7 Chorgewadi M.I. 55.59 55.59

8 Oros M.I. 37.10 37.10

9 Dabhachiwadi M.I. 38.07 38.07

10 Hateri M.I. 122.34 122.34

11 Dhamapur M.I. 272.00 272.00

Future project

12 Nirukhe M.I. 88.89 88.89

13. Devali Under Investigation

14 Bhadgaon 37.80 37.80

Completed K.T. Weir

15 Kudal K.T. Weir ---- ----

16 Pendur K.T. Weir ---- ----


85

10.2.3 Maharashtra State water Policy:

Maharashtra State water Policy (July 2003) States that (Para 8.0 Flood Control and

management) an adequate flood cushion shall be provided in water storage projects wherever

feasible to facilitate better flood management. The flood control space is provided in the

reservoir for storing flood water temporarily in order to reduce peak discharge and to minimize

flooding on down streams locations.

10.4.1 Rainfall Phenomena Pattern

The occurrence of water from atmosphere is in the form of rain, dew and rarely in hails.

However it is mainly in the form of rain in this sub basin. It occurs from South-West monsoon

mostly in June to September and rarely due to cyclonic showers in May.

Table No. 10.4.1 Rainfall Details for Sindhudurg District

Month Average 2009 2010 2011

June 932.5 528.8 1028.4 1240.4

July 1682.63 1955.4 1768.6 1323.9

August 712.7 439.2 690.8 1008.2

Sept 511.26 388.8 513.4 631.6

Octo. 262.33 313.8 335.2 138

Total 4101.4 3626 4336.4 4342.1

10.5 Preventive Actions

10.5.1 Alert „ Signal

The Deputy Engineer will give „Action‟ signal in same manner as Alert signal if he is of the

opinion that the situation has worsened and a breach is apprehended.

a) The Deputy Engineer, give Dam Breach signals and timing of flood.

b) On receipt of „Action‟ signal Collector, Thane to Supervise arrangements on spot.

c) The District Superintendent of Police Thane to supervise arrangement on spot.

d) The District Superintendent of Police Thane District to assist Collector.

Emergency Action Committee of the following officers may be constituted for important

Cities/Towns by the District Collector.

a) District Collector.

b) Chief Executive Officer of Sindhudurg Zilla Parishad.

c) Superintendent of Police of Sindhudurg District.

d) Executive Engineer, Irrigation )

e) Executive Engineer, (P.W. and Housing.)1-13

f) Representative of the post and telegram Deptt.


86

g) A Representative of Railway if any railway line in inundation.

h) A representative of the State Transport Deptt.

i) A representative of the Civil supplies Deptt.

j) A representative of Fire Brigade.

k) District Agricultural officer.

l) District Health officer.

m) District Commandant of Home Guards.

n) District Publicity Officer.

The District Collector should be the Chairman of the Committee. He may nominate any

additional persons considered useful in the effective implementation of the Emergency Action

Plan to set as members of the committee.

10.5.2Control Measures for Prevention of Damage

The extent of Damage will be very less if the new constructions in the caution zone and Red

zone are restricted.

10.5.3 The Prohibitive Zone

This is the zone consisting of normal river channel for discharge of regular flood from free

catchments. This prohibitive zone is shown on village map in blue colour. The area in

prohibitive zone may not be used for building any development of land or dwelling.

It is seen from records that intensity of flood in 25 years is of the order 4692 Cumces

(Reference from Gate operation Schedule). Since these floods satisfy the criteria the same are

considered for marking prohibitive zone. This zone practically lies in the river channel only.

This is marked with Blue colour.

10.5.4The restrictive zone :

The area required to pass the maximum design outflow flood should be treated as restrictive

zone. The restrictive zone is shown on village map in Red colour. In the red zone the land use

regulation may specify the safe height for the plinth level or the lowest floor level.

Maximum outflow 4700 cumecs as per design. The same is to be considered for defining

restrictive zone as per Design note on spillway from typical calculation it can be seen restrictive

zone is defined for 4700 cumecs.

10.5.5The Caution Zone.:

The caution zone may extend beyond the limit of the restrictive zone to the boundary of the

dam break flood zone. As mentioned in Dam safety Manual 2 times Maximum Design flood is

considered for caution zone definition. No typical failure of monoliths are considered as dam is

based on sound foundation condition.

10.6.1The information regarding the same is communicated immediately to

Revenue and Police Authorities by WRD.

The list of villages likely to be affected by the flood of Karli river basin based on the discharge

released showing a) Blue Zone, b) Green Zone and c) Red Zone.


87

10.6.2Blue Zone: The Blue Zone is known as Prohibitive Zone which is 1.5 times more than river

channel capacity. This area may be used only for the open land type of use such as playgrounds,

gardens, river side esplanades or cultivation of light crops wherever such riparian rights exists.

10.6.3 Green Zone: This Zone is also known as restrictive Zone which is of spillway design flood

capacity. In the restrictive zone the land use regulation may specify the safe height for the

plinth level or the lowest floor level and the type of building method to prevent collapse of the

structure during floods.

Restrictions on the type of uses of buildings in such zones may also be specified. This will take

into account the possibility of floods expected in this zone and also necessity of all prompt

evacuation of people, cattle and goods at short notice, to avoid costly flood damages and loss of

life. While framing constructions in such zones, compulsory insurance may also have to be

considered.

10.6.4 Red Zone:

This Zone is also known as Caution Zone and is of Dam break inundation Zone. Flooding in

this area may be rare but not altogether impossible. The regulation for land use in this zone

should only include a caution about the flood risk and likely flood height in this area and

necessary building precautions for safety under such circumstances, wherever a contingency

may arise.

10.7 Recommendations related to Flood in the Karli river basin :

1. There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood prone basin.

2. Adequate flood cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever feasible, to

facilitate better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood control be given

overriding consideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the cost of sacrificing some

irrigation or power benefits.

3. While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue to been

necessary, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures, such as flood

forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofing for the minimization of losses

and to reduce the recurring expenditure on flood relief.

4. There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the flood plain zones

along with flood proofing, to minimize the loss of life and property on account of floods.

5. The flood forecasting activities should be modernized, value addedand extended to other

uncovered areas. In flow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for their effective

regulation.

6. The recommendation/guidelines have been ensured by Dam Safety Organization, Government

of Maharashtra, Nasik as per Dam Safety Manual, Chapter-7 and 8.

7. NGT orders for fixing blue and red lines.

10.9 Reference:

A. Dams in Maharashtra Major, Medium and Minor River Project, WALMI

Aurangabad, Year-2000

B. State Water Policy includes Chapter of Hydrology of Karli Sub basin.

C. As per the guideline issued by Dam Safety Manual Chapter-7.

D. District Disaster Management Programme 2012 District Sindhudurg & Ratnagiri.


88

Chapter 11

DRAINAGE

11.1 Introduction

Maharashtra has a long history of irrigation. During British era, in the year 1885,

Irrigation from Nira Left and Right Bank Canal started. In the command of these

canals, it was observed that some area of the irrigated land in the command became

waterlogged and saline. The fertility of land goes on reducing. No crop could be grown

on these lands. It is due to excessiveuse of irrigation water and topographical features.

The Bombay Government had set up a Special Irrigation Division at Pune in 1916, to

study the problems of water logged area and suggest remedial measures. DIRD

(Directorate of Irrigation Research & Development) is established in the year 1916.

Since then DIRD is collecting data of water logged and saline land from the command

of various major projects and monitoring the affected area. DIRD is working with 7

Irrigation Research Divisions and 32 sub divisions in all over the state. DIRD, monitors

damage area of major and medium irrigation projects.

Karli basin


89

11.2 Identification And Norms Of Damaged Area

Damaged area can be classified in two categories.

1. Water logged area

2. Saline area.

11.2.1 Identification of water logged area.

Water logged area is identified by observing ground water table levels in the command.

Generally, water levels in the wells are observed twice a year i.e. pre monsoon (March,

April & May) and post monsoon (Nov. Dec. and Jan.) period. The water logged area is

classified in two categories as fully waterlogged and slightly water logged. The area

where ground water is observed on the ground in period 1st Nov. to 31st Jan. is

classified as fully water logged area. The area where water table is within 2 m from the

ground surface is classified as slightly or partially water logged area.

11.2.2Identification and norms of salt affected area

Saline soils contains excess amount of soluble salts like sodium chloride, sodium

sulphate, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate

etc. The saline soil patches are identified by visual inspection and by laboratory test.

A ) Visual inspections

The saline soil patches are identified initially by visual inspection. The key points in the

visual inspections are as follows.

These soils often have white patches.

A white line of salt deposition is seen along online field channel and field courses.

In some cases visible signs of salt injuries such as pick burn of leaves and chlorosis

(Pale yellow colour of crops) of leaves are seen.

B ) Laboratory test

After identifying the saline patches, PH value and Ec (electrical conductivity) tests are

carried on soil to evaluate exact severity.

a) Test to obtain PH value of soils.

b) Test to determine electrical conductivity of soil (Ec)

When Ec is upto 1 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is non saline. When Ec is in

the range of 1 to 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is demarked as slightly or

partially saline. Where the Ec values are more than 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural

land is termed as fully saline.


90

Classification of the soils and there breakup as follows

Depth of soil Texture Drainage

A). Very Sallow ( 10 c.m.) Gravelly sandy loam Exceessibily drained

B) Sallow ( 10 to 25 c.m.) Gravelly sandy loam Well drained

C)Moderatly Deep (25 to

50c.m.)

Gravelly sandy loam Well drained

D) Deep (50 to 100 cms) Gravelly sandy loam Well drained

E) Very Deep ( 100 cms ) Silty Loam Well drained

F) Deep to Very Deep ( 50

cms)

Silty Loam Well drained

(As per data given by MRSAC Nagpur)

Sub Surface drainage system.

The soils are free from ither salinity or alkalinity. The texture of the soil various frome coarse

to medium. Soil are well drained with moderately rapid pearmeability. Also the area of has

good slope. The general water table is much below the ground level in summer season. All

these factors indicates that there will be no problem of drainage after irrigation. There is 1

completed minor scheme. No damaged area is noticed in Minor Scheme.

11.5 Land Damage Index

Land Damage Indexfor command area is defined as percentage ratio of damaged area

and irrigable command area.

Land Damage Index = Damage area in Ha X 100

Irrigable command area(Ha).

The damage area (in Ha) in the above definition includes both, Waterlogged area and

area affected due to soil salinity. Every year DIRD collects data of damaged area and

the land damage index is worked out and monitored. In Karli Basin, the land damage

index of these projects is 0%.


91

Chapter 12

.

Drinking Water (Municipal & Rural)

12.1 Introduction

All water supply schemes are designed for 15 years projected population. As per

the availability, Bore wells, Percolation Wells, Percolation Tanks, Dams are the

main sources for water supply schemes. Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, Zilla

Parishad and local bodies under takes various types of schemes i.e.

Regional/Individual Schemes, Full Deposit Schemes depends upon the requirement

of local bodies. As the Govt. of India incorporated Bharat Nirman Programme for

drinking water in rural areas. I.e. NRDWP (National Rural Drinking Water

Programme.)

There are various type of heads like, UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure

Development Scheme for Small & Medium Town), MSNA (Maharashtra Sujal

Nirmal Abhiyan), NAGROTTHAN etc. to execute the schemes in Urban areas,

depends upon the cost of the scheme or requirement of local body. Maharashtra

Jeevan Pradhikaran executes the schemes whose cost more than Rs. 7.50 crores and

the schemes up to Rs. 7.50 crores are executed by local Zilla Parishad as per the

Govt. resolution. After the successful completion of the one year trial runs all the

scheme (individual/regional) handed over to the local body for regular operation

and maintenance.

In rural area rate of water supply is 40 to 70 LPCD depends upon the population.

Whereas In Urban areas the design rate of water supply scheme is 100 LPCD. For

the underground drainage system, design rate of water supply scheme is considered

as 135 LPCD which is minimum requirement for running the drainage system. All

water supply schemes are based on guideline issued by GOI/GOM. All projects

have been developed based on sector reforms adopted of GOI/GOM.

Our approach in this respect should be such that the local bodies should essentially

stickto the supply norms after fulfillment of the conditions prescribed by CPHEEO

Manual. Till the time this is achieved, and they should be content with and accept

a lower supply rate from the municipal system. In other words the local bodies

even for larger towns and cities should manage their present demand with 100

LPCD supply. Concurrently they should take up sewerage schemes and after the

schemes are completed (which is a time consuming process) proposals for

augmentation of water supply for increasing supply rate from 100 LPCD to 135

LPCD a requisite for sewerage schemes can be initiated. It is possible that this

would be resisted by the people at large and also by the local Politicians. However

in the larger interest this has to be insisted.

As per the State Water Board guidelines, requirement of rural water is worked

@100 LPCD including cattle demand and the Urban Water demand is considered

@ 135 LPCD.


92

Alternative source for the local bodies, such as,

a) Roof rain water harvesting,

b) Recharging /restoring of groundwater,

c) Making best use of local wells which might have been abandoned.

12.2 Coverage Of Scheme In The Sub Basin

Sub Basin includedistrict Kolhapur & Sindhudurg.

Municipal Corporation - 00 No

NagarParishad

A - 00 No

B - 00 No

C - 01 No

No of Schemes Urban - 01 No

Rural - 38 No

12.3 Population, Water Demand And Supply

Estimation of Rural Population – The details of rural area such as the village names,

population (Year 2014) and projected population (Year 2030) are given in Annexure

no. I. The population growth rate is depending upon last five decades population. The

trend of population growth is reducing due to urbanization as well as due to up-

gradation of few villages from Village Panchayat status to Municipal Council level, and

therefore the future growth of village population in the villages under Karli Sub Basin

is considered as 25 % up-to year 2030.

For rural area (villages), the design rate of water supply is at 40 liters/capita/day. The

water demand at 100 liters/day/person including live stock. (gross at source) for the

year 2030 is considered which includes the system losses and other use and at this

rate of supply, the gross annual water demand at the abstraction points would be 2.14

Mm3of ground and surface water.

The details of rural and urban Water Supply Schemes are received from MJP, ZP and

other local bodies. The drinking water requirement for urban and rural area is given in

following Table-12.1 –The rural water requirement including live stock is considered

@ 100 liters/capita/day and the urban water requirement is considered @ 135

liters/capita/day.

It is a common experience that villages face water scarcity during summer. It is

therefore proposed that every village shall have a storage tank (similar to village tank)

to store raw water and its capacity shall be to meet needs for 100 days. This will be in

the form of a water bank and would enable villages to tide over the situation during

scarcity period the combined grid system, every year.


93

Table 12.1A Domestic Use

Category No. of

Schemes

Present

Populati

on

(in

lakhs)

Present Water

Use

(Mm3)

Population

in

2030

(in lakhs)

Water Requirement

(Mm3) @ 100 Liters/day/

capita for rural & @

135Liters/day/capita for

Urban

Surface

Water

Ground

Water

Surface

Water

Ground

Water

Total

Urban

Councils

1 17137 0.25 0 25705 1.26 0 1.26

Rural

38 16053 0.23 0 24080 0.88 0 0.88

Total 39 33190 0.48 0 49785 2.14 0 2.14

Note: In future, the supply rate in rural areas is expected to be adopted as 100 LPCD (which

would be inclusive of demand of cattle) and in that case the requirement of water would be

2.14Mm3 from surface and0Mm

3 ground water. For scarcity purpose water requirement of

0.01Mm3@ 20 LPCD is assumed.

12.4 Management of Water Resources

The Rural as well as Urban Water Supply Schemes (WSS)are based on lifting the water

from some source like irrigation tanks or weirs and supplying water through piped

distribution system. At present the water supply is not metered but water meter fixing

work is in progress, so in future the supply will be made on meter basis.

To calculate the actual water losses from schemes the water audit is in progress and

accordingly the remedies will be done.

Following problems are faced by domestic water supply agencies –

i) The water supply schemes are not self supporting.

ii) The supply is not metered.

iii) Losses are high due to illegal connections/ tapping, leakages in pipes and valves.

Local organizations (Gram Panchayat /Municipalities /Corporations) are not willing

to take WSS for O&M.

iv) In some areas, as there is no sewerage system more water is used to drain

sewage. Also polluted water directly mix in source causing high load on purifying

the water.

v) No permissions will be given to use tap water from municipal system for activities

like Construction of buildings, gardening etc.


94

Table 12.2- Status OfCompleted Water Supply Schemes

Sr.

No Basin Dist.

Number of Rural W.S

Scheme

Number of Urban W.S

Scheme

1 Karli Sindhudurg 38 1

Total 38 1

12.4.1 Following Plans Are Suggested

Total domestic water requirement for the village/town to be worked out based on

standard norms. Deduct from it the existing water supply available from the local

sources (e.g. Wells, Tanks, etc.)

Augmenting the existing water sources through watershed development works and

deducts it from the total requirement.

Balance requirement, if any, may be satisfied from the resource available outside of

the area.

Supply should be metered and charged on volumetric basis.

Training should be provided to operating staff.

Sewerage system in each area shall be done to avoid water pollutions.

Recycling of waste water.

Participation of Local bodies, (e.g. G.P., M.C.s,) for operation and maintenance of

water supply scheme.

While permission given for Construction of buildings, roof rain water harvesting

should be made compulsory.

Making best use of local sources (wells, bores ,tanks etc)

12.5 Distribution and Management (O&M)

In urban areas, the distribution of drinking water is through underground pipeline

network. The Zonal Elevated Service Reservoirs supply water to the distribution

network. Mostly, there is limited time (3 to 4 hours/day) of water supply and timing

varies from area to area in the city.

There are no sincere efforts from local bodies to minimize the losses but these are about

20% to 30% or may be more in some towns. (Refer Annexure XIX Pg. No. 362)There

is prime need to identify the leakage spots and rectify the leakages regularly. Zone wise

water meter should be provided to control uniform distribution of water

For rural area, previously the water supply is through stand post. There are no water

meters and line losses are more but not definitely assessed. Now as per the NRDWP

norms, 100% water connections are to be provided.


95

Assessment of the present situation of the O and M of water in cities / towns

reveals:

i) Meters are fixed at source.

ii) Flow meters should be provided as per the zones.

iii) As well as water meters should be provided in distribution system

Table 12.3 Water charge Recovery And O & M Expenditure

Dist. Type of

Connections Number

Rate/No

(Rs)

Water charge

Recovery

Lakhs

O & M

Expenditure

(Lacs)

Thane Domestic 5985 1000 49.59 55.57

Commercial - - - -

Total 5985 1000 49.59 55.57

(For Details please refer Annexure XVIII Pg No. 360-361)

12.6 Management Plan and Infrastructure

Survey of leakage detection in the distribution system be taken up. In the mean time there

should be focus on replacement of old, unserviceable distribution mains.

i) Installation of ultrasonic flow meters for raw as well as treated water system.

Requirement of meters needs to be assessed and provided. In addition adequate

staff for measurement and maintenance needs to be provided for Installation of

wireless flow monitoring system for better water supply management has to be

adopted. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition i.e. "SCADA" system to be

adopted.

ii) Improve quality of services of old water supply system.

iii) Ensure connectivity to 100% area should be tanker free.

iv) Ultimate aim should be to adopt 24 x 7 water supply, such continuous supply is

introduced which has shown appreciable improvement in the system and

thereby achieved consumers‟ satisfaction.

v) a) Supply of water through piped system from source.

b) Financial management.

c) Telescopic tariff.

d) Water Quality Monitoring.

12.7 Special Consideration For Rural And Urban Water Supply Schemes

It is a common experience that Rural Schemes are not properly operated and

maintained. This is observed both in case of individual as well as Regional water

supply Schemes. Reasons are however different. In case of individual schemes, apart

from source getting dried up, there are un-attended leakages and their electricity bills

are not paid which is often the result of poor recovery of water charges.

In case of Regional water supply Schemes, another aspect needs serious consideration.

Since electricity bill charges are not paid, the system stops functioning but this is

mostly due to differences among villages covered and Apex committee. Sustainability


96

of the schemes is thus in danger. With the result valuable assets remain unutilised and

this is a serious case of wastage of assets. There are cases where, instead of finding a

solution, New individual schemes are proposed and implemented.This is essentially a

sensitive issue but nobody appears to pay any attention.

It is, therefore, suggested that in case of Regional water supply Schemes, the Statewide

agency (MJP) shall be involved, which has a long standing experience and technically

expertise. This Agency shall take responsibility of supplying water upto the point of

bulk supply (Metered) on the village boundary. If required, an underground storage be

constructed to store day's requirement. The local body shall be responsible for further

pumping and distribution including additional disinfection if required. The statewide

agency shall bear all the expenses for bulk supply inclusive of electric bills, so that the

system does not stop functioning for non payment of electricity bills. The agency shall

fix water charges to recover both the operating charges as well as capital cost.

12.8 Recycle & Reuse Of Water For Irrigation

In view of recycling of water it is proposed to construct a Sewerage Treatment

Plant(STP) in urban areas by which the B.O.D. & C.O.D. can be brought to accepteble

limits so that the treated water can be use for irrigation & other purpose.

At the Municipal council area, waste water can be collected from sewerage treatment

plant and any other measures available with local body. As per the water supply norms,

nearly 80% waste water is proposed for Irrigation & other purpose after recycle and

reuse.

However Recycle and reuse of sewage water is Nil at present. In future, out of 80 % of

waste water, nearly 40 to 70 % waste water is proposed for recycle and reuse.

Hence, additional water that can be made available after recycling for non irrigation &

other purpose would be 0.44 Mm3 by the year 2030. The details of Expected cost of the

water after the treatment are given in table 12.4 below,

TABLE 12.4- RECYCLE & REUSE Sr.

No.

Sub

Basin

Dist. Use of Water

for Urban/

Rural &

Industries

(Mm3)

Return

flow

expected

(80%)

(Mm3)

Qty. of

water for

recycle &

Reuse

(Mm3)

Investment

Cost. Rs.

Crores

Remark

1 Karli

Sindhud

urg

Urban 1.26 0.51 0.26 2.00 .

Rural 0.88 0.35 0.18 1.00

Total 2.14 0.86 0.44 3.00

As the basin is classified as abundant, recycling should be considered only at a later

stage if industrialization takes priority and resultant pollution reaches a level where major

freshwater sources are contaminated


97

Chapter 13

Industrial Use

13.1 Introduction

Industries department is instrumental for development of industries in the State. To

speed up the industrial development, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation

(MIDC) was constituted on August 1, 1962 under the provisions of Maharashtra

Industrial Development (MID) Act, 1961. Industrial areas managed by MIDC are

located in different parts of the States with major industrial centers at Mumbai, Pune,

Aurangabad, Nasik, Nagpur and Kolhapur. These industrial areas have been classified

as five star industrial area, major industrial area mini industrial area and growth centers

based on certain criteria. Besides this MIDC have also established Information

Technology/ Bio-Technology/Floriculture Parks. The broad objectives of MIDC are as

follows:

To achieve balanced industrial development of Maharashtra with an emphasis on

developing parts and underdeveloped parts of the State

Infrastructural development of each and every district of Maharashtra and

facilitate entrepreneurs in setting up industries at various locations

The MIDC has been declared as an agent of the State Government for carrying out the activities

within the framework of the MID Act and the MID Rules. These activities can be divided into

following 3 broad categories.

• Acquisition and disposal of land

• Provision of infrastructure facilities

• Providing of services.

In the context of provision of various services, the Corporation provides water supply services

to the units in its industrial areas. The investment on the water supply scheme (Head works)

made by MIDC is more than Rs. 1000 Crores with installed capacity of water supply of 1941

Million Liter per Day (MLD) & present supply all over the state is 1545 MLD.

13.2 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas

For the purpose of regulating the water supply operations of the Corporation, the GoM has

prescribed a legal and financial mechanism between them. The salient features of the

mechanism are as given below:

• A water supply scheme providing water to more than one industrial area in grid system is

termed as centralized water supply scheme, the asset ownership of which remains with the

MIDC. On the other hand a water supply scheme catering the need of only one industrial area is

termed as localized water supply scheme with asset ownership remaining with Government.


98

• The water supply made either from centralized or localized water supply scheme is treated as

supply made on behalf of Government and the revenue thus collected is shown as revenue

accruing to the Government.

• The operating expenditure of centralized water supply scheme is debited to the Corporations

account while the operating expenditure of localized water supply scheme is debited to the

account of Government through its function agency.

• The Corporation is allocated the portion of the water revenue so as to meet its net operating

and other expenses.

• The surplus/deficit accrued after deducting operating expenses for water supply from the

water revenues is borne by the Government.

13.3 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors

Boiler and Cooling

Paper Pulp and Processing

Beverages and Food processing

Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals

Textiles, Jute fiber, Wool Silk etc

Repair and Services

Washing, Cleaning, Solvent

The details of Water use in various sector is classified as below:

Type of Industry Water Use Intensity

Manufacture of Food Products Medium

Manufacture of Beverages, Tobacco & Related Products High

Manufacture of Cotton Textiles Low

Manufacture of Wool, Silk and Man – made Fiber

Textiles

Low

Manufacture of Jute and other Vegetable Fiber Textiles

(except Cotton)

Low

Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products and Printing,

Publishing & Allied Industries

High

Manufacture of Leather and Leather Products, Fur &

Leather Substitutes

Medium

Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and Chemical Products

(Except Products of Petroleum and Coal)

Medium

Manufacture of Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum and Coal

Products; Processing of Nuclear Fuels

Low

Manufacture of Non Metallic Mineral Products Low

Basic Mental and Alloys Industries Low

Manufacture of Metal Products and parts, except

machinery and Equipment

Low

Electricity Medium

Gas and Steam Generation and Distribution Through

Pipes

High


99

13.4 Present Scenario

Rapid industrialization and urbanization coupled with continuous decline in per capita water

availability is putting a lot of pressure on the available water resources. As per the Central

Water Commission (India) estimates, the future water requirements for meeting the demands of

various sections would be about 1093 BCM for the year 2025 and 1447 BCM for the year

2050. The increasing gap between water availability and demand highlights the need for

conservation of water.

All the water supply schemes in designated Industrial are of MIDC are based on efficient Water

Use and Conservation Efficient water use means reducing the demand by improving personal

habits; reducing wastes; creating an adequate rate schedule; deriving benefits from technical

developments as well as from water management techniques, coordinating the management of

hydraulic resources with that of the land and economical and social aspects; promoting norms

and regulations. In short, efficient water use consists of optimizing water usage. There is

absolute efficiency, to use the least amount of water possible; economic efficiency, which seeks

to derive maximum economical benefits; social efficiency, which strives to fulfill the needs of

the user community; ecological efficiency, which guarantees natural resources \conservation;

and institutional efficiency, which qualifies the function of an institution regarding its water

related tasks.

13.5 Present use of Water in Karli Basin : Karli basin there are one MIDCs viz. kudal MIDC, There are 76 No. of Agro Industries and 56

No. of Non agro industries including 1 Airport (Chipi) These industries uses water 0.365

Mm3.

a) The list and details of industries is as given below –

Agro based industries : 76 Nos. Chemical industries : 1 No.

Paper industries : 4 Nos. Electrical industries : 7 Nos.

Educational Institute : 2 Nos. Cement Product Material : 11 Nos.

Rubber & Plastic : 21 Nos. Engineering Works : 9 Nos.

Airport : 1 No.

The water requirement of the above industries is varying from 1 kl/unit to 1000 kl/unit

depending upon the type of industries.

The present and future water requirement for industries is as follow.

Table.13.5.1 :-StatusofWater for Industries ( Taluka -Kudal )

Sr.

No.

Category of Industries No.

of

Present Water Use

(Mm3)

Industrial

Development

Water req. for

Units Surface

Water

Ground

Water

Total in 2030 Industries in

2030

1) Agro based industries 76

0.365

0.000

0.365

3.285

2) Chemical industries 1

3) Paper industries 4

4) Engineering works 9

5) Ruber @ Plastic 21

6) Electrical Work 7

7) Cement Product 11

8) Educational Institute 2

9) Airport 1


100

The provision for industrial water use in this Karli basin is 3.285Mm3 through various

Medium and Minor Irrigation Projects. The total present water requirement for above industries

is actual water is being used 0.365 Mm3.

a) Annual Turnover and No. of Workers— In This industrial area mainly mechanical factories developled which ara depending on

avaibility of local raw material. About 4 to 5 thousand labours have got employment in this

industries area.

Another aspect of dealing with demands of water for industrial use is , to

estimate the demand of the water for the industrial estate or individual industry on the

basis of nature of the industry and requirements of that type of industry.

When the question of reservation of surface water crops up, blanket permissions

should not be granted. This is in context of experience that actual consumption of water

is for less than quota reserved. Since the entire quota is reserved irrigation department

also cannot make any use of it. Initially a beginning should be made with minimum

quantity to be reserved, which can be reviewed when more number of industries start

functioning.

b) Future industrial water requirement for the basin. Future industrial water requirement as obtained from various industries in

the basin is 3.285 Mm3. Thus the demand of water for Industrial purposes for

year 2030 would thus be 3.285 Mm3


101

Chapter-14

Legal Issues

I) LEGAL ISSUES

Karli Sub Basin (WF 77) having area is 812.65 Sq KM and The Karli River is main river

Originating at shivapur Tal.kudal,Dist-Sindhudurg. The total length of karli river is 91km.The

important tributaries of the Karli River are Hateri,Pitdhaval..Total maximum and minimum

rainfall is 1600 mm to 6326 mm. Average available yield in WF 77 sub basin is 2018.20Mcum

In WF 77 sub basin no any legal issue related to water.

II) WATER LAWS

Following are the Water Laws is operation in the State/Country.

The list of water laws is as given below –

1) Article 21 of the Constitution.



4) Land Acquisition Act, 1894.

5) Indian Forest Act, 1927.

6) The Bombay Land Improvements Schemes Act, 1942.

7) River Boards Act, 1956.

8) Land Revenue Code, 1956.

9) Inter State Water Dispute Act, 1956.

10) The Bombay Village Panchayat Act, 1958.

11) Maharashtra Fisheries Act, 1960.

12) Maharashtra ZillaParishad&Panchayat Act, 1961.

13) Insecticides Act, 1968.

14) Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.

15) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

16) Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976.

17) Water Cess Act, 1977.

18) Maharashtra Kharland Development Act 1979.

19) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980.

20) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

21) Environmental Protection Act, 1986.

22) Maharashtra Project affected persons Rehabilitation Act, 1986.

23) Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993.

24) Krishna Valley Development Corporation Act, 1996.

25) Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1996.

26) Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.

27) Kokan Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.

28) Godavari Marathwada Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998.

29) Maharashtra District Planning Committees Act, 1998.

30) Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act, 2001.

31) Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

32) National Water Policy, 2002.

33) The Biodiversity Act, 2003.

34) State Water Policy – Maharashtra, 2003.

35) Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005.


102

36) Hydro-power Policy Water Resource Department (WRD), Government of Maharashtra

through its Policy No. PVT-1204/(160/2004)/HP, dated 15th September, 2005.

37) Guidelines for EIA, 1997, 2006.

38) Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers (MMISF) Act, 2005.

39) The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Rights)

Act, 2006.

40) SC Green Bench, NEAA-2009.

III) Some important Policies, Laws and Acts of Maharashtra State-

1. State Water Policy, 2003

Objectives-

The objectives of Maharashtra State Water Policy, 2003 are to ensure sustainable development

and optimal use and management of the State‟s Water Resources to provide the greatest

economic and social benifits for the people of Maharashtra in a manner that maintains

important ecological values within rivers and adjoining lands.

To adopt an Integrated, multi-sectoral and river basin Approach to the water resources

planning, development and management on a sustainable basis taking a river basin and sub

basin as the unit. The State Water Policy also stipulates that the river basin agencies shall have

the responsibility and authority for the integrated planning, development and management of

the water resources and watersheds of their respective river basins; for flood management,

drought management and operation and maintenance of water storage and delivery

infrastructure. These river basin agencies shall prepare integrated river basin plans with the

effective inclusion and participation of representative of all basin water user entities, categories

of water users and other stake holders. Such basin plans shall include a development plan, a

long-term operation plan, a monitoring plan, a comprehensive watershed management plan, an

efficiency improvement and water conservation plan and a waste minimization and water

quality management plan.

2. The Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005

(ACT NO. XVIII OF 2005)

At the beginning of this century, the State faced the following problems in the water sector:

i. Inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral conflicts amongst various categories of water users.

ii. Fragmented approach to water resources planning and development

iii.Low water useefficiency

iv. Fiscal strain in meeting operation and management costs from water tariff revenue

v. Large number of incomplete irrigation projects and inadequate funds to complete them.

These problems necessitated a radical change in the approach to water resources

development and management in order to meet the challenges of the 21st century. An act to

provide for the establishment of the Maharashtra WaterResources Regulatory Authority to

regulate water resources within the State of Maharashtra, facilitate and ensure judicious,

equitable and sustainable management, allocation and utilization of water resources, fix the

rates for use of water for agriculture, industrial, drinking and other purposes, and matters

connected therewith or incidental thereto


103

It was expedient to make a law to provide forthe establishment of the Maharashtra Water

Resources Regularity Authority to regulate water resources within the State of Maharashtra,

facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation andutilization

of water resources, fix the rates for use of water for agriculture, industrial, drinking and other

purposes, and matters connected therewith or incidental thereto, for the purposes aforesaid,

realizing such a need, the state government initiated a number of administrative and legal

reforms which constitute broadly what is known as the „Water Sector Reforms‟. These include

the formulation of the comprehensive State Water Policy 2003, implementation of a Water

Sector Improvement Project to rehabilitate 286 irrigation projects (major, medium and minor)

and the enactment, in March 2005, of two statutes namely the Maharashtra Management of

Irrigation Systems by Famers (MMISF) Act and the Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory

Authority Act. The MWRRA was established in August 2005 and became operational in mid-

2006.

3. PROPOSED NEW ACT

The Integrated Water Resources Management Plan after finalization will have to be

implemented by various Agencies such as WRD, Agriculture Department, SDA, PCB, MJP,

MIDC, etc. under overall control of River Basin Authority (RBA). A new act with respect to

this will have to be enacted.

http://www.mwrra.org/Document%208.pdf


104

Chapter-15

Trans Basin Diversions

15.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with inter basin diversions links identified at National level and State

level. The intra-basin transfer of water in Karli Sub Basin is also discussed.

The rainfall over the country is primarily orographic, associated with tropical

depressions originating in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The monsoon

accounts for more than 85 per cent of the precipitation. The uncertainty of occurrence

of rainfall marked by prolonged dry spells and fluctuations in seasonal and annual

rainfall is a serious problem for the country. Large parts of Maharashtra, are not only in

deficit in rainfall but also subject to large variations, resulting in frequent droughts and

causing immense hardship to the population and enormous loss to the nation. The

water availability even for drinking purposes becomes critical, particularly in the

summer months as the rivers dry up and the ground water recedes. Irrigation using

river water and ground water has been the prime factor for raising the food grain

production in our country.

One of the most effective ways to increase the irrigation potential for increasing the

food grain production, mitigate floods and droughts and reduce regional imbalance in

the availability of water is the Inter Basin Water Transfer (IBWT) from the surplus

basins to deficit basins. Rivers originating from the Western Ghats are found to be

surplus in water resources. If we can build diversion weirs on these rivers and connect

them to other basins by gravity, regional imbalances could be reduced significantly and

lot of benefits by way of additional irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply,

hydropower generation, navigational facilities etc. would occurs.

15.1 Inter-Basin Diversions at National Level

In none of inter basin water transfer links (at national level) water has been proposed to

be transferred to any area within Maharashtra. Obviously the Karli Sub Basin is not

getting any benefit of National Inter-basin Transfer under the above Scheme.

15.2 Intra-Basin Diversion at State Level

No Intra-State projects proposed in Karli Sub Basin as per NWDA report.

15.3 Import & Export of Water in Basin

.Karli Basin has 75% dependable yied of 1720.96 Mcum (60.75 TMC) of available

water. In Karli basin the storage created is 317.077 Mm3 ( 11.351 TMC ) against

1720.96 Mcum( 60.75 TMC ). This water will be more than sufficient to fulfill the

needs of basin hence there is no any requirement of import or export of water from

another basin or sub basin


105

.

15.4 Recommendations of Study Groups /Commissions/ Committees

15.4.1 Fact Finding Committee for Drought Prone Area, (Sukthankar

Samiti), 1973

The water from high rainfall zone may be given to drought prone area through lift

irrigation schemes.

15.4.2 Maharashtra Water Irrigation Commission, 1999

i)Water from surplus basins should be diverted to water deficit basin. In this respect

inter-state and intra-state water diversions projects be pursued.

ii)The inter-state and intra-state diversion projects be investigated.

15.4.3 National Water Policy, 2002

i)Non-conventional methods for utilization of water such as through inter-basin

transfers etc. need to be practiced to further increase the utilizable water resources.

15.4.4 State Water Policy, 2003

i)The transfer of surface water from surplus areas where feasible and appropriate may

be undertaken for drought mitigation.

ii) Non-conventional methods for utilization of water such as through inter-basin

transfers from surplus basins to deficits one be practiced.


106

Chapter- 16

Other Special Requirements

16.0 Introduction

In ancient times, dams were built for the single purpose of water supply or irrigation.

Demand for water is steadily increasing throughout the world. There is no life on earth

without water, our most important resource apart from air and land.

Water is essential for sustenance of all form of life on earth. It is not evenly distributed

all over the world and even it‟s availability at the same locations is not uniform over the

year. While the parts of the world, which are scare in water, prone drought, other parts

of the world, which are abundant in water, face a challenging job of optimally

managing the available water resources.

As civilization develops there was a greater need for water supply, irrigation, flood

control, navigation, water quality, sediment control and energy. Therefore, dams are

constructed for a specific purpose such as water supply, flood control, irrigation,

navigation, sedimentation control, and hydro power.

A dam is the corner stone in the development and management of water resources

development of a river basin. The multipurpose dam is a very important project for

developing countries, because the population receives domestic and economic benefits

from a single investment.

Most of the dams are single purpose dams. However now the number of dams built for

multipurpose are growing.

Dams and reservoirs contribute significantly in fulfilling basic human needs

Water for drinking and industrial use

Irrigation

Hydro power generation

Flood control

Navigation

Recreation

Tourism

16.1 Hydropower Generation in Karli Basin

In Karli Sub Basin there is one proposed Hydro Electric Project. viz. Talamba H.E.P.

After completion of this project 4.00 M.W. electricity will be generated in future.

However, no separate water is allocated for hydropower generation of this project


107

16.2 Navigation :-Karli river is not a perennial river & at most of the places it becomes dry

from month of December onwards. Water is flowing only in rainy season The width of the

river is also too much less. The length of Karli river is only 92 kms. Hence the river is not

useful for navigation purpose no provisions are made on the completed projects.

16.3 Recreation:-In Karli sub-Basin almost all major and minor dams are situated in

Sahyadry ranges, dam and reservoir premises are surrounded by mountains with

reserved/unreserved forest area and very beautiful sceneries. The most of the M.I.dams, such

as Chorgewadi, Pulas, Nileli, etc. are the vicinity of Ranganagad. They are also near to

proposed Sahyadry High Way. In future, after completion of proposed Talamba Major

Irrigation Project there is lot of potential for water sports, such as boating, swimming, fishing,

Garden Development in & around these dam site area.

However no sizeable water is allocated for recreation.

.16.4 Tourism

In Karli Sub-Basin following places are best for tourism.

RANGANAGAD FORT:-

Rangnagad Fort lies near village Narur and nearby the submergence of Talamba major

irrigation (ongoing) project in the Kudal taluka of Sindhudurg District of Maharashtra. This

fort is one of the fifteen fortresses raised during the Shilahar Bhoj's reign. It came under the

control of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1659. Situated at a height of around 2600 ft (790 m.)

above sea level, this fort can be reached by trekking. The fort is well known for the Rangnai

Devi Temple located inside it.

DHAMAPUR LAKE :-

Dhamapur Lake is located in Kalse & Dhamapur Villege and formed by Dhamapur

M.I. Project which is 10 Km. away from Kudal Taluka place, in the Konkan region of

Sindhudurg District. The boating facilitiy provided in tourieum point of view. Tourist can

enjoy lake boating here. It is one of the famous tourist point surrounding natural beauty The

Bhagawati Temple, located in the vicinity of the lake, which is the other major attraction of

this site.


108

DHAMAPUR LAKE BOATING

TARKARLI BEACH:-

Tarkarli Beach, is a beautiful beach on the coastal strip of the Konkan region, near Malvan

Town,. The beach is located at the confluence of the Karli River and the Arabian Sea.

Watersports like snorkelling and scuba diving can be enjoyed at the beach. It is one of the

famous tourist point surrounding natural beauty of costal area of Arebian Sea.

The MTDC resort on the beach is a good place to stay; their open air restaurant serves

tasty sea food and generous portions which seemed to be quite popular.


109

TARKARLI BEACH

KARLI BACKWATERS:-

Karli Backwaters refers to the region where the Karli River flows near the Karli Creek and

ultimately merges into the Arabian Sea. It is home to numerous estuarine species of animals

that one can spot while boating here. The Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation

(MTDC) has been successful in attracting tourists to the backwaters by creating an ambience

similar to that of the backwaters of Kerala. The MTDC also introduced houseboats in the

backwaters in 2003, which resemble the ones found in Kerala.


110

KARLI BACKWATERS

FORECAST OF GENERATION OF WEALTH AND EMPLOMENT:-

1) In Karli Basin there are one major irrigation project and 15 minor Irrigation projects

including storage tanks. In future these tanks can be developed from tourisum& fishing

point of view. Fisheries deparment is providing fish seeds to the co-operative fishing

societies. At present fish production in Kudal, Malvan and Vengurla taluka is about

249.26 MT. from completed M. I. Projects in Karli basin. & in future with proper

planning of fish production in storage tanks of verious irrigation projects can be

enhanced 830.48 MT.upto Year 2030. This will also creat employment in nearby

villages in dam site area.

Sr.No District Taluka Area under

fisheries (ha)

Fisheris

Production

(MT)

Fisheris

Production In

Rs.Lack

A) Sindhudurg Kudal 171.92 215.36

Malvan 26.50 33.90

Vengurla 0 0 0

B) Kolhapur Bhudargad 0 0 0

Ajara 0 0 0

Total 198.42 249.26


111

2) There is also scope for developing Agro tourism and Horticulture. The Kudal Taluka is

famous for Cashu nut. This cashu is famous for its test & Quality. For large scale

marketing of this cashu proper infrastructural support to farmers is needed from Govt.

This will enhance economic condition of farmers and will create employment and

national wealth.

3) Major part of area in Karli sub basin is under resevered/unreserved forest, and

remaining major part of area is under various cash crops viz cashew, Mango etc. The

cashew grouth in this basin has lot of potential to grow with support & guidence of

Govt. & Agriculture scientist. Hence due to horticultural activity and tourism will also

grown up & it will create employment opportunities to the farmers of the Basin


112

Chapter– 17

Environmental Management And Ecology

17.0 Background

Eco-system protection and poverty alleviation are of utmost importance in achieving

the Millennium Development Goals. In most developing countries, the two are closely

interlinked. But, due to unsustainable anthropogenic pressures, the carrying capacity of

ecosystems is severely jeopardized, thus affecting ecosystem goods and services on

which the rural poor depend directly. Attempts at focusing on one of these aspects

without working on the other have proven to be unsustainable. An approach focused

entirely on ecosystems, that does not perceive the local communities as a part of

ecosystems or conversely, an approach focused entirely on communities and

livelihoods that does not prioritize the urgent need for preservation and restoration of

degrading ecosystems have shown to have limited relevance in tackling ground

realities. In the two options mentioned above, the approaches have been developed by

well-meaning external organizations or governments that seek to 'manage' their projects

from a distance, while the vision, wisdom or problems of the local community are

seldom seen as the building blocks for developing the approach further.

17.1 Introduction

The rate of growth of urban development in the recent years has been exponential

whereas the city infrastructure growth has not been able to match this pace. This has led

to enormous pressures on the existing ecological resources, surface water body being

one of the most affected. The conventional philosophy of human habitat settlements

have always been inspired around the banks of river and thus the dependency on these

surface waters for consumption and waste discharges kept on increasing day by day.

Though the city governments and local bodies have been trying to cope up with the

infrastructure fulfillment, the fact that natural resources have been over exploited shall

remain true in times to come.

Water has remained as one of the most demanded commodity for humans. The problem

of water is twofold, one that surface water is exploited for domestic & industrial

consumption and most of the treated and untreated sewage & industrial wastewater are

released back into the surrounding surface water bodies. The problem is further

aggravated when these water bodies are perennial and ultimately become sewage of

wastewater conveyance systems rather than rivulets. Not only is the sewage a major

culprit but many industrial setups around river have been discharging their waste into

these rivers and have resulted in total disruption of the existing ecological balance in

these water bodies. Thus, the carrying capacity of these ecological resources have been

saturated in the recent past which means these river bodies do not have any further

natural healing process & if the wastewater discharges continue at this pace, the rivers

shall be dead in no time. Many such examples have been quoted in the past and several

attempts have been made to rejuvenate / remediate such waste courses like Ganga,

Yamuna and many others.


113

17.2 Karli Sub-Basin

In Sindhudurg District of Karli Sub basin comprises Karli main river and its tributaries

named Hateri/Bambarde nadi & Pithdhaval river. Karli Main River originates near

village Shivapur of Kudal & flows through Kudal, Vengurla&Malvan & finally meets

to Arebian Sea at village Deobag of Malvan Tahasil.The tributary Bambarde Nadi

originate near village Nirukhe of Kudal & flows towards Karli river through Kudal &

finally meets to Karli River river at village Anganewadiof Kudal Tahasil.Second

tributary Pithdhaval river originate near village Pangrad of Kudal Tahasil & flows

towards Karli river through Kudal Tehsil & finally meets to Karli River river at village

Anavof Kudal Tahasil.

17.3 Probable Sources of Water Pollution in Karli Sub-basin

This section describes the most probable reasons of water pollution in the Karli sub-

basin. This shall not be considered as only limited to these but may be thought as the

major sources of pollution.

17.3.1 Urban Development

There is only one Municipal Council in this basin namely Kudal Municipal Council and

major villages located nearby Karli river. Sewage generated from Local Bodies located

on bank of river is being disposed as it is in rivers causing river pollution.

.

17.3.2 Industrial wastewater

There is no any chemical project located in the basin. There is only one industrial area

is located near the river basins, i.e. Kudal MIDC. Most of the industries consume the

surface water in process and for domestic use and though most of these industrial areas

and industries within are equipped with wastewater treatment plants, it cannot be ruled

out that there may be several incidences that this wastewater may form one of the

reasons for water pollution. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board does not give

permission to any industry of Industrial Area for disposal of treated industrial effluent

into the River or water body.

.17.3.4 Agricultural Practices

Due to the present pesticdes of chemical based agriculture (enormous use of chemical

fertilizers and pesticides), runoffs from these areas during monsoon season may meet to

the river.

17.3.5Sand Dredging

Bloom of construction industry in the recent past has led to over exploitation of river

resources especially sand. Dredging in Karli Sub-basin is common practice that is

supposed to lead to changes in bathymetry of the river basin (due to creation of huge

voids). These voids tend to accumulate excessive water and reduces natural percolation

rate ultimately affecting ground water level in surrounding areas and also leading to

ingression of minerals in connected water bodies leading to higher hardness. Ultimately

these man-made interference slowdowns the natural water purification process of river.


114

17.3.6 Lack of maintaining Minimum Water Level in River

Excessive construction of Check Dams (KPT) across the river beds restricts minimal

flow of water throughout the river bed thereby affecting the ecological balance of the

river. The bigger picture suggests that except for the perennial flow of rain water, these

rivers tend to carry sewage due to reduced dilution potential. Furthermore, stagnation of

sewage waters in the river due to minimal flow also leads to percolation of this polluted

water into aquifers further aggravating the situation and extending pollution from

surface water to other sources.

17.3.7 Algal Growth

Stagnation of water on one hand & continuous sewage flow on the other enhances the

growth of algae and other similar organisms that further deteriorate the quality of river

water.

17.3.8 Siltation

Soil erosion due to runoffs and compounding of water due to changes in the river beds

lead to possibility of increased siltation. The detritus effect of algae and other

organisms at high siltation spots further leads to septic conditions adding to the

pollution problems.

17.4 Sewage Generation Potential

There is none of Municipal Councils in this basin. Hence there is no any discharge from

local body during summer and winter season, however in monsoon season surface

runoff alongwith sewage may reach upto the River. Details about sewage generation

are mentioned in Table 17.1

Table 17.1 Water Consumption, Wastewater Generation and Treatment

capacity

Name District River Sewage

Generation

MLD

Sewage

Treatment

MLD

Percentage

Treatment

Disposal Type of

Treatment

Municipal Corporations

Kudal Sindhudurg Karli 2.4 Nil 0 Open

sewer &

irrigation

Disinfection

only

All the above Corporations / Councils have submitted action plan and assured that they will

complete STP work within stipulated period.


115

17.5 Industrial effluent potential As per the stipulated norms of the State Pollution Regulatory Authority, there is no any

industry allowed to discharge treated/untreated effluent into the drinking water zone

directly/indirectly.

The details of industrial estates on the bank of rivers of Karli sub-basin are enclosed as an

Table-17.2

Table-17.2 Details of individual industries & industrial estates in Karli Sub-Basin

Name District Population River Sewage

Generation

MLD

Sewage

Treatment

MLD

Percentag

e

Treatment

Disposal Type of

Treatment

Industrial Estate

MIDC

Kudal.

Sindhudur

g

About 01

unit in

operation

Karli 0.001

(Dom.)

0.001 100% On land

for

gardening

Septic

tank

There is one industrial estate come in this sub-basin; all industries have provided their own

Effluent Treatment facilities and treated effluent is used for gardening/irrigation in their own

premises. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board does not give permission to any industry of

Industrial Area for disposal of treated industrial effluent into the River or water body.

17.6 Water Sampling and Quality Monitoring Stations

This office is not having any water sampling station as per NWMP program at Karli river and

its trabutaries inSub basin. Also there is no any major Industrial Estate or Chemical project in

the Karli Sub- basin jurisdiction of Sindhudurg and Kolhapur district.

17. 7 Hydraulic & Organic Load As discussed in the earlier section of this report, it has been essential to understand the extent of

water usage and wastewater disposal in the treated and untreated form that has been happening

in the course of this river in order to determine the present environmental status & future

carrying capacity of the same. This could be achieved by calculating the theoretical organic and

hydraulic loads entering the river on one hand, whereas a more systematic approach that has

been used by several of the agencies has been to take up extensive monitoring and analysis of

the representative sections for environmental parameterization. The scope of the present study

is to theoretically calculate such hydraulic and organic load & further delineate options for its

management.

Municipal sewage may be defined as “waste (mostly liquid) originating from a

community; may be composed of domestic wastewaters and/or industrial discharges”. It is

major source of water pollution in Karli Sub-Basin, particularly in and around large urban

centers.


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17.8. Load Estimations for Sewage

Thus, taking an average of 80 -85% of the water consumed to be wasted as domestic sewage,

the total hydraulic load adding into the river sums up to be about 3.2 MLD.

It is essential to understand that the organic loading or strength of the sewage and/or pollution

potential of the sewage is determined by a chemical parameter known as Biochemical /

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). Based on the past experience from sewage organic

loading, the total amount of BOD load as expressed inmg/Lit is found to be in the range of 200

to 250. Thus, considering the worst case scenario and assuming the BOD to be 250 Mg/Lit, the

total organic load from sewage into the river body accumulates to be about 0.8 tons/day. Thus,

in order to remove this entire BOD, theoretically 1.44 tons/day of air shall be required to be

replenished into the river stretch (considering 20% O2 in air) assuming 100% diffusivity in

order to neutralize the organic load entering the system

Technological trend in the jurisdiction

1) Small Villages – Septic tank followed by soak pit.

2) Municipal Councils – Collection system through underground network with technologies

such as Trickling Filter, Phytoremediation, Facultative Lagoon or Aerated Lagoons.

3) Municipal Corporations – Collection system through underground network for

decentralized treatment using technologies such as ASP, SBR, MBBR or UASB.

17.9 Load Estimations for Industries

All industries have provided their own Effluent Treatment facilities and treated effluent is used

for gardening/irrigation in their own premises. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board does not

give permission to any industry of Industrial Area for disposal of treated industrial effluent into

the River or water body.

17.10 River Water Quality of Karli Sub-Basin

This office is not having any water sampling station as per NWMP program at Karli

river in Karli Sub basin. Also there is no any major industrial area in the Karli Sub

basin in the jurisdiction of Sindhudurg and Kolhapur district.

17.11Environment Management

Management of ecological resources is an emerging field of environmental systems

development. Riverine systems have been in discussions since long but with the increasing

pressures due to resource exploitation & vast development in and around the water bodies with

its limited infrastructure for domestic sewage disposal have augmented the problems. Though

there have been several other issues related to waste disposal, augmenting the organic as well

as solids load in the riverine system, the present report outlines an integrated approach for

wastewater management as discussed in the following sections.

17.11.1 Control of Pollution at the Source As the name indicates, measures shall be taken at the source itself that are leading to pollution

in the water body. This is normally achieved either by optimizing the water supply in these

areas as well as decentralized wastewater treatment system development. Though this option

seem to be workable in long run, a detailed technical and financial feasibility of the same needs

to be undertaken.


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17.11.2 Sewage Treatment Plants In other words implementing control measures to avoid the discharge of the pollutants into the

river. The most widely used method is the planning of Sewage Treatment Plant, where the

domestic effluent shall be treated followed by discharge of treated water into the nearby water

body or reused as and when applicable / required. This shall serve two fold management

options. On one hand it shall serve as treatment facility for effective environmental up-

gradation and on the other hand it shall also render huge amounts of dilution in the receiving

water body leading to its healthy behavior.

Though sounding very easy, the evaluation of various parameters for STP is a difficult task and

shall require time as well as resources including huge financial aid and thereby this option shall

be considered to be a LONG TERM one. Total of about 1.6 MLD sewage is generated from

municipal council.

17.11.3 Sewage Irrigation (Short Term Temporary Relief) Another such option at the source management is that instead of constructing full-fledged STP,

the wastewater may be primarily treated for removal of solids and pathogens (settling of solids

& disinfection) & oxygenated through low cost mechanisms such as creation of turbulence

through traversing wastewater in open channel restricting the flows using bunds, fountains,

and/or oxidation ditch etc to be further used for irrigation purposes.

Many studies have been carried out on the same nationally as well as internationally. Similar

type of sewage based irrigation are practiced successfully in the Dharwad district of Karnataka,

India as well as many other places include Greece, Pakistan, Israel, etc.

17.12 Control of Pollution in the Path (Short & Long Term Relief) Many streams, nallah‟s and such other water bodies converge into the river & many of them in

the present case of Krishna carry sewage wastewater, though detailed assessment of the loads

needs to be done before undertaking any such measures. This particular section delineates

conceptual option for In the Path treatment.

These streams account for the indirect source of pollution for the river. Hence there is need of

mitigation measures for the pollution of these sources. Phytoremediation is one such

technology that can be used to curb the pollution of the water bodies, both static and flowing.

17.12.1Nallah Treatment using In-situ Phytoremediation

Phytorid technology comprises of constructed phyto-filtration system which is functionally

similar to the natural wetlands. This technology is based on the principle of working root

systems of plants combined with the natural attenuation process. It can be used for pollution

control and waste management of municipal or industrial effluents from rural as well as urban

areas. Various species of aquatic plants have been utilized to attain maximum efficiency in the

treatment of domestic wastes. These include species like Phramites australis, Phalaris

arundinacea, Glyceria maxima, Typha spp., Scirpus spp., other common grasses etc.

17.13 Control of Pollution at End of Pipe End of the pipe treatment is the most resource consuming and tedious process. This shall be

taken up only in case of extreme pollution and deterioration of the river when none of the above

mentioned options are available or feasible. Most of this process is physical, mechanical and

biological and may be required at regular time intervals.


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17.13.1 De-silting One of the best possible options for immediate overturn of the existing problems is de-silting

with the use of mechanical devices also termed as Dredging. Though highly cost intensive,

such methods have been conventionally utilized for immediate relief from pollution and

increasing the carrying capacity of the river bodies all across the globe. Such examples can be

taken up from lakes like Pashan in Pune, Powai in Mumbai, Kacharali in Thane and many

others. As far as rivers are concerned the greatest example to be quoted for the same is

MithiRiver wherein every year de-silting has been carried out since past several decades. This

de-silting also helps rejuvenate the existing ecosystem and diffuse air through mechanical

turbulence caused during this process. Though not a very sustainable practice, but this seems to

be an immediate and short terms remedy for most tedious issues of environmental degradation

of rivers.

17.13.2 Mechanical Aeration This can be mainly achieved by implementation of mechanical aerators. The aerators will help

in providing the excess oxygen required to reduce the BOD of the waste water. From the

calculations mentioned earlier in the report, each site along the ulhas river basin will have a

different oxygen demand.

17.13.3 Marina Adaptation or Biological Rejuvenation Establishing the lost ecological balance is the most effective way of rejuvenation of any water

body. Though a sensitive and time consuming process, it shall still form the basis of

sustainability which is the prime goal desired out of all this studies and action plans.Use of

balanced blend of eco flora and fauna along with symbiotic microbial cultures has been very

effective in restoring lakes and rivers. It shall be again borne in mind that such systems are

usually effective in steady state conditions which are difficult to achieve in rivers but a detailed

feasibility of such systems along with an integrated approach of mechanical and natural process

may render most suitable options of all.

17.13.4 Physical Cleaning & Beautification Human perception about clean water is more of an psychological preference than chemical

nature. Thus, it is very important to have cleanliness especially related to the removal /

eradication of weeds such as hyacinth and others that have been long considered to be aesthetic

and environmental nuisance. Similarly, aesthetic improvement in the form of beautification

along the banks of canals as well as along the river wherever possible shall be done.

17.13.5Minimum Flow in the River It is very essential that there is constant flow maintained in the river. It has been an experience

in the past that stagnation or low flow velocities leads to anaerobic or septic conditions in water

bodies leading to foul smell due to release of anaerobic end products such as methane and

hydrogen sulphide. This also leads to change over of the whole aquatic flora which otherwise is

aerobic in nature and ultimately increasing the BOD requirements. Hence it is very essential to

maintain a minimum optimum flow in the river that shall be sufficient enough to flush the

riverine system. Though the concept of optimum or minimal flow is not scientifically unclear

but it shall be sufficient enough to have certain amount of turbulence and flowing so as to avoid

anaerobic conditions in any stretch of the river.

17.13.6 Conservation & Best Possible Options for Improvement It shall be important that decisions regarding selection of technology for treatment of

wastewater along all the identified sources shall include the end use of treated water which in

most of the cases shall be for agricultural use in and geographical area of these sources.


119

Chapter-18

Institutional arrangements

18.1 Legal arrangements

Irrigation sector continues to be a major consumer of water. WRD has developed a vast

network of canals and pipelines. Water from these dams is also supplied for other needs

of agriculture, domestic and industry. WRD manage and allocate the surface water

resources for irrigation, drinking water & sanitation, and industrial purposes.

Groundwater is regulated and monitored by the Water Supply and Sanitation

Department. The constitutional provision, Acts and Policies regulating the State water

sector are:-

1) Indian Easements Act, 1882

2) Right to life and personal liberty-Article 21 of the Constitution.

3) Right to an adequate means of livelihood-Article 39 of the Constitution.


5) The Land Acquisition Act 1894[The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill,

2012]

6) Indian Forest Act 1928[The Indian forest (Amendment) Bill, 2012]

7) The Bombay land improvements schemes Act 1942

8) The River Boards Act 1956

9) Land revenue code 1956.

10) Interstate Water Disputes Act-1956

11) The Bombay village Panchayat Act 1958.

12) Maharashtra Fisheries Act, 1960

13) Maharashtra ZillaParishad&Panchayat Act 1961.

14) Insecticides Act 1968

15) Wild life (Protection)Act 1982

16) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1984

17) Maharashtra Water Supply and Sewarage Board Act-1986

18) Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986

19) The Water Cess Act 1988

20) Maharashtra Khar land development Act 1989.

21) The Forest Conservation Act 1980

22) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

23) Environmental Protection Act-1986

24) Maharashtra Project affected persons Rehabilitation Act 1986.

25) Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993

26) Krishna Valley Development Corporation Act, 1996

27) Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1996

28) Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998

29) Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998

30) Biomedical Waste (M&H) Rules, 1998

31) Godavari Marathwada Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998

32) Maharashtra district planning committees Act 1998.

33) Hazardous Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000


120

34) Municipal Solid Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000

35) Maharashtra Project-Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act, 2001

36) Biological Diversity Act 2002.

37) National Water policy 2002 [Revised National Water policy 2002].

38) The Biodiversity Act 2003.

39) State Water policy-Maharashtra 2003.

40) Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005

41) Hydro power policy,WRD, GoM-2005 (Under revision)

42) Disaster Management Act, 2005

43) Uniform protocol for after quality monitoring order-2005,GOI Notification

dated 15.06.2005

44) Guidelines for Environtal Impact Assessment (EIA) 1998, 2001, 2006.

45) Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers (MMISF)Act, 2005

46) The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers(Recognition of

Rights)Act2006

47) Supreme Court-Green Bench, National Environment Appellate Authority

(NEAA) 2009.

Appellate and Redressal forum: It is also proposed to form an appellate and redressal

forum at sub-basin level to look into the suggestions, demands, complaints, etc.

18.2 Review of various acts and policies

1. Standardization of the nomenclature of watersheds at State and National level.

2. Notification of sub-basin and rivers

3. Indian Easements Act, 1882

Frameworkof law must recognize water not only as a scarce resource but also as

aSustainer of life and ecology. Therefore, water needs to be managed as a

communityresource held, by the state, under public trust doctrine to achieve food

security, livelihood,and equitable and sustainable development for all. Existing

Acts, such as Indian EasementsAct, 1882may have to be modified accordingly in as

much as it appearsto give proprietary rights to a land owner on groundwater under

his/her land.

4. Rules have been framed for MMISFAct-2005 whereas for MWRRA-2005 the

formulation of rules is in progress.

5. Amendments to Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986 is under consideration with

GOM, by detailed and comparative study of Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986 ,

MMISFAct-2005, MWRRA Act-2005 and State Water Policy-2003


121

Master Plan Review Committee

M1-WRD : 1. DG,(MERI), DG(WALMI),CE(WRD),CE(Hydro), CE (WRD), CE(CADA), CE(NMR), SE(DIRD)

M2 (Agriculture) : Joint Director (Thane, Raigad)

M3 (GSDA) : Dy.Director (Thane, Raigad)

M4 (Water Conservation) : CW (WC) (Thane)

M5 (MJP) : CE (MJP) (Thane, Raigad)

M6 (MIDC) : CE (MIDC)(Thane, Raigad)

M8 (Fisheries) : Joint Director (Thane, Raigad)

M8 (MTDC) : Regional Manager(Thane, Raigad)

M9 (ZP) : Chief Executive Officer (ZP)(Thane, Raigad)

M10 (Urban centres) : Commissioner (Thane, Raigad) and Chief Officer (Thane, Raigad)

M11 (MPCB) : Regional Manager (Thane, Raigad)

M12 (Hydrology) : Chief Engineer, Hydrology (Mumbai)

M13 (Revenue) : Collector (Thane, Raigad)

M14 (Energy) : CE, MAHAGENCO (Thane, Raigad)

Invitees : As required

Note: Frequency of meeting twice in a year

Fig 28.1.1: Master Plan Review Committee

MD KIDC

(Chairman)

Member -1

WRD

Member -2

Agri

Member -3

GW

Member -4

WC

Member -5

MJP

Member -6

MIDC

Member -7

Fishries

Member -8

MTDC

Member -9

ZP

Member -10

Urban C

Member -11

MPCB

Member -12

Hydrology

Member -13

Revenue

Member -14

Energy

CE, KIDC


122

Master Plan Implementation Committee

M1-WRD : Executive Engineer (districts Thane, Raigad)

M2 (Agriculture) : Joint Director (Raigad and Thane)

M3 (GSDA) : Dy. Director (Raigad and Thane)

M4 (Water Conservation) : SE, Minor Irrigation (Thane Local Sector)

M5 (MJP) : SE (MJP) (Raigad and Thane)

M6 (MIDC) : SE (MIDC) (Raigad and Thane)

M8 (Fisheries) : Regional Deputy Commissioner (Raigad and Thane)

M8 (MTDC) : Regional Manager(Raigad and Thane)

M9 (ZP) : Addl. CEO (ZP) (districts Nashik, Thane and Palghar)

M10 (Urban centres) : Commissioner and Chief Officer of Corporation and Municipality

M11 (MPCB) : Regional Officer (Raigad and Thane)

M12 (Forest) : Chief Conservator of Forest (Raigad and Thane)

M13 (Revenue) : Addl. Collector (Thane and Raigad)

M14 (Energy) : SE, MAHAGENCO

Note: Frequency of meeting once in three months

Fig 28.1.2: Master Plan Implementation Committee

Chief Engineer,WR

(Chairman)

Member -1

Member Secretary

Member -2

Agri

Member -3

GW

Member -4

WC

Member -5

MJP

Member -6

MIDC

Member -7

Fishries

Member -8

MTDC

Member -9

ZP

Member -10

Urban C

Member -11

MPCB

Member -12

Forest

Member -13

Revenue

Member -14

Energy


123

The Government has decided to make this Act more comprehensive and compatible

with the intent of the Model Billand to enact a new act “Maharashtra Ground Water

(Development and Management Act -2009”

a) To facilitate and ensure the sustainable and adequate supply of groundwater of

the prescribed quality for various category of users ;

b) To protect drinking water sources ;

c) To conserve the groundwater sources and to ensure the balance between the

groundwater recharge and its exploitation ;

d) To make regulatory mechanism more effective and to manage groundwater in

over-exploited and critical watershed areas ;

e) To provide for an institutional framework to ensure community participation

both at planning as well as implementation level ;and

f) To establish forum to avoid overlapping and maximize the benefits of

Government schemes in rural areas and also to focus on groundwater issues in

the urban areas, such as rainwater harvesting including rooftop harvesting to

improve the groundwater as a support to the existing water supply system in the

State.

The new bill related to this act, seeks to achieve the above mentioned objectives by

including the important provision that groundwater belongs to the state and the state

reserves the prerogative to decide the priority of appropriation and apportionment of the

groundwater to meet public good as it deems fit.

S.P.Bagade1,in his comparative analysis of cases of success and failure, attributed

successful implementation of the act due to notification of sources as per the rules

framed under the Act, awareness of the Sarpanch about the provisions of the Act and

his vigilance and follow up in getting the provisions implemented in case of violation;

prompt action and diligent use of powers vested by the Act in them by competent

authorities in stopping construction of new wells in violation of the Act and due

procedures being followed for notification of scarcity. He attributes laxity or failure in

implementation of the Act to lack of awareness on the part of the people; unwillingness

of the Panchayat representatives in making a formal complaint or in following it up;

clear and emphatic preference of the farmers in applying water to growing irrigated

crops; pressure group activity of the farmers irrigating the crops being stronger than the

voice of those whose subsistence needs are affected and lacunae in the Act. He also

complains of procedural complexities that make it difficult to implement the Act in

time and the tendency of the officials and elected representatives to press for starting

supply of water in tanker to avoid distress induced by scarcity of water.

In 2005, GoM passed the „Maharashtra Water Resources regulatory Authority Act,

2005‟ regarding water resources with wider ramifications and stronger teeth. The

precedence of the groundwater regulation is accepted explicitly in section (12) (8) of

the MWRRA Act, 2005 which stipulates that „the Authority shall abide by the relevant

provisions of the Maharashtra Groundwater Regulation (Drinking Water Purposes) Act,

1993‟.


124

6. Sand mining–GOM has approved a new sand mining policy (20.10.2010), which

makes it compulsory for contractors to obtain permission from the Gramsabha, (the

elected body of villagers) for sand mining and extraction. The policy has given

direct control to the local bodies over the sand mining activities and has placed

severe restrictions to protect river beds from damage.

7. Hydro power policy (2005)

a. The present policy is not conducive for projects in the sub-basin and therefore

this policy should be prepared for river basin or sub-basin wise to covert the

available hydro power potential in the physical projects.

b. In all ongoing and future irrigation projects irrespective of its capacity,

provision of ICPO should be made compulsory.

c. Conversion of irrigation sluice to ICPO in existing irrigation projects should be

done on priority.

8. Land acquisition

a. WRD should insist revenue department to maintain the records of diversion of

irrigated land to non-agricultural purposes and intimate concerned irrigation

project authorities to update their records.

b. The powers of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural purpose are

vested with revenue department and that too at very low level this needs serious

review and appropriate amendments.

9. River pollution disaster

a. A new policy to be prepared

10. Maharashtra Irrigation Act,1986

a. Irrigation management is looked after by WUA‟s. There is water supply on

volumetric basis and no bar on cropping pattern. Assessment and recovery will

be done by WUA‟s. Amendments in Irrigation Act to this effect are necessary.

b. Rules for MMISF Act, 2005 have been already framed and For MWRRA act,

2005 are under preparation. Improvement in the Maharashtra Irrigation Act,

1986 are under consideration of the GoM on detailed and comparative studies of

the Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986, MWRRA Act, 2005 and MMISF Act,

2005.

11. Conversion of Irrigation Development Corporations in to River Basin

Agencies.

As per provisions in MWRRA act, 2005,all Irrigation Development Corporations

are to be converted in to River Basin Agencies step by step. Conversion of The

Krishna Valley Development Corporation in to River Basin Agency is being

undertaken by GoM. Draft bill is already prepared for the purpose. Suitable

provisions be made in the said bill to include the formation of sub-basin monitoring

committee (SMC), its duties & responsibilities, Power & functions etc.

12. Constitution of „State Water Board „ and „State Water Council‟

MWRRA Act 2005 , provisions under Section 15, subsection(1) and (2),GoM

constituted3 „State Water Board‟ to prepare integrated State Water Plan based on

sub-basin wise project plan and under Section 16, sub-section(1) „State Water

Council‟ to approve the integrated State Water Plan.


125

13. Amendment to Maharashtra State Water Policy2

Vide amendment dt. 18/05/2011, water use priority is changed.

14. Watershed Development and Management

Thrust will have to be given on local water harvesting and artificial recharge of

groundwater through watershed development and management program on large

scale on time bound basis. An act to include participatory approach and mandatory

geological investigations before implementing watershed development program is

pre-requisite.

Thus it is inferred that the existing acts and policies need to be reviewed for more effective

natural resources development and management.

18.3 Commission/Committees and its recommendations

The pertinent recommendation/s of the Commission/Committees at Central/State level

are:-

Maharashtra State Irrigation Commission-1962 (Shri. S.G. Barve)

1. A special inquiry commission be appointed every 10-15 years to undertake a

review of irrigation-related policy.

Water and Irrigation -National Irrigation Commission -1982 (Shri. Ajit Prasad

Jain)

1. A separate director be there to carry out hydrological study. There should be a

separate Agency at State level to deal with groundwater.

Waste Land Development Committee,(1995) Shri. Mohan Dharia

1. Create one central authority at national level to develop waste and infertile land.

White Paperon Drinking Water by the Government of Maharashtra (1995)

1. Creation of new independent drinking water supply department is necessary to

handle both the rural and urban parts combined so as to implement the water supply

programme in an integrated and coherent manner.

18.4.1 Present Scenario

Drought prevailing conditions are also occurring frequently in the sub-basin. At

present one circle office fully and (1) circle offices partly and (6) Divisional Offices are

looking after water resources development activities partly for the sub-basin. Water

resources development activities are similarly looked after by other Departments also

(like GSDA, Agriculture, etc.). Therefore an inter-disciplinary approach is necessary

for strengthening or otherwise combining various Departments for implementation of

the proposed plan.

In order to have integrated approach to Water Resources Development and

Management, following models of KIDC (RBA) are suggested.


126

Model-I –

1) In the office of KIDC, Senior Officers from the fields of Geology, Agriculture,

Engineering, Environment, Hydrology, Soils, Water Supply Department, Industries,

Tourism, Revenue, Economy, Co-operative and Banking sector need to be recruited

who will plan and monitor the water resources projects with an integrated approach.

The KIDC will prepare and monitor an integrated plan annually as well as a short term

plan say for 5 years. A senior level officer of the rank of Secretary who is competent in

administration, management and execution who can deliver the goods may have to be

posted if necessary by open advertisement. The structure of Office of KIDC (RBA) is

proposed in general will be as below –

i) Executive Director, to be further called as Commissioner of River Basin as head of

RBA. Following Officers from various Departments will work under him who will

assist in preparation and monitoring of integrated plan of Water Resources

Development and Management with multi-sectoral approach.

a) Chief Finance Officer to look after all financial matters related with water resources

projects including credit and finance facilities.

b) Joint Director/Deputy Director of Agricultural to look after all agricultural activities,

economical use of water, achieving best efficiency of irrigation projects.

c) Superintending Engineer, Executive Engineer, Deputy Engineer from Water Resources

Department.

d) Executive Engineer from Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran.

e) Environmental Engineer.

f) Officer from Co-operative, Fisheries, Tourism, Revenue (for LA and R&R) and

Marketing, Industries Department each.

g) Senior Geologist (for Ground Water Management).

h) Socio-economic expert preferably Agricultural Economist.

i) Statistician.

j) Executive Engineer from M S E Dist Co. Ltd. (Old MSEB).

If any assistance from officers of departments other than above is required, it shall be

made mandatory for other departments to give such assistance as and when required for

preparation and monitoring of the integrated plan.

2) Similar Officers as above from various fields also will have to be recruited in the Office of

Chief Engineers, Superintending Engineers, Executive Engineers for implementations and

monitoring of the water resources projects as planned by KIDC as above (1). Officers at

appropriate levels from various Departments will also have to be posted in the Offices of

Chief Engineers, Superintending Engineers, Executive Engineers etc. who will implement

the plan with respect to their Department.

Model-II –

1) Senior Officers from various fields as mentioned in Para 1 above under head of RBA will

prepare and monitor an integrated plan of water resources project. The present structure of

offices of Chief Engineers, Superintending Engineer, Executive Engineer etc. may

continue for implementation of water resources projects. However, the implementation of

water resources project with respect to subjects/parameters other than engineering will

have to be looked after by the respective Departments like Geology, Agriculture, MJP,

Environment, Industries, Co-operative, etc. Departments entrusted with implementation

of the above plan will however be accountable and answerable to RBA.


127

Chapter-19

Use of modern tools

19.0 Introduction:

Traditionally watersheds were spatial extents that capture rainwater. Recently it has been

identified that unless the watersheds are not managed in an integrated sustainable manner, then

not only the water resources but also other resources such as vegetation, fertile soil, fauna and

flora get depleted. Rational management of upper and lower parts of a watershed is equally

important for the sustenance of the environment. Therefore it is extremely important to use an

integrated spatial approach for managing watersheds and river basins. The remote sensing and

GIS for watershed management constitutes theoretical aspects of Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) & Remote Sensing and their application for watershed management.

19.1. Watershed Importants:

Watershed is an area, which catches the water from precipitation and then is drained by a river

and its tributaries. It is a “resource region” where the eco-system is closely interconnected around

a basic resource water. The watershed or river basin is therefore an ideal management unit. The

watershed provides a powerful study and management unit, which integrates ecological,

geographical, geological, and cultural aspects of the land. The watershed is also a useful concept

for integrating science with historical, cultural, economic, and political issues. Water (movement,

cycling, use, quality, etc.) provides a focus for integrating various aspects of watershed use and

for making regional and global connections Using the watershed concept, one can start with

study of any number of small sub systems (e.g., a particular marsh or sub-watershed; or a

particular pollutant, such as salt), and continually relate these small-scale issues to questions of

larger-scale watershed system health. We all live in a watershed. Watersheds are the places we

call home, where we work and where we play. Everyone relies on water and other natural

resources to exist. What you and others do on the land impacts the quality and quantity of water

and our other natural resources. Healthy watersheds are vital for a healthy environment and

economy. Our watersheds provide water for drinking, irrigation and industry. Many people also

enjoy lakes and streams for their beauty and for boating, fishing and swimming. Wildlife also

needshealthy watersheds for food and shelter. effective and efficient way to sustain the local

economy and environmental health. Scientists and leaders now recognize the best way to protect

the vital natural resources is to understand and manage them on a watershed basis. Everything

that is done in a watershed affects the watershed's system.

19.2. Geographic Informaton System:

GIS stands for geographic information system. An information system is a computer program

that manages data. A GIS, then, is a type of information system that deals specifically with

geographic, or spatial, information. Like other information systems, a GIS requires lots of data

that it can access, manipulate, and use to produce a product.Geographic information describes the

spatial (location) factors of an object or area. This can be simply latitude and longitude

coordinates, but in most cases more complex factors are included. A geographic information

system (GIS) is a computer-based information system that enables capture, modeling,

manipulation, retrieval, analysis and presentation of geographically referenced data.The

definition provided by The Oak Ridge National Laboratory: GIS is “a digital representation of

the landscape of a place (site, region, planet),structured to support analysis.” Under this broad

definition, GIS conceivably may include process models and transport models as well as


128

mapping and other spatial functions. The ability to integrate and analyze spatial data is what sets

GIS apart from the multitude of graphics, computer-aided design and drafting, and mapping

software systems.

Fig. No.19.1 Fig. No.19.2.

Fig. No.19.3


129

Fig. No.19.4.

19.3 The components of a GIS

In order to function properly, a GIS needs several basic components:

19.3.1 Data-

Organized in a database. The database includes the locational data (where things are

located)and the spatial relationships between data features. The database may also include

additional relevant information.

19.3.2 Software-

A program or group of programs, such as ArcView or Arc/Info, that can access the database,

manipulate the data, and produce a product. Others: Idrisi, GRASS, Erdas, etc.

19.3.3 Plaform-

The hardware, including disk space, terminals, network supporting devices, etc., that support the

software and database.

19.3.4 User-

People who operate the GIS and use its results for analysis and decision-making The fourth, and

final, component of a GIS is the user (this means you!). Without know- ledgeable, competent

operators, the entire system is useless. Users that are able to creatively employ the functions of

the GIS to their fullest extent (not just making maps!) justify the cost and effort required to

build and maintain a GIS.


130

19.4 Environmental application of GIS

· Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Non-point Source Pollution Control

· Storm water Management

· Watershed Management

· Spill Control Planning & Response

· Hazardous Material Management

· Air Pollution Management & Planning

· Wetlands Delineation

· Forestry Management

· Mining & Geologic Resource Management

· Wildlife Habitat Management

19.5 Software used

System MMS Modular Modeling like HSPF Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran PRMS

Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System. Some softwares such as E jalseva and Jalshruti are also

used for collective information about water resource department.

E-Jalseva

E jalseva software used for e governance operation. In water resources department . E jalseva

contains 33 modules , of services in which the water storage , consumption , NI customers

utilisation and billing , project construction and execution, design, quality control , irrigation

management and its details , maintenance and repairs, , training, research and E-service book of

supporting staff work. Etc details are loaded and available for usage.

Jalshruti Application

Jalshruti is mobile application ,which can be used on Android based mobiles , by MRSAC

Nagpur in tandem with MERI Nashik . The Application is also used for collecting information

about Dam, canal . offices, rivers in various basin, water bodies and canal mapping module, send

manager are presently in use for getting the required information.

We all have ideas about the state and history of the watershed and about how that watershed will

respond to alternative land management plans. Our personal ideas are models of the world

around us. These models are used to help us understand the present and predict the future. Often

each of us has different views of the present and the future and we find it very difficult to

communicate why in a particular set of future consequences. To help this communication, it may

become necessary to formalize those views and ideas for better communication between

us.Geographic information systems (GIS) allow us to formally define our understanding of the

past and present state of our watershed and landscapes. Geographic modeling systems (GMS)

allow us to formally define how we believe the watershed works.GIS is commonly accepted and

often required by watershed managers. Acceptance and use of GMS technologies is growing

among management groups to test the consequences of alter ative land management scenarios.


131

19.6 Approaches of GIS application in watershed management

The integrated approach of GIS and Remote Sensing is being recognized universally as

the unique highly effective and extremely versatile technology for evaluation,

management and monitoring of natural resources and environment. With the concept of

multidisciplinary integrated approach got an impetus in monitoring and management of

resources and environment.

19.7 Watershed management decision support system

There is a growing consensus that an effective way to control non-point source pollution and

enhance the long-term sustainability of agriculture and rural communities is through locally

based planning and management at the watershed scale. Coordinated resource management of a

watershed requires the simultaneous consideration of physical and socioeconomic

interrelationships and impacts. In order to address these considerations, it is necessary to

integrate a large amount of spatial information and knowledge from several disciplines. To be

useful, the information and knowledge must be made available to decision makers in a rational

framework.Advances in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), multiple

objective decision making, and physical simulation make it possible to develop user-friendly,

interactive, decision support systems for watershed planning and management.

The goal of the study is to incorporate these advances by designing a user friendly,

interactive watershed management decision support system (WAMADSS) that identifies the

relative contribution of sub-watershed areas to agricultural non-point source pollution and

evaluates the effects of alternative land use/management activities and practices (LUMAPs) on

farm income, soil erosion and surface water quality at the watershed scale. LUMAPs to be

included in WAMADSS are: crop rotations, tillage practices, conservation practices (grass

waterways, terraces), pollution prevention practices (timing, rate and method of application of

fertilizers and pesticides) and other landscape elements such as improved vegetative cover in

riparian areas. The decision support system (DSS) adopts a landscape perspective, which is a

way to view interactive parts of a watershed rather than focusing on isolated components.

The watershed management decision supp-ort system has three major components: a GIS, a

modeling system, and a graphical user interface (GUI). ARC Macro Language (AML) is used

to construct the GUIs, which interface the simulation models and the economic model in a

seamless decision support system framework. AML handles all simulation-related activities,

including generating input files, executing the environmental models, and viewing results in the

GIS.

19.8 Groundwater modeling in watershed

GIS applications are beneficial in terms of watershed management issues, such as locating

possible sites suitable for groundwater recharge, because:

(1) A large amount of the information required (soils, land-use, and slope maps) to evaluate

potential recharge sites currently exists in digital format.

(2) GIS allows a great number of factors to be viewed on uniform media.

(3) GIS has the ability to update information on features and corresponding data. This is essential

for water resource management projects


132

(4) A GIS database provides decision-makers with a comprehensive visual and tabular means for

analyses on which to construct and support decisions.

(5) Utility of this type of database would be for regional and city planners as well as for water

supply and water quality monitoring.

Groundwater modeling is an attempt to replicate the behaviors of natural groundwater or

hydrologic system by defining the essential features of the system in some controlled physical or

mathematical manner. Modeling plays an extremely important role in the management of

hydrologic and groundwater system.

19.8.1 Related Technologies

Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about a phenomenoa without being

in contact with it. Remote sensing deals with the detection and measurement of phenomena with

devices sensitive to elecromag- netic energy such as:

·Light (cameras and scanners)

·Heat (thermal scanners)

·Radio Waves (radar)

19.8.2 Global positioning systems (GPS)

The NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging) Global Positioning

System (GPS) is a space-based radio-navigation and time transfer system. It is an all-

weather system operated by the Department of Defense and is available world-wide 24

hours a day.


133

Chapter-20

Water Balance

20.0 Introduction Water Balance estimation is an important tool to assess the current status and trends in water

resource availability in an area over specific period of time. This chapter deals with availability

of surface water, present use for various purposes, future requirement of water by 2030 and the

balance water.

20.1 Yield in the Sub basin The gross yield as approved by Chief Engineer, Planning and Hydrology, Nashik is given

below.

Table No. 20.1: Yield in the sub-basin

Dependability 50% 75%

Yield in Mm3 2024.09 1720.96

20.3 Per capita availability of water The per capita availability of water is worked out for present and future (2030) population as

below.

Table No.20.5: A. Per capita availability of water

Population in Lacs Total water available

(cum)

2011 2030 2011 2030

2.26 2.82

It is observed through the pilot study conducted at an international level that well being of

people is compromised if per capita water availability drops down than 1000 m3. Per capita

availability of 1700 m3 is considered as satisfactory. If the same is reduced to 1000 m3,

hardships are set in. These include uses of water for various purposes (agriculture, industry,

urban use etc.) of human life. The requirement on count of livestock necessary to support the

masses is also being fulfilled there from.


20.4 Water availability per Ha of Cultivable area The Water availability per ha of Cultivable area is as given below. The criterion for

categorization of basin is as per II nd commission for water and irrigation; these norms are

given in table no. 20.7

20.2 Availability and use of water The planned use in the Karli sub basin is finalized in view of allocation of water. The

availability and use of water is as follows.

20.4 Water Balance:-

Water Balance for the Karli Valley is worked out for Surface Water plus ground water

available. Water Balance takes into account all type of uses i.e.for present status completed and

ongoing is considered and for future2030 completed, ongoing and future are considered in

planning.


134

Table : Annexture – Water Balance of Karli Valley

Sr.

No

Availability

Ref

Table

Planning Mm3 Sr.

No

Use

Ref

Table

Planning Mm3

Present 2030 Present 2030

1 Natural 1 Non Irrigation

Use

a Natural Water Available 1720.96 1720.96 1.1 Domestic 3.378 4.201

2 Manually Managed a Urban

a Regeneration 0 0.44 b Rural +Live

Stock

Urban Use

b Regeneration 0 0 Sub Total

(a+b)

3.378 4.201

Ind. Use

SubTotal (a+b) 0 0.44 1.2 Industrial Use 0.72 3.285

Intra Basin/Sub Basin

Transfer (Import)

0 0 Sub Total

(1.1+1.2)

4.098 7.486

Water Required through

River

0 0 2 Intra Basin/Sub

Basin Transfer

(Import for

Industry)

0 0

3 Water for

Environment

0 13.883

5 Recharge from Irrigation 0 0 Sub Total

(1+2+3)

4.098 21.369

6 Ground water 25.09 35.63 4 Irrigation Use 53.703 361.656

4.1 Major +

Medium

0 0

State + Local

From Import 0 0

Total(1+2+3+4+5+6) 1746.05 1757.47 Total 57.801 383.025

Balance water

for Irrigation

1688.25 1374.45


135

Konkan in Karlii - Picture of Intigrated Water Balance

`Status Available Water (Mm3) Total

Water

(2+3+4+5)

Water Use (Mm3) Balance

Total Water

available

Surface +

Ground

Recycled water

from domestic &

industrial use

Import

Dom

esti

c

Indust

rial

Irri

gat

ion

Eco

logy

1%

Export Total

(7+8+9+10+11)

(6-7)

Intra

basin

Inter

Basin

Intra

basin

Inter

Basin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Present

Status

1746.05 0 0 - 1746.05 3.378 0.72 53.703 0 0 0 57.801 1688.249

Status by

2030

1757.03 0.44 0 - 1757.47 4.201 3.285 361.656 13.883 0 0 383.025 1374.445


136

Table No.20.2: Availability of Water

All figures in Mm3

Particular Present Availability (2030)

1)Surface Water

a)Maximum Permissible use

1720.96 1720.96

b)Recycling :

Domestic 0.00 0.44

Industrial 0.00 0.00

Total of (b) 0.00 0.44

c)Import from other sub basin 0.00

d)Regeneration 0.00 0.00

G. Total (a)to(d) 1720.96 1721.40

2)Ground Water 35.63 35.63

G. Total (1) to (2) 1756.59 1757.03

Table No.20.6: Water availability per Ha of Cultivable area

Water Availability at

75 % Dep.

CCA Water Availability

Cum per Ha

Category of

Sub basin

Mm3 Ha

1720.96 40900 42077.26 Abundant

Table No.20.7: Norms for Categorization of Basin

Sr.

No

Surface Water Availability Unit Category of Basin

From To

1 Less than 1500 Cum/Ha Highly Deficit

2 1500 3000 Cum/Ha Deficit

3 3000 8000 Cum/Ha Normal

4 8000 12000 Cum/Ha Surplus

5 More than 12000 Cum/Ha Abundant



137

Chapter 21

Financial Aspects

21.0 INTRODUCTION: The Irrigation Sector of Maharashtra is one of the largest in the Country, both in terms of Large

Dams and the Live Storage capacity. Also the demand of water for irrigation & drinking

purpose has been alarmingly increasing due to agricultural expansion and intensification. This

chapter deals with the financial aspects of Water supply schemes & irrigation potential

available, potential created, total expenditure incurred and expenditure required in future for the

creation of remaining potential in the Karli sub basinwhich Shindhudurg and Kolhapur

District.Two talukas namely Ajara, Bhudargad in Kolhapur & Kankawali, Kudal, Malwan,

Sawantwadi,Vengurla in Shindhudurg District are covered under this basin. Karli river rises

near Shivapur village Tal. Kudal in western Ghat at an elevation of 823 mtr. above Mean Sea

level, it flows towords West. In the middle reaches river flow westwords and in the tail reach it

turns South west Before joining the Arabian Sea towards the south of Malvan city. The Length

of the river is 92 kms and its catchment area is 825.61 Sq. Kms. The major tributaries of karli

river are Hateri/Bambarde river and Pithdhaval river.This chapter deals with district wise

irrigation potential available, potential created, total expenditure incurred and expenditure

required in future for potential to be created in Karli Sub Basin. It also covers the relation

between potential created and the investment made on different types of irrigation projects viz.

Major, Medium, Minor projects in Karli Sub Basin. Investment required to create one hector of

irrigation (cost efficiency) is also studied.

The Karli sub basin has total potential 21441 hectors through state sector and local sector

projects, out of which 14.38 percent i.e.3014 ha potential achieved so far. Total investment of

Rs.926.47crores requires to create irrigation potential of 21441 ha, out of which

Rs.163.67crores expenditure incurred up to March 2014. There is still 18427 ha potential to be

created in future for which amount of Rs. 762.81 crores is to be invested in Karli sub basin.

There are 11 completed, 2 ongoing and 3 new administratively approved projects in state

sector, while 104 completed 16 ongoing and 23 new administratively approved projects in local

sector in Karli Sub Basin. Further these projects are categorized as Major, Medium and Minor

for state sector projects and Irrigation Tank, Storage Tank and K.T. Weir for local sector

projects.

Karli sub basin includes total 16 state sector projects (Major, Medium, Minor) in Karli

sub basin having 19075 ha irrigation potential. Out of which 1438 ha potential has been created

and expenditure incurred for this is Rs.160.12crores. Still 17637 ha irrigation potential is to be

created through state sector projects for which amount of Rs.720.59crores is to be invested in

future.

There are total 143 no of local sector projects having irrigation potential capacity 2366

Ha. Out of this 1576 ha potential has been created and expenditure incurred for this is

Rs.3.55crores. Still 790 ha irrigation potential is to be created through local sector projects for

which amount of Rs.42.22crores are to be invested in future.


138

Table 21.1 Status of Irrigation projects completed, Ongoing, and for Future are given below:

Description State Sector Local Sector

Major Medium M.I. M.I. , P.T. & KTW

Completed Projects 0 0 11 104

Ongoing Projects 1 0 1 16

Future Projects 0 0 3 23

Total 1 0 15 143

(Source- Water Resources Department, Dist: Sindhudurg and Agriculture Dept. and ZP Sindhudurg.)

Table No. 21.2 Financial Status of the Projects in Vaghotan Sub Basin. (Figs. in Crores)

Description Total State Sector

Major Medium Minor

Updated Cost 880.71 816.65 - 64.06

Expenditure Incurred 160.12 145.48 - 14.64

Balance Cost 720.59 671.17 - 49.42

Funds Required 720.59 671.17 - 49.42

(Source- Water Resources Department, Dist: Sindhudurg)

Table No. 21.3 Irrigation Potential Status of Projects on Vaghotan Sub Basin:

(Area in Ha)

Description Total State Sector

Major Medium Minor

Area ICA ICA ICA ICA

Present Potential 1438 - - 1438

Future Potential 17637 17000 - 637

(Source- Water Resources Department, Dist: Sindhudurg

21.3 Cost Efficiency:

i)State Sector Projects:

Total potential of state sector projects in Karli sub basin is 19075 Out of which 1438 ha

potential created at the end of March 2014 and expenditure incurred for this is Rs.160.12 crores.

Hence the cost efficiency for created potential of state sector projects in Karli sub basin is

Rs.11.13 lakhs per Ha.

Conclusion-

The total irrigation potential developed through the irrigation projects in the Karli Sub Basin is 1438 ha.

(State Sector).


139

Local Sector Projects:--

Table No. 21.4 Financial Status of the Projects in KarliSub Basin. (Local Sector) (0 – 100 ha)

Sr.

No.

Type of

Schemes




1 M.I.

Scheme

5 28.86 0 0 0 0

5

28.86 96 0.395

2 Storage

Tank

0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0

3 Percolation

tank

2 49.79 0 0 0 0

2

49.79 80 0.56

4 Sinchan

Talav

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

5 K.T.Weir 0 0 2 38.08 4 201.91 6 239.99 74.51 772.45

6 Diversion

bandhara

95 271.12 7 79.67 9 216.67 111 567.46 1512.72 199.6257

7 Storage

bandhara

2 5.23 1 14.94 0 0 3 20.17 15 0

8 Jal Shivar

Schemes

0 0 5 33.03 8 73.65 13 106.68 213 259.6051

Total 104 355.00 15 165.72 21 492.23 140 1012.95 1991.23 1232.636

Financial Status of the Projects in Karli Sub Basin. (Local Sector) (101– 250 ha)

Sr.

No.

Type of

Schemes




1 M.I.

Scheme 0 0 1 1244.87 2 2319.51

3 3564.38 375 3.10

2 Storage

Tank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Percolation

tank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 Sinchan

Talav 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 K.T.Weir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 Diversion

bandhara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 Storage

bandhara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 Jal Shivar

Schemes 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0

Total 0 0 1 1244.87 2 2319.51 3 3564.38 375 3.10

(Source- Jal Sandharan Ratnagiri)


140

21.4 Cost efficiency

i) Local Sector Projects:

Total potential of local sector projects in Karli sub basin is 2366 Ha. Out of which 1576 ha potential

created at the end of March 2014 and expenditure incurred for this is Rs.3.55 crores. Hence the cost

efficiency for created potential of local sector projects in Karli sub basin is Rs.0.22 lakhs per Ha.

Conclusion Total Irrigation Potential in Karli sub basin is 21441 Ha out of which 3014 Ha irrigtion potential

developed through State sector and local sector in Karli Basin and expenditure incurred for this is

Rs.163.67 Crores. Hence cost efficiency for created irrigation potential in Karli sub basin is Rs 5.43

lakhs per Ha. Still 18427 Ha irrigation potential likeley to be achieved in Karli Basin for which amount

of Rs.762.81 crores is to be invested in future. Per Ha cost for future potential creation in Karli Basin is

Rs.4.13 Lakhs


141

Chapter 23

Action Plan

23.1 Development Plan –

23.1.1 New irrigation– There are about 159 irrigation projects in karli sub Basin, Out of

which 11 Minor (S.S), 104 Minor (L.S) and Minor (Z.P) Projects are completed, 1 major, 1

Minor (S.S), 16 Minor (L.S) and Minor (Z.P) Projects are on-going and 3 Minor (S.S), 23

Minor (L.S) and Minor (Z.P) future projects in this sub basin.

.

23.1.2 Water Conservation – Water conservation works are jointly carried out by

Agriculture department & Water Conservation (Local Sector) department. Future plan of both

the department is given below.

22.1.2.1 - Water Conservation (Local Sector) Department –

Future plan for year 2015 to 2020 & 2021 to 2025 are as below.

Table - Future Investment for Irrigation Development in Karli Sub Basin

Sr.

No Category of Works

Expenditure

Incurred

(Rs.Crores)

Potential

Created (ha.)

Future

Cost (Rs.

Crores)

Balance

Potential

(ha.)

Cost of

Balance

Potential

(Rs./ha.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (5/6)

1 WRD 0 0 0 0 0.00

Major 145.48 0 671.17 17000 0.039

Medium 0.00 0 0 0 0

Minor (SS) 0.00 0 49.42 537 0.09

Minor (LS) +Z.P 0.00

0 42.21 790 0.053

Total 145.48 0 762.80 17327 0.044

2 Watershed Development Works

a) Local Sector 0 0 0 0 0

b) Agriculture Dept.

Soil Conservation

Works

0 0 13.19 1203.2 0.010

3 Sewage Irrigation 0 0 0 0 0

4 Galper Land 0 0 0 0 0

5 Surplus Land 0 0 0 0 0

6 Modern Irrigation

Methods 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 13.19 1203.2 0.010


142

Action Plan (2015-2020)

Ongoing Schemes 0 to 100 Ha.

Sr. No Category of

Works

Ongoing

schemes

Potential (ha) Capacity Mm³

1 M.I. Scheme 0 0 -

2 Storage Tank 0 0 -

3 Percolation tank 0 0 -

4 Sinchan Talav 0 0 -

5 K.T.Weir 2 18 -

6 Diversion bandhara 7 23 -

7 Storage bandhara 1 15 -

8 Jal Shivar Schemes 5 61 -

Total 15 117 -

Ongoing Schemes 101 to 250 Ha.

Sr. No Category of

Works

Ongoing

schemes


1 M.I. Scheme 1 120 1.793

2 Storage Tank 0 0 0

3 Percolation tank 0 0 0

4 Sinchan Talav 0 0 0

5 K.T.Weir 0 0 0

6 Diversion bandhara 0 0 0

7 Storage bandhara 0 0 0

8 Jal Shivar Schemes 0 0 0

Total 1 120 1.793

Future Schemes 101 to 250 Ha.

Sr. No Category of

Works

Ongoing

schemes


1 M.I. Scheme 2 255 3.097




5 K.T.Weir 0 0 0




Total 2 255 3.097


143

Future Schemes 0 to 100 Ha.

Sr. No Category of

Works

Ongoing

schemes


1 M.I. Scheme 0 0 0




5 K.T.Weir 4 57 0




Total 21 298 -

23.1.3 Drinking Water MJP Action Plan –

23.1.3.1 MJP DEVELOPMENT PLAN

State Government should set aside required funds from budget allocation to ensure un-

interrupted functioning of the scheme in the context of larger interest of social and public

health issues.State Government spends considerable amount for provision of water supply to

rural areas and it should not be difficult for Government to make relatively small provisions for

operation and maintenance part also. If Government decides to provide financial assistance

then proportionate amount of subsidy shall be credited to the account of the agency (MJP). In

cases where the local body does not pay the water charges then the agency shall have freedom

to stop the water supply. In that case the local body cannot have the plea that the Government

neglects the important aspect of rural water supply.

23.1.3.2 MJP ACTION PLAN

As per the requirement of the local body i.e. Grampanchyat, Nagarparishad, Municipal

Council. Water supply schemes are designed for the projected population (15 Years). Initial

cost of the scheme depends upon the population as well as source of the scheme. After the

necessary administrative approval, the rural scheme is considered in to the Action Plan for

execution of the scheme. For approximately 30 months duration for the completion of the

scheme from the demand of Local Body to completion of the scheme. Accordingly provision

of funds is made in the action plan.

Urban & Rural water Supply schemes, for drinking water purpose, with respective sub

basin wise, total demand as per the norms & as per the availability of water should be

calculated in the combined Grid system as per the site conditions If the demand is more,

combined Grid system should not be implemented.

For Rural water supply schemes in Karli Sub basin, Annual Action Plan for 2015-2016 under

NRDWP will be as follows.


144

Table No- 23.1.3.2 - Annual Action Plan for 2015-2016 under NRDWP

Name of Dist. No. of Villages Cost Rs. (In Croes)

Sindhudurg Nil -

Total Nil -

There is no any specific Action Plan of Urban Water Supply Schemes.

23.1.3.3 - MEASURES TO BE TAKEN AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE

SCHEME

100% meter for all water connections in distribution system and water meters installation

for measuring quantity abstracted from source, at outlet of water treatment plant and at

outlet of service reservoir.

Water audit to know the losses in the system, to locate the leakage points and rectification

of losses to achieve most economical use of available water.

Timely replacement of old leakage pipelines.

To achieve consumers‟ satisfaction by introducing 24x7 supply system and thereby to

reduce water consumption and water losses in the system and to have equitable supply to

all the consumers.

23.2 - FLOOD management Plan –

Importance of Flood Control in Karli Basin ;- There 1 major projects are in Karli

basin which are coming under Jurisdiction of Chief Engineer (WRD.) Konkan Region , Water

Resource Department Mumbai..

In Flood Position dam controlled by Collector office,Disaster and Flood Control Unit

on situation of flood in rainy season (June to Oct). In between these month daily rainfall on

dam site, Incoming flow, Discharge Pass from Canal & Spill way, important places in river

water level & danger level, these above all situation of all dams & all river controlled by these

flood control unit.

This Collective information given to collector, corporation, office of police

Commissioner, Press (Media), all department of Govt. also Mantralaya, Mumbai etc. at 10.00

a.m. daily. In Flood situation these information updated by every hours and same time

dangerous situation advance notice given to department from five years back these information

are available on this web site.

Geographical situation of Rivers & Reservoir in Vaghotan Basin.

Geographical Situation – The entire Karli river system flows through the state of Maharashtra

in Sindhudurg and Kolhapur districts .This river receives several tributaries on both the banks,

out of which its principal tributaries joining Karli sub basin are the Hateri and pitdhaval .The


145

overall catchment comprises of 1 Watersheds.Karli sub-basin comprises of 812.65 Sq.Km

(MRSAC Nagpur )and 825.59 Sq.Km (As per Hydrology study chp. No.06 Report) catchment

area falling entirely in the state of Maharashtra.

The Karli sub-basin falls in Western Ghats and Coastal part. The Karli sub-basin has a tropical

climate. The mean annual rainfall is more than 350 cm. The mean July temperature varying

between 25 °C and 30 °C and mean January temperatures between 18 °C and 30 °C.

The Sub basin falls into major agro-climatic zones .Major part of the sub basin 409sq.km is

covered with agricultural area. Approximately 52.12 % of the sub basin area is covered

byforest; Wasteland covers around 12.94 % of the total basin area. The important soil types

found in the basin are black soils, red soils, lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils (red and black,

red and yellow, etc.) and saline and alkaline soils.

3.3 Rainfall :

Rainfall is the only source of water in the River. The quantity of inflow and flow forecasts

depends on the intensity and timeliness of rainfall data. In the river basin, the flood forecasting

and reservoir operations are based on the guidelines given in “Dam Safety Manual Chapter 7 :

Flood Forecasting, Reservoir Operation and Gate Operation, 1984, Irrigation Department,

Government of Maharashtra”. This manual had been prepared mainly based on the circulars

issued by the GOM, the literature published by the Central Water Commission, New Delhi and

the Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi and provisions in IS: 7323-1974.

The gates of the Dam are operated according to the approved ROS & GOS . . But there is no

question of operating gates here, as there is not any gates on Karli Sub Basin.

ROS & GOS of important dams are attached .

The locations of villages have been marked on the Map showing a) Blue Zone, b) Green

Zone and c) Red Zone.

a) Blue Zone : As per the guideline issued by Dam Safety Manual Chapter-7, Page No. 28,

these Blue Zone is known as Prohibitive Zone which is 1.5 times river channel capacity.

This area may be used only for the open land type of use such as playgrounds, gardens,

river side esplanades or cultivation of light crops wherever such riparian rights exists.

b) Green Zone : This Zone is also known as restrictive Zone which is of spillway design

flood capacity. In the restrictive zone the land use regulation may specify the safe height for

the plinth level of the lowest floor level and the type of building method to prevent collapse of

the structure during floods.


146

Restrictions on the type of uses of buildings in such zones may also be specified. This will

take into account the possibility of floods expected in this zone and also necessity of all prompt

evacuation of people, cattle and goods at short notice, to avoid costly flood damages and loss

of life. While framing constructions in such zones, compulsory insurance may also have to be

considered.

c) Red Zone : This Zone is also known as Caution Zone and is of Dam break inundation

Zone. Flooding in this area may be rare but not altogether impossible. The regulation for

land use in this zone should only include a caution about the flood risk and likely flood

height in this area and necessary building precautions for safety under such circumstances,

wherever a contingency may arise.

The disaster management plan has been prepared by the concerned authorities of

revenue and WRD for this emergency and circulated amongst all the concerned office

also, as well as the public representative of Karli Sub Basin.

Flood Control Cell :

For Karli river basin , the Flood Control Cell is established at ,Region Circle , which

collects the reservoir levels, rainfall, spillway discharge for each of the reservoirs twice a

day (07:00 Hrs and 17:00 Hrs) in normal circumstances and hourly in flood like situation.

The data is received by any available means viz. Cell Phones, Wireless, Land Line etc.

Flood control cell is under

the Executive Engineer, Thane Minor Irrigation Division, Oras-Sindhudurgnagari and

during monsoon (from June to October) is operational 24X7 in three shifts. Everyday, at

08:00 Hrs Report is generated and send to The Chief Engineer, Water Resources

Department Mumbai. The Chief Engineer , Water Resources,Mumbai ; Divisional

Commissioner, Konkan Bhawan Navi Mumbai and the District Administration. The

Disaster Management Cell under District Collector with the help of other departments is

prepared for emergency response.

Recommendations of Study Groups/Commissions/Committees

Recommendations related to Floods

i) The recommendation/guidelines have been ensured by Dam Safety Organization,

Government of Maharashtra, Nasik as per Dam Safety Manual, Chapter-7 and 8.

ii) The National Water Policy, 2002 provides for –

a) There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood prone

basin.

b) Adequate flood cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever feasible, to


147

facilitate better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood control be given

overriding consideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the cost of sacrificing some

irrigation or power benefits.

c) While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue to be

necessary, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures such as flood

forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofing for the minimization of

losses and to reduce the recurring expenditure on flood relief.

d) There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the flood plain

zones along with flood proofing, to minimize the loss of life and property on account of

floods.

e) The flood forecasting activities should be modernized, value added and extended to other

uncovered areas. In flow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for their effective

regulation.

Disaster Management Plan :

The Disaster Management Plan prepared for Village/Municipality level has two parts.

Part-1 of the Plan contains information on-

1. Information about Village / Municipality

2. Hazardous, Vulnerable and Risk Areas in the Village / Municipality and Map

showing Disaster Prone area

3. Response and Improvement Plan

4. Early Warning and Preparedness Plan

5. Mitigation, Relief and rehabilitation Plan

Part-2 of the Plan includes-

1.Telephone numbers of Government Officials (State/District/Tal./Control Room)

2. List of Members of Disaster Management Committee, Groups, Swimmers etc.

3. Mitigation Measures for Hazardous, Vulnerable and Risk Areas

4. List of Emergency and Important Services

5. List of NGOs, Addresses, Telephone Numbers, Specialization

6. Inventory of available resources and equipment.

23.4 Management Plan –

Improvement in Water use efficiency- The coming years are going to exert maximum

pressure on availability of water for irrigation, as domestic as well as industrial demands are

certainly going to increase, within the fixed total available quantum. The challenge lies in


148

using every drop of water judiciously. The chapter of use of modern tools (no 19) deals at

length about this. Many modern techniques, like drip, sprinkler, automated and controlled

environment will be extensively used to combat the stress and enhance the area under

irrigation..Varieties of crops needing less water and maturity period have to be developed in

lab and the same should be transferred to farmers at the earliest. Reasearch at various agro

universities will play a very important role in this regard.

Fuller Utilization of created potential and increasing productivity in existing projects –

Water Audit , Bench-Marking and ISR- By using these two tools, the monitoring of every

parameter is possible and with help of set yardsticks, the performance can be constantly

compared and improvised with study of findings and proper recommendations from the

monitoring authority at Maharashtra Water Resources Development Centre at Aurangabad.

22.5.1 MPCB - WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN –

22.5.1.1 Action Plan for prevention of River Pollution

The Karli River is one of the main river in this basin.As there, is no major industries

in/near Karli Sub Basin, so there is negligible river pollution

22.5.1.2 Industrial pollution:

There are no major industries in Karli Basin, so there is negligible industrial pollution.

But, the following measure has to be taken into consideration.

a. Installation continuous online monitoring systems at outlet of Effluent Treatment plant &

display on main gate of industry.

b. Connect to online monitoring system to MPCB server

c. Increase the vigilance by MPCB for verifying the performance of Effluent Treatment

Plant

d. Insist industries to adopt newly advanced technologies to achieve zero discharge

23.5.3 Financial Management

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) is law enforcement body for protection

of environment in the state of Maharashtra. MPCB has no financial liability for

infrastructure development for treatment of sewage. However, Ministery of

Environemtn & Forest, New Delhi (MoEF) and Environment Department Govt of

Maharashtra has formulated National River Conservation Directorate & State River

Conservation Scheme respectively to provide funds for treatment of domestic sewage

generated from local body area. Local body should prepare proposals for treatment of

sewage respective to their jurisdiction and shall seek funds from above schemes

formulated by MOEF and Environment Department Govt of Maharashtra.

MPCB monitors river water quality under central government schemes at predefined

locations.


149

23.6 GSDA Ground Water Plan -

In the Karli sub basin as per GSDA norms is one watershed comprising an area of

about 825.59 sq.km and this watershed is safe. The total gross ground water draft is

25.09 Mm3. Net annual groundwater availability is 50.90 Mm

3. Net groundwater

availability for future irrigation is 22.34 Mm3.

In the Karli sub basin the total water available in the one watershed is 50.90 Mm3, but

the overall average stage of development of this basin is 49.29 %, hence there is scope

for future groundwater development. The available groundwater has to be managed

with the public participation or the community based water management projects.


150

Annexure 1

Static water level readings from the observation wells in Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin

Sr.

no District Taluka Village Depth Watershed

Year 2005 Year 2006 Year 2007 Year 2008 Year 2009

Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post

1. Sindhudurg Malwan Kumbharmath 9.7 WF-77 9.70 6.6 9.70 4.98 9.25 5.6 9.05 7.1 9.70 5.80

2. Sindhudurg Malwan Nandrukh 4.6 WF-77 4.60 1.35 4.60 1.00 4.00 1.26 4.30 1.30 3.80 1.35

3. Sindhudurg Kudal Keravade K.N. 3.6 WF-77 3.25 1.25 3.30 0.58 3.60 1.3 3.80 1.2 3.60 1.50

4. Sindhudurg Kudal Nirukhe 5.7 WF-77 5.70 2.90 5.40 2.30 5.20 2.75 5.30 3.00 5.4 3.00

5. Sindhudurg Kudal Pandur 8.45 WF-77 7.60 2.4 7.30 2.2 7.35 2 7.55 2.9 7.45 2.39


151

Sr.

no District Taluka Village Depth

Watershe

d

Year 2010 Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013 Year 2014 Average

Pre

Average

Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post

1. Sindhudurg Malwan Kumbharmath 9.7 WF-77 9.66 5.60 9.55 5.50 9.20 6.00 9.70 5.90 9.80 5.10 9.53 5.82

2. Sindhudurg Malwan Nandrukh 4.6 WF-77 4.25 1.20 4.50 1.10 4.60 1.20 4.60 1.00 4.60 0.60 4.39 1.14

3. Sindhudurg Kudal Keravade K.N. 3.6 WF-77 3.52 0.60 3.25 0.90 3.50 0.60 3.6 1.00 3.6 0.90 3.50 0.98

4. Sindhudurg Kudal Nirukhe 5.7 WF-77 5.36 1.80 5.35 2.30 5.10 2.60 4.90 2.10 4.70 2.20 5.24 2.50

5. Sindhudurg Kudal Pandur 8.45 WF-77 7.51 1.20 7.42 1.50 8.10 1.90 7.70 1.80 7.70 2.00 7.57 2.03

(Source : GSDA – Observation well data)


152

Annexure 2

Groundwater Recharge in Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin :-

Sr.

No.

Water

-shed

No.

Area

(ha.)

Number of

Irriga-

-tion

Wells for

GWE

Recharge in Ham from

Rain

Fall

(ham)

Surface

Irrigation

(ham)

GW

Irrigation

(ham)

Tanks

(ham)

Conservat

ion

Structure

(ham)

Total

(ham)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. WF 77 86351 1620 4615.41 16.72 127.76 540.78 42.66 14.96

Total 86351 1620 4615.41 16.72 127.76 540.78 42.66 14.96

Values in

Mm3 46.15 0.16 1.27 5.40 0.42 0.14



153

Annexure 3

Groundwater draft in in Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin: -

Source GSDA – Groundwater Assessment Data; GEC97, Year 2011-12)

Sr. Watershed No. Natural Discharge

(Ham)

Net Annual GW

Availability (Ham)

Gross

Draft

(Ham)

1 2 3 4 5

1 WF 77 267.91 5090.36 2509.27

2 Total 267.91 5090.36 2509.27

Values in Mm3 (2.67) (50.90) (25.09)


154

Annexure 4:-

Groundwater Availability and Stage of Development in South Konkan (Sindhudurg) sub

basin


Sr.

No.

Water-

-shed

No.

Net Annual

GW

Availability

(Ham)

Gross

Draft

(Ham)

Stage of

Devel.

(%)

Water Table Trend Category

of

Watershed

Net GW

avail. For

Future Irri.

Use (Ham)

Pre

Mon-

-soon

Post

Mon-

-soon

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 WF 77 5090.36 2509.27 49.29 RISING RISING SAFE 2234.93

Total 5090.36 2509.27 49.29 2234.93

Values in Mm3 50.90 25.09 4.9 22.34


155


156

Annexure 5

The Stage of development for the watersheds, Categories of the watersheds and the groundwater

availability for the future development in Sub Basin.

Sr. Watershed

No.

Stage of

Development

(%)

Category of

Watershed

Net Groundwater

available for Future

Irrigation use

(Ham.)

Additional

Feasible

Wells @1.5

Ham/Well

Add.land to

be Irrigated

@2 Ha/Well

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 WF 77 49.29 SAFE 2234.93 1490 1117

TOTAL 49.29 2234.93 1490 1117

(Source GSDA – Groundwater Assessment Data; GEC 2011-12)


157

ANNEXURE-6

Table- 8.1.3 (A) – Planned Utilization for Irrigation Projects

( Completed , Ongoing & Future Projects)

Sr. Type of Project Design Live Planned Utilization (Mm3)

No & Nos. Storage (Mm3) Irrigation Domestic Industrial Total

A Completed Projects

1 Major

2 Medium (nos.0)

Minor (Nos.9)

1 Pawashi MI 3.031 2.531 0.5 0 3.031

2 Nileli MI 1.633 1.474 0.159 0 1.633

3 Pulas Mi 1.416 1.416 0 0 1.416

4 Talewadi Mi 2.507 2.507 0 2.507

5 Choragewadi MI 3.2 3.2 0 3.2

6 Oras MI 2.406 2.406 0 2.406

7 Dhabachiwadi MI 2.441 1.721 0.72 2.441

8 Hateri Mi 1.963 1.963 0 0 1.963

9 Dhamanpur MI 2.441 2.101 0.34 0 2.441

Minor (Nos.9)Total 21.038 19.319 0.999 0.72 21.038

K.T.Weirs

1.Kudal 1.549 1.184 0.365 1.549

2.Pendur 0.58 0.58 0 0 0.58

Total 2.129 1.764 0.365 0 2.129

Total 23.167 21.083 1.364 0.72 23.167

B Ongoing Projects

1 Major 285.63 281.251 1.99 0.779 284.02

2 Medium (nos.0) 0 0 0 0 0

3 Minor(Nos.1) Varde 1.555 1.531 0.024 0 1.555

Total 287.185 282.782 2.014 0.779 285.575

C Future Projects

Medium (nos.3)

1. Nirukhe 3.6572 3.5392 0.118 0 3.6572

2.Bhadagaon 2.235 1.9 0.335 0 2.235

3. Dewali 0.862 0.862 0 0 0.862

Total 6.7542 6.3012 0.453 0 6.7542

Total(A+B+C) 317.1062 310.1662 3.831 1.499 315.4962


158

ANNEXURE-7

0 to 250 ha.

Basin - Western flowing river Sub basin-

Karli S.S.I. (W.C.) DivisionRatnagiri + M.I. (Z.P.)Sindhudurg.

Sr.

No. Type of project

no of

projects Taluka District

Gross

Storage

(Mm3)

Live

Storage

(Mm3)

ICA (ha)

Water -Use proposed (Mm3) COST Rs

in Lacs Irrigation Drinking Industry Total

A) Work Completed

1 0 to 100 ha. 104 4.23 4.23 1576 33.87 0 0 3.83 355

2 101 to 250 ha. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 104 4.23 4.23 1576 33.87 0.00 0.00 3.83 355.00

B) Work in progress

1 0 to 100 ha. 15 396.81 396.65 117 102.43 0 0 102.43 165.72

2 101 to 250 ha. 1 1.82 1.79 120 1.77 0.03 0 1.79 1244.87

Total 16 398.63 398.44 237 104.20 0.03 0.00 104.22 1410.59

C) Project in future

1 0 to 100 ha. 21 832.55 831.76 298 213.48 0 0 213.48 492.23

2 101 to 250 ha. 2 3.14 3.1 255 2.76 0.34 0 3.1 2319.51

Total 23 835.69 834.86 553 216.24 0.34 0.00 216.58 2811.74

Total Sub Basin 143 1238.55 1237.53 2366.00 354.31 0.37 0.00 324.63 4577.33


159

ANNEXURE-8

WATER BALANCE

Sr.no particulars Water Utilisation @PRESENT

No of schemes

ICA

Irrigation Domestic Industries Total

A Completed project

1 State sector 21.083 1.364 0.72 23.167 11 1538

2 local sector and Z.P 4.23 0 0 4.23 104 1576

3 Agriculture 3.3 0 0 3.3 908 2988.4

Total 28.613 1.364 0.72 30.697 1023 6102.4

B Under construction

1 State sector 282.782 2.014 0.779 285.575 2 17120

2 local sector and Z.P 2.506 0.03 0 2.536 16 237

3 Agriculture 0.136 0 0 0.136 31 116

Total 285.424 2.044 0.779 288.247 49 17473

C Future

1 State sector 6.3 0.453 0 6.753 3 417

2 local sector and Z.P 4.44 0.34 0 4.78 23 553

3 Agriculture 1.26 0 0 1.26 322 1087.2

Total 12 0.793 0 12.793 348 2057.2

Total A+B+C 326.037 4.201 1.499 331.737 1420 25632.6

Sr.no particulars Water Utilisation @PRESENT Water Utilisation planned by 2030

Irrigation Domestic Industries Total Irrigation Domestic Industries Total

A Completed project

1 State sector 21.083 1.364 0.72 23.167 310.165 3.831 1.499 315.495

2 local sector and Z.P 4.23 0 0 4.23 11.176 0.37 0 11.546

3 Agriculture 3.3 0 0 3.3 4.696 0 0 4.696

Total 28.613 1.364 0.72 30.697 326.037 4.201 1.499 331.737

Documents

Government of Maharashtra · · 2018-01-11GSDA Groundwater Survey and Development Agency,Pune GSI Geological Survey of India GUI Grapical User Interface GW Groundwater H HP Hydrology