Grammar 3A

8/11/2019 Grammar 3A

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Sentence Construction

1) Simple sentence

a) It must have at least one object and one verb

Subject + Verb : To show what happened in the story

Subject Verb

He

She

It

I

You

We

They

slept (in the room)

smiles (at me)

died (yesterday)

will go (to Langkawi)

were shopping (there)

have arrived (at the jetty)

are playing (football)

b) Subject + Verb + Object : To show action done on someone/ something else.

Subject Verb Object

He

She

It

I

You

We

They

thanked

praises

is looking at

scolded

make

will read

eat

me

him

her

them

coffee

books

durians


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c) Subject + was / were + ing : To show what was happening in the story (past

continuous tense)

Subject Verb (to be) + ing

IHe

She

It

waswas

was

was

readingplaying

fishing

sleeping

You

We

They

were

were

were

playing

fishing

sleeping

d) Subject + was / were + what : To describe people, things, place or time

Subject Verb (to be) Descriptive (adj)

He

She

It

IYou

We

They

was

was

was

waswere

were

were

happy

worried

hungry

surprisedangry

cold

young

2) Compound sentence


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A compound sentence is a sentence with 2 simple sentences joined by a

conjunction.

The conjunctions are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

(Tips: The first letter of each conjunction when put together forms theword FANBOYS.)

Subject Verb Object Conjunction Subject Verb Object

You

Ali

Ali

can take

played

played

a bus

football

football

or

and

but

you

Maria

Maria

can take

went

played

a taxi

shopping

netball

3) Complex sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence or a phrase joined by one or more simple

sentences. A complex sentence always has a connector such as because, since, after,

although, orwhenor a relative pronoun such as that, who,orwhich.

Subject Verb Object Connectors Subject Verb Object

He handed in his homework that he had

completed

yesterday

Teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error

They stopped studying before Maria left them

Past Tense

Singular (verb) Plural (verb)


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I

You

He

She

It

shouted

sang

lied

We

You

They

shouted

sang

lied

MODALSA modal is a verb form that helps to give a special meaning to another verb. These addedmeanings include ability, doubt and permission.Modal adalah sejenis kata kerja yang membantu memberi maksud yang khas kepada katakebenaran.Modal Verb Function (Fungsi) Example (Contoh)

maymight (pasttense)

a) to request or expresspermission (meminta ataumemberi kebenaran)

May I eat out tonight? Yes, you may.

b) to show possibility(menunjukkan kemungkinan)

She may buy that ring.

cancould (past

tense)

a) to show ability (menunjukkankebolehan)

My mother says that we cango to the movies.

b) to seek or give permission(meminta atau memberikebenaran)

Can I see your picture?

c) to show possibility(menunjukkan kemungkinan)

Playing on the road can bedangerous.

willwould (past

tense)

a) to express request(menunjukkan permintaan)

Would you shut the doorplease?

b) to invite or to offer (menjemputatau menawarkan)

Would you like some tea?

c) to promise (berjanji) I will help you with yourhomework.

must a) to express certainty(menunjukkan kepastian)

She must be worried. She hasbeen walking up and down.

b) to show necessity(menunjukkan keperluan)

You must come for themeeting.

shall a) to suggest (mencadang) Shall we listen to the radio?

b) to offer (menawar) I shall help you tonight.

should a) to advise (menasihat) You should respect yourelders.

b) to express probability(menunjukkan kemungkinan)

He should have finished bynow.

ought to a) to advise (menasihat) She ought to read more books.

b) to express obligation(menunjukkan kewajiban)

You ought to be polite to yourteachers.

need to a) to express necessity We need to get our teachers


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(menunjukkan keperluan) permission before leaving theclassroom.

have to a) to express obligation(menunjukkan kewajiban)

I have to attend todays classbecause I was absentyesterday.

Activity 1

Rewrite the following sentences using must or should.

Example

Obey all the school rules.You should obey all the school rules.

1. Follow road safety rules.

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Queue up when getting onto the bus.

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Do not play on the road.

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Use zebra crossing or overhead bridge.

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Wait until the vehicles stop before you cross at a zebra crossing.

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Do not throw things out of moving cars.

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Always use your seat belt when travelling in a car.

___________________________________________________________________________

8. Do not rush out of a bus. Wait until the bus stops.

___________________________________________________________________________


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9. Do not rush across the busy road.

___________________________________________________________________________

10.Never play on the road.

___________________________________________________________________________

11.Never walk by yourself on a lonely road.

___________________________________________________________________________

12.Never take lifts from a stranger.

___________________________________________________________________________


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2. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

7. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

8. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

9. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

10.______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________


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Prepositions


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Prepositions of Place

Preposition Usage Example

in (dalam)

room, building, street, town,country (bilik, bangunan,

jalan, bandar, negara) book, paper etc. (buku,

kertas) car, taxi (kereta, teksi) picture, world (gambar,

dunia)

in the kitchen, in London

in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world

at (di)

next to, by an object for table (utk meja) for events a place where you are to do

something routine (watch afilm, study, work)

at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at

work

on

attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio

hang the picture on the wall Melanau village lies on the

Oya River. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio

by, next to,beside (ditepi)

left or right of somebody orsomething

Aini is standing by / next to /beside the car.

Under (dibwah)

on the ground, lower than(or covered by) somethingelse

the bag is under the table


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below(bawah)

lower than something elsebut above ground

the fish are below thesurface

over

covered by something else

meaning more than getting to the other side

(also across) overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over your shirt

over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall

above higher than something else,

but not directly over it a path above the lake

across getting to the other side

(also over) getting to the other side

walk across the bridge swim across the lake

through something with limits on

top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel

to

movement to person orbuilding

movement to a place orcountry

for bed

go to the cinema go to Kulim / Malaysia go to bed

into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the

house

towards movement in the direction

of something (but notdirectly to it)

go 5 steps towards thehouse

onto movement to the top of

something jump onto the table

from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

Prepositions of Time


on days of the week on Monday

in months / seasons time of day

in August / in winter in the morning/ afternoon/


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year after a certain period of

time (when?)

evening in 2006 in an hour

at (pada)

for night for weekend a certain point of time

(when?)

at noon/night at the weekend at half past nine

since(semenjak)

from a certain point of time(past till now)

since 1980

for (selama) over a certain period of

time (past till now) for 2 years

before(sebelum)

earlier than a certain pointof time

before 2004

to / till / until(sehingga)

marking the beginning andend of a period of time

from Monday to/till Friday

till / until(sehingga)

in the sense of how longsomething is going to last

He is on holiday untilFriday.

By in the sense of at the latest

up to a certain time

I will be back by 6 oclock. By 11 o'clock, I had read

five pages.

Other Important Prepositions

English Usage Example

from who gave it a present from Johari

of who/what does it belong to what does it show

a page of the book the picture of a horse

by who made it a book by Mark Twain


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English Usage Example

on

walking or riding onhorseback

entering a public transportvehicle

on foot, on horseback get on the bus

in entering a car / Taxi get in the car

off leaving a public transport

vehicle get off the train

out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi

by rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking

or horse-riding)

prices have risen by 10percent

by car, by bus

at for age she learned Russian at 45

Exercise 1: PrepositionsPlace

Complete the exercise according to the picture.

1. _________the picture, I can see a woman.2. The woman is sitting ______________a table.3. She is sitting ________________a chair.4. There is another chair _______________the woman.5. Her feet are ________________the table6. The woman is holding a cup ______________her hands.7. ______________the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator,

an appointment calendar, two pens and a muffin.8. The woman is looking _____________her laptop.

9. The woman's bag is _______________the table.



1. ____________the picture, there are four people.2. A couple is sitting ______________the table.3. They are sitting ________________chairs.


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4. The drinks are ______________the table.5. One woman is standing _____________the table.6. ______________her is a man who is barbecuing.



1. _____________ the picture, there are three kids.2. The girl is standing ______________the two boys.3. The shorter boy is _______________the right.4. He has a gameboy _______________his hands.5. The kids are looking ________________his gameboy.

Exercise 4: PrepositionsTimeFill in the correct prepositions.

1. Samy is playing tennis _______________Sunday.2. My brother's birthday is __________________the 5th of November.3. My birthday is _________________May.4. We are going to see my parents ______________the weekend.5. _______________ 2009, a great fire broke out in Sungai Petani.6. I don't like walking alone in the streets _________________night.7. What are you doing ___________________the afternoon?8. My friend has been living in Changlun ___________________two years.9. I have been waiting for you ________________seven o'clock.

10. I will have finished this essay ________________Friday.

Exercise 5: PrepositionsTime

Choose the correct prepositions.

1. What are you doing ________________the weekend?

2. I don't know yet. Maybe I'll go to the cinema _______________Saturday.

3. That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema _________________so many years.

4. We could go there together ______________the afternoon.

5. That would be great. But I would prefer to go there _______________the evening. I am

visiting my grandma _________________Saturday.

6. That's okay. The film starts ________________eight o'clock.

7. I can pick you up _________________half past seven. How long does the film last?

8. It lasts __________________two hours and forty-five minutes.

9. But I must hurry home _________________the film.


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10. I have to be home ______________________eleven o'clock.

Exercise 6: since and for

1. I have been waiting 4 oclock.

2. Sue has only been waiting .. 20 minutes.

3. Ali and Samy have been learning English six years.

4. Chun and Jim have been learning French .. 1998.

5. Joe and Josephine have been playing this morning.

6. I havent been on holiday .. last July.

7. Mary has been saving her money many years.

8. I havent eaten anything breakfast.

9. You have been watching TV hours.

10. We have been living here 2 months.

Exercise 7: PrepositionsA picture

Complete the exercise with the correct prepositions.

1. Look _________________this painting.2. ________________the painting, you can see a little girl.3. So, it is a painting _________________a girl.

4. A famous painter painted it. So it is a painting_________________a famous painter.

5. My grandma once owned the painting, but she gave it to me onmy birthday. So it is a picture _________________my grandma.

Exercise 8: PrepositionsMcDonalds

Complete the exercise with the correct prepositions.

The first McDonalds restaurant was opened ..(1) Dick and Mac

McDonald (2).. the 15th..(3). May 1940. The best selling products

..(4).. their restaurant were hamburgers. So the McDonald brothers thought ..(5).. a

way to produce hamburgers more quickly. This was introduced ..(6).. 1948 and

became known as the Speedee Service System. The first franchised McDonalds restaurant

was opened ..(7).. 1953, and today you can find McDonalds restaurants ..(8)..

more than 100 countries.


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1. A under B for C by2. A since B on C of3. A of B for C on4. A by B in C for5. A on B of C over6. A in B on C between

7. A at B till C in8. A above B in C at

Adapted from /www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions

To- infinitive

The infinitiveis the base form of a verb. Examples are: write, run, break, read, walk etc.The infinitive may be preceded by the marker to. It is then called the to-infinitive.Examples of to-infinitives are given below:

I wantto go. Birds loveto sing. To err is human. He refusedto go.

Recognizing an infinitivewhen y ou see one.

To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to scream, to jump, to go, to read, to eat, to walkall of these areinfinitives. An infinitive will almost always begin with tofollowed by the simple form of the verb,like this:to + base form of a verb = infinitive

Important Note:Because an infinitive is nota verb, you cannotadd s, es, ed, or ingto theverb.

Examples:

1. To sleepis the only thing Farid wants after his examination.

2. She likes to sing.

3. The best thing to do now is to rest.

4. It is time to go.

5. Yesterday, he planned to travelto Kuala Lumpur.

Exercise 1:

Fill in the correct infinitive forms to the given verb forms.

2

verb form infinitive 58


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0

0 0

1

discusses

229

0

0 0

2

whispered

105

0

0 0

3

jumps

201

0

0 0

4cooking

28

0

0 0

5

changing

174

0

0 0

6

sent

97

0

0 0

7

buys

172

0

0 0

8

saw

127

0

0 0

9

misses

86

0

0 0

10 carries


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Exercise 2:

Fill in the blanks.

A ship was sailing through dangerous waters. It had (1).

(move) its way slowly and carefully through rocks surrounding the sea. Suddenly, a terrifiedvoice broke the silence, crying. Help! Help! A passenger had fallen into the sea while leaning

too far out from the railings of the deck. The other passengers crowded round. Some ran off

(2) .. (inform) the captain.

Within seconds, the captain and his crew arrived at the scene. They threw a lifebuoy

into the water (3) (help) save the passenger. The lifebuoy drifted towards

him. He reached out and tried (4) (grab) it.

By that time, a rescue team from the crew had reached him. After several tries (5)

(haul) him up, they succeeded. Everyone on board cheered.

ANSWER KEYS FOR PREPOSITION EXERCISES:

Exercise 11. In 2. at 3. on 4. opposite /in front of5. under 6. In 7. On 8. At9. under

Exercise 21. In 2. at 3. on 4. On5. in front of 6. Behind

Exercise 31. In 2. between 3. on 4. In 5. at

Exercise 41. on 2. on 3. In 4. at 5. In6. at 7. in 8. for 9. since 10. by

Exercise 5

1. at 2. on 3. for 4. in 5. in,on6. at 7. at 8. for 9. after 10. by

Exercise 61. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since


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6. since 7. for 8. since 9. for 10. for

Exercise 71. at 2. In 3. of 4. by 5. from

Exercise 81. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B6. A 7. C 8. B

ANSWER KEYS FOR TO-INFINITIVES EXERCISESExercise 11. to discuss 2. to whisper 3. to jump4. to cook 5. to change 6. to send7. to buy 8. to see 9. to miss

10. to carry

Exercise 21. to move 2. to inform 3. to help 4. to grab 5. to haul

Sentence connectors

Sentence connectors Meaning Examples

To show similarity- Similarly

- Likewise

Begitu jugaMy two uncles have opened a business inKuala Lumpur. Similarly, I will open one

after my studies.She was late and I, likewisewas delayed.

To show contrast- On the other hand- In contrast- However- Nevertheless- Despite that / this- Instead- Although

- Berbezadengan

- Walaubagaimanapun

- Namun

Ali worked hard. On the other hand/ incontrast / however, Halim hardly did anywork at all.

Mr and Mrs Kana are old, neverthelessthey are still very active.

Ahmad did not answer. Instead, he lookedout of the taxi window.

Although Kim Long sprained his ankle, hecame to school.

To show result- As a consequence- For this reason- Therefore

- Akibatnya- Atas sebab

ini

He passed his examination. Therefore /Thus / Hence / Accordingly /Consequently, he had some good news totell his parents.


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- As a result- Consequently- Hence- Thus- Because of this

- Oleh ituHe lacks motivation to practise music.Therefore, he can't become a goodmusician.

Living in a big city offers good job

opportunities. Also, it provides goodeducationalopportunities.

To show addition / listing- Moreover- Besides- Also- In addition- Furthermore- First / first of all /

firstly/ to beginwith

- Secondly- Thirdly

- Tambahanpula

- Lagi pun- Tambahan

pula- Pertama- Sebagai

permulaann

ya- Kedua- Ketiga

Ali plays football. Moreover/ Besides/Also,he plays tennis.

Mei Mei writes short stories. In addition,she writes articles for a newspaper.

To complete his homework, Jack wentthrough various history books.Furthermore, he took notes from several

encyclopedias.

I prefer to buy fruit and vegetables in theopen market becausethey are quite cheapthere. Besides,they are much fresher thanthose sold at the greengrocers.

Owning a car has some advantages.Firstly, it gives you comfort. Secondly,itsaves you a lot of time. Thirdly, it gives yougreat freedom of movement.

To show time

- Afterwards- First .then- At first- In the meantime- Meanwhile

- Selepas itu- Mula-mula

kemudian- Pada

mulanya,- Dalam pada

itu

I read the morning papers for a while.

Afterwards,I took a shower.

Firstpick up the receiver and theninsert acoin into the coin-box.

At first, I had great difficulty with grammar.Later, however , I was able to overcome thedifficulty by studying hard.

The party is on Tuesday, but in themeantimeI have to shop and prepare thefood.

They'll be here soon. Meanwhile, let's havecoffee.

To show example- For example- For instance

- Sebagaicontoh

There are many uses of water, forexample, drinking, cooking, irrigation andrunning industrial plants.


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To explain- In other words - Dengan

perkataanlain

The brochure dealt with travelling inMorocco. That is/In other words/Namely,itdiscussed transportation, currency, and

language.

To show negativecondition

- or else- Otherwise

- atautidak

Kalau tidak

You should stop teasing the poor little boy,or else, Ill tell your mother of your act.

You must study hard. Otherwise, youll fail.

To summarize- In summary- In brief- In short- In conclusion

- To sum up

Secara ringkasnya

Kesimpulannya

In summary/In brief/In short/Inconclusion/To sum up, there are a lot ofadvantages of having a healthy food fair inthe school.

Documents

Grammar 3A