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University of California •Berkeley

Gift of

MISS ANNE AVAKIAN

A

G R A MM A R

ARMErVIAN AND EJVGLISII

P. PASCHAL AUOHER

AND

LORD BYRON

VENICE

"PRINTED IN THE AIIMENIAN MONASTERY OF ST. LAZARUS

187:)

^i'

hir

GRAMMAR

Grammar teaches the art of speakingand writing correctly.Human discourse is formed of letters,

syllables and words.

Letters are the elements of a syllable.A syllable is either one letter, or the

union of letters.

A word is one or more syllables, which

express some thing.The union ofwords to explain our thoughts

completely is called discourse.

The harmony of words with the rules of

Grammar is called Syntax.

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EXAMPLE OF READINGTHE LORD'S PRAYER

Hriyr myer wor hyergins, soorp . yeghitzi

Tinoon ko; yegestze arkuyootune ko;

yeghitzin gamk ko worbes hyergins yev hyerg-

ri. Ezhatz myer hanabazort door mez

ayssor; yev togh myez ezbardis inyer, worbeg

isL. t^kfi Pnqnt-tf^ ilhpn^ u(4M^intUii£uiiiutq • he

yev myek toghoomk myerotz bardabanatz; yev

Jh anutttftn nJhnji iItnndni.[a-hiJb ^ "ill Jtlttihut

mi danir ezmyez i portzootune, ayl pergia

^Jhq^ /• ^uftliUi Sit »f ^ '"C^

ezmyez i tcharen. Zi ko e ar-

^u^nt^f^putt hi. qopnt-C^ftL^the. $^utn^ jusufiuiUuthu

kayootune yev zorootune yev park havidyans.

amen.

Vowels

"^ f o") 4") n* fi> " } i~i o«

Consonants

gy ii'y ^y ^-

SYLLABLE

A syllable is an articulate sound, as, ma.,

ar. ^ujy na. n-uMpy tar. iuqun aghd. npiPj

worm, p^uipt ' V^'^^' ^uinHs , ham. q-k^ > temfe.

q^py zor. i^'t^ ^^*' P^b*-^ fi^^ ^ujiPy zham^

[Hfuy looyce^ 5^uin-y dzar. k^iy gaU ^typylitre, ^tyii y tzine. ^tun.

^jar. inyp , inire.ini^is ,

sJioon. ^py tdxar.^i-py tshoor or chiure.

uni-p^f SOOrp. in^py der. pustT, ram. gm^^tzoo. i-fii-P- y ute or ewt. iftum^ , park.A syllable may be also composed of six

letters, as ulrtmip^ , siampk. 2ll'-VB^ » chiurpk.Two or three consonants are sometimes

formed before or after a vowel.

Double consonants at the end of a syllable

are pronounced short, as, muippy darr^ ^ujl

quip^y caghachWhen the word ends with double % , in

the pronunciation an ^ is inserted, as,

Juiuhfu {Jiuuiiijh) madnun. ^Imfifu {Slmfu^ytziernun.

So also when in the beginning of a wordthe same consonant is doubled, as, zi^^k

(^-^iL^r) shushoog. lik^s {fitk^a) gi^gotz.

When the liquidst

, .^, j,, are at the end

of a syllable after another consonant, theyhave equally in the pronunciation the letter

I f as, Jhi-l^ (Jni-li^) mOOgUn. iuuuiq_ [iuu^

tniq_) asdugh. rint-ump {tj^nL^umift) tOOsdeV.

But not when they precede the consonant,

as, f^ni^^titf coond. luquiy aghd. it"//»-^> gark.Likewise when the consonants are diffe-

rent, as, p^nL.qpy tooght. unL.p^^y soorpk.

^"qUp^ , hoghmk.In the beginning of many words between

two consonants the letterfi

is understood in

the oblique cases instead of another vowel

of the nominative case, as, Int-l^s^ tzoogun.

Slj^uJh (I^Jj^ujh) tziigan. Jli^ , mishd. J^iitiu^iy

(ifg^jf^u^iiy) mushdaga.

FAMILIAR ABBREVIATIONS

iUif*

10

£

11

GENDER

In the Armenian language the gendersare distinguished hy their natural significa-

tions, as

MASCULINE

llfl-tuJ] Adam. \pn^^uy Moses^ ^Irui^

pnuy Peter, ^p/rf^np^ Gregory. ilutp/f.us^f

FardanJ,

etc.

^'^ff father, t-qp-iypy brother. nL.utnpy

son, a male'child. ^t-uiyya husband, spouse.

uMtslrp , a father'in-laiv. ^t-oLp , uncle^ a mo-ther s brother. Jli^^uj<^iyp , gossip^ Godfather.

uj/P y manj husband, h^uiii-gy , a man-servant.

p~tut^ujL.np or uMpoguj y king, ^lu/umpujp y sa-

trap^ apeer.gni.^ a bull. In^y an ox. ^uMiya he-goat, fuy , ram^ a male sheep. qni.uipuj^ ,

bullock^ a yoimg ox. trq^t-pm^ , a stag. uMptw

quiq^ cockj etc.

Hjiitnu^ y tribunal, qop , soldiers. <Jlr&l!riui^

i^ni^q. y cavalry^ horseAroops, etc.

FEMININE

\ii~iy y Eve. Wiututu y Sarah. yyuipfiujiPy

Mary. Xi^f-i^^ or Xi^i-zi^bk > Susanna.

\liupf^nL.<^p y Rose^ etc.

lululty grandmother. J^p> mother, ^yp^sister. <^ujpuuy spouse^ bride. Iflfuy woman:

wife, ij-nuumpy daughter, u^q^tfi^ f/'^'^^maid,

tpipu/uij mother-in-law. 'um.y sons wife^

daughter-in-law. u^t^unt-p , mother-in-lawj

12

hushiimVs mother. //iigiuJuj/p y gossip^ God-mother, 'td"^* uiftldfiMy p^uj^nu<^lty queen,

princess, ^i^l^n^tij-y ijoimg girl, ^mcf^^,uMquM[u[fuy servant-maid, /^m/j coiv. tp^^^j

heifery a young cow. Jlu^lty eive^ female

sheep. iHupl^y hen. trquy hind^ etc.

COMMON

XPii^P^l- 9 man. n£sq.p > t^L.iuli , child. ^^^^ >

infant. J^tun-u/iMj^ , an heir. p^nnHs , grandson^

ov grand-daughter, p^n^^i^ y bird. iJun.ltL.&^y

liorij or lioness, linpftihi , a young beast. ^*i/^ ,

chickj chicken. ^^^, bird, fowl, n^utpy

sheep, uip^uin- y cattle. Muqiuifi^p , pigeon^ dove.

sp , horse, int^a , dog^ bitch. tt"-P~ > charmer.

tHuptiuiplj^ y prophet^ or prophetess^ etc.

NEUTER

^ni^fi y water,oi^. , air. ^nqj> earth, ^llup^

il^'uy body, lrpiil^'kg.9 heaven, i^juy light.&-ujiL y tree, it-n,^ , hand, mng , foot, ^"tt >

souXy spirit, dlun^, y mind, mm^ , house, uj^

p^nn- y chair, ^tru/u^ y life. iJlu<^ , death. <iujt/z

pJrpnup-liifu y patience. u/ultpiUL.nL.[3-lti^ y in-

justice^ etc.

The genders are distinguished also in

this manner: XS^jp Jluptf-uMpl^ y prophet, a

male prophet, l/p^ J^p^iupi^ , prophetess , a

female prophet, iyp Jlupij- , man, male, liffu

iHupi^ y woman. iHuunuli #i//t/#«-5^ , lioness^ fc-

13

male lion, a she-lion, tupni. usqiutlu[ty male

piyeon. uMq2!!k"'V^>W^y ^ female child, etc.

Some genders are indicated also by their

terminations, as

MASCULINE

Qnil^u/ifulfU y John. ^nL-iliufiinu y JuUaU.

W^u/uiiiulMnu yAthanasius. fd-^nq.npnu y Theo-

dore^ etc.

FEMININE

i^nil^ufifutu y Joan. Qm^ifiu/i^k > JuUana.

WJP^iuuuiultui y Athanasia. i0*^ni[.npiiM , Theo-

doraj etc.

il«i#^iy-/w_^^ , Bose. ^/»^it-<>/r, a priestess

heathenish.^uM<^uMiMiujnL<^[t , a priestess. J^p^

if.iupl^nL.<^[t y a prophetess. \\umni.uM&nu<i[t y

Goddess. UJp^iynL.<Jp y P-iuif.nL.<Jp y uip£int-.<^fi y

queenj princess. ^iynL.<^^y a she-martyr.

\\^£LiUUnL.<^lt y an Abbess. \iiUpilUSL.lUi^ni-<^lt y

Deaconess^ etc.

xYuips^u/uy^yYard's daughter. }JiiM<iusJl^u,^

^yi__f Isaac's daughter. ]vnupni//n^nL.fum y

Clwsroes' daughter. npJf^m-futn y Hormis-tus' daughter;, etc.

FORM

The forms of the nouns are three : sim-

ple, as, tJ^pq. , man : Accompanied by a par-ticle before, as, m'uJluprj.y inhuman: Com-

posed of entire >vords, as, Sm^'^iu^];^ , human,kind.

14

The different modes of producing com-

pound epithets and words^ are the trea-

sure and ornament of the Armenian lan-

guage; a thousand varieties of compoundedwords may be made in this tongue as maybe perceived in the Armenian grammar pu-blished 1815.

SPECIES or KIND

There are two kinds of words : Primi-

tive, as, i/luprj.yman : and Derivative or De-rived having at the termination a particle,

as, Jlup,i.\m^^x , human.The Derivatives are most abundant in

the Armenian language.

NUMBER

Numbers are two: Singular, as, Jhtpii^^

man: and Plural, as, J^fq^ or Jlupii-P^f

men.The plural of some nouns is formed in

a particular manner, as, ij/^*^, woman, ^u^^

^'y^f women. i/u/iM^y conve^it^ ilufLnpujj.^^

iluaunftlrujj^ or ilufulrpuMj^ , convents. if-ltitor

Hrbu-^^ book^ if-filru/Ui books. iHifunt-liy child}

boy^ dluiMlimlt , children^ boys.The proper nouns are sometimes made

plural with the particle ^^"^i-y as, ^ptt"C^Gregory, %p[i^nplru/iip_ , Grecjories. B"^"'^-^4^4/ > John^ \^nil^iJiiu[iulrufiig y Johns.

15

CASE

The cases in the Armenian language ac-

cording to the modern authors are ten in

number.1. Nominative, tfluptf-ythe man.2. Genitive, Jlupny^ of the man.3. Dative, ^^piy or '^ Jhipij-^ to the man.4. Accusative, nJlupn. , the man.5. Ablative, '/^ ^^pty > from the man*

^6. ^arn\li\eyfi/^l>^y 9 concerning the man.7. Instrumental, Jluftij^nil^ by means of man.

-^8. Circumdative, ^i/l^pii^ml, about the man.*- 9. Commorative, *^ i/lupf[.

or'/r inuitij^n,.J\

in the man.*' 10, Vocative, niljUupij-^ o man!

It is to be remarked in this declension

that the second case is changed in the ter-

mination. The third in the termination, andis then denominated the dative-declined-in

the-termination : and sometimes has before it

a letter or preposition, and is then called

the dative-with'the-preposition. The fourth

case has before it the letter ^, which is

sometimes omitted or understood. The fifth

case changes in the termination, and has

the letter or preposition 'f before it; or the

letter; when followed by a vowel. The sixth

case likewise changes in the termination,

and has before it the tetter ^* The seventh

case changes in the termination. The eighthcase also, and has before it the letter ^*

16

The ninlh case has before it the letters *t

or;, and when changed in the termination

has always before it the same letter or pre-

position. The tenth case has before it the

interjection « or «4.' ^^^ ^^^ always ex-

pressed.

According to the ancient authors the

cases are properly only six.

1. Nominative.2. Genitive.

3. Dative.

4. Accusative. ^

5. Ablative. -'..''^

6. Instrumental.

And these will be followed in the presentgrammar.

DECLENSION

Concerning the number of declensions

of the nouns the opinions of authors are va-

rious : we will reckon ten dividing them into

two classes according to the grammar pu-blished in 1815.

The first class contains six simple or re-

gular declensions, and the second four mix-ed or irregular declensions : and they are

distinguished from the second and sixth

cases in this manner.

17

KEGULAR DECLENSIONS

SINGULAR PLURAL

Gen. Instr. Gen. Instr.

3 y ^ V.ni^*^ 0/y ng ^ "4s *

4* ufLyJ^iX uiJpL* ^^'^'^Y ^^3^ uiJp^*5* /li-^jAv'^ /li-^VT"^ "*-3 y "'^B*

IRREGULAR DECLENSIONS

SINGULAR PLURAL

Gen. Instr. Gen. Instr.

1 t^ni f t.ni£j)T ^"^3 > '-"^l*p or

IrtuL. '^"£J3 > '^^w-rP or A'op

3 « ##P» a/£_ orli/iiJpL c*^^ > w^^

FIRST DECLENSION

SINGULAR

l.U^^^, theking.

^*- a<K'cx.(^)

2U.Z?P'iy/' » of the king. ^

^^^ '^ V'^

3* yS^ip^lfyOv jtuppiuf. ifutppty, to the king*4* lU^'^i the kmg.

f

^*i/W»/¥!'iy^' f>'<^»^^ the king.

6* W^^^ijt^j with or by the king.

PLURAL

1 ll/^'iy^ > the kings. K2* \S-[^"at3^ of the kings. qC?3*

Xkp^^ijta^^ j^p^"f/"y g^'pg^" * to the

kings.-'^

"* ^[ll^'W^ the kings. ^^^* j^P^'yta^ fro"^ the kings.®

^l''P"ijt^^ » "^ith or by the kings.It may be seen by this example that the

letters ?t , • , 5 , form the plural ; but are not

always signs of the plural in the termination

of a word, as, ^ujqui^y city, gnfuy light. ^«^5>bread: which in the plural {orm^uiquj^^ , ci-

ties,i^/uf^ y the lights, "^i^g^ > the loaves.

The third and fifth cases carry before

them the letter ; , when the noun begins with

a vowel, and the letter '{», when the noun

begins with a consonant.

The cases are generally formed either bythe addition of a vowel to the nominative,

as, ^fii/L. , w^ord^ ^«i//r.^, ofthewordj ^tmyrivery ^t-my , of the river. ii^Jrum , coat^

lif-h-uuiitL. y of the coat, ^prj^iumy Tiridates^

^[lil^iumtyy of Tiridates: or by placing in

the termination of a word the vowel of the

last syllable^ as, i[.uip^p^y forger^ ri^uMp^lt,

of the forger: or by omitting a vowel of

the last syllable, as, uMtnlm/u , tribunal^ uimtr^

^fi f of the tribunal : or by exchanging one

19

vowel for another, as, uiuMpml^qj garden^

uiujptn/>qli , of the garden.Some nouns have no singular, as, ifiunt.^ ,

glory, ^ujp^f custom. rf-<^nfup,^ hell. lini.n^^

idol. iilrufug.y lifej t-ftt-u^t face. usqoP:^y

prayer^ etc.

And others no plural, as, jy* hope, ul^p^

affection^ love, ^m^sy sleep. lr(*kbc^ earth,

uiUftyXDOol. [uuML-uMp y tlw dttrU, ctc.

SECOND DECLENSION

SINGULAE

! li«i/^^, the order. qU ^r/C2* Mujp^fif of the order. ^3 M'^pi^l' or '^ k^ct > ^"^

liiuptf^ , to the

order.

4* q\\ujp^y the order.

S* '^ \\iupi^l^y from the order.

6* \\iupi^mL.y with or by the order.

PLUEAL

1 \\^ct^ > the orders.

2 \\uMpii-uig , of the orders.

3* \\ujpii-uMg or '^ ^iupif-uy to the orders.

4*-2^ifi//'^«i

> the orders.

5* '^ liui^^f//^, from the orders.

6* \\uipif-uiL.^ or 4"^^?^q^, with or by the

orders.

20

THIRD DECLENSION

SINGULAR

!• Xftupri.^ the man.2* \TuMpii^yy of the man.3*

XS^uipri-ni or tnupqjtLtP QV '/r Jlupti ^ tO the

man.4» ^U"iiYiy., the man.S^ '^ IT'^/'^c^j ft'om the man.6*

y^uMpfj-nil^ with or by the man.

PLURAL

1 •Mfuipij.^ , the men.

2ij^gupi^ng , of the men.

3igiuftii^ng or '^ Jtupi^u , to tho men.

4* ^Ifa/^iffi, the men.5* '^ jpm^i^/»5, from the men.6* y^uspij-ml^y with or by the men.

FOURTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1 ^^38 , the foundation.

2* ^pjUuy of the foundation.

3*i^ftJhfu or '^ ^J'^aSf to the foundation.

A.q^^pifUf the foundation.

5*'/i l^l^iHu'itlfy

from the foundation.

6*IjltiHuilpy with or by the foundation.

PLURAL

1^ftintifiMp, , the foundations.

2i^ttJiuug f of the foundations.

21

3*tJl^Jlu%g or 7f ^(Milhihiuy to the founda-

tions.

4*-5^4i^«Ai£.^i/

, the foundations.

5^(t ^ftiHuisif , from the foundations.

6 ^I^JIuJIl^ , with or by the foundations.

FIFTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

i • ^u/u3t , the treasure.

2 ^u/iiirtL. , of the treasure.

3 ^.u/uinL. or *^ i^u/imI , to the treasure.

4^ ^q.iiii«J, the treasure.

5'[b ^ufjuilf , from the treasure.

6^ %u/uSnL.j with or by the treasure,p

PLURAL

1 ^iuiiS^ y the treasures.

2 q.fii'ifJ#ii-j , of the treasures.

3* ^.u/ulnL.g or '^ if.iuuluy to the treasures.

4*-2^H''"^^''> the treasures.

5 '^ <|.#/i^J/»t^j , from the treasures.

6 %uMu^nL.^ , with or by the treasures.

SIXTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

* yS.q^b^U^ the fountain.

2^U.7ftf»> of the fountain.

3» ll.^t^ or j^i^i^p^ to the fountain.

^* lU,^^^^f > the fountain.

22

^* jW^n^^C^ or jiuq^i-pky from the foun-

tain.

6 w^qp-lrp^ or iuqpJr/iiuu , wlth or by the foun-

tain.

PLURAL

1.W/iPilrpp. or uiqp.lEi-itg.y the fountams.

2w^qiE-lrpg or luq^pujg , of tho fountalus.

^[li-pu , to the fountains.

4*^(j^i2;/iA-^i#

or /j[iLuq^pi-pu y ihe fountains.

5 jlkit^CS ^^ j^i^^P^^a » from the foun-

tains.

6 tk^^r^^ 0^ iutipJrpuML^ , with or by the

fountains.

SEYENTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1 S^# > the place.SS S^^e^ > of the place.

place.4* i^8*-7A> the place.5» '^ S^^2^ or > tnlrqL.n2k} from the place.6* 8^i2^£i/£., with or by the place.

PLURAL

1 Sl^qkg > the places.2* s^t:*-":? > of the places.3*

^IrijL^iiijor '^ intrqfiuAO thC plaCCS.

4^ i^S^^*') the places.

^23

; . 'p ^Irql^iuy , from the places.u ^IrqtujL^ or ufirqtqgy wlth OT by the

places.

EIGHTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

p^traJb , the burden.

fKtrnLfih , of the burden.

'3. filrn.j^'ii or 'p ^Irnht , to the burden.

4. ^ptn.?#, the burden.

5.'(t ^lriL.u/u^ , from the burden.

6. ^lrn.uiiQL , with or by the burden,

PLURAL

1 ^triulfu^ , the burdens.2 • ^yn^uibg , of the burdens.

3 • ^IriuiuLg or'/r fLlrti-liuu , to the burdeus.

4, ii^hn^lTiMu y the burdens.5* '^ B^'^'^^t from the burdens.6*

B£-#i.<i/ii^^ , with or by the burdens.

NINTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1 .l|^i# , the woman or the wife.

2.li^/i^, of the woman.

3» li^#f^or *^ ij^'if, to the woman.^.

^li/^^, the woman,u. '^ l|^/»^, from the woman.

I Xfiiuiu or liufuuiJp. , with or by the woman.

24

PLUBAL

1 \\uMUiUf^ , the women or the wives.

2» \\iuuuMUjy of the women.3* \\u/uuiiig or fi/#i- ^uftJiujuy to the women.4*

-5flifi#'^£iy« , the women.5* '^ lif/#^fi/*i#y,

from the women.6* \\u/uuji%gy with or by the women.

The following are declined in this manner.

SINGULAR

1 ^pcq^ov ^troqj tho vlllage.2 ^Irqij of the village.3* ^^lrq2-0r ^p tb'-'Li t^ the village.4. ij^ti^qj the village.5^

'[b ^Irqlky from tho village.6» ^pi-qt!'' y with or by the village.

PLURAL

1 ^l^L-q^ y the villages.2* %[ii^qp3i of the villages.3 %lii-q^g or '^ -y^/^t-iji/

, to the villages.4

^S'^i-i5[«#, the villages.

5* '^ ^t^qta^ ^^^^ ^^^ villages.6. %[,i-q[ii.^ or tb'-15^^ ^^th or by the

villages.

SINGULAR

i %kp > the Lord, the Master.

2 Stu/HL^ , of the lord.

3* ^tuiiiSi or ginl^[ifto the lord.

25

4* qSkpy the lord.

o. '^ St^iun.^^ or '^ ^IrrA^j froiii the lord.

G*Strpuii/pLf with or by the lord.

PLURAL

1 %lruipp^ , the Lords, the Masters.

2. ^Irmpg OV intrpu/ug ^ of the lords.

3 ^t-ujpg , mlrpuMUg OVguilriuftu , tO tho lords.

4* ^S^"V> the lords.

5 '^ ^IruMpg or '^ mlrpiifug , from the lords.

€S^ffiiiii^^, with or by the lords.

SINGULAR

* W.'-C oro/f , the day.

2\\i-ni-p , of the day.

3 Wj-ni-p or j"'^/' or jop , to the day."* ^U^r ^^ t*'/''

the day.S • jU^/'^ or joplf , from the day.6^

\ii.ni^p(Ly with or by the day.

PLURAL

1 Wunt-pp, , the days.2* Hnrii-^j, of the days.3» Wi-ni-[ig or jiuL.ni.puy to tho days.4* ^y/_/i£-^f/, the days.5 .

jU-r-/»i_^^ , from the days.G. Wi-nL.pp^y with or by the days.

SINGULAR

1l^ujfp y the father.

2. ^miL^ or <>o^, of the father.

26

3*l^uii.py <;op ovg<;iujpy to the father.

4*^4'iy/'' the father.

5. V^ :,u.^pl^ov '/. <;apk^ from the father.6« ^^V^, with or by the father.

PLURAL

* 4"V^> the fathers.2*

4^^/^^ or ^«//im% , of the fathers.3.

l^uspg y <;iupiJLj or g<;uipu , to the fathers.4*

^liupuy the fathers.S*

'/'^u^pjor'fi <;iupu/Lg, from the fathers.6^ 4"r^^ , with or by the fathers.

TENTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

*S/'^fu/i' , Tigranes.

2Sfi^pi^^iiJ/ , of Tigranes.

3*Sfi^piu^iyOY 'fi ^[.^pufii, to Tigranes.

^*if8^^/»"V^, Tigranes.

5'^ ^ttP'"'^"U > from Tigranes.

6*%lt^pu/isujuy with or by Tigranes.

SINGULAR

1-llrqb'^k^ Helena.

2*^^^''^A-i^y, of Helena.

3^IrqlTLlny QY umol

Ifrq^'uk y tO Helena.4*

ii^t^hrq^i^, Helena.5*

'(e IfrqifiMlriy y ivom Helena.6

i^trq^^iruiL. y with or by Helena.

27

ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word added to a Sub-

stantive toexpress

its quality.

Adjectives ni the Armenian language ad-

mit besides the number or case the degreesof comparison.The Comparatives are formed in three

modes; i* with the particle f->, as p-utplMy

goodJ ^uiph-tf-nfii, better, j^p^ had,^pujti-njis ,

worse. p.iuqnL.iPy muchj mamjf ^m-g^f^^^'it ,

more. 2. with the prepositions ?4«^t, u^, m^m^

^hlf as, Jlr& y greats iHrb-^ufUy tHr&Lu^ iun^uM^

i-lri^i/ir&^j greater. 3. with different cases of

the substantivct as, Jt^S^i/iup^tiip^l>yf great-

er than all prophets. M-STi'p tfujp^uipl^u ^

greater amongst the prophets.The Superlatives are also formed in three

manners: ! with the particles mJl^» or ^Jy^f

ft/* » 4-^ f ht^f or frn- put before them, as,

uMifhrhiupusplt , hest. uidh^ftJuiumnA i wlseSt^

if.t-ptut/lugnLp f most clean. Jhr^unluMjIrini.^most convenient. lrn-uiJlr&, greatest. 2. byadding to them some adverbs, as, Lu tfir&tu^

ti-nfu or ifhr&iu^nju Lu , greatest, jy^ tluim^

P^uipunf-njU y iuU^%iuplfu ^p , worst. uii^\,

%L,li^ ^lrqllrg[tli , mosl liandsome. trp/,ju tq^iilriiiy most miserable. 3. by redoubling the

positives, as, </5&-*^«i/iA&-5- , greatest, ^pm^por luip usiuumlIti^ .pM*u n^p ) worst.

28

MIDDLE NOUNS

Those nouns are named middle or mixedjwhich are neither Substantives nor Pro-

nouns, and are classed generally in English

among the Adjectives.

They are of five kinds : Numeral, Parti-

tive, General, Interrogative, and Relative.

THE NOUNS NUMERAL

The nouns numeral are of five kinds : Ab-

solute, Cardinal, Separative, Distributive,

and Replicative.

ABSOLUTE rt^

\rp or J^'ii.ML.y Iru one.^2^}0s>^^

a^V^

}jp^nL. , two* M ^r ^\j^ V^^*-^\}pk^ , or AriL. , Irpp , three. ^ H^-»^ "itSk y^Qnpg or inpu , four.

^^.f^f^sJ--^^^^'

l[trj, six. ^^. ^^\ji-P^ or Irop^y seven. ie<^^ t^f^^n«-/3^, eight, wo^

%uiuis y ten. ckc^^Vi

IpirinujuEuis y eleveu.

yjpk^uiujuu/iM y thirteen.

^nplr^uiiuuu/u y fourteen.

^tf-lrgniuuiuii y fifteen,

\\t-^uiuu/ii y sixteen.

29

Xyi^p^LtniuuiM or lri.p^bni.iniuuu , Seventeen.

{\i.p^Linujuu or ni.p^nL.iniuuii y eighteen,

\kifuLmiuuu or Ififuni-tnutuu , nineteen,

^uu/hytiventi).

^uufu L ilfi , twenty one.

l^^iruni.^, thirty.

^ ^"^^^^

Ijnlruni.'D L IrnLni^ , fftiVfl/ tlW. ^^fitun-UiuniSisj forty.

^^'^

«ftcii#z-mf/#7/-^ ZlIr^tlr^ , /orfj/ t/iree.

Qfiuni.^, fifty. ^C4

j\iuf^unifu^ sixty.

\$i.p^ufuu£uni^y seventy.

fli_p f/#»/_^ , eighty.

\ii/uuni^ , ninetij.

X^fuuniMs L. ftWu , ninety nine,

^iup^t.^ y hundred, /^ch^m^

hpif^['/"-p> two hundred,

hckf^'^^l'l^-p f three hundred.

Qnph:g<^iiipPLp , four hundred.

^f/iM^<^ujpPi^p y five hundred.

\\trij<^ujpPi^P y six hundred.

|;i_p^<^«i/^^£_^ , seven hundred.

(\i.lJ^<yuiplii.p y eight hundred.

\{inM<iujpltt,fi y nine hundred,

l^uiiiuipy thousand. A^^y^tpA-iL^i or fLlicp y ten thousand.

CARDINAL

i^ffii y %umIuu[, , first.

l,Yiij^#Yf/^, second.

30

^PC"Pt ^'* ^ctp > third.

Qn^'linpif. OTin^fip, ^iUiunpff. j foUTth.

hi-P^b-^npi^y seventh.

\\'^Rl^P"P't^ eighth.

yinslrpn^^ , ninth.

%UMuulrfinpri.y tenth.

^uu/ijlr^in^q. y twentieth.

}jplruulr^np,f.y thirtieth.

^^iuiuiuu%lrpnpri.y fortieth.

Qpu^t-^tn^f^ , fiftieth.

xliup^u^t-pnpq. f sixtieth.

\ji-f3^ui%ujuhlrpnp/^ y seventieth.

f\i-Puhlrpnpi^ y eightieth.

\(u'iMiMulrpnpii. > ninetieth.

t,^l't'-p^C"Ct > ^^ '^"'cl"^P"Pt » hundredth.

\jpk^pb'-U^C"Ct > *^^^ hundredth.

i^uitiiuplrpnpti. y thousandth.

SEPARATIVE

If^fi/^r , one^ sole^ only.

Jjp^lnn^ or Irp^uj^y tWO Ouhj^ tWO.

\jpplriu^ y three07ilij, three.

Qnplriu^ or ^lun-lriuli , four onUj^ four.2^ij.lriuli y five only^ five.

^iuuu/riuli y ten onlyJ ten.

\}i-P^iu^iuuislriu/i y seventy only^ seventy.

Z^uipfti^plriulf , hundred only^ hundred.

31

DISTRIBUTIVE

\jp^nglru/u or Irp^npins , hotll^ tJie tWO.

Xjftlr^lrufu or Irjikflfuy tlw thvee.

\^i.p^u/ulr^lru/iM or tri-P^iMfulr^ltu , the seveu.

\jni£nuiujuu/ulr^lrtA/u 01* lrpl£nuiiuuu/ulrgft% » tliC

twelve.

\}pliuM^ufii^i-P , hoi\i, one and the other.

REPLIOATIVE

Xjp^uiujinp^ or ^pil'^ > doubleJ two.

{fnlrp^ii^iiitn^I^ yt-fLUJu^tutn^/^ OV lrftlr^lf[tU y triple^

treble^ threefold.

fourfold.

ps^ujufiuiijli/f , quintuple^ fivefold.

\ji.p^iuuitjjinl>i^ , sevenfold,

^uju^uiiuuip^ 9 tenfold.

l^iup[tL.[tiuuiuMmltIi^ hundredfold.

l^iuiiuipuiu^uMinltli , thousandfold.

THE NOUNS PARTITIVE

(\i&yngy /e^, some^ somebodyJ one^ any^ivhosoever.

jiSE , pTi^j a^ one^ some^ certain^ single^ any.

XyiiJiruj^,^ or /fflrpiug > ofone^ ofthe other.

\\i.puip^iuu^i.l, or uMu^ltL.p , eac/i^ every^ any.y ^i_</ or i^^f/ , other^ another.

ll.c/z_'^> "ijL_"^y another.

yS.jL.t'f^ ' "^jlI^L) (another, different.

32

\p^i-u nifb , another.

\%i-piu^iuu^i-ITi np. f every one.

\%LpuMpu/u^i-P l»uiy every or any thing.

\r/> J^y every y any.

^u/uli Ifit^ or ^utitlt JJty some^ not many.

THE NOUNS GENERAL

jj^iHAiufiM or tuJiir^ 9 all, every, any.

\}iflAlrplriuii or uMilhriblrplfiM , ally every one.

^ninp , ally whohy entireJ total.

^ninplrptru/u ov fLninplr^ltUy ally every one.

^UiiluJiiM y ^umJiuI^ y ^iUifonl^ y £LltiUi- y nt^nfu y

y ally whole, entirey totaly complete.

WJlruuMfiM ng_ y every one.

X^iflruujjiM (/h^y every or any thing.

[\p HfL } whoever, whosoever.

{\p /i^ij whatsoever.

fl^ np^ y noney not oney not anyy nobody.

f\l_t^l_ or n^Jliltu^ nothingy not any thing.

THE NOUNS INTERROGATIVE

n° or n^ who? which person ?

fl/f, ivho? which?

\i"ijlj what ? which ?

^iii^py how much ? how many ?

a^il^ngyn n^y^^ n^y whOCVCr ? WllO ?

{\°P ^as , ^/''^/^ t'^i: ivhatever ? what ?

{Ypu^fiul, y tili%^nlMuli y what F which ?

Wpguf^i np^if^y how much ? how many ?

o3

THE NOUNS RELATIVE

lljuufliu^ y uy^sufpup , suchj liliBy sume^ si-

milar^ as^ so.

\^^q.in[,u[t , ij-yuiiiliulM , 50^ as^ like^ similar.

\^uuiliu[i y^yuuijiuli y so, as, as that, like

that.

JJ^u^uAi , uy'hgii/D , SO much, as many.\}^u^^ , uyuiuiift , so much, as many.\S.j1:p.u/u , ij.y'hg.uju , so many, so much.

M^jt^'t ^ ir'iP'^'i' > *^ many, so much.

U^V*"^ > 'i'y'k^iuu , so many, so much.

^Ju^ift , ^nfii^ip , 50 many, so much, so

much as.

All these middle nouns are declined underone of the ten declensions of nouns substan-

tive, except niR and np , which are diffe-

rently declined in the singular, but similarlyin the plural number, as

SINGULAE

1 ftffi , one, some, fl^ > one, any person.2

i\L.pni.[R f of one. ti'-p"'^^ > of any.3 f\L.i/lri& , to one. (li-i/kg » to any.4*

q^(\ifii9one. i(ip* any.

ti. j{\^Jiri&^f from j(\i.Jk^^ y kom any.one.

ۥ fl'^'^* with or by n<^<^ > with or byone, any.

34

PLUEAL

1 . H'^V > some.2.

f\i/iuiigf of some.3*

f\i/ti/b^ or jnJufuu J gnJiuiiu y tO SOmC.4* ii{\inuiMuy some.5* j{\Jh/ujy from some.6 {\inui%g , with or by some.

PRONOUN

Pronouns stand in place of nouns and,like them, have case, number, and particu-

larly the first, second and third persons, as,

In Armenian they have no genders.There are four kinds of pronouns: Sub-

stantive or Personal, as, £-*/, I. fim^^ihou.

Ifu^ , ]\e^ himself, fii-p , own^ himself. Defini-

tive, as, uuM y this (person or thing), q-uj , that

(person or thing). ^m, that, he^ she^ it. Pos-

sessive, as, piP or pi%l'^j myJ mine, ifhrp or

Jlrpylfit , our^ ours, ^nj or^njlf'i* y th])^ thific.

Jit-p or Jttrpyph y your^ tjours. /n-p or t'-V^-

IfiM y his^ herSy its. [n-plrufiig , their^ their s.

And Relative^ as, np , who^ which^ that^ what.

The three letters ^, ^ ,*i^ , are called Arti-

cles-distinctivc-of-the-persons; and joinedto the terminations ofwords and verbs, shewtheir persons or order, and are used as pro-nouns personal, possessive, and definitive, as,

J^upi^u^ I who am a man^ or my man^ or this

35

man. iHupti^y thou ivho art a maUy or thy man,or that man. J^piiX, he who is a man^ or his

man or that man.

DECLENSIONS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

1. Person.

SINGULAR

2* ]^J) of me, mine or my. (r jt^ ^^3* \{uiygltuy iun. (tu, to me. '^^-^^

-^^"^^^4

ti\%u , me.'^

nt ^/ <i.

5* jli^t^ , from me. L t,. f\^^6» li^A. , with or by me. >^ ^"^"^

PLURAL

l*ir^^,we. r^Y^2 ir^/i , of us, our or our's.

3 \X^ij B'^qj <^«- '^'U ^^ ^s*

4* ^Ift^i us.

I*

'^ ir4^^» ft'om us.

U*^*.^ y or iflrog , with or by us.

2. Person.

SINGULAR w^

n*#iiL , thou.^^^^.^

2* »fi/i, of Ihee, thine or thy.

4.Y'Pi&^t, thee.

5 /^ *p4^2# , from thee.

6 *pt , with or by thee.

36

PLURAL

1 n*#»^ ye or you.

]^ 2* a^^> of you, your or your's.-^ 3^ ^Ir^y gilriij lutt.

3ilrqj tO yOU.4*

^at-jr^, you.S*

!^ S4^^» from you.6 £Ar^^ or Jto^ , with or by you,

3. Person.

SINGULAR ^1 li%g% , he or himself. Ov^'^^'^

2iru^Hra/ii , of him or his.

3* ]i%tm^, or «/«- ^'^'^j to him.

4^i5[]v^'^, him.

5» jYis^l/hl^y from him.

6* li^^-fiii^, with or by him.

PLURAL

1 Yi'^lru'^^y they or themselves.

2* Yiigfrufugy of them, their or their's.

3*\%ii^lriJug y or iun.

Ifiig^lru/iMu iio thcm.4^

ijji^tiii/'^f/ , them.5* j\hi^lrufugy from them.6 \<u^lriuJ^^ , with or by them.

\fiigiM alone signifies fie^ 5/ie^ but accom-

panied by another pronoun signifies self:, ^s,

hu IfiM^ , mtjself. ^fiL. Ifii^ , thyself.'biu p^^^ ,

37

SINGULAR

2\ii.p or [ti-plru/iiy

his.

^.\\Lpy l^t-ph-iJu or uiiv.l^t-p y to him, to

himself.

4.

5* jXti^pJl^yfrom him, from himself.

6\^»-i^L- f [ii-plruii^

or (Ei-plrusJpL , with or byhim or himself.

PLURAL

2* \\Lfilrufujy their, their's.

3» x^Lfilriuug, to them or to themselves.

4*

S* j\M-plru/ujy from them, from themselves.

6 lii.^tu/£ip^ , with or by them or themselves.

Declension of Definitive Pronouns Personal

1. Person.

SINGULAR

! \Jiuy this (person). /J O^

|2* Un/»fi#, of this.

3« 1]<^ or fi/#i. «/a/) to this.

4* '/Urn, this.

5* 7# l)#/2i/^t, from this.

G»|)/i#/<i/£., with or by this.

38

PLURAL

I* Mn^iuy these (persons).2. Dn^ujf of these.

3* Unifiu or tun. unuuMy to thcse.

4» i(^nuiuy these.

5*'(m Ufi^fiiH > from these.

6* \^n^,uL^ or u#»^q^ > by or with these.

2. Person.

SINGULAR

1 q.u# , that (person). yC-A"2

q^n^fi/ , of that.

3 q.i^ or jif«i , to that.

4* ij'l^m, that*

5*'l»J\.iflu'iih,

from that.

6 q./»^iic , by or with that.

PLURAL

1 q.n^fi/ , those (persons).2

q.#»y*ii , of those.

3 %njui or uiiL. rj-nuiu , tO thoSC.

4» ijO^™*//, those.

5 '^ q./»j£ii'i#4^ , from those.

6 %np,u»i.^ , or rf-n^a^ , by or with those.

3. Person.

SINGULAR

1 \,fii , that (person) he, she.

2 %nfiii ) of that.

39

3 \jJlu I or gi^iu , fii/L 'ituM y to that.

4 t^iu f that.

5 'p \,inJu^ , from that.

&^\,nilutL. f by or with that.

PLUBAL

1 \,ng'^ f those.

2 • %njtu , of those.

3 « %njiu or nz/i. *UnuuM y gUnutu y tO thoSe*

4» tiYjnuiuy those.

5'^ \,"3"''^h > from those.

6 'XjngiM*^ or ^n!^<^ , by or with those.

Declensions ofDefinitivePronounsAdjective.

i. Person.

SINGULAR

1 • H^u y this (person or thing).2 W^up or lujunpftli y of this.

3U^«/t/^ tyuJJtl^ or ui/L

My<* > to this.

J> jXS^juiHuu^ y from this.

C • W^""'- or iujunt-li^ y by or with this.

PLURAL

* • 13.j«(^ or lyungftli y these.

2Un/'^if or ujjuitgl,^ y of these.

3» U.^y^ > ^""sbk or '^'^ ujjunu[t^y to these.

^* iUj^'^M' these.

^* jU-J''j or jiyugu/ul^ , from these.

G* U.j*"2;p/"^ or «^i/o^/r«^^, by or with these.

40

2. Person.

SINGULAK

1 Hjif , that (person or thing). -^'M

2 U.j'^r or iy^npPi > of that.

3 IJ iiy-i/J njjrj^Jjilior #ii«- «^^ > to that.

^* ^Uh/'^' that.

§• jW^jf^-uful^y from that.

6 \\^jtni. oruMjij.nL.lMli

, by or with that.

PLURAL

* U-J^ or iyt^-ftk > those.

2 U.j^^ or ujjfi^ni^lli , of those.

3 W^jfhg » "iit"5tk 0^^ "''^ "ut""bk > to those.

4 . ^llj-f^''^^ > those.

5 jW^j'td or j"{jt9^^^ ' trom those.

6* U.e/Y^'2;^^'^ or uijij-n^liJ^^y by or with

those.

3. Person.

SINGULAR

1 Xkfi y that (person or thing).2

UBey^/* or lup'npltk > of that.

3\}^j'uiPy "ifi'^^k or ""^

"ifi' > to that.

4* ^li,y^> that.

5* j^^JuJlJuky from that.

6 U.j^''^ or iyunt-lt^ , by or with that.

PLURAL

1 UbjV or ujfungtk » those.

2 0,j% or iMMfun^fili , of those.

41

to those.

4 iXS^j^nt'l'kor

-jriiy^f/ , those.

5 jU.,y% or juMjiiijuMul^ y from those.

6. lkj^'2/?^^^ or iMjisi!gl,jp,p^,hyor with those.

Of/ier Definitive Pronouns Adjective.

1. Person.

SINGULAR

1 Uj/*^, this same (person or thing).2^

ll#»^/#^ or unjtntfu , of this same.

3^ WiflfiM or U//L</2/c#,

to this same.

4* ^l]^*^' this same.

5*('^ IJo/^ or *^ liiij^^)

from this same.

6* Wnilifh or unil^jp^y by or with this same.

PLURAL

1 Uj/V ^^ '^'^/'^ » these same.

2 * VI «r^^^ > unjnifu OV ungnuUg , of thCSC Same.

3 • Wnglf^ or iii#L unuffiM , a##i, unjUu , tO thcSC

same.

4* ^Ug/^'') qunuftuy these same.

S* '^ \j#»^/f^^j, from these same.

6* II ''^"^4/2 > unp[iJp.^y or urignLtf^y Vj Or

with these same.

42

2. Person.

SINOULAB

1. q.g/2#,that same (person or thing).2 ^npP% or ii-npni.^., of that same.3 O^iiJWf or uin. iiyu , to that same.4»

ijO^o/iri that same.

S* (^ %yu or '^ >f'i?'*^)from that same.

6* %nilifu orti-mlPiipL , by or with that same.

PLUEAL

1 .^nfiif^ f or ^i-ngp^ I those same.

2 ^ngpU , rf-ngnthi Or tj^ngnAg , of thoSO Same.3 • ^ngfflM or fii#i.

rj^nuftlM y tun. tV^" * ^^ thOSe

same.4»

ijO'^'i'fi or i^nufi'iiythose same.

5'/r i\.ngnt/iig , from those Same.

6 %ntliiJ^ , t'*^b^'^ ^^ ij-nj^ttL-J^^ , by or

with those same.

3. Person.

SINGULAR

1 "bgA* » th^t same (person or thing).2 '{japP^ or

i##Y'/ifJ^ , of that same.

3* 'b*^*^ or uMiu%npMy to that same.

4* ^yUi that same.

5*('^ *iL,2/J#

or '^ ^ii^i#)from that same.

6* \,ni^% or inijpjp. , by or with that same.

43

PLURAL

1 • \ykiL or %n^'u , those same.

2 \,ngpU ^'Ungni^M OV^ngni^tf , of thoSC Sailie.

3'\jngfiis

or tun. 'unultU y tun. ^yLu , tO ihoSC

same.4*

tiXjiMfiiuyor i^nultUi those same.

5* [t'y^ngni^u^y troiii thosc same.

^ * 'ij"'J[["%^ i ^ngt^F^ ^^ ^#2^#f«_f^, by or

with those same.

The Definitive pronouns are accompaniedsometimes with the pronoun Ifu^y self^ as,

uiu li%gh , this self-same, f^us [tu^u , that self-same or himself, ^iu [fu^ , that self-same or

himself iyu Ifu^y this same, 'unju (fii^ysameJ that same.

Or they are joined together, as, un/iM uiu^

this same. q-yiM tj-tu , n^nfu ujfrj^ , that same,the same himself

Declensions ofPronouns Possessive.

The Possessive pronouns are formed of

personal and definitive pronouns; the second

case of these forms the first case of the pos-sessive.

1. Person. ^

SINGULAR ,\ I

K Iw/; my (mine). ^f^^l^^

2^ ]M/yy of my.

44

3^ \Mfht-J\ or uin. [fiPy lo my.4. qX^iPy my.S j}^t/l/J^ or jpi% > from my.6*

\\i/?iil2 by or with my.

PLURAL

1 ]ii^ , my.2 ]ii^^ , of my.3

\ii/nj , usfL. [tJu , to my»4 ^|i#^ , my.5 ,/bi% , from my.6* XnHtilpy by or with my.

SINGULAR

1 ITAyi , our.

2XS^lrpy , of our , our's.

3*Xf'frpnL.iPy to our.

4*-5firi^^ , our.

5* '^ ir^yi^ or '^ iA^^2/ » ft*^^^^ ^^1'

6*ipt^fii^, by or with our.

PLURAL

1. irt^t our.

2* U"Zr^//j, of our.

3\S^I^[ing , to our.

4* ^irt^f#, our.

5* '^ ITAy"'^, from our.

6* ipt^/ii^, by or with our^

2. Person.

SINGULAR

1 »pn , thy (thine).

2 -p.y , of thy.

3» *B^, or ^ni.J) to thy.

A* q^V-n, thy.

5» '^ -p.ni-i/1/^ or '^ ^^, from thy.

6**p./ii^, by or with thy.

PLURAL

l.^y^y thy.2* -V^njf of tliy.

3* -p/iy or *^ ^2^«'> to thy.4 ?*p2^«' ) thy.

5^ 'p "P-''j> from thy.6» *P/»ij^, by or with thy.

SINGULAR

1 S^^ > your.2 . Sit^pg^ y of your, your's.3* a^^^^-fT, to your.4* ^2^/»> your.5 '^ at^'/^ or '^ ^i^/»2^ > from your.6 ^Irpntlj by or with your.

PLURAL

1 a*-/?^ > your.2 U.^[ing y of your.3 S.^[in^ y to your.4^ ^a^"* your.

hi5

5* 'p U^l^png > fr^'^ your.6 • U^^pni^ f by or with your.

3. Person.

SINGULAR

1\iL.it , his or her.

2 •fic/yg^ , of his.

3»iii^#i£-f/; to his.

A.q\\i-iif his.

S* jb^/»*^ or jlfi-pn/f from his,

6* \\t.pn^ by or with his.

PLURAL

I h'Y^ > his.

2^^<-^#lJ, of his.

3l^i-pny , to his.

4*f|i£.^c#y his.

5 j\i^png , from his.

6*|ii.^/ii^, by or with his.

From the genitives of these are formedother possessives with a particle V^ ; they havethe same signification, but are declinedi with

prepositions, and are these: l^^t'^y my,mine, .^ylfu > fhy^ thine. Jk-pyliu , our. it-py^

pu y your. l"-py(t'i* > Hs or her own.The same possessives are formed also in

this manner : t^lf^ » my^ mine. J^ifiyp^ ,

our. itr^iy/i^ , your. [nupuMflfu y his. ftt-fthutb^

guMjft%y their: and these are declined.

Declensions of possessives derived fromthe Definitives.

i. Person.

SINGULAR

1 JJnpiu , his or her.

2 \iȣiiyy > of his.

3* \}nnu£int.iPy tO HlS.

4.

S.

6* Mnpiynil, bv Of with his.

PLURAL

1 Mnpuj^ y his or her.

2 MS'tptyj or unpiyng , 01 his.

3* ll^/''^5> ^^' unpuMjngy to his.

4* a\J'Y"^*'> his,

6. ^npiynil^y by or with his.

SINGULAR

1 ^ngui , their.

2^ U^^'^CA* of their.

3* ^nguMinuiP, to their.

4.

PLURAL

1. \j/fjfiy^, their.

2 • U^j'^j or uitgujjng I of their.

A8

3 \i"g^g or unguMjntf , to tiiGir-

4* nX^nifujfu^ their.

S* '^ U^'^'iyj' from their.

6* lJo^fiy#fi^, by or with their^

2. Person.

SINGULAR

1 ^itpiy f his or her.

2» ^»'Y"^W'' of his.

3* t\.npujjnL.J] to his.

4.

6 ^npiu/ni/j by or with his.

PLUBAL

!^^'Y'fijy^) his or her.

2 ^npujjif or l^npuMjjng , 01 hlS*

4 tg^npujju , his.

5* '^ n-«/"^'»j» from his.

6* ^npiynili^y by or with his.

SINGULAR

^nguM , their*

%n^ujjnj , of their.

q./»^#xy/ii.£r,to their.

1.

2.

3*

4.

5-

6* ^.njiyni/j fiy Or with their.

5.^.jw v-^ Vt^'

or

^i i^r.i^'-

v^^'

Vie

^

oc ^*^ ^

lv.1' ^ ft*M. <* ^»-V^«

^^

^ ^

13 ,^ ^c^^^

'1 ^£<^^ ^^

n

iP-'^- ... _-cM

^ w> *^

/49

PLURAL

1 . %ngiy^ , their.

21 ^\^nrfujjgor i^s^'^g > 01 their.

3 . %"3^"3 or [t inijuMju , to their.

4* if^X^ng^"^ their.

5* '^ %"3^"a^ fiom their.

C* %ngiynilpy by Of with their.

3. Person.

SINGULAR

1 ."i^/i^iii

> his or her.

2 '\j"p'yy » 01 his.

3 \nftiuinL,ir,to his.

4-

o

^*\3"V"U'"Li by ^^ ^ith his.

PLURAL

i \jnpuMf^ , his or her.

2 \3n1tujj3 or ^i"'piy"3 > of his.

3 %n[EUJjg y'unpiujntfOr

'

(t^npuMfU , tO hlS.

4 • '[\j"n"ii*^ y his.

5 '^ \jnpiyng , from his.

6 . \,n[iiujnil^ , by or with his.

SINGULAR

1^,#751/1 , their.

2 '\jn3iyy > of their.

3 . ^ngiyni^iP, to their.

4.

^ '\j"3"ij"'L '^y ^^ ^^^'^ their.

50

PLURAL

1 ^nguMf^ , their.

2 'Vy"g^3 or 'ungiynt^ , of their.

3 • \3nguMing or *^ *ungujju , to their.

4*i[\^ngujjui their.

5^ [t\,ngujjngy from their.

6*\,ngujjnil^y by Or with their.

Declension of the Pronoun Relative.

SINGULAR

1fl^ or #» , who, which, what, that.

2* flrw whose, of which.3 f\pnL.tror tuiL np y to whom, to which.

4*-2fl/»> whom.

^* c/H/"^ or j^/'g^ ) from whom, from which.

6*(\pntlj with or by whom or which.

PLURAL

1 (ip^ y "^ho, which, what, that.

2* n^^^j whose, of which.3 •

n/"»5r or iun. npu , to which.4. yH/"'* which.

S* c/n^^5> from which.

6 . 0/"'^ > by or with which.

VERB

The verb signifies to be, to do, or to suf-

fer with tense, number and person.Five properties belong to the verb. Kind,

51

Tense or Time, Number, Person and Con-

jugation.

KIND

There are four kinds of verbs : Substan-

tive, Active, Passive, and Neutral.

The first denotes existence, as, tiT, I am.

q.nJ\ I do exist. The second action, as, iu,l^

^trJ] I do, I make. The third sufferance, as,

iiiij.^ptrf I am done or made. The fourth the

action subsisting in itself, as, iu^iuinfitPj I

labour. m^uhP^ I go.There is also another kind called Com-

mon, which signifies the action as well as

the sufferance, as, q-MumfiJ] I judge^ and I

am judged.

TENSE

There are three tenses of the verb : the

Present, as, ^^t^r, I write. Past, as, ^pt-^

ffp > I wrote : and Future, as^ tC^sts ' ^ shall

write.

The past is either Imperfect, as, tpkt » I

was writing^ orTerfect, as, tU^ab > ^ vorote.

The ancient grammarians add two other

perfect tenses : thePreter-perfect, as, ^.plnug^

hiPy I have writteUj and llie Preler-plu-per-fect, as, ^plruii^^fi , J had written: but these

lenses do not necessarily belong to the Ar-

menian language.

52

NUMBER

The verb has two numbers : Singular, as,

^-ptrJ\ I ivrite^ and Plural, as, ^[ilnlp , wewrite.

PERSON

The persons are three : First, as, ^ptnf)I write. Second, as, ^ptru , thou writest. and

Third, as, ^p^ , he writes.

CONJUGATION

The variation of a verb in it's tenses,

numbers, and persons is called conjugation.

Conjugation is either Regular or Irregular.

Regular conjugation changes regularly in

the termination of the verb without anyomission.

The irregular conjugation wants sometense or mood, and is called Defective; or

in some tense or mood deviates from the

rule, and is called Devious; or wants the

first and second person, and is called Imper-sonal.

MOODS OF THE VERB

The manner of signifying some action is

called the Mood. There are four in the re-

gular verbs: Indicative, Imperative, Sub-

junctive and Infinitive.

When the verb indicates some action, af-

firming it simply, it is called the indicative,

53

as, if/itiT, I write, ^/»*3f/'f I wrote, ^pHrgftg ^

I shall write.

When it commands or prohibits, it is call-

ed imperative, as, ^plnJ, write thou or do

thou write. Jll tc^^p > do thou write notWhen it expresses a suspended action, or

dependent upon another verb to completetlie sense, it is called subjunctive, as, tp^t

tf^^ftgh^r, if I ivrite.

When one action is denoted without tense,

number or person, the mood is called infi-

nitive, as, ^ptru to write.

The indicative has three tenses, with per-sons and numbers. The imperative has two

tenses: present, and future;it has two num-

bers, but in the singular has no first person,because he who speaks does not commandhimself However in the plural there is a

first person, because other persons are ad-

dressed and commanded.The subjunctive has the numbers, and

persons perfect: but in the tenses has onlythe present, and the future, because the Ar-

menian language has not properly the pasttense of subjunctive.The infinitive has neither tense, number,

nor person : whence it is used as a noun,and declined in the singular, and is then

called the Gerund.

Example.

SINGULAR

! ^plr^ to write.

2 %plrup , of writing.3* %plri^ or

(t tV^Li t^ writing.4»

-5|[S-/ft^,the writing.

8* *^ %plr[2fy from writing.6 ^plr/niiy with or by writing, writing.

The Conjugations of the verbs are four,

and are distinguished by the last vowels of

their indicatives, which are, t, ^, «-, {-

The indicative of the first conjugationends with the vowel t, as, ^^cf^i/*, 1 move ;

of the second with ••*> as, ini-u/umiPy I wash;of the third with «*-, as, <ilrq^^iry I fourout; of the fourth with f-, as, f»£.<#*ii'^;«/; I

learn.

Every conjugation although different in

its moods, tenses, numbers and persons,

preserves the first syllable of it's indicative,

excepting such verbs as are Devious.

Every person and tense of the verb end-

ing in i' or ^, is plural. i> is the sign of the

first and second person, and^ of the third;

provided only that ^ be not the article dis-

tinctive of the person, because it then would

be singular.

Every verb which terminates in /, is in

the first person ; in •# , is in the second per-son ; verbs ending in

(.or ^ , are in the first

or second person ; verbs ending in t ,••**- 1

«!. , m^ or -i» , in the third person ; and those

terminating in^., are in the second and third

person.In every conjugation the future of the in-

dicative is formed by adding the letter ^ to

the perfect, as, ^m^cft^^ , I movedj ^pJ-t-^

dtd > ^ shall move.int-uMglt

, f washed, ini-iu^

gl>3 f I shall wash. ^itrqO , I poured out, ^Ir^

qlij 9 1 shall pour out. m^uiy y I learnedj m,^

uuj/j , I shall learn.

PARTICIPLE

The participle is formed by adding to

the termination of the verb the particles ^^or

0-2^ (sign of the present), t-i^(sign of the

past) i^y ori^f- (sign of the future).

As a verb it has tense, and as a noun >

cases and numbers.

Example.

P E E S E N T

Singular.

1 ^pnq^ or'jf^po'ij

he who writes , or is

writing.2 ^iinqfi y of him who writes.

3. %pnq[i or ujn.if-ftm^ y to Wvci who writcs.

4. i^itnqj him who writes.

r>v)

5* '^ ^pnqk} from him who writes.

6 ^pnqusL. , by or with him who writes.

Plural

1 ^^pnq^ , those who write , or who are

writing.2 ^.pnquig , of those who write.

3 %pnqiui^ or m/L ^pnqu , to thoso whowrite.

4* i^^f^''^* those who write.

5 *^ ^pnqujg , from ihose who write.

6*^./f/iijrw/t^

or fpnqqgy by or with those

who write.

PAST

Singular.

1 f\.ptruju written or wrote.

2 ^plrgnf y of written.

3* ^plrify or w/nLti^ph-uM^y to written.

4* t^plrui^y written.

5* y* ^[itrinfy from written.

6* ^plr/nilj by or with written.

P/wrai.

1 ^plriui^ , written or wrote.

2 %plring , of Written.

3 %cl^uid ^^ ^"- tV^^Ui > to written.

4. -^^.^tm^, written.

j; *^ %p^i^3 > from written.

6* \plri2'l^^ hy or with written.

FUTURE

The future ending in i^j , is declined onlywith prepositions, as,

Singular.

1 ^.plriny^ to he written.

3* '^ ^'plrfajy to that to he written.

4* qH^p^inyy to ho writtcu.

Plural.

1 ^pt-ing^ , to he written.

3*'/f ^.plringuy to that to ho written.

A. ii%plringuy to hc writteu.

The future terminated ini}; , is declined

thus,

Singular.

! %plrg[iy to he written.

2%iilrii-y , of that to he written.

3» ^•/'t^g^ or mrL.t^^lri^y

to that to he

written.

4* i^plrfliy to he written.

5» '^ %i'^i±yy f^'oni that to he written.

6 •^.plrih^iiii. y hy or with that to he written.

Vlural.

! H/ft^e^, to he written.

2%ftlrit^uitf y of that to he written.

3^^[ilrilriuj or '^ tv^ib^ > to that to be

written.

4*i%plritiuy to he written.

:i8

5*'[t q-^t^u/j , from that to be written.

6 9>^t^u/£-^ or ^ptrft^o^ y by or with that

to be written.

Specimen of the four conjugations of the

verbs regular with their moods^ tenses^numbers and persons.

INDICATIVE

Present.

Sing. Pers. Plur. Pers.

Imperfect.

Perfect.

2 . \nt,M-^li-^hp^/nutttj. ^"i^-^kt^'dl^ •

3. yi:ii--n—hn-'^hn. utp—ffp—^'Ji•

Future.

4. nt-u-uijj-jpu-jp. ^/"'^^-Hi^-jt'''•

IMPERATIVE

Vresent.

2 •I nt.uJ , JJi ini-iuliutn •

\tti-ititilf^ ,Jh int^iulnttj^ •

\\i.uqli , t^ nL.uuft•

||£.ii^^f?/ , tQi ni~u^lih»

Future.-.• i 'J r;

1 .{^tu^iJ-liu^bp or ^unJ-hu^ Xj"*P^^'*^"h^ » lui^iJ-hu2l{R f

2«\nt.uiu£li£t or ^t-.auuuIru f \iii.tuuunL.o , int^utu^l'^ r

4.||i^<'^/«/' or nt-uutlt\t^ip , {It-ujnup t fft-u^flp or nuuiu^

SUBJUNCTIVE

The present is formed like that of indicative.

Future.

INFINITIVE

«» • Jhti—nt-i*

'i « II e«/iii7/-f^ or A^.

60

PARTICIPLE

A Present.

Past.

Future.

Z^^qiPJ orZJ-'lll'* i]€.utultt£nj or {\t-utu'ith£liz

CONJUGATION OF SUBSTANTIVE VERBS

Defective verb b**** I «^.

INDICATIVE

Present.

}ji/] I am. t^uj thou art. 4-> he is.

b*^ > we are. 4^ , ye are. IrL , they are.

Imperfect.

\li , I was. 4-^// , thou wast.f,i/ , he was.

l^iu^^ we were. 4/^, ye were. 4^^> Iheywere.

IMPERATIVE

b /* > be thou or do Ihou be.

t^ > or Ayim^ , be ye or do ye be.

SUBJUNCTIVE

li^tiT, I ])c. [ijiru y thou be. l^gk y he be.

]»jA-i^ , we be. l^^kp^ , ye be, (tifl/u , they be.

}ji2 to be.

INFINITIVE

PAETICIPLE

Fast

}jiuu been or having been.

Future.

\3inj , ^ hich is to be, or about to be. '

Comparing this verb with the verb 25^/»^

^lr[_y to move^ of the first conjugation, it is

clearly seen, that its conjugation is the basis

of the latter.

Defective verb ^|^«/, I am or jT exist.

INDICATIVE

Vresent.

^niPy I am. tf.nu y thou art. tf-y , he is.

%nifp^ y we are* i^y^ > ye are. ^//^ > they are.

Imperfect.

^^ybc * thou wast, f^yp > he was.

H-yl'^'f they were.

0^2

SUBJUNCTIVE

Future.

q.#»i_^4^, he be, it may be, it would bo.

^.nt-jlAf they be, they may be.

INFINITIVE

^^U to be, to exist.

PARTICIPLE

Present

^ynqj being.The deficiencies of this verb are supplied

by the means of the other substantive verbs.

The word ^{»V is used sometimes as a sub-

stantive verb, as, ^l^ b'^^UC > ' '^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^*

hand^ or l^am without a husband^ or I amnot married. nuulruMi^^tuL, ^p^ , he has ne-

ver lea^med.

Substantive verb|,>i«^*»»t'J*>

I am made or

done.

INDICATIVE

Present.

jjqiu^pj] I am made. Irqufu/iuy thou art

made, h-qiuufty he is made.

\iqufulii/gy we are made, yqiuu^^y yc are

made. Irnuful/uy they arc made.

03

Imperfect.

\jqu/isl^lM , I was made. lrqu/LI^[tp , Ihou wast

made, t-quful^py he was made.

\^qutisl^uMgy we were made. Iniu/ul^lt^i yewere made, t-qu/ukt'i' > they were made.

Perfect

\jq^ ortrqffi/ > I have been, t-qt-^if thou

hast been. trqL^ he has been.

\jq^^ > ortrqt^uip^ , we have been, tr^kft t or

trquij^ , ye have been. Irqt'h , they have

been.

Future.

bq^s > J shall be. trqp^pu , thou shalt be.

irq^gP , he shall be.

IMPERATIVE

Present.

ir/f' lrqu/b/,pfbe thou not. Irqlyliy Ict him be.

Ijqtfiii-^ , be ye. #i?/ Irqu/uli^ , be ye not.

^qtsb^ > let them be.

SUBJUNCTIVE

The present is formed like that of the In-

dicative.

Future.

l^qfi^piPov Irqiu^lig/iiPy I shall bo made. IrqP^

gl^u , thou shalt be made, it-^'^^ > he shall

be made.

64

^nbdb'Q^ orlrqu/ij[,g[,j^y ^^G shall be made.

"^itdb^y yc shall be made,trql^ijl/uy they

shall be made.

INFINITIVE

\;qufhl,u to be, to be made, to be done,

PARTICIPLE

Fast.

hqtruiij been, made, done, having been.

Future.

}jqiJiilrgnj OFtrijufulri^ > Whlch is tO be.

Substantive verbj j^^S, J am, I am made.or done.

INDICATIVE

Fresent.

IJ^^iTy I am.iP%^u, thou art. ^V> he is.

AJfi't^y we are. i^f,^ , ye are. ^^V^,they are.

Imperfect.

AJ'^hh I was. i^uktp> thou wast, ij^kpyhe was.

\JfukiH^ , we were. i!^kt^ , ye were. ^#^i^.t'^ , they were.

mFuture.

\J'jliiPyI shall be. [hgt^y thou shall be. /fof^*

he shall be.

\jijnL^ , we shall be. /A^^ or/A^ > ye shall

be. /Aj^^ » they shall be.

IMPERATIVE

Present.

1*71, be thou. Jli iifiifipfbe thou not. ^A^//,

let him be.

l/ig , or it^pni.^ , be ye. i^ tP^/fg > be ye not.

lll^/i^s , let them be.

Future.

l/M* o^* df^tKr ^^ itdb"^ be thou. /A^/r',

let him be.

\J'3"'^ > let us be. [b^^y or il^^t^Il^ > be ye.

(l^jli'i'ylet them be.

SUBJUNCTIVE

Present is like that of the Indicative.

Future.

AJ^^tat^y I be or may be. [Ifi'l'gl'u , thou be,

i^ultgft y he be.

Xj^bst'^^ ^'6 ^^'df^hh^ y^ be. /AV^^^'they be.

INFINITIVE

{Jf^utr^ lo be.

mPARTICIPLB

Present.

IJtisniu being.

Past.

llrtuijor [fiiruju been, having been.

Future.

Aj'^^ina ^^ i^^^it > which is to be.

FIRST CONJUGATION

ActiveC^*^r^tL» "io move.

INDICATIVE

^tupJ^triPy I move. ^li/ffcf4-i/ , thou movest.

lujpcf^^fhe moves. ,^X;uMpj^lrJ^y we move, ^p^^k^^ ye move.

^pJ^lrii , they move.

Imperfect.

^$upc^l^ltj I moved or was moving, ^i/^^

>, «^4//» > Ihou movedst or wast moving, ^^^^<2. r cf

4^P , he moved or was moving.ojK, Xiu^iicf^k^uifit we moved or were moving.

2^ k ^uz/fcf4^^ > ye moved or were moving, ^uifi^

a^M <^4^^^> they moved or were moving.

G7

j^ujpcflrgfi y I moved, ^^cfA-jfr^ , thou mo-vedst. luipJ^lruig , he moved. ^ --^

fiujpj^lrjui^ , we moved, i^^c^t-gtig. > ye mov-ed. iiupcHrg[/is , they moved. x/^^m.

As we have remarked above, the Preter-

perfect, and Preter-plu-perfect are not pro-

perly formed in the Armenian language, be-

cause when the necessity occurs, they are

accustomed to join the participle to tlie otherj

tenses of the verb substantive.

^^a^ Future.^^C,^

XiuMp^h-glMg , I shall move. ^pJ-b-uglru , thou ,«

shalt move. ^p<^lrugk > he shall move. ^^^^XiujpJlrugnL,^y we shall move. 2^pJ^tu2hgy

ye shall move. iiupJ^lrujlru, they shall

move. ^

^tyA^i\f^,^^^ I3VIPEBATIVE ^

Present. ^

^uiliJ^truiy move thou. Jljl luspiflrpy movethou not. 2^p^lrugl^ , let him move.

X;uMpJ^lri^l^^y move ye. Jli ^pJ-kp^y move yenot. 2}^pd^lruglriM y let them move.

The negative particle JJiy not, is also

placed with the third person of the present,and before all the persons of the future in

every conjugation.

68

Future.

'^lupJ-lru^lilt OV lUMpd^lrugy^u i ITlOVe ihoU. ^f^/f^

j^irutfl^y let him move.

liiuiiJ^frujni,^^ let us move. luj^J^t-u^^^move ye. luipj^lrugy'is , let them move.

SUBJUNCTIVE

The present is like that of the Indicative.

Future.

X;iupd^liglriryI move, I may, might, could,

should, would move. ^L^pd^ftglru ^ thou

move, efc. 2^p^ligk > he move, etc,

Xiiup^ltglrJ^ y we move, etc. ^'p^pjk^ > yemove, etc. ^pch/r^lr^ , they move, etc.

The future of the indicative, of the impe-rative, and of the subjunctive from their af-

finity are adopted by turns in all the four

conjugations.

INFINITIVE

XiiupJ^lrfj to move.

PARTICIPLE

Vresent.

^uipcf^niUOY ^^pJ^lrjnqj mOVlug, who mOVCS.

Vast.

X;uJii^lruJi^(^v lujpj^h-jlrui^ haviug moved.

Future.

, ^_^_-^.^, which has to move.

All the verbs active and neuter-active,

which in the first person of the perfect endin tjj^ or my}, , are thus conjugated; and also

the verbs Transitive ending in ^-j^s

Passive C "^r^tL> To he moved.

The Passive of the first conjugation is

formed by changing the t in the last syllableof the Active into f; the ^fr

into j^-*^; the f-j

into -;5 : besides a few other variations.

INDICATIVE

Present.

'^uipK^ltiPy I am moved, impc^liuy thou art

moved. 2i^p^lt , he is moved.

X;iupJ^[,Jp , we are moved, i^p^t^ > ye are

moved, ^uipd^lfu , they are moved.

Imperfect.

X^uMp^kt^ I wi^s moved, ^u^p^kbp^ thou

wast moved. ^«ii/»c/^4/»ov lu^pd-ti^p ^ he was

moved.

XiuipdlfUM^ , we were moved. ^uipJ^l^lip , yewere moved, impdlil/u , they were moved.

70

Perfect.

XiuiittHrifiuj i I have been moved, ^pcfir^

ifuipj thou hast been moved. ^pd^trtfuiL. y

he has been moved.

X;uMiic^lrgiug , we have been moved, ^f^^y^guy^y ye have been moved. ^pJ^lrguiUy

they have been moved.

Future.

X^tup^h-guMjg , I shall be moved, ^p^h-ugftu ,

thou shall be moved. ^pJ-b-uiflt , he shall

be moved.

^iupJ'IrugnL.^y we shall be moved, ^p^l^^2h^ y ye shall bo moved* ^pcf^tuj/iL , Ihey

shall be moved.

IMPERATIVE

Present,

^tupj^lruig or liupJ^lrjfipt be thou moved-

li?/ 2}^p<^l'p > be thou not moved. ^uMp^lru^

g[ly let him be moved.

X;uipJ^lrgiupiii.^j be ye moved, ifli ^^p^l'^ybe ye not moved. ^^«/^A-«/^^^, let them be

moved.

Future.

X;tupJ^lru2lip or zi^p^t2tc ' ^^ ^^^ moved.

^upj^lrugil y let him be moved.

tfiupJ^lrui^AL^ y let us be moved, z^p^t^^ >

be ye moved, ^^p^t^u^li'u y let them be

moved.

71

SUBJUNCTIVE

Present is like Ihat of the Indicative.

Future.

X;iupc^/i^f>J] I shall be moved. ^l^U'^tdb''^thou shall be moved, z^p^tdb^ he shall

be moved.

Tf^^p^ht'%^ ^^ ^hall be moved, ^p^f^p^

^^» ye shall be moved. ^/fcA^j^*^, theyshall be moved.

INFINITIVE

^lup^liiov liupcHru to be moved.

PARTICIPLE

Vast.

X;ujpJ^lruji^ or iiup^h-glriui^ Hioved, beingmoved.

Future.

^o/^cft^/iy or 2f^^cfi-^, ^hich is to be

moved.

In this manner many Neuter-passive and

Common verbs are conjugated.

72

SECOND CONJUGATION

Active I m^m^imi^j ^0 tvasli.

INDICATIVE

Present.

\nuuAiujJ) I wash. ini.iuuuiu , ihou washcst.

^nLu/uujj y he washeth.

\nL.u/isuiifp.y we wash. int-utUiy^y ye wash.

ini^u/hufu , ihey wash.

Imperfect.

\ni.ufuujj[t y I washed or was washing, /^i-*//^"

^lyftpy thou washedst or wast washuig.

fni^ufinujfi y he washed or was washing.

\ni.ufuujjuj^ y we washed or were washing.

gnt.uiiMUjjli^y ye waslied or were washing.

ini^iuiiiujlfiM y they washed or were washing.

Perfect.

\nL.iug[,y I washed. inL.iuglrpy Ihoii washedst.

^«_Mir^ , he washed.

\nL.iu^tu^y we washed, int-iugfi^y ye washed.

ini.uiij[fuy they washed.

Ft/twre.

\nLtiij/fjy 1 shall wash, ini^uju^tuy Ihou shall

wash, int-uiu^^y he shall wash.

]#i£.a/«/^iniL^ , we shall wash, int-iuu^hg} yeshall wash.^^#i/«/^frfc> they shall wash.

75

IMPERATIVE

Present and Future.

\nLui y [ni-iuu^lip y OV ini^uMujlru i VasH thoU. JJl

inL.uMUinjty wash thou not. inuiuugU^ let

him wash.

\ni.uiugnL.^y let US wash, ini^m^l^^y OF ini.guu^

2lif^ y wash ye. int-muglru , let them wash.

SUBJUNCTIVE

Future.

\ni.uMUujjglriPy I wash, may wash, might wash,

I could, should, would wash. inL.u/UiygIru ,

thou wash, etc. /ni-u/iiujjglf y he wash, etc.

\ni-ufuujjglri/g, y we wash. inL.ulUuMjgl^ y yCwash. inuuiUiyglru y they wash.

INFINITIVE

{nLtu^uJlj to wash.

PARTICIPLE

Present.

Incujijniy washing, who washes.

Past.

lo£.fi/jt£i/^, having washed-

Future.

\nt.ufuuj^g y who has to wash.

Thus also are conjugated the verbs,

which in the first person of the Perfect ter-

minate ini^m^

*

5

74

Passive 1^*-«*^Hl' 'To be washed.

INDIOATIVE

Present.

InLuAliiPf I am washed. ini-uAfiu , thou art

washed. ini.ui^fi , he is washed.

\nLEu^lfj^ , we are washed. ini^uA/,^ , ye are

washed, iniLUiulfu , they are washed.

Per/ecf.

Incfi/^oy) I have been washed, int^tugmp^thou hast been washed. inL.tugiui. , he has

been washed.

\ni.tuguig , we have been washed, inutugty^ ,

ye have been washed. [nLiugu/iM , they have

been washed.

Future.

\ni.tugujjgy I shall be washed. [nL.iuug[tUi

thou shalt be washed, [ni-iuuglt , he shall

be washed.

XnuiuugnL.^ , we shall be washed. inL.tuu2kg. >

ye shall be washed. ini^wuglA , they shall

be washed.

IMPERATIVE

Present and Future.

\nLMJf inLtugilp ov inL.usu2j^ittbe thou washcd.

inuuiugll , let him be washed.

75

f\nLuiugfli^ , let US be washed. inLuju^/ig , be

ye washed, int-mujli'u , let them be washed.

SUBJUNCTIVE

\ni.uMUujjg[iiPi I may be washed. ini.u/uujjg[iu ^

thou may est be washed, [nuu/uujjjli ^ he

may be washed.

\nutuuiujglti/^ , we may be washed, ini-u/uiy^

slif^ > ye may be washed. ing^uHnujglfu , they

may be washed.

INFINITIVE

\ni.uiislMfj to be washed.

PARTICIPLE

Vast.

\ai.uiglriui2 washed.

Future.

\ni.iJhuiiP , which is to be washed.

The Passives of the second conjugationare not so harmonious to the ear, whence

they are sometimes formed by means of the

verbs substantive, or the actives are adoptedwith a passive sense.

7G

THIRD CONJUGATION

Active ^fri^'-L* To pour out.

INDICATIVE

Present.

^irqni.J] I pOUr OUt, ^^Irqnuu , thoU pOUFestout. ^trqnuy he pours out.

llrqni^J^y WG pOUF OUt. '^Irqnt^^y yC pOUFout. ^it^ijroL.^ , they pour out.

Imperfect.

^trqnL^ , I pouFed out Or was pouring out.

<;irqni.lip , ihou pour'dst out or wast pou-ring out. '^irq2jpy he poured out or was

pouring out.

^IrqauuMg^ , we poured out or were pouringout. <^lrqni-li^ , ye poured out or were pour-ing out. <;irqnL.l,^y they poured out or

were pouring out.

Perfect

Z^trq^ , I poured out. ^Injt^p , thou pour'dstout. L-<^lriiOY <^lrqj he poured out.

llrquM^ , we poured out. ^Ar^^A^ , ye pouredout. ^trqlfuy they poured out.

Future.

Ifrrij^g , I shall pour out. <ilrqs^lru , thou shalt

pour out. ^trq^li^ , he shall pour out.

^q3"^y we shall pour out. <;irq2hg, ye

shall pour out. <Jt^^'fc,they shall pour

out.

IMPERATIVE

Yresent and Future

if^qj ^'^l2tc ' ^^ 'il^qa'^" ' do thou pour out.

i^i <;irqni.if y do thoU llOt pOUr out. <itrq£f^^

let him pour out.

IfriisnL^^let US pour out. ^trqU^y OV <;irq^

2l!g^ f do ye pour out. i^' <;irqnL^ , do ye not

pour out. <;i^qat^^y let them pour out.

SUBJUNCTIVE

Future.

llrqni.gni.iryI pour out, I may, might, could,

should, would pour out. <;irqni,gni-u , tllOU

pour out, etc. ^t^qni.gni.,ho pour out, etc.

lfrqni-gni.ifp^, WC pOUr OUt, etC. <;irqnt.gni.^ ,

ye pour out. <;irqni.gni.^ , they pour out.

INFINITIVE

llrqni-i_ytO pOUr OUl.

PARTICIPLE

Present.

ijlrqnqj pOUHUg OUt.

Vast,

^t-ql^iuij having poured out*

78

Future.

ttrqing , who has to pour out.

In this manner also are conjugated theverbs which in the first person of the

Perfect terminate in m^ or t-;*

Passive >tf^^^L' ^^ &^ foured out.

INDICATIVE

Present.

^Irquj^ffiPf I am poured out. <ilrqu/u[,u f thouart poured out. ^^t-quAiP^he is poured out.

ULriiiJiMltJ^y we are poured out. <ilrquiiM[i^i

ye are poured out. <ilrqufisl,'u ^ they are

poured out.

Perfect.

llrijiufy I have been poured out. <^lrqiup^thou hast been poured out. <^lrqiui^^ hehas been poured out.

^IrquMp^ , we have been poured out. ^^Irqiuj^ ,

ye have been poured out. ^t-^mli, theyhave been poured out.

Future.

K^Vtiia^ I shall be poured out. ^Irnal^u^thou shall be poured out. ^^Irrialt > he shall

be poured out.

tfrqgnL.^^^^ shall bc pourcd out. "^yri^h^i

ye shall be poured out. ^Irq^l^uy theyshall be poured out.

79

IMPERATIVE

i^l^qfic^r ^^13^" > ^^ t^o^ poured out.

<;t'qsfi , let him be poured out.

Z^lrquipiii^ or <iir^p/i^ihe ye poured out.

<^triisfi% , l€t them be poured out.

INFINITIVE

^tquApl^ to be poured out.

PARTICIPLE

Past.

ZJrqyuMu poured out.

Future.

i^t-qjP , which is to be poured out.

The deficiencies of the third conjugation

passive are supplied from it's active.

FOURTH CONJUGATION

Common verb(|'-«*«^'»»f'L»

To learn.

INDICATIVE

Present.

f\i-uu/isl,J) I learn. nLuui^fiu , thou learnest.

ncuunift , he learns.

{\L.uuMulMjg_^ we learn. ai.uusb[ig3 ye karn.

ni^uful/u , they learn.

80

Imperfect.

(\Lutuis^/B , I learned or was learning. ni.uui^

^^I'i'y thou learnedst or wast learning.

nt^uuiiukc y he learned or was learning.

{{L.uuiiMk^^% we learned or were learning.

nL-uufukt^y ye learned or were learning.

nuuiuukb"^ » they learned or were learning.

Perfect.

(\i-uuj/9 I have learned. ni.uuMp^ thou hast

learned. /»i-wii/«-, he has learned.

(\i.uiu^y we have learned. nL.uiy^y ye have

learned. ni.uuA , they have learned.

Future.

{\i.uujjgy I shall learn. iii-ug[tuy thou shalt

learn. ni.ug[t , he shall learn,

n^-i/^/it^ > we shall learn, m-u^bg^ ye shall

learn, nuutjltuy they shall learn.

IMPERATIVE

Present.

{[i-uHp , learn thou. lijy nLuuHsl^p , learn thou

not. nuugliy let him learn.

Qi-f/m^f/i^ , do ye learn. Jli nL.uu/uligy do yenot learn, nuugfi'uy let them learn.

Future.

(\L.u2[ipyOr ni.uuMbl>2Pp y Icam tllOU. nLugfiflet him learn.

81

f\t.ugili,g y let us learn, n^u^^^ or nt.uiu^lt^^ ,

do ye learn. n^uglfiMy let them learn.

SUBJUNCTIVE

The Present is like that of the Indicative.

Future.

{\i.uu/u[tgltJ\ I learn, may, might, could,

should, would learn. n^uuMultgltu ^ thou

learn, etc. ni-uufultg[t , he learn, etc.

{[t,uuMu[igliiQi , we learn, m^uufuliglig , ye learn.

nL.uiu^liglfu , they learn.

INFINITIVE

{\L.uufu[Bu or niuiu/ulr^ to Icam.

PAETICIPLE

Present.

(\LuuAnqj learning, who learns.

Past.

f\LulrtiJu having learned.

Future.

{\L.uiuulrinj or nt.uu/iilrip f who l^as to Icam.

Thus are also conjugated the commonverbs which in the first person of the Per-

fect terminate in 5^;.

They are at the same time active and

passive.5*

82

Conjugations of the Irregular verbs,

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.

\}n5ilrtPfl make, iunfulruy Ihou makest. n/n-^

^4-> he makes.

|j/i^t#^,we make. mii.^4^,ye make. ii#it^

'islru , Ihey make.

Perfect.

W^uMpl, , I have made. uMpuipk-p , Ihou hast

made, iuputp , he has made.

INFINITIVE

U/i5fiE-^, to make, to do.

PAETIOIPLE

Present.

H^iuipniOY iUiM^snqj making, who makes.

Past.

\ypiuplrut^ having made, making.

Future.

M^nTiilrfng , who has to make.

83

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present

W/AfiiPj I am made. tunSifiu , thou art made.

fi#fL^^ , he is made.

D/L^^i^ , we are made. iunS^l^ , ye are made.

uin^iltu , they are made.

Perfect

W^tuspty , I have been made, tuptupmp , thou

hast been made. mpiupuiL. » he has beenmade.

XS^iupuip. , we have been made, utputpuaj^ , yehave been made. mpiupuiUf they have

been made.

INFINITIVE

X^nSi^u to be made.

PARTICIPLE

Past

W^iupt-tu^ ( not uiptupt-gt-uifj^ made.

Future.

MnSilriP or iunSiiring , which is to be made.

84

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present,

%%irJ] I put. ii-islru y thou putst. ^^4-, he puts.%^lri^ , we put. ii-^k^ y ye put. ^Ir% , they

put.

Perfect.

Jjtt'.l h^ve put. tijf.^^ or *-/^*y , thou hast.

put. A-iy. , he has put.

}jil.uM^ , we have put. A-ijL^ , ye have put.

trq-li'u , they have put.

INFINITIVE

^'iilrg^, to put, to place.

PABTICIPLE

Present.

%*Unqj putting.

Past.

b^ta/^, having put.

Future.

firing , who has to put.

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.

q*^^^ I amput. ifulMu , thou art put. y.^ »

he is put.

85

^V^lii/p^ , we are put. ^V#^ Y^ ^^^^ P^t- ?^A^ >

Ihey are put.

Perfect.

}jq.iu/ , I have been put. irif.iap , thou hast

beenfput. lrq.ujL. , he has been put.

ht^i^ > we have been put. I^i*y^ > ye have

been put. iE-iy.mi# , they have been put.

INFINITIVE

q.i#^^, to be put.

PARTICIPLE

Vast.

feifto/^, ( not rj-plrglriui^ put.

Future.

%'ulri^ or f^iilring , wWch is to bo put.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Vresent.

XutriPy I hear, lulru , thou hearest. lu^ , he

hears.

\ulrJ^ , we hear, ^ukg » ye hear. ^ulA , theyhear.

Perfect.

lj»i-ay 1 1 heard, [ni^usp , thou heard. [nctuL. ,

he heard.

86

\nLUMg , we heard, i^'-^f/^ > yc heard, ini^u/u ,

they heard.

INFINITIVE

PAETIOIPLE

Vresent.

\unru hearing, who hears.

Fast.

l#f£.4-«/^, having heared, hearing.

Future.

\uting , who has to hear.

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Vresent.

\u[iiPy I am heard. ^^*/ , thou art heard. [u[t ,

he or it is heard.

Ij/^*^ > we are heard. /«/^^ i ye are heard.

luf/uy they are heard.

^_^ Perfect.

Is formed by means of the Substantive

verb, as,

\ni.lrui£_t [tft-ifi > ["'-p ^^ 12^ l^^ y I have

been heard. in^yuMiJrqyp , thou hast been

heard. inL.lriuiJrqLL , he has been heard.

87

been heard. int.lriui^lrqkg^ ye have been

heard. inL.lruMiJrq^'u , they have been heard.

INFINITIVE

\*fti2 t^ ^^ heard.

PAETICIPLE

Fast.

|«£.£-u#^f heard.

Future.

\iflriP , which is to be heard.

This verb is also regular.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.

^ufuiu^tPy I knov. '2^u/uuM^Ui thou know-est. T^usiius^ , he knows.

^uiUtu^ii^ , we know, ^ufuiu^k^ , ye know.

'^"iuiiUM^'iM , they know.

Perfect.

\^iuulriuj , I have known. inuuh-uMp , thou hast

known. ftu/ulnuL. , he has known.

"ffui^lriii^y we have known. 5-«ii'i#tuy^> yehave known. S^uAlrui%f they have known.

88

IMPERATIVE

^uAtuj^U to know.

PARTICIPLE

Present.

^uM^tii^qj knowing, who knows.

Past.

IffiutiftLglriuj^ having known.

Future.

^uiiuj^ing , who has to know,

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.

^iufitu^J] I am known. "^Clu^m^Uf thou art

known, ^u/uum^ , he is known.

^u/uuj^J^y we are known. iCiuiMUM^^y yeare known. 2ii/'2#u#^'ir , they are known.

Perfect.

iffuiiini-glriuf^ Irqk , I have been known, ^ui^

^ni^^lriuijrqb-p , thou hast been known.

&uM%ni.iflruiiJrqLy he has been known.

^ufunL.ijlriuiJrquMp, , we have been known.

ItuiUnuglruiiJrqkp, , ye have been known.

&u/unL^lruiiJrqt'u f they have been known.

89

INFINITIVE

^uiUui^U to be known.

PARTICIPLE

Vast.

Xfiis^ni-ylruiu known.

This verb is also regular.

NEUTER

INDICATIVE

Present.

lyt^quA^tPj I sin. JirquA^Ui thoii sinncsl.

Jhriufu^ , he sins.

iglrilufiLM^Jg. , we sin. Jhqufu^^^ ye sin. Jlr^

qufu^'Ly they sin.

Perfect.

Myirquiji I have sinned. Jhrqutp^ thou hast

sinned. iflrquML. , he has sinned.

XS'lrquig^ , we have sinned. lASryiy^ , ye have

sinned, inrqufu , they have sinned*

INFINITIVE

yytrquiu^u to sin.

PARTICIPLE

Present.

\ylrqiuu^tqj siuniug t who sins.

90

Past.

\ylrqnt.giriuu haviDg sinncd.

Future.

XpirquA^iny , who has to sin.

This verb is also regular.

NEUTER

INDICATIVE

Present.

QuinSilrJ] I rise. jiuiL^tru, thou risest. juat.^^h f he rises.

%iunn.lrii^, we rise, jiunfuk^, ye rise, jiun.^fslrTi , they rise.

Perfect.

^iuplrty , I have been risen, I rose, jiu^pirujp , thou hast been risen. jutplnuL. , hehas been risen.

^iuplruM^y we have been risen. jiupL-gy^,ye have been risen. jusplru/iM , they havebeen risen.

IMPERATIVE

U/»/r', rise thou. Jfi jiun^h-p^ rise thou not

\lctl^ f rise ye. i^ juat^kfi » rise ye not.

INFINITIVE

QuiaSslru to rise, to get up.

91

PARTICIPLE

Past.

Quipni-jlriuu risen, having been risen.

Future.

QuifLislr^y , who is to rise.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.

SiuJ] I give, inujuf thou givest. uttyf he

gives.

S"/^ y we give, i^'y.p > ye give, utu/u , they

give.

Perfect.

}jwnL. , I have given. Irmm-p , thou hast given.t£#», he has given.

S/yi.fii^, we have given. Irmnug^ ye have

given. A-i#i#ȣ.^ , they have given.

INFINITIVE

%uiU to give.

PARTICIPLE

Present.

^nuniu giving, who gives.

Past.

^HLlruiu having given.

92

Future.

%iuing , who has to give.

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE\

Present

^m^trtui^lfilipiPi I am given. tnni.lruii^i^[,u ^

thou art given, mnulrusf^i^lt , he is given.

%nL.lru»i^l^lMJg^ , we are given. inni.lriui^^^

^t-^y ye are given, mm^lnui^i^lfu ^ theyare given.

Verfect

$//i.ity , I have heen given, mm^iupy thou hast

heen given, mni^uiu^ he has been given.

$f7i.fif^, we have been given, utnuiy^^ yehave been given. mnt-u/iM , they have been

given.

INFINITIVE

%nL.lriui_g^lri2 ^^ ^^ giveU.

PARTICIPLE

Fast

^ni^lnuu given.

Future.

SujiP t which is to be given.

93

NEUTER

INDICATIVE

Fresent.

^tuiPf I come, ^u^u , thou coniest. ^.iy > he

comelh.

^uiJ^, we come, t^a^y ye come. ^«Af

they come.

Perfect.

XjjjilijI was come. A-4^/»> thou wast come.

tijlf , he was come.

\;iu4g . we were come, ir^f'^ » ye were come.

m,^ f they were come.

INFINITIVE

^uil2 to come.

PARTICIPLE

Past

\filriuu come, being come.

Future,

^uiing I who is to come.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present

{{LintiPy I eat. ni^inlruy thOU CatCSt. numky

he eats.

94

n^intri^, we eat. m^uil^g, ye eat. ncmti,they eat.

Perfect

hirffi or ilrpiy , I have eaten, i^tptp , or 4^^P^up, thou hast eaten, ^tr^,, or ^l^^ajj,he has eaten.

li£y.i^, we have eaten, i^piy^, or 4^/.^^,ye have eaten, itrp/.^ or ^Ayii/S, theyhave eaten.

INFINITIVE

(\i.inlr^ to eat.

PARTICIPLE

Present.

lilrpniu eating, who eats.

li^^frm^, eating; having eaten.

Future.

{[i-gnlringy who has to eat.

PASSIVE •

INDICATIVE

Present.

[[Lin[iiry I am eaten. nLmpuy thou art eaten.

#»i_i#i^ , he is eaten.

{Xi^inlEiQ^ y we are eaten.#11.1/1/1^ , ye are eaten.

nuuiltu , they are eaten.

1)5

Perfect.

lilrplruii^trq^ f I hdi\e been eaten. {Irpt-uii^

irqlrp , thou Hast been eaten. ^trplnui^t-qL^he has been eaten.

\^trplruii_ trqui^ t WG have been eaten. J^t-^

piruiijrqkg , ye have been eaten. ^Irplnui^

lrqt% , they have been eaten.

IKPINITIVE

[\t-inl>u to be eaten.

PARTICIPLE

Vast

Xxt-pt-ui^^ eaten.

Future.

{[i^inlriii or ^tpib 9 which is to be eaten.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.

f^lrJ) I drink. fuH^lru , thou drinkest. /u/^

'^hy he drinks.

{Ufinlrifp^y we drink. pJtuke^y ye drink. pJluilru^ they drink.

Perfect.

H.pf'l'y I drank. tupfLlrpi thou drankest. lupp,or hu^pp-j he drank.

W^puspy we drank. uip(^[ipy ye drank, tup^

Ppu , they drank.

96

INFINITIVE

Pi/li{lru to drink.

PARTICIPLE

(^nq^ drinking, who drinks.

Past.

QJliitrui^ or W^pfLlruji^ drunk or drunken ;

having drunk.

Future.

Qi/li(irinff , who is to drink.

The passive is formed with a Substantive

verb.

COMMON

INDICATIVE

Present.

(\L^/iJ] I take, nu^fiuf thou takest. m-fifij

he takes.

f\L.^pj^y we take, ni.^^.^^ ye take, mfulfu,

they take.

Perfect,

\\iuiujjy I have taken, ^uiiuipy thou hast

taken, iiu^iutu^ he has taken.

\\ui[iii^y we have taken, k'^tau^^l^ have

taken, ^uniuis , they have taken.

97

INFINITIVE

ntL^Iru to take, to have.

PAKTICIPLE

Present.

(\i.^nqj taking, having, who has.

Past.

liujltuj^ taken, had; taking, having.

Future.

{\ifiiirifi or nt^irinj , \v^ho has to take or to

have.

NEUTER

INDICATIVE

Present.

XjpP^iUiPy I go. IrpP^tuu , thou gOCSt. IrfP^iy >

he goes.

XjpP^iui^ , \\ e go, ^[iP^uj^ , ye go. h-pP-uiii ,

they go.

Perfect.

Q,n^tjj/t ov ^ii^i^y I went or I am gone. ^^^uj^f thou wenlesl or art gone, in^un-fhe went or is gone.

Unp^Hg^ > we went, etc. ^^^^ > ye went. ^^^iuu , they went or they are gone.

G

98

INFINITIVE

PARTICIPLE

Present

JjpP^nqj going, who goes.

Vast.

}jp[^lruiu gone ; going.

Future.

hpP^uiing or IrpP^iuiti , who Is tO gO.

VERBS IMPERSONAL

Those verbs are called Impersonal whichare used only in the third person, as,

W^^hy it begins to cloud.

W^ipUl^ , it rains.

%oqy , it rains little.

l^lriiyquMuik f it comes pouring, it runs over.

2/r£.?/4- , it snows.

^iun-iu^ujjP^lf y it shines.

\\n.ujL.oml^ , it begins to be day-light.

HTpp^l^y it blows very hard.

^ujjiuiif.uj/ik y it lightens.

Oi^i^^^t^^^, it produces fruit.

JS^nfu^ , it bellows, it roars.

Xxiuq^u/uil^ y it howls.

pwx//i-«iirj^ , it bellows, it roars.

99

Wji^uiisiy , it clears up.

Wn.uii.oinu/uiy ^ it dawiis.

XifilriiyiuiMUJi, it darkens.

^[t^t^pu/isujj , it is become night.

\ni^uu/uujjy it brightens.

\ouii-ui[tu/iiujf y it grows dusky.

^pu/uujj y it kindles.

[\pnuiujj , it thunders.

Wul, , it is reported, they say. CC^^-

^pLl^y it appears, it seems, ^a r" M^^jd»/f£-^ , it seems.

^

' yf vvo.^

lia/^5^^, 'tis believed, it is thought. o^^-^^*^^:}ns^

ly^, it is noised abroad. ^;

liuuu/uk or <;uMuufu[, , it happens, it falls out. /

j^ ^

aia/iniii<>4-> it happens.-

^. IaX

^uAif-puiP } it happens. ,

0)^111^ , it must, it behoves.

QuilX or giUi-P , it pains.

U>iJ t , it becomes, it is fit.

Ij^cfii/^ 4- , it is convenient, it becomes.^\)ii<^iifx//f t , it is impossible.

fKuipi-fif^ 4^ , it is good, it is well.

]u//</i// t , it is hard.

I|£i;/r4^, or ^uii^ tii/il is wished, it wills.

^uJpi k y it must, it is necessary. ^\yuip(^ k y it may be. "^^^""^k^QuJ/m ky it is clear. ^^ ^

^\ ^^cZuiin t , it is enough, it sufficies. /^^

(^uipm hy it must VtV^Vv^uc-^*-

x\ujjl^i_k y it is fit, it is proper.^ '-'^

.1

ai4^aj^ t^ , it must, it is necessary.

Of4^^ t or 0^4% fr^ y 'lis lawful, it allows.

100 ^^^^yP^ 4^, it is cared for. ^

|\. *>»^

0^//t.m 4^ , it is expedient, v''li if.^u^ 4- » it is suitable, it is convenient, it

becomes, it is fit.

PREPOSITION

A preposition is an indeclinable word or

particle which placed before a noun changeseither it's case, or it's signification.The prepositions which change the cases

of nouns are called Formers of cases.

The prepositions which change the mean-

ing of nouns by governing their cases, are

called Eulers of cases.

Prepositions >>;» 'fr ; and *•••*-'t form the

Dative and the Ablative.

( > > > ; are placed before the vowels.

|\«*- forms the Dative.

{\ forms the Dative. Before a consonant

it is pronounced ^i i as, ^t'^tf

()^ forms the Accusative. Before a con-

sonant it was formerly pronounced ^^y but

at present it is pronounced t^^*

jHij- forms the Dative and the Ablative.

According to the modern usage the Prepo-sitions forming the cases; , j and ^ ^^^ writ-

ten prefixed and joined to nouns, and the

others detached from them.

101

A COLLECTION OF PREPOSITIONS

U/L , turt./# , to^ unto^ towards^ at: hy^ near,

nigh: for, for the sake, on account: on,

upon: under: against: amongst, governthe dative, the genitive, and the instru-

mental cases.

0^*1- f with: btj: instead: for: under: between:

to, unto , towards: on, upon: amongst, go-verns the genitive, the dative, the abla-

tive, and sometimes the instrumental.

Quin , according: for: out: without: after, go-verns the genitive, the dative, and the

ablative.

9J^C't ov qlrpP^i as, like, governs the accu-

sative.

\%fL[i y l^^pL. or (tp^pni. , as, like, about, govern

generally the accusative.

^wp^ or p-u/ugy without, outy unless, go-verns the genitive.

\{uiubyfor, in order to, concerning, governsthe genitive.

^ufu , than, much, governs the accusative.

b^p^see (^i/^«

IT^^^or jp'D^ytill, untill, to, unlo. governsthe dative with a preposition.

l^ufuif-lrf^l y with, by. governs the instru-

mental.

^^Irp y over, above, upon, more, before, past.

governs generally the accusative, and

sometimes the dative.

10:2

^^uy as^ like^ governs the genitive and the

dative.

^ni.%iui^y asy like, governs the genitive andthe dative.

^^if) toivards. governs the dative.

liyuor^nq^t towards, govern the dative-

with-preposition.

QuM^ , till^ untill^ unto, governs the instru-

mental.

X;f'L.p2j 2[!'-u2^'^'"kb » «&0Kt^ around, governthe circumdative.

jj^^tntMi^u , uifujuipy , out. govem the geni-tive or the accusative with i^mi*^

^n/uui^, ifin/uiu^uj^y instsad^ inbehalf. governthe genitive.

\jl^Pfy^1' 'b '^^C'^y » under, govern the ge-

nitive.

'li ill^pufj , on^ upon, governs the genitive.

*\i t/y^py 'tkcy ^^ b 4kcy^ over, above, go-vern the dative, or the accusative with

*\i J^2_ ^^ ^b ^2t ' ^^> intOy in the middle^

within^ between^ amongst, govern the ge-nitive.

'h '^hi^ from the middle, governs the ge-nitive.

'[i iJt/iJ^^ btj. governs the genitive.

^ap^%yas^ like^ governs the genitive.

^<^ti/i , <;i^inp y qjlf^p y after^ behind, governthe genitive.

Qujquj^u or uiquj^uiL, , for^ for the sake, be-

cause of. govern the genitive.

103

']i uiutih2^iun.u or nfUJtn^uiiL.iui-j foVj foV the

sake^ because^ of. govern the genitive.

'fi <;uiJiup , on account^ for. governs the ge-nitive.

Wiu^u or'[t uuiliu, because of for, on ac-

count, govern the genitive.

'|i iMilfuiu y for. governs the genitive.

Quj2^ or i^h,^ ui^y on the right side, go-vern the genitive.

tii<it^^^ , on the left side, govern the ge-nitive.

Pf«/^ or fLiu/g , outJ without , besides^ except.

govern the ablative.

^li/m, aside, governs the ablative.

^t/L^ , far^ far off. governs the ablative.

^.luqui , secretly, governs the ablative.

(\L,pnfij , apart^ aside, governs the ablative.

^uiL. , God forbid, governs the ablative.

l^ni.uiy iflrpiy «/oi/f, near, nigh, fcy. governthe dative.

Mta > conjointJ connected, with, governs the

dative.

^yif. , joints with, governs the dative.

'iji^^ > lihe. governs the dative.

^uj^iiiiLUi^j against, governs the dative.

ipnfijiup^^ , instead of governs the dative.

\\n,uj%g, without, outj besides^ unless, go-verns the genitive.

U/i.fx/^#, in fronty before, governs the genitive.

Quin-uj^^, before, from before, governs the

genitive.

f^if. iun^uM^j against, governs the genitive.

t^p^lrpov iun.[^p^lrpy fieaVj uujh, btj, go-vern the genitive and the dative.

f^q.i^l^J] against, governs Ihe genitive andthe dative.

in fronts against^ opposite, govern the ge-nitive and the dative.

^uiUiiltinJiM , before^ in front, governs the ge-nitive and the dative.

HA^ jiuuri.liiinJiM or jujjui ju/ufj-liiKuiM , before^in fronts evidently^ publicly, govern the

genitive and the dative.

\ylr^ni.up , apart^ aside, governs the ablative.

QtyuJ^yu , on this side, governs the genitive.

Qiy^ iyu or jujfuliyu f on that side, betjond,behind, govern the genitive.

QuirLui2^^yuy forwards, governs the geni-tive.

Qlrifi liyu , bac\i, backward, behind, governsthe genitive.

'|i ilt^p liyuy onward, governs the genitive.

*]i tliyp tiyu^ downward, dowmvards. go-verns the genitive.

^k^uf '/^fy or i^Ayi '^ 'H^py > above, higher,over than, govern the dative and tlie abla-

tive.

(\pui^uf as, like, governs generally the ac-

cusative.

above, higher, over than, govern the accu-

sative.

105

HiLiULlri^ ^tu^ 9 overJ abovBj more than, go-verns the accusative.

XJ^q-ff^uM^ 9 beyond, further, governs the ac-

cusative.

Qiun,ui2_^u/u ov^ujfii ^uMiM , before, firstthan.

govern the accusative.

JJ^t^uj^y ^ufu or lupuiiu^u ^ufu y out than.

govern the accusative.

xStrtny ^u/ts , after than, governs the accu-

sative.

Some prepositions are rarely placed after

the nouns.

ADVERB

An Adverb denotes the circumstances of a

verb, or of an action.

A COLLECTION OP ADVERBS

W^JtftPy iyJ-ifni. , tuprj^ , quipij-ftu | UOW, at

present, actually, newly, recently.

lljcf^y^^, already, hence, from this time.

W^juQp or *^ utrnl^lrufiiu > *^ utrnl^lrtuU tUL.ni^n ,

to-day, in this day.

lYiuqliL. , to-morrow.

b^t^r or jlrplrliuy yesterday.

b/Lii/^^iy. or jt^tuiuUiiUs, the day before yes-

terday.

{^ff. Irftlriiu, ill the evening, towards the

evening.

106

^tl^pb ^ tbltPfd^ ov ii'tl'ltpuffu y by night,in the night, in the night time.

Q^Jlt^uit-ni^ftp. , at noon-day.

i\uMq^^iu22 early, betimes.

\}^ji^ni.% or ujj^nL.^ , in the morning.

\\ujq_nt-plrifh y tlutqnu L.u y ^[t ^J^qfji'-g y alreardy.

^ujjuiP^lrml^ or iyuni.<^lrinL , henceforth ,

henceforward, hereafter.

QnpJ^<^lrinlf y since.

%trinnj , q^li , luuim , after, afterwards.

}j[ffLlrlfiiov iHrpP^y sometimes, now and then,

from time to time.

\^PplM-y Irp^y jnpJ-uiiPy ifjfii^y when, while,

whilst.

\ypyui y liun y itupuiJ-tiitPy <^ii/iiiuti^ujay qu/tsl^ y

j£//£.4rcf, jiui-huiy always, ever, conti-

nually, every moment, evermore, for ever,

eternally.

^xt-n-y qJi-iL.L.U y UlUlllUML-ftit y yet, Still.

U^ir^t/L, uMfiM IfiM^ when, while, whilst, as

long as.

ir^^^,till, untill.

2t., ^ Luy Jlfu^y not, not yet, not

as yet.

QiufisJ^iuiPy then.

^ijjju^iuiPy till then.

wilh, very soon, in a moment, immediate-

ly, incontinently.

^uhiliuMnh-y jiMMttl^iunh-nL-uuiy jlrqiul^ujph- y Sud-

denly, on a sudden, all of a sudden,

unawares, in an unexpected manner.

107

\}^piujf^t lrpuitf.ujuil^u ^ ifiyP- y soon, as soon

as, quickly, speedily, readily.

^Iru^n^ ^iuuiiui. , hastily, in haste.

Z^nLuiy <yni.ui^ff.<;nt.ii^ y prcscntly, shortly,

by and by, fortliwilh.

^inqfii- , "^ujijliL. fiifii y scarce, scarcely.

\iu^n/u yltuliHtuli y immediately, incontinent-

ly, forthwith, instantly.

W^iui^u/u y luuiuMf-uMiM ni-[tlrifh y late, unseason-

ably.

n*.^ ni.plrlfiiy scarcely, rarely.

by little and little, by degrees.U/ii/f or iuuuiii/uop y here.

y//£/f4^, hence; here; in this world.

Wutn^y uMumni-umy hcuce, ft'om hcuce.

\ijup y here.

\i^jupl~uy here, hitherward; by this way.U.J'^/m thence, from thence.

^JlrC > ^t^'^'^u ' there.

y^jrt , u/un.n y u/Uri.u/jMon OV u/utnufuon y therG,

Ui#^4^ , thence, there : forthwith.

IJW^, luUij-nuumy theucc, thcrefrom.

y^i^f/£/7^^, thence, from, since.

^ujuliyu y on that side.

l^^puiuM^uy ^/t q.nLpuy out, abroad.

'h ^t-p^u y 'ulrppnj y within, inwardly.

^Irn-fif *^ fLUjjy ^(t p.iujlrujjy far, afar, far

oO\

'|i piugni^um y 'ft ^h-n-uiumuiiilf y frOUl afar ,

from a great distance.

108

U*ox#i, '[» Jhmyy near, nearly, at hand,

closely.

Ui/i/i^^L , '^ umnpL , '[t ilijujp , below, under,

hereunder, beneath.

'li ilh^py '^ i^^ u/tsq-p^ up, upon, above,

hereupon.'|i iiypnL.um^ from above.

n^.^, nt-pu/uopi where.

n«^/» ni-plrfiy where.

{\i.uutlr^ , from some place.

W^iflriiujfu nL.uuilr^ , fiom cvcry places.

3m/i.iiijp^, juin,iu^linL.uk i from bcforc.

3^x/j/y , after, back, backward, behind.

behind.

3#i' , j/Y» ifg^w , ^^7- w/» > where , which

way.

U^/^^/»> somewhere else, elsewhere, manother place.

Hj^cf/m, from elsewhere, from another

place.

once, at one time.

\ickh" ' twice.

^ctd"^ thrice.

^nplt^u , four times over.

^tts" ' fi^'^ times over.

A^sba"^ six times over.

\fgufu y %uifu lun^tuP^ ^ qiututtiPliVu ) Iirst, at

Orst, the first time, in the first place, at

the beginning, before.

\)ckc"Ct^ li/f^u/, secondly, after, then.

109

\yp—

i^ii.u , one — another, first— in the se-

cond place.

^({iuisfijuy ^ii/D/>iiu tn^^tuJ) how often, howmuch time, how many times.

^uianL.tP u/iiti.ujiPy ininihuLh , ju/Aiufuiu^p ,

jn^iulilty oft, often, mostly, many or se-

veral times, frequently.

igl^ fium Jlin21ky ouc aftcr another, orderly.

\y[i ^luu qJJty one more than another.

^niuufuiiM^iUL. y ilinilin[uy by turns, recipro-

cally, interchangeably, mutually.

l^lnn q<llrinhy succcssively , oue after an-

other.

Mckb'^^ kc^^kb > doubly, twice.

again, moreover, once more.

*(i ilt^p^k ^^' b 4kv2iu^ l^st, lastly, at last.

iliUuit y iJlUuU l^n y J'hp UiuLu y t^p HL-iiy

lun-l^^ why ? wherefore ? for why ? for

what reason ?

S^*^^^, what? which?

^JiuMftii. y l?^p y npuiku , how ? \w wfaat man-ner ? why ?

n°^, ni^iuuiuM^I/u y is it not?

^u/uftoL y^how much ?

Yi. y l?i. [!i-lig y by which ? how ?

ir^% jpRk— lrP^h% or -either?

a^i-umy from whence?

b>p^ , jn^tJ^uiiPy when ?

W.j'iy yes.

W^ftrj.iUpL. y jbp*^^ > ^iULUlUUllrtUL. y flui^UiU^lfU y

1

MO

uA^s^i.^^ truly, verily, certainly, surely,

indeed, in truth, assuredly, infallibly, un-

doubtedly, justly, really.

Miupli ^iu^ very well.

Wuiiu^k'iM , uMpq.lro^ , truly, verily.

^pH^ki t"^> ^"t3^"y almost, nearly, as

it were, pretty near.

O'if L. oif , so, thus.

^nc^^y^nL^^ P~lfy 1-n*-gk t^pp^hg-^ P^lrpLu y

tupif^lrapyfigl^ P^l^y [igk ^y perhapS, ICSt,

it may be.

\ftPk f 4' ^pt^op^ , may it be.

2 y "ij no, not.

fe£_ ri^ nor, neither.

{['^Liiy no more.

f\'^^iiii. , uiJlriiLliU fi^ never, by no means.

fl^^V.' nothing.

JJ^jlji^LuyUO more.

no, not, never, by no means.

0'^ «i/*^i;f^^>forbear.

•pm'c. , God forbid, forbear.

l^^tuju , t-i-h-p^ , pt^ , unuif , only, but.

\^[>ujjuus^ , Jliujjis i^Mij. Jjiufpi , singly, solely.

ir^,ii^, one by one.

\flrLni-uft y ni-pnjU , luii-uhiSi^fiiU y lUit-ufUAUiul^p y

apart, aside, asunder, separately, singly i

particularly,

ll^m' , behold, lo, see, there.

\\<^tui.uMultli or iMMi-uMul^liy bchold, here.

U^<^fi/£.£i/iy^^iJ or uMt-uMii-fili y behold, there.

yS^^uMumuj^ii or muuM%lfii , there behold.

m'\jtiJ f t/u/iitULtJjhn.j ^lu JufUuMUiuiiiV. | cW^ iJ* i

more, than, nay, chiefly.

\6sik'uy by my-self.

^.Irqh^yhy thy-sclf.

Ift^t^ , by our-selves.

^Irql^'u y by your-selves.

W^jJ^JJ^'u y from since, from this lime.

Yu^f/uy by himself.

q,^/#^/i#, almost, quite, totally.

^ninpnil^% OF p^ninftml^J^ y wholly , totally,

entirely.

\\uiSuMu or liuiJhil^y voluntarily, willingly.

\}p^k.^y ever, at any time.

{{i-pk^y in some^'place.

{{uuml^y whence, from whence.

\\uip[iy too, much, most, too much.

\ii.pn^ y by himself

2/F^, freely, for nothing, gratis.

{^L.^i^uMlilt y violently, vehemently.

\\ntjlfuuMlilB y side-ways, obliquely.

{{i-qriuiiili y directly, perpendicularly, in a

straight line.

QjriL.iuJpiu^l» y with or by hand.

%^'uiuglt y with a sign.

W^^sl' > '^y ^^ ^^^h kicking.

}^ujjlrpl^% or "^ujjlrifls y in Armenian.

Xjp.pujjirglrpk'i' y in|Hebrew.

l^pk^pk'i' } in the Jewish language.

Qiiifisujp^^iy in Greek.

\\lrUfl^ujUL.nfu y alivC.

\}/lSt^"'l!l^' y nationally, wilh whole family.

11^2

Wifh'LLl.JfL , wholly, totally.

%ltL.puMi_ or <^lr^lriui. , easily, readily, with-out trouble, at leisure.

*

p^u/i. , totally, almost, ever.

lw*/i/7^£_ , severely, cruelly, rudely, hardly.

\\ufis[uiuL. y before, beforetime, formerly.

Aisti"- > exactly, sparingly.

l^lifiupinl,i.y truly, indeed, really, certain-

ly-

Xyirqi^i/^, softly, gently, slowly, mildly,

quietly, peaceably.

fKuJ^iLn^ OV fLuipi-ngtnui^u f WCll, Hghtly.'fi ^^4^, naturally, by nature, radically, ori-

ginally.

Qtun.iii^^'t/j^ or jiun-ui^nt-g y bcforc, already,

primitively, formerly.*I^ JluJiMl^y partly, in part.

g#yc/^ , too, much, too much, very much,most.

QuMfiJ^ii/iili y worthily, justly.

\\n-iuL.oujnL. or tun-iui-otnni-g y \\\ thc momiug.Qu/u^iliuy exceedingly, excessively, immo-

derately, extremely.

humanly, as a man.

\S,puiiugnL.uin y from without, outwardly.

{^iufutP <^lrml^ y thenceforth, thenceforward.

'x^nfuiuMift y so much, so many.y^ltiuUif-iuiHufuy at once, together.

'\\ <;iupLiM/ug[t y superficially, carelessly.

l],^£ii/^ ii//ia/i^,fast, hastily, quickly, speedily,soon.

113

H/itv^^ > ^s, how.

Z^iuJ^pl/i^^ totally, wholly, altogether.

^il. iliujftiin vain, needless, to no purpose.

\\-jl^lr"^jiy y^^^^^^^y^ otherwise, contrarily.

^i^ ui,fh%iujiMy altogether, totally, wholly.X^i-u ^luu qLu^ more and more.

W^jui^l^u^ unjuu^kuy SO, in this manner.

U^T-'^t-'f ^i-yuuil^u y ^0^ thus in that man-ner.

W^fuuil^u y'lMn/uuiku , thus, in that manner.

\tnuuuiuil^u y in like manner, so, thus.

\,ijuopl»uuMli y alike, so, thus.

XYltoplt^uil^y alike, equally, in the samemanner.

^iupr^ y njiuil^u qittupq. , as, like how-

^pi^pffiMUMli y as, for example.

^iupuM^P y badly , sadly , ill , miserably ,

cruelly.

Uj/5i/"/t«/ , iyiuiqi^uip-uip y diversly, other-

wise.

Qujjinu[ty jiujmuuMinl^u y evidently, clearly,

openly, publicly.

Iftif^'^ , Jlrlfuapl/is , explicitly, plainly, open-

ly, clearly.

\nL. '^ ini.y publicly, openly.

yfiub-nt^I^ y ^ft &iu&ni.^ y &-tu&-^UJp.UJ£i y qu/is"

[uiiufLiufiy secretly, in secret, under hand.

\^^lk"d^^U!rl'k f'^y silently, tacitly, quietly.

^\.[iLfiujfLiup y easily.

P/L^^, p.nfiMUM^iU[t y forcibly, by force, vio-

lently.

^J-iii-usitiiiL. , hardly, not easily, scarcely.

']i <^ujfiiilfy <^iuif^ujL.f necessarily, inevitably.

g/iiijii/^/Ztyi/, unwillingly, forcibly, with regret.

liiut/^u^ujp y '^ ^iut/uj^iu£inLj f willingly, vo-

luntcirily, readily.

ffuij. ilujjpy^li^uiu[,fiy in vain, vainly, to

no purpose, without any reason.

Qufuri-kiiiu y unfitly, improperly, amiss, ab-

surdly.

Qu/u^ku^t^y ignorantly, unknowingly.

'x^l/b^iuL. y by fraud, fraudulently, deceit-

fully.

•fi JlrplinL.g , uakcdly.

^t-utpj <^truiltnuiu y OU foOt.

'\jnpn^y newly, recently, freshly, lately,

just now.

W^ju^ilt y ujju^iuis y SO much, so many.

Vi^t^'t ' ^1^^^ > so much, so many.

{^PluMifi y npgufu y as much, how much, how

many, as far.

utn- <^ujuiiipiu^y together, altogether, all

at once, wholly, totally, completely, en-

tirely, in the mean while.

^uitiiy much, many, greatly, a great deal,

very, enough.

QujL.^in y ujn.iui.lri2 morc, at most, too much,

very much.

HiL.iui,t-i_Lu y more than.

WujJjfUJL. y Ugul^Ull. Jit y UUillUMt-ftl^ ff^^ juUt^M JJt f

^mk y little, but little, some, somewhat,something, less, in a small

quantity.f'.iut.uj^iuiMiuuil^u y sufficiently, well enough,

duly, tolerably.

CONJUNCTION

A Conjunction is an indeclinable wordwhich connects the parts of speech together,or one sense with another.

A COLLECTION OF CONJUNCTIONS

|ji_ , Al or «£- , and, or.

(iiuli yij.uMpllruMiy^ also, too, still, yet, more,

even.

either.

UjfL y JpiUjii P-l^ y ^u/U P-l^ y t/S^^" "^J but,

only, unless, except, save, nevertheless,

notwithstanding, however, yet, provided,

upon condition that, if not.

Jd*t /^> Ph^hu^y pi^uikmLy though, al-

though, however.

(0»4-' A-rij^y though not.

n'^ Irph y te^p ''t_ yf^h f no, not.

416

n!^ 'fh"a^^ not only.

it is, that is to say, to wit.

gyu [J^lf , as, if it were.

^ui npnuiPy as, how.

{SpftiMUMli (bIRm , unpoplTuuMli , as, for example.\S^piy h-

iuprj-s ujji^iupij^y p.ujjg uuprj- y [,u^

uipif-y iuuiiupl/uy then, therefore, in conse-

quence, now,

U.j^ ^, rather.

q[i I gujlMnL. i£p y ^vfi' lb > ^"^ vA > npni^lrinL. y

iQfuij for, because, that, whereas, foras-

muchas, in order to, to the end that, since.

{\L.py where.

{\p y that.

W^iu y ni-plrifii y luu^uipl/is y iuu^tu nLplrlfu y *istu

nuptruU y ni-uunn y iJtntfu npnj , lujup uiqiutf-UML. ,

Ui/JtlM fipft y rj-lflfU ftpfl y ^i/JflM ^pft y tUIUHL.**>A"^

uiL. y then, therefore, wherefore, in or byconsequence, for this reason.

^u/u y ^pu/is p~[^ y lUn-iUl-lrfjt^i/ufUiUL-u/un. y Jiu^

i-kui y %ui y p^nqjPk f than, rather, at most,on the contrary.

Wfi^^y «^^^ , Jjjlit^t^ y UiUtf-UigPy q[l y q[l L^y SO

that, till, untill.

or u/M/Zr/3^4^, if.

W^uiiu p^^ n^y otherwise.

^t/3 , i^n^i^ y t^itLlriuj y at least.

0»4^ » yp^k y I*- Pk y lb y ^^ » ptuiPy np , that.

117

INTERJECTION

An Inlerjcclion expresses the passions of

the soul.

A COLLECTION OF INTERJECTIONS

^j/Ji. , iii/j c(^, would to God, may it be !

f\% n^ ni/^p^^ f ^iufL^y i/uM^t oh \ oh! won-derful ! see ! o God !

lu uj y uiihunu y iuqt^m y uiL-iuny hrnnL.l£ y pUM^ij y

oh! alas! woe be to! poor! wretch that!

\\uiu ijuii^ 4!^u "^ "^ > ^h joy !

a! ah!

\\:jfnilyli^yiy[ly 0\ fiO ! plsh !

\S^qhi ^"/*i/"/> o^, <>a#, come, come on,

cheer, well well,

^iirij forbear.

Wl&y fiL^fiy bring, come.

b'ij, t'i^ fL^fty come, come bring.

7*

U\)

SYNTAX

Syntax is the due conjunction or con-

nexion of the parts of speech.Substantives agree with each other in

three ways.1. When another substantive is added to

express and explain the former more fully,

9S, (|<2j-»«t4##«f^««#- t**'^^rf*^ <^uMiiiih-pl* with

Cleopatra his daiiqhter. Jj'^ ^||^t--n*^'^r'** cv^^^H^P l,L.p. he has given Cleopatra his

daughter. ?J/»^/_ •tV^p-rPA t'-V"'Le^ ft*"

^^m^ \%upiujl^lli^ to visit his brethren the

children of Israel.

2. When one thing is said to belong to

another, as, 9*^/?^ h-'^'y^x^**''^ (>F-'**-4 ^pl'"^

the book of the generation of Jesus Christ,

the son of David, the son of Xbraam.S^P^

gave the apostles witness of the resurrection

of the Lord.

3. When a substantive or gerund like a

verb governs another substantive, as, 3^*^

after that we have received the knowledge of

the truth. j\»^^.r«N/f«-p.f»^t ni.unL^usulru\ XY''^^

t^* thou teaehcst all the Jews which are

among the Gentiles to forsake Moses. P^iyj

^Z^mf>^mj% 4c*.^4«^«.-fLJ.^% J^J f^nq^fi. hut tllC

blasphemy against the (Hohj) Ghost shall

not be forgiven.

Substantives agree with Adjectives when

governed by the same, as, IT^-^ ^>^*f**^i»^c*^pi'

ij^l^lfu^***^^^ nfi^ ujjJiPuiiuuiiflrgiuU^ UUtO US

they did minister the things^ which are now

reported. ^S^nqu u/btup^nL^^ disobedient

to parents, b-zt^^ ^^^m^% '^ 4-t^'*;* a reed

shaken with the wind. ^Irqt^gtf^ [t uttrum^

%t-u L ^uMqgp ^[t lilrpgulinL-ft* that is plcasaut

to the sight, and good for food, b*- *t f*^-

i»^%^ tj-ij^uMi-npiug n^ ^m\m^i,, aud of the chicf

women not a few. \jinlru {-f^ li^ '^ ^tt^ he

saw a man which was blind from his birth.

m^%.m'(Lm\j L «-j*-«{* and Abram was veryrich in cattle^ in silver^ and in gold. ?^ujj3

but Rachel was beautiful and well-favored.

pn^p^lrufu. sound iu faith, in charity, in pa-tience, b'^ 4'S-'^ *fr jt***!* *"#if^ ^^/» «'«v'^«"^^

i^np. but he that is greatest among you shall

be your servant. (|p^*,tj»»##f«;t ;''rrfr** ^'y'"'*

the youngest of his 5on5.

The Comparatives govern generally the

Accusative with the preposition i^nXy as, S/i

121

k^cl} •L«r«^»-'»f«<*f-;*'»?^«*^ •jytt ^nkc* ^^^ thou

art much mightier than we. (pti- T^^t ^^(^-•t

%ju ^ usuui<. a greater than Jonas is here.

Also the Middle nouns govern different

cases, as, \\<itu \\^q.iUiP IrqL l^p^^L. q^ '\ ^l^.

behold, the man ( Adam ) is become as one

of us. [Y\^ u[9p.lrujl^ qu/u3i^ [tL.p 'J» \J\tJ\»^m^

i-'u-^j^*how can he be clean that is born of a

woman ? b^ ni^^^trn-fi [iuli 4 ;^'-^•^?'•-*^tf""^ '^^-

4^^ > ^"^1* though he be not far from everyone of us. ^<^j-;i_«i^;|V-«^7't'Lr5 •^''•'^F n^uitrult.

but other of the Apostles saw I none.

CONCORDANCE OF ADJECTIVES WITH

SUBSTANTIVES

1. The adjective may be placed before

or aftijr the substantive j joined, or divided

from it.

2. The adjective mayor may not be of the

same case or number with the substantive.

3. The governing preposition may be

placed either before the substantive or adjec-

tive, or before both being repeated.

Examples.

bg the word of God, which liveth and abideth

of ever. [Yh^i-*^^'^ ^ {•^^••^rfrL-ii'^ u/iMilrn^iu^

j^npS^ ^^^m\mJu* btj u greater and more per-

12^2

feet tabernacleJ not made with hands. *|i ^^pty 4^ J"; n*^r*^*^*':^^ %npuj. upon the smooth ofhis neck, \jifitrujlru t^u 'Unpiu 'f M^^m^S «f»fr^

l^mi^^ seethe his flesh in the holij place. iluiuL

tdjJLrfsujfiM h'^i^y ,^dp-.p,t«*»**»5'*»*for all the migh-

ty works. ^l^tupJtiufj jXjpnLUiuq^tP ^m%m>^H,^

%f.mii^^%*t^» Q^p^lr^lruij^ Tetumed they uttto

Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet. |j«.

and he will shew him greater works than

these. \j^ u^uiin%^iriua }i\uinnL.iuh' q^uiniu^

pui. and the Lord plagued Pharaoh and his

house with great plagues. \\t**^{,ihi]i\:^'^ •^^-t-w

llltg lunpufulfiM jtruiy linqJUul^^ the lialfcUr-tain that remaineth, shall hang over the back-

side of the tabernacle. {\i-pL.

iu[,gtru ^"um^m^

if^^tft i"^^S^ i^^ir:^ fo'^ they shall hear ofthy great namcj, and of thy strong hand^ and

of thy stretched'Out arm. Xjifu iit/'u Jp np m.^

*^kp il'i_^^*]^^'^***t*T^***'^^ •^•t)*'"-t 4'^*^f'*«'*;* there

came a woman having an alabaster-box ofointment of spikenard^ very precious. %lru[t

t*^O^iry I saw^ also the Lord sitting upon a

throne^ high and lifted up. S^p* v^n^ 'ft

t^mlt^^tf*II.

f***P'J'«**r linpnt-uu/iifiglru* LiOrU, Will

thou slay also a righteous nation ? '!» Sm^^m^

4.^^.-„^j. %t,i,f ««.-«^j- /[rpl^lriu qitu^ delivcr me

from the deceitful and unjust man. i^iyi/ t J-^

1-23

II. umll^H*^^^ II. H^ff P-ni^qo duM^uM^irpftiM • DUt

the tongue can no man tame : it is an unrulyevily full of deadly poison. Qni.uJ?iL.^u u^^u^

iMi^uu L. jouiiupiuiujfuu^ with divers and

strange doctrines. U/^ <^uipuu tit-r.? •^-t-w

*^^m^. of the promise made unto our fathers.

gft uiJlruujju fLUMiM* in the mouth of two or

three witnesses every word may be esta^

Wished. \,y kp *^^*^y i>:^4«^:l-f-:^* Noah wassix hundred ijears old. b^/»/i- K*•^t-*f»^•*o^ 4*^fl-w

.^«#.-H#t . about fifteen furlongs off. 'b ilh-ij<^iu^

nh^n"P'ph "- A Jhnt.iP uMup ^iiuJuh-guifu tuii-iuy^

^ni^iP. in the six hundredth and first year,in the first month.

| lp**i:ri ^'^'"i it^^'^ ^-"^CuinJrgfi^*

L-%iU ujuljr y ujjn •^j^^J**^* Whcther

ye sold the land for so much ? and she said,

yea, for so much. W,jp tyiiu^puli. such a

one as this is. StA .^<?f'«-/L{,-4.^ .^,»###^f,4*}.f '^

3iL'n-iug unpiu i^lttjlfiM^ that evou such mighty

works are wrought by his hands. (J-ft'' *^i-

Jm^^^j. A-o, ^usiT ju^Si^ ^-^«^J,^t^t ti^/mf is

t/iy country ? and of what people art thou ?

nr-Lr*^*^******^*^*^*^" ^"^^^^*whith what judge-ment ye judge. />/^t ifc*^- ^ /"^> 4^1/1/* •^r^t^

^j\»^j\.iilA l,j\ what is my trespass^ what is

^•-Jmo.,.^- v^t^^^f,.-^^-'*- «J'*^«^p^ with the eldersj

and with a certain orator named Tertulus.

\j^fiiit '^t^***j T*'^ u/uttifu ^^Jiftuipiuu• and

found a cerfam Jew; named Aquila. 'b ^^'^

tlnt.1^ Jftn^. from one shepherd. O^^ t'^'t

«/t^ I1//1L. ^Irq^^^iuunLMu/iMftqlrU y A- ^.J.witf t'^L T'^'-

tftiM^^r'Ml* lfii^lruMUg_ r^uiuilru^lru* T^vBYy greatmatter Ihey shall bring unto thee : but everysmall matter they shall judge. '\jum^ umi.umuI,Ii

frf}*^*^—'ff'1*^ but now they desire a better

country, that is, an lieavenly. Hn.iu^g bch^fuq^hri^^ doubting nothing, 'fi ^«i//^ ^.'-•••y

^fLuip^nt^. the next sahhath (or sabbath-

day.) Ikjifi'lf ^uHmI^l^ fLiuiiJo^. with manyother words. U/l ujji_lrpu2nil^^ by the other

JAr^/#^* in turning away every one of youfrom his iniquities, 'b ^cy ^y ni^pm,^ 'p

l^pufiMg. upon some mountain.

Notwithstanding the great licence in the

use of adjectives the following rules mustbe generally observed.

1. The adjective placed after the sub-

stantive must agree with it in number and

case, as, ^um^iuJ^^ Jh-h^iuJhrh^ogi , voi{]\ greatstones. qopat-Pl,i.%p 'y""if'"^^ > such mightyworks.

2. The adjective placed before a substan-

tive does not agree with it, excepting the

monosyllable adjectives, as, Jlrh^uMJlrfr ^ut^

ptui%f^y with great stones, lujuu^pup qopm,^

P^t^ , such mighty works, ^yp;^ f.uAfii-^ ,

1-25

ivith other words. '^ up^m^iP myqi-n^ in the

holxj place.3. When a verb or participle is before

the substantive and after the adjective, the

adjective agrees readily with the substantive,

as, luutnnt-iu&ujjiMniJqlful^ qonni-P-lriuifp. y he

armeth with divine force. tuuinni.uM&iufunilj^,^

%lriuuiapni.p^lriuJ^ , amied with divine force.4. An adjective with the article or the

letter distinctive of the person, placed before

a substantive, agrees with it in number andin case, but not always, as, J^&iui.^ L liiu^

iniupbrinifuZl u/u3ilrtuuMU-nn&' funnuiUiut^ i Oil

a greater and more perfect [ahernacle^ not

made with hands.

5. When there are many substantives be-

fore one adjective only, the adjective is in

the plural, and agrees with them, as, jjii/^

iluMjlrini.^ , Saul and Jonathan (were) lovelyand pleasant.

6. The governing preposition is joined to

the case which precedes it, whether sub-

stantive or adjective, as, jiu^nL.ui%truj^^n.^%^% , from the mount called. y» Jhipiiy iflr^

qiui.np^%trhi^mt.np^ffrom tlie dcccitful and

unjust man.7. When the adjectives or substantives

placed before are joined with the conjunction^,and^ the governing preposition is appliedto all, as, jtuiilrnir Al lu/uiuniuut Ll. lu/uP-iu^rL.tuiP

d-iun.iuuif-ni.p^l,ififu y to au inheritance

lie

incorruptible, and undefiled, and thatfadethnot aWay**fi <^%ujqujhq.nLP^/it-'ii

L '^ <^lrqnLtfu

usftlru/i/iM i unto obedience and sprinkling ofthe blood.

8. When the adjective or substantive

placed before is simple, and many substan-

tives or adjectives follow, the governing pre-

position governs the first word, and the se-

cond and third which follow; however not

always, aS»*fi ^iup funp<^pq.ng y 'ft p-ufulfj

L.

^b t"V^"3 > from evil tJioucjhts^ words^ andworks. I^p uippL.^ui<^lrqi^/jL t^l/utf-iUL.np y the

bloody and deceitful man.

CONCORDANCE OF PRONOUNS

The personal pronouns t-uyl^ iy-n*., thou^

l^k^yheov himself are substantives^ and as

substantives agree with adjectives, as, i\ujuu

llrp Ii!rq&uML.npuig , of you hypocritcs.

[lii^u signifies sometimes self as, }ju [fu^

iHufir^lrJ\ I myself also am a man.

The definitive pronouns utuy if-m, ^my he

(she^ it) are substantives, and so agree with

adjectives, as, %n^iu jlrmlfu^if-* these last.

\jL. ^lUiPfiiig_lru/iip_ uqpuM uiuuiui^lriM^ or ClSC

let these same here say.The definitive pronouns unj^y t^nfiM y'Lnfu y

thisy thaty samej are adjectives, and so agreewith substantives, as, 'h un/L or *^ *#i//ri# m^

£.#»iL^*on this day, or in the course of this day.

127

or to-day. Cytn r^iflfu o^^i##i/i^^« in the like

manner. '|i^#^^ iiu/Li^ni.ui&nj^ of the same

lump. Qnpn^ujjP^ ^f^ij^ ^^kdb* i^^to t^^^t

verij destruction let him fall. \jl. ujp^ i^ujp^

iliuJhruujjiM ifiyP- *^ J^2j"'^^^l, ^^^d besides

this^ (jiving all diligence.The definitive pronouns tyuy thisj "^q-t

uju , thaty are generally adjectives, but some-times substantives , as , ^Z*^^ ii-n^h^tr^lrp

qiujii..what is this that thou hast done ? H^ju

Iris fs^ntfuii^ itpq^i.ntfu '\jnj[i* these are the

generations of the sons of Noah. Qiyu Irp^

\ni^u liiiutnni^lipu/hu^ on tlwse two command--ments. (ip^v i^^ f^t ^'^**^" h-nn^ilttifuu

iupuj[tlruji^l^P* who had made this conspira--

Cy. \fP^ Irqh-iu^pq^ nutnp.tjjis^u t/UrS-^ 'Y/^

""cbk* whether there hath been any such

\hing as this great thing is ? '|i ^plruijq.^ny

juMjij-^uful^. of this thy wickedness. (9»^#»^

tyq-ncli^. by this epistle. [V#«/» uMJhruujfu p.tu^

*Unqu tuiunahb ^ II. puui tMJt/lrUujjU mtruih-ufiiu

gyunpltii^ according to all these words, and

according to all this vision, yj^ufufw npiM^uj<^^

t^uflM i/ujntf-tunl^ni.p-lru/isu qujju * blcSScd is llC

that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy.

Qtiiiii^^ jiuj^-Jluul^. of this generation. U,^^

^[i%p. &ujn.ujjltg^p^nj ufjunijftli jttuufij* tlWllfc Of

these fifty thy servants. l\lr^^irir ^ <^/iiLui^^

q.ni.[^lruf^ uiuui[t [nIUl^ jiyuinuul^ ^ sliall I re~

cover of this disease ? 5^7^ \T»'bf^"^ q^p

l^lt^iutL-iuplriUif. this MoseSj whom they re-

1:28

fused.,, the same did God send to he a ruler

and a deliverer.

The possessive pronouns pJ\ mtj t^n , thy^

Jtrp , ouVy iirp J your^ ^i~p , his^ his own^ are

adjectives. Wiien Ihey are without substan-

tives, receive either the articles *^y 't-A, or

the adverbs -«•?•[, .^'w^f, as, ^n k ualhriiuju

Ifu^ L ^t '^ydt "^n^^^^gki: ^^^ things come

of thee y and thine own have we given thee,

\\uuini.iu& jlii-pujjnfu* he also hath ceased

from his own works, as God did from his.

The pronouns possessive derived t^l*^ov [fifnjiniy my^ ilrpujjlfu or Hrpylfuy your'Syare put before the substantives.

The pronoun relative np^ who, whichy

whatj that^ is substantive, and in different

manners agrees with antecedent and follow-

ing nouns, as, M^' "[""Ip n^ tnHrum^fi^trL ^

U. uiliufu^u" npni^p n^ uits^*^ > Eye5 that theyshould not see^ and ears that they should not

hear. \n£.u£u *^ ^Jluul^ iluiJu np y# '^pb"^uinu '^ltunL.u <^iui-uimnju , hcurd him couccm^

ing the faith in Christ. ^ Jji Ifu^ Ir^lrug^

b 'Otc'y b^ U"C"5 t"'~'P^t ^""^^p- > that none

of these things which ye have spoken come

upon me. (\pnL.tr/u^if-p^ b ^4^' uffii^p , L np

^uji/b tfin/u UinfUnLi^b .^4^* ^' O-Ujp^ni-tfUiistrp

qb-plruu y give to Itim that asketh thee^ and

from him that would borrow of thee turn not

thou away. *fi ilujfu2^tu% uMi^m^pt^u lyun^bk b*^-'

utrquiL. pl*n- *nrq npn.g.ntfu % qnp Irn. %i-utn.UiiMt^

k uu^ ilfiun-uij^ hath in these last days spok-en unto us by his son^ ivhom he hath appoint-ed heir of all thimjSy by whom also he madethe worlds. Who beimj the brightness of his

glory, \jL. u^uJUii/Lruj^ yymlul^u Ij^^ujpn'ijfi Ij^^

and Moses told Aaron all the words of the

Lord who had sent him. \ji- tuJt/uiufu lufip^

utiuU ^LnnuM rfutnncrnltp [l. gunc^uiP-iua^fuip nn

t^ffu jiuqo-iuq ouiuMpiuq ^ P-iihujuiii-ujq qUnutu f

and all the men of his house^ born in the

house, and bought with money of the stran-

ger^ were circumcised with him. Qn^nj q.nifu

'/r luiMi^l^f, IrpP^lruji^ktu ^ ivliich tlwu weutcst

to seek, i]p"^ oiunfnJifii ^fiqiumnu futunfutriuif

f^tj. qn<^uu 'unguiy wliose blood PHote had

mingled with their sacrifices. U/l np Jlumm.^

glriuiJlt il^ifu lilAiii.iuu[> , to wliom comiug^ as

unto a living stone. [\py utr^tfii [n-fi 'yuiQfiMy

whose seed is in itself b*- ^nqnilh^^ffu , n^t

^uiui , L njt uuj^iuL. , and gathered^ some more^some less.

The ai ticles-distinctive-of Ihe persons u

of the first, ^^ of the second, ^ of the third,

besides showing the persons joined to the

terminations of words, have also the force

of the English articles a and the, and give

energy and ornament, as, 84^^ ^ \\ujpi^uj^

mlnn (without any article) Lord and Master^hut w ith the article « so, St^** ^ ^^c^^-u(lrmu, it may have three senses: 1". f who

i30

am a Lord and a Master. 2^ This Lord andMaster. 3^ My Lord and Master. So S^cTL

iiuipq-iuiiitrurq. f V. Tliou tvlio art a Lordand a Master. 2\ That Lord and Master.

T. Thy Lord and Master. Likewise St/'^ ^\\njpq.ujuiirin^ y 1^ His Lord and Master.

2 '. That Lord and Master. 3\ The Lord andthe Master. 9»/c qfi^^n Irifriui^Iru XS^i^uijq.

\\ufi,ykib > (ifter whom is the King of Israel

come out ? ^t-q[iu nMUiun^ium 4- y l^ opu iniupiu^

diuiflriuij this is a desert place^ and the time

is now past. 9J['''^^ tu^ ^^*ilutuiM npy h-^

iit.^t ' u'/iaf is the cause wherefore ye are

come ? XjP^h r^'f- tf^ujjui n-iugiup l^i^juiunfulrU y

i^'t^C^ 'd'^t.dM'db ^ ifthetj do these thingsin a green tree^ what shall be done in the dry?

ri\\uui<liuii , take now thy son-, thine only son

IsaaCj, whom thou lovest. \}^piiJUiff>^ iHu^i^u

i/irp , our outtvard man. 9J'^i_h^ ^b '^«-*"w

inifL jiunuhlri^y wliat tlw risiug from the dead

should mean ? MS'tiiutrgiupiit^ ^^ ilpmtiUMg ui^

ftiuiM^ luuuiuMunuiiugrj^ ujjt^ngfitf^ , depart y I pray

you) from the tents ofthese wicked men. Qiu^

pufunu iiuiuauMlilj iri^irinqu [^H- ^nrij Of tuCSe

men who have companied with us. {{'"il^iupuMp

aj^ni^fu L. n<^uiJp y quji^iulsfiUL- q/l^Jp > WliO

maketh the dumh^ or deaf or the seeing^ or

the blind ? b^*^^ 7* <^uipuiuu[tuu , come unto

the marriage. 3#y' ^"t bh"'^^'^^ ^^ *'*^ midst

whereof I dwell. QL-p/iijni.^um. %iylinu «/^^

nlri^yann trun-. ufinh-iP'^y^fuininni-fii IruiifpL y the

131

elder unto the ivelUhcloved Gains^ vhom I love

in the truth. SJ' "'-c1^"^ td^^^ ^

t"'--^ ufui^

[ijk^y that where I am^ theretje matj he also.

<}iip tj-HLij^ lun^ih-uy that thou doest, t\pni.tP

q.nifu 4h^J^3^V ' ^^ rc^\om thou bearest wit-

ness, UV'V. "^"' ^^'Uf ^^^ hving yet presentwith you. Sfnp ^iufu ujnfD^ y what thingssoever he doeth. i)np utyu luru^l^y winchthis man hath done. St^uu/hl,^^^ q^p i^m.itItman.

[tt-fl Sw' > vA '^ f!^ ^JiuU n.nniu ^ut^

iflrulrglfu ^ft ilriijtSee ye him whom the Lord

hath chosen^ that there is none like him

umomj all the people, n'^4- "c "'"^^tB-^^'Uwho it is that saith to thee, ^ri- npni^tP L.

<^uiJhipluMliyiuirj. [uou[iiPy before whom also I

speak freely. ^it^uiUiug iu^iuf^^ltu ujjunpl»^

l^qj^iui^uiulrit-uMgu , oftlie priuces ofthis world

(hat come to nought. H/'uJpt *y^^ mlruiu^

"ish » but by what means he now seeth. {\[iuihuh

t^ufuiuiui^ uMulfl» , as I have also told youin time past. Y^u/ji jnp n^ f'gtrU un^iu iflrpi y

l^njp 4- L quM^ugnL. , but Iw thut lacketli these

things is blinds and cannot see afar off.

CONCORDANCE OF VERB

The verb which is not a participle, or

infinitive, is governed by a nominative, as,

^/#/» , in the beginning God created the heaven

and the earth, b^ ^fil'C ^u u/ulrpliyP^L

\7r2

uAuituuiptuuin i and the earth was without

form, and void. }jl. t,"^t W.^uim^&y ip2hc'b 4!tc"U in'^ca^ ^^^^ *'^^ Spirit ofGod moved

upon the face of the waters.

The participle and the infinitive are often

governed by a genitive, as, "bai/f/ &'iju/upiMj

the^ are delivered ere the midwives come in

unto them. Piiiifo/^t^if^/rj,A. fi^f^^^^^"^

tj.L.njU uppLy *m* U. tLUJi^uJjU ^^P^hj f the

heaven was opened:, and the Holy Ghost de-

scended.... and a voice came from heaven.

In like manner are governed the preter-

perfect, and the preter-plu-perfect tenses

ibrnied by a participle, and a substantiveverb,

as, \ji. n^ ^/#£/it/» Q^^i'^'li^^ P^k th'^'f^^i^

IflMn^ fti-nnf a.ntjuMglriuilfn ifisnutu y for J aCOu

knew not that Rachel had stolen them. %uj^nufii u.nnctarujify %iliu n ^nqiuhif lunufLq uMLAsr^

lb ^"'^ ti^uMit-uMunifii , there lie in wait for him

of them more than forty men.

The accusative cannot properly govern a

verb, but is subject to it, as, fei^ u^p^- 'V"'^

^trtnii- luan tri/p \Jutfini-0-nt , n^u^uiptnpt/^ 7"^-

i/ujppi nul^i-n^ i^iuiP iupi-iuP-nf I^umiP ^lupp ,

np 'A iCuMpiniupnL.p-lriMtfLl

ft ifinuMg t/uMpq-^iuli

ngiflMn^iul^lruiiftqlj^ quiutniti^ujo-iui^iuifu [jp^^[_

'udhfuniu forasmuch then as we are the off-

spring ofGod^ we ought not to think that

the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver^ or

slone„ graven by art and man's device.

The nominative of nouns agrees gene-

155

rally in number with a verb which is not a

participle or infinilive, excepting those with-

out singular number, or collective, as, 0«^-*

ftt-iUL. wj[_ '"1^ > "p n^^y^ufuiu^ffii ^hp f there

arose another (jeneration after them^ whichknew not the Lord. ]j/fis J}^iup.utu ^uMtiJhi_^

^^U iklL"-" ["outr/^ngtu , the multitude came

together^ and were confounded because that

every man heard then speak in his own Ian-

yUage, \jl. d-nqnifnt^^r^ lulfit ni^l^p S^Hp.***^

np^fj y u- quinJuiJUuMtpJU pi»n- lUJtflr^ %nntu , aUdthe people waited for Zacharias^ and mar-velled that he tarried so long.The nouns joined with the conjunction t-,

and sometimes agree, sometimes not, as, }ji-

iftra-tuqujL. ujipU ^"J^ J'^I^ > "^ hrnu- %nniu ny^

nt-qm^ L 1^^ , uud tlw man increased excee-

dingly^ and had much cattle^ and maid-ser-

vants, and men-servants^ and camels^ andasses. \jqlr^ ^iP ujpPiunL A. n^pjiup L. 4"A^ > fttu^

n.ujj,pL

uMqiufuuhriuj^ , J havc oxcn^ and ass-

esj flocksj, and men-servants^ and women-servants.

When the noun or, pronoun is only one,the verb must be of the same person, as, b^

left alone; where had they been?When the persons are different the verb

agrees with the first , as, %unnil^ q^ujjglrtlp^

fru L.iliyp ^n Ll

lrqp.u*p^ ^n , U.Irpl^ftpuiiU^

8

if-uMulM^I^J^ ^Iriij shall IJ and thy mother and

thy hrethren^ indeed come to how down our-selves to thee to the earth ? Qn^cf^unT ^.nL.

L^ui

Jl^iufiM [lifl^^ , between thee and him alone.

giu^ 9 whether it were I or they^ so ive preach.Sometimes the verb is supposed, as, U"%

n-iug ^ng iUiflriMlrglt'u Jlr^ , we are the cViy^and thou our Potter; and we all are the

work of thy hand.

The verb active governs generally the ac-

cusative, as, \jL. iupiup \\^innL.uj& tjJiunfjLU

iupgup t^iu uMpnL. L. I^a. uinutn tfunuiu , SO

God created man in his own image; in the

image of God created he him ; male and fe-male created he them. \ji- mulilnug l^innL.uM&

qJiupi^ qnp uuilrq& ^aud thc Lord God plant-ed a garden eastward in Eden ; and there

he put the man whom he had formed.Sometimes the letter ^ a sign of the ac-

cusative is supposed, as, \,iu imy uiJlrUiufult

lllrufUu II. inifii^ L. qiuJIrUujU [ti'^ he givctllto allj, life^

and breath, and all things, b^UlfL.

lip p iptnl'Q 'UnpUJ y IL.t'lJtg P^"h "ifi^P ^^P"

Jlfiiy and he took one of his ribs^ and closed

up the flesh instead thereofThe verb active governs secondly another

accusative, as, ^^nc. ^i tunfulru q^t-qj whommakest thou thyself? fi^ujr^iiii.np qniR iuuIAm

135

'i^Sliuni-u , saying that there is another king^one Jesus.

The verbs active as well as the neuter and

passive govern often their roots in the accu-

sative, as, U4/» JiUi-[itnlrUiuiitJu uft^thr^lM ^t^»I havie loved thee with an everlasting love.

WJlu^t^uglru niuJi^p^ ifhri- , they shall be great^

hj ashamed.

The verb passive governs generally the

ablative, as, S^ ^^^ np ujuuj^uji^ *p ^t-iun.^

^ ^4^ ythat it might he fulfilled tvhich was spok-

enoftheLora.^^iu^fft^fi uimqnj uiUml» &-iun!is

'^uiUus^ , for the tree is known by his fruit.

know my (sheep) and am known ofmine.The infinitive sometimes is noun, and

sometimes verb.

The preposition 'f put before an infinitive

has often the signification of an adverb ;-^^

i-mSy ^tj^, when as, *b inlruu/ulr[u q^tr^t

p.lr(tl^plruglt '^ JJitnu (ti^p , when liB seetli thee^

he will be glad in his heart.

The infinitive or the gerund with its verb

increases the signification of it, as, fl^^^z,

ni.%kp uiiup&u/iMuy he hath whereof to glory.

XPpP-^ P-ii£a-UJt.nncr£nt£^ P-UMO-iUi-nnlruqlru ) fi

tlpi'l'ujjtlhrn

y l^iUiP tnftnlr^if^ uiftplrugbru ^^Vjshalt thou indeed reign over us ? or shalt

thou indeed have dominion over us ?

150

CONCORDANCE OF PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions sometimes are put after the

nouns; tliey change their places, and are re-

doubled, as, fljL^ <^uaulruMi^l^ltU jH^utnnL.&y

ltpuML.uMUg^ il^pujj , who knowing the judge-ment ofGod. \yfi liiii^uiiiJinylun.u uiuj^<^ini^ui^

tt.UMl£nprj^ffit ^ft <^ujj^njnL.p-lruMU tjjquMt^u , gwenone occasion to the adversary to speak re-

proachfully. ^<^lrin A-^Pm^^^ ^uninuJ^ '^

^pl^ftg u/iiutft ) L.ft u^uM^moul^ftuU h-l^uMifin^i^

^\iuLqnult L qfiiun5tujp.iy many ofthe Jewsand religions proselytes followed Paul andBarnabas. Quut/^^uj/h c^iuiP/i^mplnu^ ^<^lrin

IrpPijjj^, hut ever follow that which is good.QnnJ-tutP ^ ufl^uu^t^u thnnAnuP-tru/itq ft tf^f

ufuliiu^u[,glt^y when ije fall into divers tempta-tions, ^tumnt-uftit ftuS. ^utn iftnfuuiiiUMl£ 1^1-

pjuMpunj , that render evil for good.

Adjectives are often used as adverbs, as,

yylr&iuSiy^ ^tupif.ujj^^ , cry aloud. Jjptnf-u.

I^P-ufliiyftiMy L. pirP-lL.u ij^iUtuUiy[i'u , theyran and returned.

On the contrary sometimes adverbs are

used as adjectives, as, }jfjL 'unput n^mp L

uMp^iittv. jnj^ , and had much cattle.

Negative adverbs -t» t ^"^ ^' ^^^ ^^^^

sometimes are put after verbs, as, bi-/i/#i^

iCty n^ tnti^ bd^ ^"' ^^'U ^^^ *^^^ swiney

though he divide the hoof and be cloven-

137

footed^ yet ye cheweth not the cud : he is

unclean to you*

ACCENTS, OR NOTES OF PROSODY

1^, 1;t-^ or ^t-^uA^'h ('

J as, 5ruJn.f

2'\ fKnt-P- or ^p-ufiM^uiiM (*

) as, ^i/i/i# > t/»4w

nLp t According to modern usage it is em-

ployed as an interrogative point, and as a

note of admiration,

uusq^iP \)nnL.uujq^iPt5^. U^^^O 3S, <i^iiUtfuiUrf. y fL^nu[3-[tJUy

W^'prnl^ X It is put on the syllable to makeit short.

6". ^uiu{^) as, /3^^i-1 p-iiifng* It is put

by some moaerns upon the letter u to markits pronunciation as a ilj

T. w^musPiUfig (') It is rarely used.

8^. yisp^uilRiuj , the mark of division of a

word (^)*

PUNCTUATION

There are three Points in the Armenian.

3". \\t^p2a,^^.}, (,)

138

OTHER MARKS

I"". Xfuj^iu/^^in (') It is put on the head

of the letter ^, when it forms a preposition,

as, pf iun.pt2^ (^uiinpL. (i^) mark of abbreviation, as^

3\ n^LiM (#) which is one of the three

columns of a «# entire ;it is put sometimes

to mark an entire m , as, m^/pj^ {ju^unu^

4\ \^plinplriuli (") whicn marks the vo-

wels omitted, or the words shortened, as,

6^. ^iumnL.iu^[ip. The sign, or substitute

of a word, as, ^ (fi/^£i#/»<^)%

T. 4)ii/4fi/^^/f, Cyper.

159

The letters of the Armenian Alphabet are

used as the Numhersj generally with a

line on the letter^ so

tDf

iM

P

VERSE

The antieut Armenian Verses or Songswere not rhymed, as the following for ex-

ample.

C?*^ A-nt/O-ii/'^ ifinq^£Lnj tr^uflMl^n ^

\}L.

^

ft p"3'j/^ u^iuinu/iiiri^pl^ *l^1yp»

\yujtjj P~l^ p'^3 '^^hp tfnnrtLU )

}jL. iu^ni^^^ hff^ tunlrt^iui£nt3i^t

But now they are rhymed generally andare composed from five Syllables to fifteen.

The following few lines are specimens with

their own translation in prose.

of S Syllables.

y47» u/UniHu Qpuni.u

\ifip"'/_ -^^^ ^/ti^t-U£

Wftntn ftiP ^tuntrnyiM x

Jesus, whose name is a love, bind thou

my heart of stone with thy love.

of 6 Syllables.

Jjrft-tuf ^tuntfis iutiJiu^ftU ^

Having been the bride of the immortal

celestial Bridegroom.

of 7 Syllables.

\y^nptu^utn n.ni- dnn^iriu

\k ^guiitt^hu^ nuutiuuiffiM t

Valiantly fight thou in the public combat.

of 8 Syllables.

WftnlruM qni_unL.l[ii nnnJ ii^iuinni,ftu

*^ j^c^^"a ^ b Jacket"*

Love thou instruction , by which thou

wilt obtain honor from Heaven, and on

earth.

of 9 Syllables.

Thou dove, ever flying through the air,

the Ark of the new Noah is thy dwelling.

of 10 Syllables.

To-day the Invisible appears from on

high; the knowledge of all creatures is dis-

covered.

of li Syllables.

^tuhiiiunn o-tuit-nq trpLLlruuiU ctiuq^lfD ,

illudu. X

Flowers of rational Plants appeared of

various tints, and delicious odour.

o/*12 Syllables.

fKntnntis^ iriP Lhuiutr.nL!uin nnuMt^u iunpiuli ,

guiignlrutui^UMiM %

I am a hemisphere round as a pavilion,

by nature firm, in reality moveable invisibly.

OjT13 Syllables.

nl~U rLUMpciiUL. X

The roar of thunder having diffused the

rain of life, is recovered to the heavens,

returning to his Origin.

o/*14 Syllables.

^ufuhu uMt-trtniui-np p.tupuMn^tupLUMp p.uinp-MU^

Wp'^l^lJ^k^l^St'^ 1-ni-umftjp 4lrul''^l^ \il'"^/' *

Let us fery aloud in joyful tidings address-

ing thee personally, Church, daughterof lofty Sion.

of IS Syllahles,

qujniupiuh-u ,

\yutnnL.&-njt

Thou, who brooding on the waters didst

make creation, descending in the waters of

the Baptismal fount, dost give birth to the

Sons of God,

/^

B^^

^-«*,^

.^^s**K^-^n'^

K^'

%^-->a

>l. f