[Great Britain] Life in the UK a Journey to Citiz(BookFi.org)

8/18/2019 [Great Britain] Life in the UK a Journey to Citiz(BookFi.org)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/great-britain-life-in-the-uk-a-journey-to-citizbookfiorg 1/104



cb

w

_

HomeOffice

A

Journey

o

Citizenship

LIFE

N

THE

NITED

INGDOM

The

fficial

ublication'valid

or

esrs

aken

rom

pril

002

For

nformation

n

Lifen

he

uK

ests,

isit

www.lifeintheuktest.qov.uk



xrso

nfiomation &

publishing

solutions

Publrshed

yI50

Ihe

tationery

ffice)nd vailableiom:

0nline wwwtsoshoo.(o.uk

O

rown

opyright007

lsEN

978-0-11

1413133

Mail,Telephone,

ax& E-mail

Ielephone

rden/Generalnquiries:

Fax

der:

E-mail:

Textphone

m

P0 ox9

NorwichR3GN

087000 s22

08706m5511

customer.servi([email protected]

087040

701

Second

dition.

ifthmoresion

008

Ihis

ublication

as

eenpprovedyMinisten

nd

as

fficialtatus.

topyri htn

he ontents,he over,he esignndhe

ypographicalnangementfthis

oublication

estsithhe

rown

nlestheruisetated.

Theontents

fthis

ublication

ay e eproducediee

fchargenanyormatr

medium

or he

urpose

f

private

esearch

nd tudyr or nternal

irculation

ithin

organisations.This

s ubject0 he ontentseingeproducd

c(uratelynd otna

wayhat

mpliesfficialtatus.ny

ublisher

ishing

o eproduce

he

ontent

fthis

publication

ustot se

r

eplicate

he

Home

ffice

rest

r eplicate

he fficial

ersion's

stylend

ppearance,

ncluding

he overesign,ndmustot

resent

heir

ublication

as eing

n fficial

ublications

shismayonfusehe

ublic

he

eprodutedaterial

muste

cknowledgeds

rown

opyrightnd

heitle fthe

ublication

pecified.he

Home

fficems ot c(ept

ny

esponsibilityor

he ccuracynd

omprehensivenesf

any thereBions.

Applications

or eproduction

houlde

made

o:

IheLicensing

ivision

0fficefPublic

ector

nformation

5t

lements

ouse

I

-

16(olegate

Norwich

NR3BQ

Fax1603

23000remail:

licensing@cabinet-0ffi

e.x.gsi.gov.ul

T50Shops 6Arthurstreet

BelfastT1

6D

Textphone

0289023451

Fax 028 023

401

71 othianoad

EdinburghH3AZ

Textphone

087006 566

Fax

08706065588

I50@Elackwell

nd ther ccreditedqents

Publishedith

he

Dermission

fthe omeffre n ehalfof

Her ajesty3tationeryffice.

Theiews

nd dviceontainedn his

ublkation

rehosefthe dvisoryroupn ife

in heUnited(ingdomnd ot ecesurilyhosefHer ajestybovernment.

Designedy ND

ommunications.

rintedn he

United

ingdom

5748938003/08.



i h e

H o m e5 e ( r e t a r y

I h e

R t H o n J o h nR e i dM P

heirst

ditionf his

andbook

ecamebest-sellerhent

cameut

owards

he nd

0f

2004.ome

eople

illhave

oughtt out f nterest,

ra

wish

o

know

orebout

theUnitedingdom'sistoryndnstituiions.ndmany

ore

illhave

btainedt

as study

guide

or he ew

ests

fknowledge

boutifen heUnitedingdomhich e

rought

n

during

005

or

eople

ho ant

obecomeritish

itizens.

Those

e$s,ogether

ith

he ew

itizenship

eremonies

hichelebratehe chievement

f

new ritonsnbecomingitizens,aveeen ealuccess.heyavencouragedeopleho

have

ecidedo

make

heir

ivesn

Britaino earn ore

boutur

ulture

nd

nstitutions,

nd

inmanyases

0

mprove

heir nowledgefouranguage.e

hink

hat

he enefits

f his

approachncreatingtrongnd ohesive

ommunitiesre lear.hatswhy,romApril

007,

wewill

also e sking

eople

ho

pply

or

permanent

ettlement

n

heUnitedingdom-

which uste btainedefore

omeonean pplyor itizenship-to

ass

he

ameest.

We

ave

akenhe pportunityo evise

his andbookhoroughly.

would

ikeo hankeartily

themembersf heAdvisoryoardnNaturalisationndntegrationho aveedhisask.

We aveaken

ccountf he

manv

ommentsade

bouthe

andbook.

Whether

ou

reeadinghis andbook

n

order

o akehe ettlement

est,

r

simplyo

increase

our

nowledge

fBritishife

nd

nstitutions,hope

hat,

ike

manyhousandsf

others,

ou

illindtbothnteresting

nd elpful.



How

ousehis andbook

This

andbooks

ntendedor

hose

eaders

ho

rentendingo

become

permanent

esidents

r itizensf

heUnited

ingdom,

nd re tudying

it n

order0 akeheests

fknowledge

fEnglish

nd f

ifen

he

Unitedingdomhichll

pplicantsow eed

o

pass.

5ince005,

veryoneho

ppliesobecomeBritish

itizenas ad

o

showheir nowledge

fthe

nglishanguage

nd f ifen he

United

Kingdom

n

one ftwo ays.hey

anakespecial

50L

English

or

5peakenfOtheranguages)ourse,hichseseachingaterials

basedn he

ractical

eaning

fcitizenship.r hey

anakehe ew

Life

n

heUKest, hich

onsists

f24

uestions

boutmportant

spects

of

ifen

Britainoday.hose

4

uestions

ill

be ifferentor

ach

enon

takingheest.Ihe

ifen heUKTest

ill

normally

eaken

n

English,

althoughpecial

rrangements

an emadef

anyone

ishes

o

ake

t n

Welsh

rSconish

aelic.Ihe

uestions

re eliberatelyritten

naway

that

equires

n nderstanding

f heEnglishanguage

t

he

evel

called

ES0L

ntry

evel)

hatheaw equires

f

people

ecoming

ritish

citizens.o heresnoneed

o ake

separateest fknowledge

fthe

Englishanguage.

From

April

007,veryoneho

ppliesor

permanent

esidenren

he

Unitedingdom

often

alledettlement'or'indefinite

eave

o

emain')

will

also

eed

o

quali

ithery akinghe

peclalS0L

ourserby

passing

he ifen he

UK

est.

person

ho

ualifies

or

ettlementn

eitherf heseays

ill

not

eedo

g0

hroughhe ame

roces

gain

ifhe

r heater

ecides

o

applyorBritish

itizenship.hisandbook

rontains

ll he nswers0

he

uestions

hatmay

e skedn he

ife

in

heUKest.he

uestions

ill

allbe

asedn hapters

,3,

4,

5and

6ofthe andbook.ouo ot ave0studyhe therhapters

norder

tobe

ble

o

pass

heest, utwe ope

nd elievehat

hey illbe f

interest

nd

ractical

lalue0many

eaders

nd

hey

ill ertainlyelp

your

nderstandingfthe

hapters

ou

ill

be

ested

n. he andbook

has

een

ritten

0ensurehat nyoneho

anead nglish

heE50L

Entryevel

rabovehouldaveo

ifficultyithheanguage.

To

rovide

xtraelpor eadersho

re

ot

ative

nglish

peaken,e

have

rovided

t

he

nd fthe andbook

glossary

fsomeey ords

and

hrases,

hich

ou

may

ind elpful.e

avelso ighlighted

ome

areas

hat re

articularly

mportant.

hese

re eaded'Make

ure

ou

understand'but

rentendednly s

uidance;

eading

u$

heseections

willnot

e nougho

pass

he

est. ou ay ot

et uestions

n hese

highlighted

reas,

nd

ou

may

e sked

boutopicshat

aveot een

highlighted.

o

lease

akeure

ou

ead

ach

hapterarefully.

We ould

lsodvise

ou

c hink

arefullyefore

urchasing

ny

f he

study

uide(t0

he

ife

n

heUKest hich

an

ometimeseoundn

bookshops

ron henternet.

oneftheses

officially

pproved,ven

though

omeuggesthey re,ndmay

ot e

f

much

elpo

you.

Some

ight

ven

islead

ou

y uggesting

ou

memorise

nswerso

questions

hat

ren't

enuine

nd

re

ery

iffercnt

o he nes

ou

ill

be sked

n

our

est.

lf

you

ant

o ind

ut

more

nformation

bouthe ifen

heUKest,

pleaseisithewebsitefUFl,he ompanyhatmanageshem n

behalf

f heHome

ffice.

his

ebsite

www.lifeintheuktest.gov.uk)

gives

ontact

etails

or

entresherehe

est

an e aken,

ackground

information

boutheestsndheeesnvolved,

nd

lsoffers

sampleest

o

give

ou

ndea

f

what

o

expect.

f

you

antnformation

about

he lternativeay

fobtaining

ermane,nt

esidencey

aking

special

SOLith

itizenshipourse,he

UFI elplinen 800

154245,

and

our

ocalibrary,

re

ood

ources

f nformation

n ollegesffering

theseoursesn

our

rea.

The overnment

elcomesewmigrants

oBritain.e

ery uch

hopehat

hosehomeeturesidence

ualifications

nd ecide

o

spend

heirivesn

his ountryill eek

ermanent

ettlement,

nd

willeventually

o

n o

becomeritish

itizens.hats

why e

all

ur

handbookA

ourneyo itizenshipie ope

hathisjourney

illbe

fascinating

nd

orthwhile

neor

ou.



CONTENTS

ftapter

:THEMAKING

F

THE

NITEDINGD0M

What'snaname?

Earlyritain

The iddleges

Thearly odern

eriod

Stabilityndhe

rowth

fempire

The0th entury

PoliticsnBritainince

945

chaoter2:CHANGING0ClETY

MigrationoBritain

Thehangingole fwomen

(hildren,

amily nd

oungeople

(hapter3:

K

0DAY:PROFILE

Population

The ationsndegionsftheUK

Religion

Customsndraditions

(haoter

:EVERYDAYEEDSontinued

Leisure

Travel

nd

ransport

7

8

10

13

17

21

73

69

71

(hapter6:

MPL0YMENT

Lookingorwork

Equalights nd iscrimination

Atwork

Working

or

ourself

Childcare

nd hildrent

work

75

77

79

82

B4

27

29

30

chapterT:

N0WING

HE

AW

Theights

nd utiesfacitizen

(riminalcourts

Civilourts

35 Legaldvicend id

l7 Humanights

38 Children

40 Consumer

rotection

87

90

90

91

92

96

97

(hapter4:

OW HEUNITEDINGD0M5G0VERNED

The ritishonstitution

The

KnEuropendheWorld

(hapter

:

EVERYDAYEEDS

Housing

Servicesnandor hehome

Moneynd redit

Health

Education

ftaptera:50URCESFHELPNDNF0RMATION

43 lntroduction

52

Publicibraries

Citizensdviceureau

CAB)

The

olice

ervice

Otherourcesf nformation

(haptere:

UILDING

ETTER0MMUNITIES

101

102

'r03

103

104

107

55

5B

60

ot

66 GLOSSARY

t'15



[hapter

:

0understandcountryt s mportant

o

know

omethingbouttshistory.his

section

s

abriefhronological

ccountf

how

heUnitedingdomame

obe

what

it s

oday.ny ccount

f

history,owever,s

only nenterpretation.istorians

ften

disagreebouthat

o

nclude

nd

hat

oexclude

n

historical

ccounts.swell s

themainistorical

ventsnd

eople,

his ectionlso entions

eople

ho re ot

necessarilyhemostmportantistorically,

utwhoseames

ften ppear

n

books,

newsoaoersnd n V.

Iheres ome

onfusionbout

theorrecteaningsnd se

of heerms'Unitedingdomi

'British

lslesl'Britain'

nd'Brltishi

The

nited

ingdom

onsists

today ffour ountries:ngland,

Scotland,alesnd orthern

lreland

the

est

f

relands

n

independent

ountry).hese

fourountries

ameogethert

differentimeso orm union

calledhe nitedingdomf

GreatritainndNorthernreland,

whichs he

fficial

ame

f

the ountry.he ame'Britain'

or'Greatritain'refersnlyo

England,cotlandndWales,ot

toNorthernreland.headjective

'British;

howevet

sually

efers

toeveryonen he

UK,

ncluding

Northernreland.

herere lso

severalslandshich

re losely

linked ith

heUnitedingdom

but

o ot

orm

art

f t the

[hannelslandsndhesle f

Man. heseaveept

heir wn

institutions

fgovernment

nd re

called'Irownenitoriesi

In

heUnitedingdom,ational

identity

nd

itizenship

o

ot

always eanhe amehing. he

ScottishndWelshill

sually

say

hathey averiiish

or

UK)itizenship,

uthatheir

nationalitysScottishrWelsh.

InNorthernrelandomeeople

sayhey

re

British,ome

eople

say

hey re

rish

nd ome

people

ayhey re oth.his

dependsn heir

olit ical

nd

culturalllegiances.eopleornn

Englandillmore

ften ayhat

theirationality

s

well

sheir

citizenshipsBritish.

Manymportantnstitutionsre

commono ngland,cotland,

Walesnd orthernreland,

such

she

aws

nd ustoms

oftheonstitution,herown

as symbolofnity,nd

parliamentary

nd epresentative

government.

uthere remany

important

ifferencesetween

England,cotland,alesnd

Northern

reland.cotland,ales

and orthernrelandow ave

parliaments

rassembliesf heir

own,

ith imited

ut ignif

ant

powen.

nsportherereour

differentootball

eams

hich

play

eparatelyn nternational

competiiions,ut heres

only ne

Olympic

eamor hewhole

f he

Unitedingdom.

lnadditiononational

ivenity,

theresaveryongraditionf

ethnicndeligiousiversityn

the nitedingdom.his

oes

backoearlyistory,s

ou

il l

see

n

his hapter.



lnvery

arly istoryhe and

as

populated

y ribesho ame

to he

British

slesrom

ifferent

parts

f

Europe.tonehenge,

he

great rehistoric

emple hich

till

standsnwhatsnowhe

English

county

f

Wiltshire,s

one f he

greai onumentsfprehisto'ic

Europe.n ater enturies

ritain

wasnvaded

y elticribesho

had

sophisticatedulture

nd

economy.he

eople

poke

eltic

dialectshicha{erecame

he

languages

hich re

pokenoday

in

some

arts

fWales,cotland

andreland.

In 5

Bt he omans,ho ad

an mpire

overingostf he

Mediterraneanands,

irst ame

o

Britainith ulius

aesar.earl,

a

hundred

ears

aterhey

ame

backnd egan

conquestfall

ofBritainxcept

he ighlands

ofScotland.hereas trong

oppositionrom

henativeribes

whooughto

ry okeephe

Romans

ut. amous

ribal

leaderho

ought

he

omans

was

oudicca,he

ueen

fthe

lceni

nwhat

snow

astern

England.

atet henhe ribesn

the outh

ftheslandad een

conquered,

ne

fthe mperon,

Hadrian,

uilt

walln

henorth

orEngland

o

keep

ut hePirts

(ancestors

fthe cottish

eople;

theScotsere

riqlnally

ribe

who ame

verromreland).

Parts

fthiswall an

tillbe een

today.

The

omansad

big mpactn

life n

Britain.efore

hey

eft n

4'10 D,

hey stablishededical

practire,

reatedstructure

f

admini$ration

nd

aW

nd uilt

greatublic

uildingsndoads.

Ihe anguage

ftheRomansas

Latin hoseocal

eople

ho

learned

ospeak,ead

nd

write

Latin

ften ecamedmini$raton

andraders.



AsheRomanmpire

radually

becameeaker,€wribes

invadedrom orthern

urope

lookingor

better

and.

hese

werealled

he utes,ngles

and axons.hese

eople

poke

dialectshichaierecame

the asis

fEnglish.

he

eople

ofBritain

ought

gainsthese

new

nvadersnd

ereedor

while

n he

th

entury

y he

legendarying

rthur.ventually,

however,henvadenook

ver

allofsouthern

nd asternritain,

setting

p hek wn ingdoms

and

ushing

he

Britonso te

west

ndo he orth.

Duringhe

thentury,

missionaties

rom omeed

y

StAugustine

ameoBritain

and preadhe eweligion

f

(hristianity

crosshe outh.

Monksromrelandidhe

ame

in

he orth

fBriuin.

In

he th nd

thenturiet

Vikings

omDenmark

nd

Norwaynvaded

ritainnd

lreland.hey

onqueredany

of he

mallingdomsf he ast

of

England

nd cotland.

6raduallyhe ingdoms

n

Englandere

nited

nderhe

kingsfWessexnd ecame

strong

nough

o ight gainst

theMkings.ing lfred

heGreat

defearcd

heVikings

n

Englandt

the nd fthe

th century.

hey

were

lsoefeated

n

Scotland

andreland.etmany

f he

iking

invaders

tayed,specially

n

the

astfEnglandhere an,,

namesfplacesomeromhe

Vikinganguages.

hey

armed

the

and,

ixedithheocal

populations

ndonvertedo

{hristianity.

or

while

n

he

1 th

centuryhey gainuled

England

ndering

anute.

heir

languages

lso ad n

nfluence

on he arly

ormsf nglishnd,

in

Scotland,n

aelic.

After ing anute,he

Saxons

againuled

nglandntiln

invasioned

yWilliam,ukef

Normandy

part

ftoday'srance)

in1066.

esalsoalled lliam

theConquerorlliam

efeated

Harold,

heKing

fEngland,t he

battlefHastings.he orman

Conquestasheast uccessful

foreignnvasion

fEngland.

The ormans

ookomplete

ownership

fthe

and

nd

introdu{edewaws

nd

administration.orman

rench

became

he fficial

anguage

and ad bignfluenre

n

he

Anglo-Saxonanguagef he

common

eople.

he

ormans

andhe ingshoollowed

hem

beganhe onquestfWalesnd

some

arts

f reland.heyid

not

et

nvaderotland

ut

he

Scottishingsnd

obility

n

he

south

eretronglynfluenced

byNormanFrenchulture.he

first

ewishettlemen6

n

he

U|(

werelsostablishedthisime.

Williamhe

onquerorncouraged

Jews

rom ranceo

settle

n

Britain.

ewishommunities

rew

up

n

severalownsnd ities.



The

eriod

fterheNorman

[onquest

scalledheMiddle ges

or hemedieval

eriod.

t asted

untilbout485.twas ime

f

almostonstantar.n he 2th

and 3th enturies,anyniqhts

fromheBritishslesook

art

n

therusades,

nwhich

uropean

(hristians

oughtor ontrol

f

Jerusalemnd fotheritiesn

the

oly

and.

ing

ichard

(known

sRichardheLionheart)

spent

uch

f

his eign

aking

part

n

heCrusades.

At

home,heEnglishingsried

o

dominateheWelsh,heScots

nd

the rish. he

cots,

ed

byRobert

theBruce,efeatedheEnglish

t

the

battle

fBannockburnn 1314;

the nglishingsere

nable

to

onquer

he cots

uringhe

Middleges.

lnWales,owever,heEnglish

managed

o

destroyhe

power

f

theWelsh

rinces

y1300. hey

builtugeastlesomaintain

their

ower

nd

y hemiddle

f

the 5thentury

heastWelsh

rebellionsad

een

ut

own.

From536, nglandmposedts

lawsnWalesndhe nglish

language

ecameompulsoryor

legal

nd fficial

urposes.

DuringheMiddleges,he

English

ings

lsoought ong

warwrth

heFrench,alledhe

Hundredean an he nglish

won omemportant

attles

againsthe rench,uchs

the anle

f

Aqincour{,hich

Shakespeare

escribes

n

his

lay

Henry .Later

heFrenchought

back nd eclaimed

heir ountry.

The

riginsf

Parliament

ie

n

he

earlyMiddle ges.

efore2 5,

thereereo awso imithe

power

f he ing fEngland.he

most

owerful

andowners,he

barons,antedomakeurehat

theiroicesereeard

ndhat

new

axesouldnly emade

with

heir greement.n

12'15,

the

baronsorceding

ohnosign

charter

f ightsalledheMagna

[arta

which

eansheGreat

Charted.his as

ot charter

of ights

or he ommon

eople,

but

t

did ake wayheabsolute

power

fthe ing. he ing ould

no ongerollect

axes

ith0ut

he

consentfthe arons.omake

r

changeaws e

hadoconsultnd

negotiale

ilhhem.t he nd

ofthe

13th

century,arliament

gradually

ecamehe

lace

where

he ing onsultedithhis

subjects.

The

nglisharliamentas ot

unique:here ere

arliaments

inScotlandndmuchftheest

ofEuropen heMiddle ges.he

Englisharliament

id,

owever,

becomehemostevelopedn

Europe.he

ristocratsnd

reat

Iandownen

at

n

heHouse

ofLords,ut

here

as

lso

separateousefCommons.he

House

f ommonsepresented

country

andowners

nd

ealthy

people

n he

marketownsnd

cities.udges

eganodevelop

Englishommonaw y

process

of

precedent

nd

radition.hey

werendependent

f heCrowr,.

InScotlandhere ere

imilar

developments,

xcepthathere

werehree ouses

f

Parliament

(called'estatej),

he

ords,

he

[ommons

nd

he

lergy,nd

theegalystem

evelopeds

acodified

netheaws ere

written

own.



lnEngland,nNorman

imes,

underhe ystemalled

feudalism,andlords

wnedhe

land

ndhe

people

ho

worked

on heirand ere

allederfs.

They

idnot arn

ny

money

or

theirwork

n he and ndwere

not

llowedomoveway,

ut

they

id

ave

smallreafthe

lord's

and nwhichhey

rew

enouqhoodosurvive.he

ame

systemevelopedn

southern

Scotland,utn he orth

f

Scotlandndn relandand as

ownedn ommon

y

members

f

the lansl

In1

348,

hird

fthe

opulairon

of nglandiedn he

lague

called

he

lack

eathhisas

one fthe orst

isastenve r

tostrikeritain

nd uropeut

becausetcreated

shortaqe

of abourthelped

o mprove

conditionsorhe

oor

n

he

lonqun .

Theeudalystemradually

changedo

a

system

ased

onwages.ew

ociallases

appeared,ncludingarge

landownen

alled

entry

nd

smallerarmers

alled

eomen.



Ihey

ecame

uch ore

independent

fthe

reat

andlords

thanheir

ncestors

ad

een.n

theowns,

rowing

ealthed

to he

evelopmentfastrong

middle

las yhe nd f he

medievalperiod.

At he nd f heMiddleges,

there as30-yearivilwarn

England

etween

wo ristocratk

groupt

he upportenfthe

House

or

amily)

f

Lancasler

andhose

f heHouse

fYork,

This ar

as

nown

sheWars

ofthe

oses,

erausehe

ymbol

of

Lancaster

as ed

osend

thewhiteose as

he ymbol

ofYork.n1485he

ivilwar

ended

hen

enry

udoron

the attle

f

Bosworth,

illing

Richardll.Henry

ecame

ing

HenryVll,

nd stablished

he

dynastyfthe ousefTudor.

Henry

ll

deliberately

eakened

thendependentilitaryower

ofthe ristocracynd egano

strengthen

he entral

ower

f

the tate.

DuringheMiddleges

n

[nglishanguage

ndulture

gradually

ame

nto

eing.his

wasmixture

fAnglo-Saxonnd

Norman

rench.reat

athedrals

wereuillmany

f hem

n

use

today.hreeundred

ean

fter

theNormanonquest,

eople

inEngland

egano hink f

themselves

s ne ation.0nef

the

irst

worksfliteratureo

be

writtenn

English,

ong

oem

called'Theanterburyales'

y

Geoffrey

hauceras riilen

at he nd

fthe

4thentury.

It

describeshemanyifferent

kinds

f

people

homet nd

wents ilqilmsoacity alled

Canterbury.he

oem

s

till

popular

oday.n

Scotland,he

Middlegesaw

he rvelopment

ofthe cots

anguagehich

was

ignificantly

ifferent

rom

the

English

pokenouthfthe

Scottishorder

This

eriod

as lso ime f

trade.erchantsamerom

Germanyndtaly.hereerelso

people

ho

ameoEngland

ith

special

kills,

uch

s

weaversrom

France,

ngineersrom ermany,

glass

anufacturersromtaly nd

canaluilders

rom

olland.n

1440

here

ere

6,000

oreigners

inEngland,

pproximately

90

f

the

opulation.



HenryVllad

lteady

egun

tostrengthenhe entral

administrationfEngland

nd

reducehe

military

ower

f he

aristocracy.is on

enrylll

continuedhis

olicy.

enryVlll

wasmostamousor

reaking

away

romhe

hurchf

Rome.

Henry

lllwanted

divorce

because

is

ife,atherinef

Aragon,ad ot

iven

im

survivingeir.

n

ordero

get

divorce

ndemarrye eeded

the

pproval

fthe opg ho

had

uthority

verllChristiansn

western

urope.

hen

he

Pcpe

refused,

enrystablished

he

Church

f

England.

heing,

ot

the

Pope,ow adhe

ower

o

appointhe ishopsnd

o

derree

what

eople

ereequiredo

believe.

At

he ame

imeheReformation

-a

great

ovementofpinion

againsthe

ower

fthe ope-

was appeningn ngland,

Scatland,ndmafly

ther

Europeanountries.

he

ople

who pposed

he

opeere

calledrote*ants.

hey

eadhe

Biblen heir

wn

anguages

instead

f nLatin,

nd

nterpreted

it

or hemselves.he rotestants

believedhat arhndividual's

personal

elationshipithGod

was

f uprememportance.

The

aholics

elieved

hat

t

was

ssentialt0ubmit0 he

authority

fthe

hurch,

s

ed.

by

he

ope.rotestantdeas

gradually

ained

trength

n

Englandnd cotland

uringhe

16th

eniury,

ut

were

uchess

successful

n reland.

In reland,

he

nglish

ttempted

to mpose

rotestantism

nd

Englishaws

overning

he

inheritance

f

and.

he

eaden

f

theribesn reland,he

hieftains,

rebelled

gainstheEnglishnd

there

as

muchrutalighting

betweenhe nglishnd

he

lrishebels.hisrcated

sense

ofnationalonsciousnesshich

united

reland.

anyf he

Norman-Englishho adettled

in reland

emainedatholic.

Henrylll'snly on

nd

eir as

Edward.dwardastrongly

Protestant,

ut e ied

t

he

age

f

1

and

is

alf-sister

Maryecame

ueen.

ary as

adevoutalholic

nd rought

Englandack

o

obedienceo he

Pope.

nder

ary,

rotestants

were

ersecuted.

ary,oo, ied

afternlyshorteign

nd

he

next

monarchas er alf-sister,

Elizabeth,Protestant.

lizabeth

Iwas

more oderate

han

Mar/

In

hereligion.hee-established

the

hurch

fEngland

nd

he

[hristianeligion

s

ractired

inEnglandecamenowns

Anglicanism.

lizabethxpected

etleryone

o

anend

hurch

ut

did

ot sk

uestions

bout

lheir

eal

eliefs.y eeping

to

a'middle

ay'betweenhe

(atholics

nd

hemore

xtreme

Proteslants

later

alled

uritans),

flizabethanagedokeep

eace

in

England,espiteermany

enemies.radually,owevet

ElizabethSopularityose,long

with trongeelingsf

nglish

patriotism,

hese

ecametronger

when

heEnglishefeatedhe

attemptofheSpanishrmada'

(or

leet)

o

conquer

nglandnd

re$ore

alholicism

n

1588.

lnScotland

he rotestant

reformationas ore

xtreme

and

ed

oconstanthangesf

g0vernment.'Mary,

ueen

f

Scotsi

as cousin

f lizabeth

I and as

rowned

ueen

f

Scotlandhile

he

as nly

baby.er other

as

rench,

soMary as

atholic.

heival

groups

n

Scotland

ought

o

control ary. hener

usband

was urdered

y erovernd

her

iluation

ecameore

dangerous,

aryled oEngland.

Elizabeih, however,

elieved

Mary anted

o ry o ake ver

theEnglishhrone,

nd

ept ern

captivity

or

20

ears.

ater

ary

was

xecuted,ccusedf

plotting

againstlizabeth.



Today

heElizabethan

eriod

s

remembered

or

he

ichness

f

its

poetry

nd rama,specially

for

he

lays

nd

oems

f

Shakespeare,ho

sstillwidely

recognised

she

reatest

writernEnglish.Ihe

eriod

s

alsomportantor

England's

discoveriesndradeverseas,l

a ime

hen

uropean

cOuntriesegan

0exert

ower

and

nfluencen

other

arts

f

theworld.ir rancis

rake,

commandern he efeat

f he

Spanishrmada,as

ne f

theounders

fEngland'saval

tradition.

n

Elizabetht ime,

Englishettlersirst egano

colonisehe a$ern

oastf

America,

movement

hich

greatly

ncreasedn

he

ext

cenrury.

When

lizabethdiedn1603,

she

ad o

hildren.er earest

relativeas

he

ing

fScotland,

Jamesl. amesas

he on f

Mary,

ueen

fScots,

ut

ewas

a

Protestant.

e

ecame

ing

JamesofEngland

uthewo

countriesid ot

ecomenited

at

his

ime. cotlandepttsown

parliament

or

nother

undred

yean

nd till astsown ystem

of

aw.

At hisime,

relandas n lmost

completely

atholic

ountry.

Englandad

egun

nvasions

nto

lreland

anyenturies

efore

in

theimes

fthe ormanilut ad

only ucceededn

occupyingand

around

ublin,n

rea

alledhe

'Palei

The

udorings enryll

and enryVlllad

managedo

gain

ontrol

fthe

hole

ountry

and tartedo ntroduce

nglish

laws

nd

o

breakownhe

ower

oftheocal

eaden.uring

he

rule

fElizabeth,ebellions

againsthe nglish

rokeut,

strengthened

y he ttempts

ofthe

nglish

overnment

o

abolishhe

ower

fthe

atholic

Church.fter

ne fthese

rebellions,

amesbegan

policy

of

plantation'or

colonisationy

force

n

Ulster,he orth-eastern

province

f

reland.hisnvolved

replacing

he

atholic

andholders

with

nglishnd specially

Scottishrotestant

armers.any

'planten'went

toUlster,ainly

fromhe outh-westf5cotland.

Land

aken

rom

he

atholic

rebelsas

iven

ocompaniesn

London.hese

ventsad erious

longerm

onsequencesor

England,

cotlandndreland.

During

he eigns

fElizabeth

and

ames

,

he nglish

Parliament

ecameore

owerful

and

nfluential.The

ing,

ords

andommonsere

upposed

to

be

mutuallyependentnd

respectful

feachther,

ut

here

weretrongerchant

nd

commercialnterests

n heHouse

ofCommons,epresenting

growing

iddle

lass,anyf

whom anted

moretrongly

Protestant

olicy.

lizabethhad

many

olitical

killsndriedo

balancehesentere$s.

ames

and is

on

harles

,however,

werees

killednmanaging

these

onflicts.anyhinkenn

Europet hat

ime elieved

n

he

theoryf

the

divineightf

kings'+hathe ing as

irectly

appointed

yGod.

harles

was

particufa{ly

nfluenced

y hese

ideas

nd,

hene

ould

ot

get

Parliament

oagreeith is

religious

nd

oreign

olicies,

e

triedo ule ithoutallingny

more arliaments.numberf

refugeesromhe eligious

olicies

ofJames

and harlesdecided

tosettlenAmerica,herehey

established

he ew

uritan

coloniesfNewngland.



[harles

triedo mpose

he

ceremoniesfthe

hurch

f

Englandnhe

rotestants

ofScotland,

ho ere

alled

Presbylerians.n esponse,

the

Scots

nvadedhe orthf

England.

harles

eededoney

to ightheScotsndhis ould

only

e

ranted

yParliament,

ut

whent meln1640,arliament

refusedovoteo

give

moneyo

the ing

o

ighthiswar. any

inParliamentere uritansho,

like

heScots,pposedhe

ing's

religious

olicies;

heyawo

reasonohelp im uppresshe

5cots.

Whenhe tholicsf

reland,

who ere

fraid

hat arliament

mightnackheir

eligion,

rebelledn1641,arliament

demanded

ontrolfthe rmy

because

heyearedhe ing

wouldse

t

againsthem. harles

I

ried

oanest

ive

arliamentary

leaders,holed. hehairman

ofthe ousef[ommonsthe

Speaker)

efusedo ell

he

ing

wherehey

ad

one

nd aidhat

hewasoyalnlyo he ommand

of heHousef

Commons.ivil

war rokeut

nEnglandn

1642.

Afterour

ears

harles

was

defeatedy

Parliament's

eneral,

the

uritan

liverromwell.

[harles,

owever,efused

o

compromiseith arliament

and

asxecutedn1649.Ihe

Parliamenttself

ad

osubmit

to he

ule

f

ts

own rmynd

MembersfParliamentho

wanted

eace

ithhe ing

werexpelled.

or

leven

ears

Englandecameepublic

or

the nlyime

n

ts

history,

nder

the

eadership

f0liver romwell,

who

ookheitle fLord

rotector

from653.

Manycotsaditterlypposed

the xecutionfCharles

,who

washeir ing

s

well, nd oon

afterwardsheyrowned

is

sons ing

harles

l.

romwell

defeatedharles,

n

wo attles

atDunbarnd

Worcestet

nd

broughtcotlandompletely

underis ontrol.e lsoinally

put

ownhe

rishebellionhich

hadegunn1641,singo

muchiolencehat venodayhe

memory

f

romwells

still

ated

by

omerish

atholics.

Later,

n

he

9th

entury,he

English

ameosee romwell

ashe efenderfParliament's

rights

gainsthe

rown.

hen

Cromwellied,

owevet

here

was o

redibleuccessorohis

power

nd

o

learystemf

government

n

place.Ihe

ivil

war ad

reated

eligious

nd

political

xtremism.ome

roups

of

peopleuestioned

hewhole

foundation

fthe ocietyndhe

ideas

f

property

nd ociallass.

The

int

Englishemocratic

arty,

the evellers,ad rieflylourished

in

Parliament'srmiesut

y he

time

fCromwell'seath ost

peopleereired fchangend

wished

or eturnostability.

Parliament

ecidedhathe

bestolution

as

obringack

Charlesl rom is xilen

he

Netherlands.n 660e as

recalled

oEnglandnd rowned

king.

harles

lwanted

ower

ut

he lso nderstoodhato ule

in

peace

e ouldot epeatis

fathersistakes.e as

opular

enougho

get

arliament

o

supportis

olicies

nd,hough

hewasecretly

atholic,

e

re-established

he

ower

fthe

ChurchfEngland.he uritans

who aduled

nglandnd

Scotland

uringheRepublic

ere

kept

ut f

power

nd eated

harshly.

(harles

ad oegitimate

children.Whenediedn1685

his rother,

ames

l,who as

openlyatholic,

ecame

ing.he

ProtestantajoritynEngland

rapidly

ecame

onied

hat

e

might isho

abolishhe

hurch

ofEnglandndorcenglandack

to he bediencefthe ope.ll

James'sctionsuring

is

hort

reign-hisppointmentf atholics

as rmyfficers,

is

efiance{

theaws adeyParliamentnd

his

uarrels

ith

he ishopst



the

hurch

f

England-made

theseuspi(ionstronger.

In1688,he

reat

ords

ho

werepposedo

ames

l

conspiredoaskWlliamf

0range,

he

Prote$ant

ulerfthe

Netherlands,

o nvadengland

and

roclaim

imself

ing.

Williamasmarried

o ames

l

daughter,ary. hene

invaded,here as o esistance

in

England,nd e

nd

Mary

took verhehrone.

his

hanqe

wasateralled

he'6lorious

Revolution'nEnglandecause

itwas ccomplishedithout

bloodshednd ecauset

ended

the

hreat

farbitraryoyal

ower.

Jamesl

still

ad

manyupporterl

apeciallynScotlandndreland,

who ere

alledacobites.ames

was eterminedo eclaim

he

English

rown

nd

ot

military

supportor

n

nvasion

f

keland

from

he

owerful

ing

fFnncg

Louis

lV. lliam

efeated

James

lat

he attlef he

Boyne

n

1690,

and amesled

toFrancehileWlliamtrmies

re-conquered

reland.his ictory

is

still

elebrated

yPrcteitant

loyalistsoday.o

revent

ny

further

ebellions,herish

Gtholics

ere

rohibitd

iom

holding

ublic

fficendhere

were

anyther

estrictions

placed

n heatholicturch.

lrelandemained

deeply

troubled

ountry.



After688,anycts

f

Parl

ament

ermanently

hanged

the alance

fpoweretween

monarch

nd

arliament.

new

Parliament

adobe lectedt

least

veryhree

ears

later

his

becameeven

ears

nd

ow

it

s ive

ears).

very

ear

he

monarch

adoask

adiament

to enewundingor he

rmy

and

he

avy.norder

o

govern

effectively,

he

monarchad

o

have inistersn

a

abinet

ho

could

egularlyeliver

majority

ofvotesn he

wo

Houses

of

Parliamenthe

onarch

remained

n

mportant

olitical

figureor

womoreenturiesut

couldotnsistn

olicies

hat

Parliamentouldot

upport:

thiss

alled'

on$itutional

monarchyl

fterWlliamll, he

monarch'sinisten

radually

becameore

mportant

han

he

monarch.he

overnment

fthe

time as

ot

em0cratic

ecause

men

ouldnly

otef hey wned

property

fa

ertain

alue,

nd

nowomenere

llowedo

vote.

Someonstituencies

ad

nly

few

lectorsnd

ere

ompletely

controlledy

single

ristocrat

who

ould

orce

he

oters

o

elect hoeverewished.These

were

alled'pocketoroughsi

while

malloroughs

here

he

voters

ould

e

ribed

erealled

'rotten

borouohsl

Wlliam

nd ary'successor,

Queen

nne,

ad o

urviving

children.heEnglish

overnment

becameorriedhat

heScots

would

hoose

different

eir

o

thehronehanheEnglish.he

English

ut

resure

n heScots

to

oin

England

n

an

Act

fUnion,

calledheTreatyf

Union

n

Scotland.Thisook

lace

n1707.

TheingdomsfEngland

nd

ScotlandecameheKingdom

ofGreatftain.

t had

nelag

the

Unionlagoftenalledhe

Uniona*.

lhe

ingdomf

Greatritainecamehe

United

KingdomfGreatritain

nd

lrelandn

l801,

aftersecond

ActofUnion.n1922reland

plit

into

wo-theouthecame

dominionndheNorthemained

in

heUnion.Theovernment

of

reland

ct f

1922

reated

theUnitedingdomfGreat

Britain

nd

orthernreland.)

Whilecotlandas oonger

n

independent

ountry,

heScots

obtained

rading

dvantages

fiom

nionithEnglandhile

keeping

heir

wnegal

ystem

and

raditionalaws,

ndhe

Presbyterian

hurch

emained

establishedy

aw

When

ueen

nne

ied

n1714,

Parliament

hoseGerman,

George

,

obehe ing fBritain,

because

ewas

nnet

earest

Protestantelative.he

ew

ing

still ad ome

oliticalower

nd

influenceutwasmuch ore

dependentn

his

ministersnd

theirfollowersho

ouldontrol

Parliament.he

embersf

theHousef(ommonsnd

he

HousefLordsalled

hemselves

eitherWhigsrTories

a

name

still sed

oday

o

efer

o

he

modernonservativearty),

ut

true

oliticalarties

,ithmass

membenhip

id ot mergentil

theate 9th

entury.lhe

ost

important

inistern

Parliament

becamenowns

he

rime

Minister:theintmanoholdhis

office as

ir

RobertWalpolqho

was

ffine inister

or

0

ears

unril742.



TheBthenturyas

ime

of

elative

eace

ithin

ritain.

However,n1745

hereas

a

ebellionn

Scotlanded y

Iharlestuart

Bonnie

rince

Charlie),he

randson

f

Jamesl.He asupportedainly

by lansmen

n

he ighlands

inhis

ttemptto

egain

he

Britishhroneorhisamily.he

king'srmyuthlesslyepressed

the

ower

ndnfluence

fthe

clansfterefeating

hemt he

battlefCullodenn1

45.he

clansostollective

wnership

oftheand.

hieftains

ecame

landlords

nlyhroughheavour

ofthe

nglishing

nd lansmen

becameenantsho ad

o

pay

for

he

andhey

sed.n he

I

9th entury,anyandlords

destroyed

ndividual

mallarms

ortrofts'to

ake

paceor arge

flocksfsheepnwhat

ere

calledhe'Highland

learancesl

Many

eople

ere

eportedr eft

for

Northmerica

s

art

f he

clearances.

Generally,

owever,

he Bth

centuryn

Britainas ime

of

greater

omestic

eace

nd

tolerance

han

reviously.

twas

a ime f

many

ewdeasn

politics,

hilosophy

nd cience

whichogetherre ftenalled

theEnlightenment.

anyf he

greatest

ritishhinkersfthe

Enlightenment,

uchsDavid

Hume

nd

dam

mith,am e

from

cotland.erhapshe

mostmportant

rinciples

f he

Enlightenment

erehat

veryone

shouldave

he

ight

o heir wn

political

nd

eligious

eliefs

nd

that he tate

hould

ot ttempt

to

dictate

n

hese atters.

Britainas

hei6t ountry

to ndu$rialise

n

arge

scale.

hanges

n arming,

metalworking,

iningechniques

and

he sefsteam

ower

brought

reater

fficiency

nd

increasedroduction.heint

large

actoriesere

uiltnd

many

eople

igratedrom

he

countrysideo

he itiesowork

in

hem. lthough

any

eople

leftBritain

nd

reland

or

he

ew

colonies,he

opulation

xpanded

rapidly.he

intJewsocomeo

Britainince

heMiddlegesad

settled

nLondonn

1656

and

between680

nd 720 any

refugees

amerom rance.hese

were

alleduguenots.hey

were rotestants

nd ad

een

penecuted

or

heir

eligion.

any

were

ducatedndkilled

nd

workeds

cientistsr nbanking,

inweaving

r therafts.

At he ame

ime,here as

n

increase

n radevereas

nd

n

colonisation.

ritain

xpanded

its

ower

ll rlerhe orld.

Merchants

radedithNorth

America

nd

heWestndies,

bringingackugar,obacco

nd

oiher

oods.

rade

n extiles,ea

and pices

egan

ith ndia

nd

in

he rea hichodays

called

Indonesia.he

ritishought ith

theDutch

nd panishraden

foramonopoly

f raden he

(aribbean.

ften,radeedo he

annexationfnewenitories:he

Eastndia

ompany,nterested

at i6t

only

n

rading,

radually

qained

ontrol

f

vast

enitories

in ndia

n he

oune fthe

8th

century.



Thereas

n vil

ideo

his

commercialxpansion

nd

prosperity-the

tlanticlaverade.

Ihe laverade

ad

tartedn

theElizabethanra nd asully

establishedyhe 8th entury.

Itwas ominatedyBritainnd

the oloniesnAmerica.helave

tradersought

en

nd

omen

fromWestfrio, nd ritish

ships

ookhemowork

n

he

sugarnd

obacco

lantations

n

America

ndhearibbean.

he

slaves

ereransportednvery

badonditionsand

anyied

n

theway.nce

n

heAmericat

the

laves

ecamehe

rop€rty

ofthe

lantation

wnennd ad

to

workn

appalling

onditions.

Severalities

n

heU[

such

s

Liverpoolnd ristol,

ainedreat

prosperity

s

esult

fthisrade.

In

8th-century

ondon,here

wereumbersf

ree fiicans

nd

escapedlavetften

orkings

servantsr

raftsmen.omerote

booksbout

heirxperiences.

Theonditionsfthe laves

n he

colonies

ereo adhat

many

slaves

evolted

gainst

heir

owners.5ome

eople

n

Britain,

suchshe vangelkaltristian

Wliam ilberforce,ere

opposedo he lave

rade.hey

put ressure

n

Parliament

o

abolish

lavery.

ublicpinion

gradually

urnedgainst

he

lave

trade

nd

n1807t becamellEal

to radelavesnBdtishhipsr

from rithh

orts.

"ater,

n1833,

theEmancipationct bolished

slaveryhroughoutheBritbh

Empire.fter'l33,million

lndiannd

hinese

orkers

replacedhereedlaves.hey

worked

n ugar

lantations

n

he

Caribbean,ines

n

Southfrica,

railwaysn

East

ftica

nd

n he

army

n

Kenya.

InNorthmericahe

ritish

coloniesad

rospered

nd

ere

mainlyelf-governing.

mmigrants

from

ngland,

cotland

nd

lrelandad

one

oNorthmerica

lmkingor

better

ife nd lso

toescapehe ominancefthe

landlordsnd

fthe

stablished

church.

he otionf

iberty

as

verytrongn he olonies.hen

theBritish

overnmenl

ied o

taxhe olonieso

pay

or

heir

wars

nNorth

merica

gainsthe

French

nd

heNativemerican

tribes,he oloniesebelled.hey

saidhere

houlde'noaxation

withoutepresentation'

n

he

Bdtish

arliament.arliament

refusedocompromise.This

ledhe meican

olonis

o

dedarendependencerom

Briainn

1776.Ihe

edaration

f

Independence

ssertedniversal

principles

f

ree

ovemment.

Many

eople

n

Britainnd

Europe

ho anted

olitical

reformdcomedhedeas

f

he

Dmlaration.

The

merican

oloniesefeated

theBritishrmy

ithhe elp

f

the

rench.fter

brief

eriod

of

peace,

an ith rance

continued,speciallyfterhe

Frenchevolution

f

l

789.

Britaintavyt hatime ashe

str0ngest

nEurope.ritainought

againstombinedrench

nd

Spanilhlee6, inninghe

attle

ofTrafalgar

n1805.n1815

he

French

arsndedithhe efeat

ofthe mperor

apoleon

y

he

DukefWellingtont

Waterloo.

In18'15,ritainuledenitories

in

anada,

heCaribbean,

arts

of ndia,nd ew ettlements

inAustraliand outhernfiica

Ahundred

ean

ater,heBritish

[mpire

ad xpandedurther

o

coverllof ndia,ustraliand

large

frts

ofAftica.istorians

callthisxpansionf

he

mpire

after mericanndependencehe

'Second

Britishmpire

t

became

the

aryestn

he

world, ith n

estimated

opulation

fover

400million

eople.

Ashe mpireeveloped,any

people

eft

heUnitedingdomo

find ew pportunitiesverseas.



Many

ettled

n

Southfrica,

[anada,ustralia,ew

ealand

andheUnited

tates.etween

1853

nd 913,smanys

1l million

ritish

itizens

eft he

country.hereere

lso any

migranboBritainromarious

parts

f heworld. or

xample,

between

870

nd 914,

round

120,000ussian

nd

olish

JewsameoBritainoescape

persecution

t

home.

any

settlednLondon's

ast nd ndn

Manchesternd

eeds.

British

ndustry

edheworldn

the 9thentury.n heate

8th

centuryhere ad

eenboom

n

thebuildingfcanals.heseinked

the

actories

n he itieso

he

ports.

n

he arly9thentury,

Georgend oberttephenson

pioneered

he ailway

nginend

thebuildingf he ailwaysegan.

Thereere

lso

reat

dvancesn

other

reasuchs hebuildinq

f

bridges

yengineers

ike

sambard

Kingdomrunel.uch

fthe

heavyork

f reatingritain's

indu$rialnfrastructureas

one

by

mmigrant

abourfromreland.

Manyrish

eople

igrated

o

Englandoescapeaminend

poverty

nd ettleds gricultural

workers

ndabouren.y 861

there

erearge

opulatrons

of

rish

eople

ncitiesuchs

Liverpool,

ondon,anchester

and lasgow.

The

ristocracytill ominated

Parliament

uthere as

challengerom

he

rowing

commercial

nd ntrepreneuria l

middlelassn henewly ealthy

indunrial

owns

nd

ities.he

powerf his ewmiddlelass

led

o he

Reform

oof1812.

Theiqhtovote as

till ased

on

roperty

uthe umberf

people

ntitled

0

vote as

reatly

increased.

he ct lso

bolished

many

nrientonstituencies

with

ew oten

nd

ave

ore

parliamentary

eats0 he

ities.

Thisegan

permanent

hift

of

power

wayromhe anded

interests

fthe ristocracy

o

he

interests

f he ities.

After832,heworkinglasses

and ther

eople

jthout

roperty

beganodemandhe ight

o

vote. heeaders

f his

movement

were

alledhehartists.

Although

hehartistsailed,

generati0n

ater

he

ntenseivalry

betweenheonservativearty

(led

yBenjamin

israeli)and

the iberalarty

led

yWilliam

Gladstone)esultedn he

reation

of

many ore

rbaneatsn

Parliament

nd

urtherowering

ofthe

roperty

ualifications

o

vote. lthough

he1867 eform

Act

gainxpandedhenumber

ofvoters,

tillonly hird f

men

(and

owomen)ere

llowed

to

vote.

heseumbersere

enough,oweveto orcehe

leaders

fthe

oliticalarties

tocreate

rganisationso

earh

out

oordinaryoten.his as

the eglnning

f omething

like

emocratic

olitics.

ven

so,

niversaluffrage

the

ight

ofeveryoneovote)

ook

uch

longer.

t was ot

until

928

hat

allmen

nd

women

adhe

ight

tovote. he

ight fwomenovote

was

on

fter

ong

ampaigny

theWomen

Suffrageovement

(the

uffragettes)ho ad

o

resort

ocivil isobedience

o

achieve

heir

oals.



I

theate

9th

entury,he

.cnservative

artyavouredhe

:rpansionf

he ritishmpire.

)rsraeli

romoted

he mpirey

raking

Oueen

ictoria

mpressf

rdia

n18/6.Theiberals

er e

rore

uncertain

bouthe

empire

.,rd

werenfluencedystories

f

roverty

ndhemistreatmentf

:le

populations

fthe olonies.

- beralselievedhat

he

mpire

rad

ecomever-largend

,'.ould

oon

ollapseecauset

rhrs.

hey

hought

he

ontinuous

,vars

nmany

arls

f he

empire

;uch sndia'sorthwe$

rontier

lr southern

frica,ereutile.

rhe

[onservatives,

y ontrast

oelievedhat ade nd ommerce

reeded ilitaryecurityndaw

and

rder.

heylso elievedhat

the

olonies

enefited

romhe

nfluencefthe

ritish.

ihe

BoerWarof

lB99to

1902

nade

oth

iewpointsore

entrenched.

he

ritishxpanded

rnto outh fricaocontrolhe

gold

minesf heTransvaal,

hich

had

eenolonised

y ettlen

from

he

Netherlandsalledhe

Boen.

he

oen

esistedndt

tookmassive

anpoweresources

from

he

empire

odefeat

hem. o

some

mperialistshis howedhe

unity f heempireut oothers

it was warninghat heempire

would

ventuallyollapse.

he

British mpireid

inally omeo

an

end

s

esult

fevents

n

he

twentiethentury.

At he

eginningfthe

entury

there as moodf

optimism

in

Britain.ocal

overnment

as

reformedn moreemocratic

basis.etirement

ensions

or

the

oor

nd

inancialelpor

the nemployedere

rovided

by

he

overnment,

nd new

politi(alarty,

he abour

arty,

arose

0

epresenthenterestsf

theworkinglassesnParliament

andocal

orlernment.

hereas

a

general

eliefnmodernitynd

progress.

hatelief ashattered

when

errible

ar rokeut

belweeneveral

uropeanations.

Ihis

ashe

irstWorldar

(191418). illionsf eople

wereilled

r

wounded.

ne

battle

lone,

heBritishttackn

theSomme

n19,l6,esultedn

about

00,000ritish

asualties

and

robably

he ame

umber

ofGermans.

he

holef

he

British

mpire

asnvolvedn he

fighting:

or xample,ver

1millionndiansought

n

ehalf

ofthe Kll verhe orld,

Around

0,000

ere

illed.

en

fromheWestndies,frica,

Australia,ewealandnd

Canadalsooughtnbehalff

the ritish.

lrelandad eennifiedith

Greatritainy he

Act

fUnion

n

'1B01.The

l9th enturyad een

very

ifficult

eriod

n rish istory.

In hemiddlef he 9thentury,

the

otato

op adailed,nd

lrelandufferedamine.his

caused

ugeumbers

fdeaths

from iseasend tartlationnd

many

eople

ad

o

eavereland.

The

overnment

n

London

failedohelpherish

eople

adequately,ausingitterness

hat

still ontinues.

herish

ationalist

mot'ement

rew

trongeruring

this

eriod.

ome,uchshe

Fenians,avouredomplete

independence.thers,uchs

Iharlestuartarnell,dvocated

'Home

Rule'(devolution).

n19'13,

theBritish

overnment

inally

promised

omeuleor

reland

and

he

Homeuleill tartedo

go

hroughadiament,uthe

Protestantsn

he

Northflreland,

who ereescendantsfthe

settlen

ntroduced

n

he

1 th-centurylantations,

threatenedo

esistomeule

by

orcefarms.

Becauseftheutbreakfthe

FintWorld

al

he

ritish



gOvernment0stp0ned

ne

changesthad

romtsed

o

lreland.n

1916,

owever,here

was

n prising

the

aster

Rising)

gainsthe ritishy

lrishationalists

nDublin.he

leaders

fthe prisingere

executed

nder

ilitaryaw. his

only trengthenedhe

upport

for

ationalismn reland

nd

led

oa

guenilla

ar

gainsthe

Britishrmyndhe

olice.

n

1

2 a

peace

reaty as igned

and

n1922reland

as eparated

intowo

arts.

he

ix ounties

in

he

North, hich

eremainl,

Protestant,emained

art

fthe

Unitedingdom,hile

he

est

f

lreland

ecamehe

rish

ree

tate

and ecameepublicn1949.

Some

eople

n

both

arts

f

lrelanderepposed

o his

compromisend tillwishedor

independenceor

he holef

lreland.

his

as

ausedan y

years

fconflict

n

he

North

his

conflict,etweenhoseishing

forullrishndependencend

thoseishingo emainoyal

to he ritish

overnment,

s

sometimesalledhe'Troublesi

0nly

ecentlyas

eace

eturned

to

Northernreland.

In

he

920s

here ere

improvementsn

public

ousing

and

general

isen iving

standardsut

he

worldwide

'Great

Depression'

ron

929

created

ass

nemployment,

andhe 930sere ime

f

economic

epressionnd risis.

Britishrime

inisten

n

he

1930sailed

oundentandhe

seriousnessfthehreat

fthe

German

ictatornd

eader

f

theNazi

arty,

dolf itler.he

Britishriedomakeoncessions

to

Hitler,n

a

policy

nown

s

'appeasementi

Many

eople

n he

UK lamedhe

onservative

rime

Ministers

f he imeorbeing

oo

complacent

owards

itler

nd is

expansionistmbitions

nd

acist

ideology.

he ritish

overnment

realisedt had

o

go

o

war

gainst

Germanyhen itlernvaded

Polandn

1 39.n he irst

ear

of

war;Hitler's

rmiesuccesfully

invaded

elgium,

rance

ndhe

Netherlands.n his ationalrisis,

Winston

hurchill

ecamerime

Minister

ndBritain'sareader

The

Germans

repared

o nvade

theUnitedingdomut

efore

they

ouldo hishey

eeded

tocontrolhe ir

The

rrtish

resistedhe

Germanir orce ith

theirighter

lanes,

pitfiresnd

Hunicanes,

nd

on

he rucial

aerialattle

gainst

he

Germans

calledhe'Battle

fBritainlven

so,heGerman

ir

orce as

ble

to

ontinue

ight-time

ombing

ofLondonnd

fotherritish

citiesu(h s

Coventry,

hich as

nearlyotally

estroyed.

hurchill

encouragednational

piritf

resistancen

heUnited

ingdom.

ln

he

Far

ast,owever,heBritish

were

efeated

n

Singaporey

the

apanese,

ho ere

ll ies

ofGermany.

he

apanesehen

occupiedurma

ndhreaiened

lnda.

When

he apaneseombedhe

Unitedtatesavalase

t

Pearl

Harbor,

heUSAnteredhewar.

Ihe

allied

orces

radually

ained

theupperand, inningictories

inNorth frica

ndtaly,

hile

he

Germansost i l l ionsf oldiers

as esultf heir ttackn

Russia

in

1942.

inally,he lliesere

strongnoughoattackhe

6ermansnWestern

uropen

the

D-Dayandings

f

1

44.

fter

bitterighting

n he earhes

ofNormandy,

hey

ressed

n

throughrance

nd

nto

Germany.

With

heir ussian

llies

hey

broughtbouthe otal efeatf

Germanyn he ummerf1945.

The

ar gainst

apan

as

nded

when

heUnitedtatesxploded

itsnewly

evelopedtom ombs

overhe ities

f

Hiroshima

nd

Nagasakiew

weeksater.

Althought

had

layed

n

important

olenwinninqhewar,

the

K

as xhausted

economically.

iberationrself-

gOvemmenl

ovements

rew

strongerndmore

uccessful

n

India

nd therolonies.



lil 1

45

he

British

eople

lected

aLabour

overnment,

espite

Churchill'success

s

wareader.

The

ew

rime

inister

as

Cementttlee.

he

overnment

established

ree

ationalealth

Service

NHS)

hich

uaranteed

minimum

tandardfhealthcare

for ll.Unemployment

educed

rapidly.heailways,

oal

infs,

gas,

aternd lectricityupplies

were

ut

nder

ublic

wnenhip

{nationalised).

The

abour

arty

lsoelieved

inself-governmentorhe

formeroloniesnd o

ranted

independenceo ndia,akistan,

and

eylon

now

ri anka)

n

1947.

theroloniesn

Africa,

he

ftribbeanndhe

Pacific

chieved

independenceverhe ext

20

ears.

The

abour

overnmentrovided

for heUK'sefencey eveloping

itsown tomicombnd

oining

the ew orthtlanti(Treaty

0rganisation

NAT0),

n lliance

of

nations

et po esist

he

perceived

hreai

f

nvasion

y

he

Soviet

nion

ndts llies.

In1951

abour

as

efeated.

he

government

ad emanded

oo

much

usterity

ndestraints

he

UK

ecoveredfterhewarAfter

1

5 ,

onservative

overnments

madeew hangeso he ew

nationalisednstitutionsndo

thewelfare

tate

hichad

een

introduced

y

Labour.he ountry

wasun

nder'mixedconomyi

a

ree

arketithin

ramework

of

public

wnershipf

key

tilities,

transport

nd ommunications.

A ailed

nvasionfSuez

n1

56

showedhat ritainould

o

longerely nmilitary

ower

to

protect

ts

lobaleconomic

interests.veno,he1950sere

a

period

f

ncreasing

rosperity.

Ihe

Prime

inister

f he

ay

summed

his p

n

a

phrase

hat

is

still

uoted:'You've

everadl

so

oodl

The

abourartyeturnedo

power

rom 64o1 70

nd

then

gain

rom 974o1979,ut

theUK owaced anyconomic

problems

urh

s

nflation,

unstablenternaiionalunency

exchangeates

nd

he'balance

of

payments'

importing

ore

than

t

paid

orn

exports).

here

was

lsoshortage

f abour

and,iomhe

940s

nwards,

governments

ncouragedhe

arrivalinheUKof

mmigrant

workersromheormerolonies

in

he

ndian

ubcontinentndhe

(aribbean.

This as ime f onflict

between

he

overnment

nd

theradenions.

any

elieved

that

he

nions

adoomuch

power

ndhat

heyestrained

government

nd usiness.

Both

onservative

nd abour

governments

ared any

large-scaletrikesuringhe

1970shich

id

much

o

destroy

onfidencen heBritish

eronomy.twast

hisime,

too,hat

he

ensionsetween

the

*mmunities

n

Northern

lreland

lared

nto iolen€e

whirh

edo he

ontroversial

deployment

f

he

rmy

here

andhe uspension,n

1972,

ofthe riginalorthernreland

Parliament.ome

,000lives

f

civiliansnd ecurity

ersonnel

wereostn he

ecades

fter 69.



Meanwhile,

est

ermany,

France,elgium,

taly,

Luxembourgnd

heNetherlands

hadormedhe uropean

Economicommunity

EE().

he

EECadhe

oal

fharmonising

political,

conomic

ndrade

relationsetweentsmembers

andrealng

0mm0n

agricultural

olicy.

talso

lanned

to

make

he

ordenree

etween

itsmember

tates.European

Parliamentas stablished

n

Strasbourgnd

civil

ervice,

calledhe

Europan

ommission,

in

Brusels.t

rnt

heUK id ot

wisho

oin

heEEC anyritish

politicianselievedhatheinks

betweenheUK ndheU5And

the mpire

ere

ore

mportant

andhathe

ommonwealth

couldorm n conomicloc

basedn terling,uthis

oliry

wronglyssumedhathe

countriesf heommonwealth

wished

o

beiedo he

K

economically.henheBritish

governmenrid ecidehatt

wanted

o

oin,

6

appli(ations

wereetoedwiceirstn1963

and gain

n 1967.he rench

President,

harles

eGaulle,as

not onvinced

hat

he

UK

as

committedo he imsf heEE(

ashesead evelopedithout

British

nvolvement

eGaulleho

believedhatheUKt

nfluence

would

eoo

reat,

ndhat

ts

closenesso heUnitedtates,

bothulturallyndconomically,

wouldnderminehoseims.

In1972.heConservativerime

Minister

dward

eathegotiated

the

UK'sntry

ntoheEEC.he

country

astill

ivided

n he

issue

fjoining,

ndhisedhe

next abour

overnment

ohold

a

eferendum

n1975,

nwhich

themajorityotedocontinuets

membership.

incehen,

any

more

uropeanountries

ave

joined,

ncludinganyountries

in

Easternurope.n1992,he

Treaty

f

Maastrichtenamedhe

EECnd

ts

elaed

nstitutions,

he

Europeannion

EU).

(see

hapter)

The

onservatives

onhe

eneral

electionn1979

nd

emained

n

officentil

997.

nderargaret

Thatcher,

rime

inister

rom

'1979

until 990,

he

overnment

returned

o he

rinciples

fa

strictontrolfthemoneyupply

and ree arketconomy.he

Conservatives

rivatised

he

main

nationalisedndustriesnd

ublic

services:

lectricity,

as,

ater,

telephonesndhe

ailways.he

power

ftheradenionsas

greatly

educd

y

newegislation

reslricting

height

ostrike.

The

onservatives

ave

eople

wno

rveo

nmunKrpalousrng

{councilouses}heightobuy

their

omes.hisedoamuch

lower

tockf

public

ousing

by he

990s.n hatcher's

economic

olicies

ontrolled

inflation

ut omeelievedhev

alsoaused

massive

ecline

in ndustry.

thers,

owevet

sayhiswasausedy

oreign

comOetition.t

his

imehere

waslsogreatnceasen

theolefthe

ity

ofLondon

as nnternationalentre

or

tnvestmentt

nsurance

nd thel

financialervices.

The

nvasion

yArgentinafthe

Falklandslandsn1982as

unforeseen,ut

military

ction

ed

to he ecoveryftheslands.he

war nd er ay fdefending

er

sensefthe K'snterestsn he

Eurooean

nion

stablishedn

Thatche/sredentialss nati0nal

leaderithmanyoters,

lthough

for

manythershe

emained

divisive

iaure.



-

'

19l

he

onservatives

ere

:i::?n

n

he

eneral

lection

y

'-

i -abourarty,ow randed

i,,,

Labouroemphasisehe

-

:

^

qes

t had

ndergoneincets

,.,'s

of

power

n he 970s.ew

-,::ur,

ed

yTonylair,ished

'.

:'eakromhe

ld abour

:,

iies f

ublicownenhip

nd

-

l^

taxationor

public

ervices.

'

::d

ote-nationalise

ny f

:

servicesr

ndustrieshich

-:i

been

rivaised

yhe

-

nservatives.

s

oals

ere

o

-

rke xisting

ublic

ervices

uch

:: educationnd

ealthore

.'ficientndmoreccountable.

-aboulikeheonservativet

'avoured

partnerships

etween

:.e

public

nd

rivate

ectors.

-he

arguments

ereoonger

,vhether

ublic

tilitieshould

e

privately

r

publicly

wned,ut

abouthe ightmix f

public

nd

private

nterprise.

The

lair

overnment

roke

ith

[onservativeolicyyntroducing

aScottish

arliamentand

Welsh

Assembly

see

hapter). he

Scottisharliament

as

ubstantial

powen

o

Eislate.he elsh

Asemblyas

eweregislative

powers

ut onsiderableontrol

over

ublic

ervices.

nNorthern

lreland

heBlair

overnment

as

ableobuild n he

onservatives'

success

n

nEotiatingn ndo

the'Troubles'whichad

fflicted

ihe

rovince

ince

l%9

and,

in

co-operation

ithherish

government,

oseek

olitical,.

agreement

m0nghe ationalist,

unionistnd ther

arties.

ihit however,as

roved

ore

elusive,nd

nangementsor

devolution,greed

n1998,ave

beenntenuptednd re unently

susoended.

Todayt

overnmefit

aceseveral

issues.omef he

roblems

are

nternational,

uchs

lobal

warming,

enorism,ndhe

violence

n

nq. therebates

re

domesticuchs isagreements

overaxation,

ensions,

aw

and rdetealth,ducation,

immigration

ndsylum.

The nitedingdoms

perhaps

moreociallyobilendess

clas

onscioushan

t wasn

he

past.

eople

ave

ettereahh

thann

previousenerations

nd

tend

o

iveonger.lthoughhere

is

stillgreat

nequality

etween

the eryich ndoor,eoplere

generally

ealthiern ealerms.

The

K

s

also

more

luralistic

societyhan

t

was 00

ears

gq

bothn

ethnic

ndeligiouserms.

Post-warmmigrationeanshat

nearly0%

fthe

opulation

has

parent

r

grandparent

born

utsideheUK. acism

remains

problem

n

somereas,

althought sactivelyombated

both

n

opinionndn

aw nd

most

eople

elieve

hatt

has

diminished.

he K as

een

multi-nationalndmuhi-cuhural

societyor ong

img

without

this eing hreattotsBritish

identity,r

ts

English,cottish,

Welsh

r

rhh

ulturaland

ational

identities.



ChAPtCr2:

A

CHANGINGOCIETY

-

:hrs hapterheres

nformation

bout

Migration

oBritain

The

ong istoryf mmigration

to he nitedingdom

Different

easonshy

eople

migratedo he

K

Basichanges

n mmigration

patlerns

verheast 0

ears

Ihe hangingole fwomen

thangeso amilytructures

and

omen'sights

incehe

1

th

entury

Womenampaignsor ights,

includinghe ighto ote,

in

he

ate th

nd

arly0th

centuries

Discrimination

gainstomen

in he

orkplace

nd

n

education

Changingttitudeso

women

working,ndesponsibilit iesf

mennd

omen

n he ome

Children,amily nd

oung

people

=

Ihe dentity,nterests,astes

and

ifestyle

atterns

f

childrennd

oung

eople

=t

Educationnd ork

.='

Healthazards:igarettes,

alcoholnd

llegal

rugs

n

Young

eople's

olitical

nd

socralttitudes

Migrationo Britain

Many

eople

ivingnBritainoday aveheir riginsnother ountries.

They

anraceheir ootso egionshroughoutheworld uch sEurope,

theMiddleast,frica,sia

ndhe

aribbean.n

he istant

ast,

invaders

ame

oBritain,

eized

and

nd

tayed,

see

hapter

).More

recently,

eople

omeoBritaino ind afety,

obs

nd betterife.

Britains

proud

f ts raditionfofferingafetyo

people

ho

re

escaping

erse(ution

nd

ardship.or xample,n

he

6th

nd

lBth

centuries,uguenots

French

rotestants)ameoBritarnoescape

religious

enecution

nFrance.n hemid

1840s

thereas

enible

faminen reland

nd

manyrish

eople

igrated

0Britain.

anyrish

men

ecame

abourers

nd

elped

obuildanalsnd

ailways

cros

Britain.

From880o 1910, arge umber

fJewish

eople

ameoBritain

t0

escape

acit

ttacks

called'pogrom()

nwhat as

henalled

he

Rusian mpirendromhe ountriesow alled oland,krainend

Belarus.

Migrationince945

After

he econd

orld

ar

1

39-45),here as

huge

ask f

rebuilding

ritain.

here ere ot

nough

eople

0do he

work,

o he

British

overnment

ncouraged

orkenromreland

nd ther

arts

f

Europe

ocome0 heUK0

help ith he econstruction.n1948,

eople

from

heWest

ndies

erelso

nvited

ocomend

ork.

Duringhe1950s,here as tillashortagef abourn heUK.he K

encouraged

mmigrationn

he

1950soreconomiceasonsndmany

industriesdvertisedorworkersrom verseas.

or

xample,entres

were

et p

n heWestndieso ecruit

eople

odrive uses.extile nd

engineeringrrmsromhe

north

f

England

nd

heMidlandsent



aqents0

ndia

ndPakistano indworkers.or

bout 5

ean, eople

fromheWestndies,

ndia, akistan,ndater anqladesh,

ravelledo

work nd ettlenBritain.

The umber

f

people

igratingromhese

reasell n he ate 960s

and arly

0s

ecauseheGovernment

ased

ewaws

o

estrict

immrgration

0Britain,

lthouqh

mmigrantsrom

ld'[ommonwealth

(ountries

uch sAustralia,

ewealandndanada

id

nothave

o

ace

suchtrictontrols.

Duringhis ime, owevetheUK as bleohelp arge umber

f

refugees.n

1972heUK aeptedhousandsf

people

f

ndian

rigin

who ad eenorced

o

eave

ganda.

nother

rogramme

o help

people

rom ietnamasntroducedn

he ate

1970s.

Since9/9,more

than 5,000efugeesrom outh ast sia ave

eenllowedosettlen

the K.

In he1980s

he

argestmmigrant

roups

ereromhe

United

tates,

Australia,outh frica,ndNew ealand.n

heearly 90s,

roups

f

people

rom

he

ormer

oviet nionameoBritainookingoranew

and

afer

ay

f

ife.

ince994hereas een

global

isenmass

migrationor

oth

oliticaland

conomiceasons.



The hangingole fwomen

r

lgth-centuryritain,amilieseresuallyargendnmany

oorer

romes

en, omennd hildren

ll

ontributedowardsheamily

rcome.

lthoughheymadenmportantconomicontribution,

,,,'omen

n

Britain

adewerights

han

men.

ntil

857,manied

,vomanad o ighto

divorce

er usband.

ntil

882,henwoman

qot

manied,er arnings,

roperty

nd

m0neyutomaticallyelongedo

her usband.

In

heate 9th nd arly0th

enturies,

nncreasingumberfwomen

campaignednd emonstratedor

reater

ights

nd,n

particular,

the ig t 0vote.hey ecamenowns'Suffragettesihese

rotests

decreased

uringhe irstWorldar ecauseomen

oined

n hewar

effortndhereforeid much

reater

ariety

f

work

hanhey

ad

before.henhe

First orld

arnded

n191

,

women

verhe ge

of30wereinally

iven

he ightovote ndostandor lectiono

Parliament.t was ot ntil 928

hat

w0menonhe iqhto

vote

t21,

at rle ameges

men.

Despitehesemprovements,omentillfacediscrimination

n

he

workplace.or

xample,

twas

uite

ommonor mployersoask

women

o

eaveheir

obs

henhey

ot

manied.any

obs

ere

losed

t0

women

nd

twas ifficultorwomen0enterniveruities.uringhe

1960s

nd

970shere asncreasing

ressure

rom omenor qual

rights.arliament

assed

ewaws

iving

omenhe ightoequal

ay

and

rohibiting

mployers

rom

iscriminatinggainst

omen

ecausef

theirex

see

lsohapter).

Womenn

Britainoday

Womenn

Britainoday

ake

p5170f he

population

nd 570

ofthe

workforce.hese

ays

irls

eave

chool,naverage,ith

better

ualifications

han

oys

ndhere re owmore omen

than en tunive6ity.

Employment

pportunities

0rwomen

re

0wmuch

reater

han

theywere

n

he

past.

lthoughomenontinueo

beemployed

n

traditionalemalereasuch shealthcare,eaching,

ecretarial

nd

retail ork,

here

s

strongvidencehat ttitudesre hanging,nd

wOmenre ow ctivenamuch iderangefwork

han efore.

Researchhowshat eryew

people

oday elieve

hat

womenn

Britainhould

tay t

home

nd

ot

g0

out owork.oday,

lmost

three-quartersfwomen ith choo-age hildren

re

n

paid

WOTK.

Inmostouseholds,omen

ontinue

ohavehemain

responsibilityor

hildcarend

ousework.heres

evidence

thathere

snow

reater

quality

nhomes

ndhatmore en

areakingomeesponsibilityor aisingheamily

nd oing

housework.

espitehis

r0gress,

any

eople

elievehatmore

needsobedoneoachieve

reater

qualityorwomen.herere

stillexamples

fdiscriminationgainst

omen,

articularly

n he

workplace,

espitehe

aws

hat xist

o

prevent

t.Women

till

do

not lwaysavehe ame

ccess

0

promotion

nd

etter-paid

obs.

The

verageourly

ay

ate

orwomens

2070

es

hanormen,

and fter

eaving

niverity

ost omentillearness

han

men.



Children,

amily

nd

oungeople

In he

UK,here

re lmost5

million

hildren

nd

oungeople

p o he

age f1 . his

s

lmostne-quarter

fthe K

opulation.

Over

he ast 0

ears,

amily

atterns

nBritain

ave

eenransformed

because

fchanging

ttitudesowards

ivorce

nd eparation.

oday,

65%

f hildrenive

ith

othirth

arents,

lmost5%ive

n one-

parentamilies,nd 070ivewithinstepfamily.osthildrennBritain

receive

eekly

ocket

oney

rom

heir

arents

nd

many

et

xtra

moneyor

oing

obs

round

he ouse.

[hildrenn

he

UK onot

play

utsidehe

home

smuch

s hey

id

n

the

past.

art

fthe

easonor

hiss ncreased

ome

ntertainment

uch

as

elevision,

ideos

nd omputers.

heres

lsoncreased

oncernor

children

safety

ndhere

re

any

tories

nnewspapers

bouthild

molestation

y trangers,

ut heresno

evidence

hat

his ind

fdanger

is ncreasing.

Young

eople

ave

ifferent

dentities,

nterests

ndashions

o

older

people.

any

oungeople

ove

wayrom

heir

amily ome

hen

they

ecome

dultsut

his ariesrom

ne

ommunity

0another.

Education

The

aw

tateshat

hildren

etweenhe

agesf

5and must

ttend

school.

heests

hat

pupils

ake

re

ery

mportant,

ndnEngland

nd

Scotland

hildren

ake ational

estsnEnglish,

athematics

nd cience

when

heyre

11

and 4

ean

ld.

ln

Wales,

eachers

ssess

hildren's

progress

hen

hey

re

and 1and

heyake

national

est

t he ge

of14). he

ests

ive

mportant

nformation

bouthildren's

rogress

nd

achievement,

he

ubjects

hey re

olng ell

nand

he reashere

hey

need

xtraelp.



Most

oung

eople

akeheGeneralertificatefSecondary

ducation

(G(5E),

r,

n

5cotland,Scottish

ualifications

uthority

SQA)

tandard

Gradexaminations

henhey

re

6. t17 nd 8,manyake

vocational

ualifications,

eneral

ertificates

fEducationtanAdvanced

level

AGGs),

5evelnirorHigher/Advanced

igher

rada

n

Scotland.choolsnd olleges

ill

expect

ood

CSErSQAtandard

Grade

esulseforellowingstudentoenroln n

AGCE

rScottish

Higher/Advanced

igherourse.

A5evelsre

dvancedubsidiary

ualificationsained

y ompleting

three5 nits.lhree

S

nitsre onsidered

s ne-halfofanGCE.

In he econd

art

fthe ourse,hree

ore5

nits

an e tudiedo

completehe

QCE

ualification.

Many

eople

efertoGffs

ythe ld

amefA evels.GCEsrehe

traditional

oute

or

entryo

higher

ducation

ourses,utmanyigher

education

tudentsnter ith ifferentindsf

qualifications.

Onen hree

oung

eople

ow

o

n

ohigherduotiontcollEer

univerity.

0me

oungeople

eferheir nivenity

ntranceor

year

andake'gap

eal

his

ear

ut feducation

ftenncludes

oluntary

workndravelverseas.ome

oung

mple

orkoeam nd ave

money0

pay

orheir niversityeesnd

iving

xpenses.

Peoplever

6

ears

fage

ay

lso

hooseostudytCollegesf

Furtherducation

rAdult ducationentres.

heresawideangef

academic

nd ocationaloursesvailable

swell s oursshich

developeisurenterestsnd kills.ontactourocalollegeor etails.

Wo*

It s

common

or

oung

eople

o

have

part-time

ob

while

hey re

still

tschool.

t s hought

herere

millionhildrentwork

tany

oneime.lhe ostommon

obs

re ewspapereliverynd ork

n

supermarketsnd ewsagents.any

arents

elievehat

art+ime

ork

helps

hildren

o

become

orendependentswdlas

roviding

hem

(and

ometimesheirfamilies)ith xtranc0me.

Therereawsbouthe ge henhildrenan

ake

p

aid

ork

(usually

ot efore4),

he

ype fworkhey an o ndhe umberf

hounheyan

ork

see

wwworksmart.org.uk

ormore

nformation).

It s erymportant0notehatherere oncerns

or

heHfety f

children

ho orkllegally

r

who

re

ot

roperly

upervised

ndhe

employmentfchildrensstrictlyontrolledy

aw

see

lso

ages

4

and 5).

Healthazards

Many

arents

ony

hatheir hildren

ay isuserugs

nd ddictive

substances.

Smoking:

@

Althoughigarettemoking

s

slowly

allingn he dult

opulation,

ore

youngeople

re moking,

ndmorechoolge

irls

mokehan oys.

From0ctober007

t s llegal

osell

obacco

roducts

o

anyone

nder

18

ears

ld. moking

s

generally

ot llowed

n

public

uildingsnd

worklaceshroughouthe K.



Alcohol:

Younq

eople

nder

he ge f'18re

ot

llowedobuy lcoholn

Britain,utheresconcern

bouthe ge ome

oung

eople

tart

drinking

lcoholndhe mountfalcoholhey rink

t

one

ime,nown

as'bingerinkingi

t

s

llegal

obe runkn

public

nd

here

re

ow

more

enalties

ohelp

ontrolhis

roblem,

ncluding

nthe-spotines.

lllegal

rugs:

Asnmostountries,t s llegal

o

posess

rugsuchs

eroin,

ocaine,

ecstasy,mphetaminesnd annabis.

urrent

tatistics

howhat

alf

ofall

oung

dults,nd bout hird fthe

opulation

s

whole,ave

usedllegalrugst

neimer nother.

Ihere

sastrong

ink

etweenhe se fhardrugs

e.9.

rack

ocaine

and eroin)nd rime,nd lso ard

rugs

ndmentalllness.Ihe

isuse

ofdrugs

ashuge

ocialndinancial

ost

or

he ountry.

his

sa

serioussue nd ritish

ociety

eeds

o

ind

n ffectiveay fdealing

withhe

roblem.



Young

eopleS

olitical

nd

ocial

ftitudes

Young

eople

nBritain

an

oten

elections

romhe

ge f

1

.

n he

2001

eneral

lection,owever,

nly

n

5

irsttimeoters

sed

heir

vote.

here

as

een

great

ebateverhe easonsor his. ome

researchers

hinkhat neeasons hat

oungeople

re otnterested

in

he

oliticalroces.

Althoughost

oungeople

howittlenterest

n

partyolitics,

heres

strongvidencehatmanyrenterestednspecific

olitical

ssuesuchs

the

nvironment

ndrueltyoanimals.

In

2003surveyfyoung

eople

nEnglandnd

Wales

howedhathey

believeheivemostmportantssuesnBritainererime,rugtwar/

renorism,

acism

nd

ealth.he

ameurveysked

oungeople

bout

rheir

articipation

n

political

nd ommunityvents.

heyound

hat 6

%ofyoung

eople

adaken

art

nsomeorm fcommunityventver

rhe

astear,

nd 0% adaken

art

n und-raisingr ollectingoney

for

harity.

imilaresultsaveeenoundn

surveys

nScotlandnd

f'lorthern

reland.anyhildrenirst

et

nvolvedn hese

ctivities

hile

atschool

here

heytudy

itizenship

s

art

fthe

ational

uniculum.

Chedhat

u

undershndhe eyerms

nd ocabulary

or his hapter

Migration

oBritain:

I

migrate,mmigrate,

immigration,mmigrant

I

persecution,

amine,onflct

tlabour,

abourer

t

recruit

I

restrict

r

political

sylum

I

the ar ffoft

ftangingole fwomen:

t

income,arnings

r

rights,equalighr

I

campaign,

emonstrate

I

discriminate,

iscrimination

o

prohibit

t

workforce

.

household

a

promotion

Children,

amily

nd

oung

people:

I

eligible

I

concern

o molestation

I

anitudes

I

hazards

a

birth

arent,

tepfamily

i

compulsory

*

informal

*

methodsofassessment

I

defer

t

gapyear

t

independent

a

income

I

misuse

]

addictive

ubstances

i

abuse

I

bingedrinking

f

on-the-spotfines

r

controlledrugs

I

criminaloffence

I

possess

I

heroin,

ocaine,

rackocaine,

ecstasy,

mphetamines,

cannabis

r

burglary,ugginq

r

debate

t

politicians,oliticalrocess,

paqpolitics,olitical

sues

I

specific

I

concern

t

environment

I

tenorism,acism

a participation

|

fund-raising



ftAPtCr3:

UKTODAY:PROFILE

In his hapterheres nformation

ADOUT:

=

Ihe

opulation

fthe K

€

lhe ensus

+

Ethnicdive6ity

€

The

egionsfBritain

*

Religionnd eligiousreedom

€

Customsndraditions

Population

In

2005he

population

f heUnited ingdomas

ust

under0million

oeoole.

UK

opulation

005

England

(8470

fthe

opulation) 50. l

mil l ion

Scotland

(8%

fthe

opulation)

5.1million

Wales

(5%ofthepopulation)

2.9million

N.reland

(3%

fthe

opulation) 1.7million

IoUIUK

59.8

million

source:ationaltatistics

The

opulation

as

rown

y

./% ince971,nd

rowth

as een

fa$er

nmore

ecent

ears.

lthoughhe

generalopulation

n

heUK

as

increasedn he

ast

0

ears,

nsomereasuch s he

North-East

nd

North-WestfEnglandhereas eendecline.

Bothhebirth

ate

ndhedeathate re

alling

nd s

esult

heUK

now as

nageing

opulation.

ornstance,

here re

more

eople

ver

60 han hildren

nder .Theresalso ecordumberf

people

ged

85 nd ver.

Theensus

Acensus

s

acountfthe

whole

opulation.

t also ollectstatisticsn

topicsuch s

ge,

lace

fbirth, ccupation,thnicity,

ousing,ealth,

and aritalstatus.



UK

opulation

001

A

census

as

eenakenveryen

ears

ince 01, xcepturinghe

second

orld ar he ext

ensus

ill

akelacen20'l .

White

Duringcensus,ormsdeliveredoeveryouseholdn

he

ountry.

(including

eople

f European,

Thisorm sk

or

etailednformationboutach emberf he Australian,

mericanescent)

householdndmust

e ompletedy

aw.Ihenformation

emains

confidentialnd nonymous;tcan nly e eleasedo he

ublic

fter Mixed

100

ears,

henmany

eople

esearchingheiramily istoryind t very

useful.

eneralensusnformations

used

o dentifl

opulation

rends AsianrAsian ritish

ando

help

lanning.

ore

nformationbouthe ensus,he ensusor m

and tatisticsrom

revious

ensusesan e

ound

t

www.statistics.gov.

k/census

Ethniciversity

The

K

opulation

sethnicallyiversendschangingapidly,specially

Bangladeshi

in argeitiesuchs ondon,

0

t snot lways

asy0

get

n xait 0ther sian

picture

fthe thnicrigin fall he

population

rom

ensusatistics.

Eachftheour ountries

fthe K

England,

ales,cotlandnd Black

rBlackritish

Northern

reland)

as ifferentustoms,ttitudesnd istories

Blackaribbean

People

f

ndian,akistani,

hinese,lackaribbean,lack frican,

Bangladeshind ixedthnicescentakep .370

fthe K Blackfrican

population.Today

bout alfhemembenf heseommunitiesere

bornn heUnitedingdom.

Million

UK

opulation

o

92

4.2

1.2.7

'l.B

1.1

nd

a

1.3.7

akistani

0.5.3

0.4

.2

1.0

.6

0.8

'.0.5

Blackther

0.2

.' l

Ihere

re lsoonsiderableumbersf

oeoole

esident

n heUK ho re Chinese

of rish,ulian, reeknd urkishypriot,olish,ustralian,anadian,

New ealandnd merican

escent.

arqeumbers

ave

lsorrived 0ther

since004romhe ew ast

uropean

ember

tatesfthe uropean

Union.hese

roups

re ot dentified

eparatelyn he ensustatisticsn

Source:arionalrarhticsrom

he

001

ensus

theollowinqable.

0.4

.2

0.4

.2



lVhere

o

he argest

thnic inodg

roups

ive?

-re

figuresromhe

001ensushowhatmost embers

fthe

arge

i:tnicminority

roups

n

heU|(ivenEngland,here

hey

make

p

?r

oftheotal

opulation.45%

fall thnic inofity

eople

iven

:'e

Londonrea,hereheyorm

earlyne-thirdfthe

opulation

- 1fr). therreasfEnglanditharge

thnic

inority

opulations

:'e he

West idlands,

heSoutha$

he

North est,

nd orkshirend

--mberside.

i:portion

fethnicinority

roups

n he ountriesfthe

K

l'oland 9% Wales

i iotland

2oh

Northem

reland esthan%

The

ationsnd egionsf heUK

The

Ksamedium+izedountry.Theongest

istancen hemainland,

fiom

ohn'Groatsn he orth

oast

f5cotland

0Land'snd

n

he

south-west

ornerfEngland,sabout70miles

approximately

,400

kilometres).ost

f he

opulation

iven ownsnd ities,

There

remanyariationsn

culturend

anguagen

he ifferent

arts

of he

United

ingdom.Thiss

een

n

differencesnarchitecture,nsome

local

ustomt

n

ypesffood,nd speciallyn anguage.he nglish

language

asmany

ccentsnd ialects.

hese

re clear

ndication

of egional

ifferencs

n

heUK. ell*nownialectsnEngland

re

Geordie

Iyneside),ScouseLiverpool)

nd ockney

London).

any

other

anguagesn

additionoEnglishre pokenn he

UK,specially

n

rnuhicuhural

ities.

InWales,

cotlandnd orthernreland,

eople

peakifferentarieties

and ialectsfEnglish.nWales,oqanncreasingumber

f

people

speakWelsh,hichs

aught

n

schoolsnd nirlersities.

n

Scotland

Gaelicsspokennsome

arts

f

heHighlands

nd

slands

nd

n

Northemrelandew

eople

peak

rish

aelic.omefthe ialem

ofEnglishpokennScotlandhowhenfluencefthe

ldScottish

languaggcots.One

fthe ialectspoken

nNorthernreland

s alled

Ulster

cots.



Religion

AlthoughheUKshistoricallyChristianociety,

veryoneasheegal

righto

practise

he

eligion

ftheir

hoice.n he

001

ensus,

ust

ver

75%

aid

hey ad eligion:out f10 ftheseere hristians.

here

were

lsoconsiderable

umberf

people

hoollowedther

eligions

Althoughany

eople

n heUK aidhey

eldeligious

elieft,

unently

only round0% f he

opulation

nend

eligious

ervices.

ore

eople

attendervices

nScotlandnd orthernrelandhan

n

Englandnd

Wales.

nLondon

he

umberf

people

ho ttendeligiouservicess

increasino.

Religionsn

heUK

ftristian

10%

f

whom

re

omanatholic)

Muslim

Jewish

Buddhist

ToulAll

Noeligion

Not tated

71.6

2.7

1.0

0.6

ikh

0.3

0ther

0.3

t7

15.5

Source:ationaltatistics

tomhe 001ensus

7.3



The

hristian

hurches

inglandhere

s

0nstituti0nal

ink

etweenhurchnd

tate.he

rcral

churchfthe tates he hurch fEngland.Ihehurch fEngland

.a ed

heAnglicanhurchnother ountriesndheEprscopalhurch

-.rotlandndn heUSA.hehurch fEngland

s

a

Protestant

hurch

,

:

has

xistedincehe

eformationn

he

530s

see

hapteror

':

anatron)

he

ingr

ueen

the

onarch)

s

he

ead,

rSupreme

,

ernoI

fthehurchfEngland.he onarchs

ot

llowedo

''ry

anyone

hosnotProtestant.he piritualeaderf he hurch f

I a

nd s

he

Archbishop

fCa

terbury.hemonarchas

he

ight

o

,

i.t he rchbishopnd thereniorhurchfficials,ut suallyhe

r ce

smadey hePrime inisternd ommitteepporntedy he

-

rrchSeveral

hurch

f

England

ishops

it n heHousefLords

see

,

ter

4).Thehurch fScotlandsPresbyterian,ati0nalnd

reerom

',:t

control.

thas o ishops

nd

s

overned

or piritual

urposes

,

: series

f ourts,0tsmosteniorepresentatives heModerator

'

:rrperson)f

ts

nnualeneral

ssembly.heres o stablished

,,rhnWales

r

nNorthernreland.

'

:r

Protestant

hnstian

r0ups

n

he K re aptists,

resbyterians,

.:rodists

and

uaken.

070

fChristiansre

oman

atholic

:

,

nNorthernreland).

)atron

aints

:

and, cotland,

ales

nd

Northernreland

ach

avenationalaint

-.1

a

patron

aint achaint

as

eastay

n

he

a$

hese

ere

i:rfateds

oly

ays

hen any

eople

ad

day ffwork.

oday

' .:: are ot ublicolidaysxceptfor/ MarchnNorthernreland.

Patron

aints'days

St.David's

ay,

Wales

lMarch

5t.

Patrick

day,

orthernreland l7 March

5t.

Georgesay, ngland

23April

5t.Andrew'say, cotland i0

November

There

re

our'Bankolidaylandour ther

ublic

olidays

year

most

people

al ll lhese

ol idaysankol idays).



(ustoms

ndraditions

Festivals

Throughout

he

ear

here

re

estirlals

fart,music

nd ulture,

uch

as heNotting ill

arnivalnwest

ondon

ndheEdinburghestival.

Customsndraditions

romariouseliqions,

uchs id l-Fitr

(Muslim),

iwali

Hindu)

ndHanukkah

Jewish)are

idely

ecognised

n

theUK.hildren

earn

bouthesetschool.he

main

hristianestivals

arehristmas

nd aster.There

re

lsoelebrations

fnon-religious

traditions

uchsNewYear

The ain

hristian

estivals

Ihristmas

ay

25December,

elebrates

hebirth flesus

hrist.r sa

public

oliday.

ManyhristiansoochurchnChristmasve24December)ron

Christmasaytself.

hristmass

also sually

elebrated

y

people

ho

are otChristian.

eople

suallypend

heday thome

nd at special

meal, hich

ften

ncludes

urkey.hey

ive

ach

ther

ifts,

end ach

otherards

nd ecorateheirouses.

any

eople

ecorateree.

[hristmass

aspecialimeorchildren

ery

oung

hildren

elievehat

an

ld

man,

ather

hristmas

or

anta

aus),

ringshem

resents

during

henight. es

alwayshownn

pictures

ith

a

ong hite

eard,

dressedn ed.

oxingay,6

December,s

he ay

fter hristmas.t rs

publ ic

ol lday

Otherestivals

ndraditions

NewYear

1

anuary,s

a

public

oliday.

eople

sually

elebraten he ight

f

31December.

n

Scotland,l Decembers

alledogmanay

nd

2

Januarysalso

public

oliday.

nScotland

ogmanays

abrgger

holidayor

ome

eople

han hristmas.

Valentine's

ay

14February,

swhenovers

xchange

ardsnd

ifts

Sometimes

eople

sendnonymous

ardso

omeonehey

ecretlydmire.

April

ool'say

1April,

sa

day

when

eople

lay

lokes

n

eachther

nril

midday.

ften

TV

nd

ewspapen

arrytoriesntended

odeceive

redulousiewers

andeaders.

Mother'say

The

unday

hree eekseforeasters

adaywhen

hildrenend

ards

orbuy

ifts

or heirmothers.

asters

also n mportant

hristranestival.



- , l lowe

en

'

0ctober,s

very

ncient

estival.

ounq

eople

il l ftenressp

'frrqhtening

costumeso

play'trick

rtreatiivinghemweetsr

rocolates

ight

tophem

laying

ri(k

n

ou

ometimes

eople

:rry

anternsade

ut f

umpkins

ith

candle

nside.

.ryFawkesight

'lovember,

is

anoccasionhen

eopie

n

Greatritainet fffrreworks

it h0mer nspecialisplayshe

riqin f his elebrationas nevent

^

1605,

hen

group

f atholics

ed yGuy awkesailedn heir

lan

,

ki

he r0testanting ith

bomb

n

he ousesfParliament.

lemembrance

Day

I

November,0mmemorates

hose

ho

ied

ighting

nWorld

ar

,

\ror War

and ther

an.Many

eople

ear

oppies

a

edlower)n

nemoryf hoseho ied.t l

a

m.heres

wo-minutei lence.

Sport

5port fallkinds

lays

mportant

art

n

nany

eoples

ives. ootball,

tennis,uqby

nd ricketre ery

opular

ports

n

heUK. here

re

o

Unitedingdom

eamsor ootballnd ugby.ngland,

cotland,aies

andNorthernrelandave

heirOwneamsmportant

portingvents

include,

heGrand ationalorseace,

he

Football

ssociation

FA)

up

final

and

quivalentsnNorthernreland,

cotlandndWales),

he pen

golf

hampionshrp

ndheWimbledonennisournament



ChAPICI4:

HOW

HE

UNITEDINGDOM5

GOVERNED

In his hapterheres nformation

about:

Government

Ihe ystemf

government

Ihemonarchy

Ihe lectoralystem

Political

arties

Beingcitizen

Voting

(ontactingour P

The KnEuropendhe

world

The

uropeannion

Theommonwealth

The nitedations

The ritish onstitution

As constitutional

emocracy,

heUnitedingdoms

overned

ya

wide

angef nstitutions,anyf

which

rovide

hecksneach ther's

powen.

ost fthesenstitutionsre f

ong

tanding:hey

ncludehe

monarchy,arliament,

c0nsisting

f

heHouse

f

ommonsndhe

HousefLords),heoffce fPrime inister;heCabinet,he

udlciary,

the

olice,

he ivrlervice,ndhenstitutionsf ocal

overnment.

Moreecently,evolved

dministrations

aveeenet p orScotland,

Wales

nd

Northernreland.oqethe;heseormalnstitutions,aws nd

conventionsormheBritish0nstitution.ome

eople

ould

rguehat

the oles

fother

essormalnstitutions,uch s hemediand

ressure

groups,

houldlsoe eens

art

fthe

onstitution.

The ritishOnstitutionsnotwritten ownnany ingleocument,

as rehe onstitutionsf

many ther ountries.hissmainlyecause

the

United

ingdomas everad astingevolution,

ikeAmerica

r

France,

o ur

mostmportantnstitutionsaveeennexistenceor

hundredsfyean.ome

eople

elieve

hatherehoulde srngle

document,utotherselievehat nunwrittenonstitutionllows ore

scope

or

nstitutionsoadapt

omeet hangingircumstancesnd

ublrc

expecIaIr0ns.

The

monarchy

Queen

lizabeth

l s

he

Head

f

Statef heUnited ingdom.he

s

also

themonarchrHeadfStateor

many

ountries

n he ommonwealth.

The

K,

ike

Denmark,

heNetherlands,orway,painnd weden,

as

constitutional

onarchy.hismeanshat he

ing

r

queen

oes

ot ule

the ountry,ut ppointshegovernmenthichhepeopleavehosen

in

democraticlections.

lthoughhe

queen

r

king

an dvise,

arn nd

enc0uragehe

Prime inisteIhedecisi0nsn

gOvernment

olicies

re

made

y

he rimeinisternd abinet.



lhe

Queen

aseigned

inceer

ather's

eahn 1 52. rinceharles,

he

PrincefWales,er ldest

on,

s

he

eir

o hehrone.

The

ueen

asmportant

eremonialolesuch

s

he

peningfthe

new

arliamentary

ession

ach

ear.0n

his ccasionhe

Queen

akes

speechhat ummarises

he

overnment's

olicies

or he

ear

head.

Government

Ihesystemfgovernment

n heUnited ingdoms

a

parliamentary

democracy.Ihe

K

s

dividednto 46

arliamentary

onstituencies

nd

at

east

very

ive

ears

otersneachonstituency

lectheirMember

ofParliament

MP)

n

a

general

lection.llof heelected Psorm

he

Housef ommons.ost

MPs elongoa

politicalarty

ndhe

party

withhearqestumber

fMPsormshe

overnment.

Ihe aw

hat equiresew lectionsoParliament

obeheld t east very

fveyearsssoundamentalhatnogovernmentas ought0changet.

ABill ochanget s

heonly neowhichheHouse

f

Lords

ust

ive

its

onsent.

Some

eople

rguehathe

power

fParliaments essened

ecausef

the

obligationn heUnited ingdomo

accepthe ules ftheEuropean

Unionndhe

udgments

ftheEuropean

ourt,ut t wasParliament

itself hich

reatedhesebligations.

The ousefCommons

The ouse

f ommonss hemoremportant

f he wochambersn

Parliament,

ndtsmembers

re emocraticallylected.owadayshe

Prime inister

nd lmostll hemembenf he

Gbinet re

members

ofthe ousef[ommons.hememben

fthe ousef(ommonsre

called'MembenfParliament'orPsor

hort. ach PeDresents

parliamentary

onstituency,rareafthe ountry:

herere 46 fthese

MPsavenumber

fdifferentesponsibilities.heyepresent

veryone

in heir onstituency,

hey

elp

ocreateewaws,hey crutinise

nd

c0mmentnwhat

he

0vernment

s

doing,ndhey ebatemportant

nationalssues.

Elections

Thereust

e

general

lectionoelect Ps

t

east

very

ive

ears,

thoughheymay e eldoonerf hePrimeinister

o ecides.fan

MP ies r esigns,

here

ill

be notherlection,alled

by-election,

n

his

r

her

onstituency.Psre lectedhrough

systemalled'first

ast

the

osti

n

eachonstituency,he andidateho

er

hemostotes

is

elected.Ihe

overnment

s henormed

y he

arty

hich inshe

majorityf onstituencies.

The hips

TheWhips

re small

roup

fMPsppointed

yheir

arty

eaden.hey

areesponsibleor isciplinen heir

arty

ndmakingure Ps

ttend

theHousef(ommons

0

vote.The

hlefWhipftenttendsabinet

r

5hadow

abinet

eetings

nd rrangeshe chedulefproceedingsn

the

ouse

fCommonsithhe oeaker.

European

arliamentary

lections

Electionsor heEuropeanarliament

re lso eld veryive

ears.

here

are 8 eatsor epresentativesrom

heUKn heEuropeanarliament

and lectedembersrealledembers

f he urooean



:'

ament

MEPs).

lectionst0theur0peanarliamentse systemf

p0rti0naJ

epresentati0n,herebyeatsre ilocatedoeach

arty

n

portion

o heotal

otestwon.

The

ousefLords

'rbers

ofthe

ousefLords,nowns

eers,

re ot lectednd o

represent

constituency.

heoie

nd

embership

fthe

-|ousef

rshaveecentlyndergoneig hanqes.ntil

958

ll

eers

er e

'

er'hereditaryi

eaninghatheirtitleserenherited,enior

udges,

:r

shopsf he

hurch fEngland.ince958hePrime inisteras

,

:

the

power

oappoint

een

ust

or heir wnifetime.hese

eers,

,' i

as ife

een,ave

sually

addistinguishedareern

politics,

,

ness,aw r omether

rofession.

hrs eanshat ebates

n

-

llouse

f

Lordsftenrawnmorepecialistnowledgehan

s

, abe o

members

f he

House

f

ommons.rfe eersre ppointed

,

ne

ueen

n he dvicef he

rimeinister;utheynclude

r enominatedy he

eaden

f he ther

ain

arties

nd y n

::pendent

ppointmentsommission

or

on-party

eers,

-e

ast

ew

ears

he ereditary

eers

aveosttheutomatic

ight

,.:endhe

HousefLords,thoughhey re l

owed

oelect

ew

f

'

rLnDer

o epresentnem.

-

e he ousefLords

s

sual lythe

essmportantfthetwo

,

,rbers

fParliament,

t sm0rendependentf he

government.

t

can

lJest

mendments

r

propose

ewaws, hich rehen iscussedy

, lousef[ommons.TheousefLordsan ecomeerymportant

--

emalorityf

tsmembersillnot greeo

pass

aw orwhichhe

.se

f ommons

asoted.he ousef ommons

as

owers

o

,'rule

the ousef

Lords,

ut

hesere eryarelysed.

The rim e inister

The rimet/inister

PM)

s heeaderf he

politicalarty

n

power.

e

orshe ppointshemembersfthe abinet nd as ontrolvermany

important

ublic

ppointments.

he

fficial

ome

f he

Prime inisters

10Downingtreet,n

central

ondon,earthe ouses

fParliament,

e

orshe

lso

as countryouseot ar rom ondonal d

Chequers.

he

Prime

inisteran e hanged

f

he

MPsn

he

qoverningarty

ecide

todoso, r f he rshe isheso esign.

ore

sually,hePrime inister

resignshenis rher

arty

s efeatedna

general

lection.

The

abinet

The rime inister

ppoints

bout 0senror Psobecomeinisters

in

chargefdepartments

hesencludeheChancellor

f

heExchequer,

responsibleor he

e(onomy,

heHome ecretary,esponsibleor aw,

orderndmmrgration,he oreignecretary,nd

inisters

called

'SecretariesofState')or ducation,ealthnd efence.he ord

Ihancellor;hos heminister

esponsibleoregal

ffairs,

s

lso

memberofhe abinetutsat he

ousef ordsatherthanhe

|-|ousefCommons.ollowing

egislation

assed

n2005,t s ow



possible

or

heLord

hancellor

0sit

n

heCommons.hese

inisters

formhe abinet,

small ommittee

hich

sually

eets eekly

nd

makesmportantecisionsbout

overnmentolicy

hich ftenhen

haveobe ebatedrapprovedy

Parliament.

The

pposition

The

econd

argest

arty

n

he

ouse

fCommonss alledhe

0pposition.he eader

fthe

ppositi0ns he

erson

ho opes

o

become

rime inisterf his

r

her

arty

ins

henext

eneral

lection.

The eader

fthe pposition

eadsis

r

her

arty

n

pointing

ut he

government's

ailures

nd

weaknesses;

ne mportantpp0rtunityo

do his satPrime inisters

uestions

hich

akes

lace

very

eek

while arliaments

sitting.

he eader

f he0pposltionlso ppoints

seniorpposrtionPs

o

ead

he

riti(ism

f

government

inisters,

nd

togetherheyorm

he hadowabinet.

The peaker

Debatesn

he

House

f(ommonsre hairedy heSpeaker,he hief

ofhcerf heHousef ommons.he peakers

politiclly

eutral. e

r

shesanMB

leaedy

ellowMPso keep

rderuring

oliti(al

ebates

andomakeure

he

ules

re

ollowed.Ihisncludesaking

urehe

0ppositionas

guaranteed

mountftime

o

debate

ssuest

chooses.

The peakerlsoepresents

arliament

t eremonialccasions.

The

arty

ystem

UnderheBritishystemf

parliamentary

emocracy,nyonean tand

for

elections n

MP

ut hey re nlikelyo

win

anelectionnlesshey

have

een

ominated

0

epresent

ne fthe

ajor

oliticalarties.

These

reheLabour

arty,

he

onservative

arty,

heLiberalemocrats,

orone fthe

arties

epresentingcottish,elsh,rNorthernrish

interests.here

re

ust

ew

MPs ho

o

not epresent

ny f he

main

politicalartiesnd re alled'independentslTheainoliticalarties

activelyeek embersmongrdinary

oters

o

oin

heirebates,

contribute0 heir osts,nd

elp

telections

orParliament

r

or ocal

gO\/ernment;

hey averanches

nmOst

onstituenciesndhey

old

policy-making

onferencesvery

ear.



:-rsure

and

obby

roups

-'. andobby

roups

re rganisationshattryo

nfluence

.'-

-

ent

olicy.

hey

lay

verymportantolen

politics.

herere

:

,

'rssuf€

roups

n he

UK.

heymayepresentconomicnterests

-,,

rheonfederationfBritish

ndustry,he onsumers'Asociation,

'-.

:'adenions)r iewsn

articular

ubjects

e.9.

reenpeace

r

- ,

The

eneral

ublic

smoreikelyo upport

ressureroups

han

-

' :r l i t ical

ar ty.

-'e

rivil ervice

,

,:'vantsre

anagen

nd dministraton

ho arryut

overnment

.

, Theyave

obe

olitically

eutral

nd

rofessional,

egardlessf

'

:-

political

arty

s n

power.

lthoughivil ervantsaveo

ollow

-

:

-.

cies

f

he

lected

overnment,

hey anwarnministers

f

hey

' -

-.

a

policy

s mpracticalrnot n he

public

nterest.efore

general

-

:.: 0n akes

lace,

op ivil ervantstudy

he0pp0siti0n

arty's

olicies

,t,y

ncasehey eedobe eady0serve

new

overnment

ith

:

-:'ent

aimsnd

olicies.

Devolveddministration

-

rrdero

give

eople

nWales

nd

cotlandoreontrolf

matters

'-

:: directly

ffecthem,

n199/

he

overnment

egan

programme

'jevolving

powerfrom

entral

overnment.

ince999there

as

:.en Welsh

sembly,Scottisharliamentnd,

eriodically,

',t(hern

lrelandsembly.lthough

olicy

ndaws

overning

efence,

':,r'eign

affairs,

axationnd ocialecurity

ll emainnderentral

K

lovernmentontrol,anytherublicervices0w omenderhe

-ontrolf he

evolveddministrations

nWalesnd cotland.

3othheSconish

arliamentnd

Welshssemblyave eenet p

using

'orms

of

proportional

epresentationhichnsures

hat ach

arty

gets

numberfseats

n

proportion

0 henumberfvotesheye(etve.

Similarly,

r0porti0nal

epresentationsused

nNorthern

reland

n

orderoensure'powerharing'etween

he

Union

stmajority

ma

n y

Protestant)ndhe ubstantial

mainly

atholic)inority

ligned

o rish

nationalist

arties.

different

orm f

proportional

epresentationsused

for lectionso heEuropeanarliament.

TheWelshssemblyovernment

The ationalsemblyorWales,

rWelsh

ssemblyovernment

WAG),

is

situatednCardiff,he apitality f

Wales.t has 0Assemblyembers

(AMs)

nd lectionsre eld very

our

ears.

emben

an peak

n

eitherWelshr

English

nd ll

ts

ublications

renbothanquages.

The

sembly

as

he

power

o

makeecisionsn mportantatters

suchs ducation

olicy,

heenvironment,

ealthervices,ransportnd

local

overnment,

ndo

pass

awsorWalesn hese attersrthin

statutoryrameworket ut y heUK

arliament

tWestminster.

The

arliamentfScotland

A ong

ampaign

nScotlandormore

ndependence

nd emocratic

controled

o

he ormationn 1999 f he

Parliament

fScotland,

hich

sitsnEdinburgh,he apitality fScotland.,.

Therere 29 embenf he cottish

arliament

MSPs),

lectedy

a

orm

f

proportional

epresentation.

hisasedo he haringf

power

nScotlandetweenheLabour

nd iberalemocrat

arties.

he

Scottisharliamentan assegislationorScotlandnallmattenhat

are ot pecificallyeservedo heUK

arliament.hemattersnwhich

theScottish

arliamentanegislate

ncludeivil nd riminalaw, ealth,

education,

lanning

ndhe

aisingfadditionalxes.



IheNorthernreland

ssembly

ANorthernrelandarliament

as stablishedn1922 hen

relandas

d

vided,

utt was bolished

n

1972

hortlyfterheroubles

rokeut

in1 69

ee

hapter

.

Soonfterhe nd

f he

roubles,

heNorthernrelandsembly

as

establishedith

power-sharing

greementhichistributes

inisterial

officesmonghemain

arties.

he ssemblyas 08

lectedemben

knownsMLAs

Members

f he egislativessembly).

ecision-making

powers

evolved0Northernrelandnclude

ducation,griculture,

he

environment,ealth

ndocialervicesnNorthernreland.

The K

overnment

ept

he

ower

0suspend

heNorthernreland

Asemblyf

he

olitical

eadersoonger

greedowork

ogetherr f

the

Asembly

as otworkingn

henterestsf he

eople

fNorthern

lreland.his

as appened

everalimesndheAsemblys

cunently

suspended

2006).

his eans

hathe lectedssemblyembers

onot

have

ower

o

pas

illsrmakeecisions.

Local

overnment

Towns,ities

nd

ural

reasn he

UK re

overned

y emocratically

electedouncils,

ftenalledocal

uthorities.omereasave

oth

district

nd

ountyouncilshichave

ifferentunctions,

lthoughost

largerowns

nd itiesillhave

single

ocal

uthority.any

ouncils

representingowns

nd itiesppointmayorhos

he eremonial

leader

fthe ouncilutn

someownsmayorsappointed

obehe

effective

eader

fthe dministration.ondon

as 3ocaluthorities,

withhe reaterondonuthorityndheMayorfLondon

co-ordinating

olicies

cros

he apital.ocaluthoritiesreequired

to

provide'mandatory

ervices'inheir rea.heseervicesnclude

education,ousing,ocial

ervices,

assenger

ransport,heire

ervice,

rubbishollection,

lanning,

nvironmentalealth

nd

ibraries.

Mostf hemoneyor

heocaluthority

ervicesomesromhe

government

hr0ughaxes.nly bout070s undedocally

hrough

touncil

ax'aocalax et y ouncils

ohelp

ay

or ocalervices.t

appliesoalldomestic

roperties,

ncluding

ouses,ungalows,lats,

maisonettes,

obileomesrhouseboats,

hetherwnedr ented.

Locallectionsor

ouncillonre eldnMay

very

ear.

anyandida

standor

ouncillectionsmembers

f

politicalarty.

The

udiciary

In he

UKheaws adeyParliament

rehe ighestuthority.ut

oftenmportant

uestions

riseboutow

he

aws

reobenterpret

in

particular

ases.t s

heask fthe

udges

who

reogetheralled

'thejudiciary')

t0

nterpretthe

aw, nd

he

overnment

ay otnterfe

withheirole.

ftenhe ctionsf he

overnment

re laimed

obe

illegal

nd,fthe

udges

gree,hen

he

overnment

ustither

hang

its

policies

rask arliamentochange

heaw. hisas

ecomell he

more

mportantn ecent

ears,

she

udges

ow

aveheask f

applying

heHumanightsct

see

hapter). ftheyindhat

public

bodysnot especting

person's

uman

ights,

heymay rderhat ody

tochangets

practices

nd0

pay

ompensation,fappropriate.

fthe

judges

elieve

hat n

Act

f

Parlianunt

s ncompatible

ithheHuma

Rights

c1hey annot

hange

t

hemselvesut

heyan sk

arliam

to onsider

oingo.

Judgesannot,owever,

ecide

hether

eople

re

uilty

r nnocent

f

seriousrimes.henomeonesaccusedfaseriousrime,urywill

decidehethere r

he

s nnocent

r

guilty

nd,fguilty,

hejudge

ill

deciden he

enalty.

ores mportant

rimes,magistrateill

decid

on

uilt

ndn ny

enalty.



-re

police

.

:oliceervice

s

rganised

ocally,ith

ne

olice

erviceor ach

.

:y

or

group

fcounties.he argestorces heMetropolitanolice,

-

-r servesondonndsbasedtNew cotlandard. orthernreland

,

:

,,;hol€

s ervedy he oliceerviceorNorthernreland

PSNI).

he

, ,e

havebperationalndependenceihichmeanshat

he

government

,

-

ot

nstruct

hem n

what

odo

n

any

articular

ase.uthe

powers

- --e

police

re

imited

y he aw ndheirinancesre ontrolledy

'-.

rovernmentnd y

olice

uthoritiesadep fcouncillonnd

, r strates.

hendependentolice

omplaintsommision

or,

n

':rern

lreland,he

olice

mbudsman)ntlestigateseriousomplaints

-:

rst

he

olice.

\on-departmental

ublic

odies

quangos)

'

^

departmental

ublic

odies,lsonowns

uangos,

re

::pendent

rganisationshat

anyut

unctionsn ehalfofthe

ublic

-

ih

t would

e

nappropriate

o

place

nderhe

political

ontrolfa

r: netminister.here

re

anyundreds

ftheseodies,

arryingut

,

.',

de arietyf

public

uties.ppointments0 heseodiesre sually

:

e

by

ministers,uthey ust

0 0

n

an pennd

air ay.

Ihe

ole f hemedia

:

,

reedings

nParliament

re roadcastn iqital

elevisionnd

: -rlished

nofficialeportsuch

s

Hansard,hichsavailablen arge

:rariesnd n he

nternet:www.parliament.uk.ost

eople,

owever,

::i

information

bout

olitical

ssuesnd vents

rom ewspapers

often

, ledhe res),elevisionndadio.

-^e

UK as

ree

res,

meaning

hat

whatswrittennnewspaperss

te

from

overnment

ontrol.ewspaperwnersnd ditors

old

trong

political

pinionsnd un ampaignso ryand

nfluence

overnment

policy

nd

ublic

pinion.

s esultt s ometimes

ifficulto

distinguishactrom

pinion

nnewspaperoverage.

Byaw,

adio ndelevisionoveragefthe

olitical

arties

telection

periods

uste alancednd o qualime as0be

iven

o ival

viewpoints.ut roadcastersrereeo nterview

oliticians

na ough

andivelyay.

Who

an ote?

The

nitedingdom

as ad ully

emocraticystemince

928, hen

womenerellowed0 otet21,he amege smen.Ihe

resent

votlnq

ge f

1B as etn1969,nd

with

ew xceptionsuchs

convicted

risoners)

llUK-bornnd

aturaliseditizensaveullcivic

rights,ncluding

he

ight

0

vote

nd o

ury

ervice.

[itizens

f heUK,heCommonwealthndhe

rishRepublicif esident

in he

UK) an

otenall

public

lections.itizensfEU tatesho re

resident

n heUK an

oten

allelections

xceptational

arliamentary

(general)

lections.

In

ordero

voten

a

parliamentary,

ocal rEuopeanlection,

ou

must

have

our

ame

n

he egisterfelectors,nowns heelectoralegister.

lfyou re ligible0vote,

ou

anegistery ontacting

our

ocal ouncil

electionegi*ration

ffice.

fyou on't now hat

our

ocal uthoritys,

you

an

ind

outby

elephoningheLocal overnmentssociation

LGA)

informationine n020 664131 etweenam nd pm,Mondayo

Friday.

ou ill

have

o ell hem

our

ostcode

r

your

ulladdres nd

theywillbeableo

give ou

he

name

fyour

ocal uthority.ou an lso

get

oter

egistration

ormsnEnqlish,elshnd ometheranguages

0n henternet:ww.electoralcommision.orq.uk



Thelectoralegistersupdatedvery

ear

n

Septemberr0ctober.

n

electoral

egistrationormssentoeveryouseholdnd

t has

obe

completednd

eturned,ithhe amesfeveryoneho

s

esident

n

the

ousehold

nd

ligibleo oten 50ctober.

InNorthernrelanddifferentystemperates.

hiss alledndividual

registrationnd ll hosentitled0vote ustompleteheir wn

registrationorm.Onceegistered,

ou

an tayn he egister

rovided

your

enonal

etails

o

ot hange.

ormorenformationelephonehe

Electoralffice

orNorthernrelandn 28 044688.

Byaw ach

ocal

uthority

asomaketselectoralegi$ervailable

or

anyone0 ook t, lthoughhis ow asobe upervised.

he egisters

kept

teach

ocal

lectoral

egistrationffce

or

ouncilfficenEngland

and

Wales).t s

also

osible

0seehe egistertsome

ublic

uildings

suchs

ibraries.

Standing

or

office

Mostitizensf heUnited

ingdom,herish epublicr he

(ommonwealth

ged

8

rover

an tandor

ublic

ffice.herere

s0mexcepti0nsndhesencludeembersf he rmed

orces,ivil

servantsnd

eople

ound

uilty

fcertain

riminalffences.embersf

theHousefLordsay ot tand

or

lectiono he

Housef(ommons

but re ligible

or

ll ther

ublic

fficel

To

ecome

ocalouncillor.candidate

ustave ocal

onnection

withhe

rea

hroughork,eingn he lectoral

egister,

r hrough

renting

r wning

and

r

roperty.

Contactinglectedembers

Allelectedembersaveduty0servendepresentheir onstitu

Youan

et

ontactetailsor ll

our

epresentativesndheir

artie

from

our

ocalibrary.sembly

embers,SPs,Ps

nd

MEPs

re

also

istedn

he

hone

ook

nd ellowages.ouan ontactPsy

letterr

phone

t

heir

onstituencyffice

r heir fficen heHousef

(ommons:The

ousef

ommons,

estminster,ondonW1AAA,r

telephone:207729000. anysemblyembers,SPs,Psnd

MEPs

old

egular

ocal'surgeriesihese

re ftendvertised

n

he

oca

paper

nd onstituents

an

o

ndalk boutssuesn

person.

ouan

find uthe amef

your

ocal P

nd

et

n

ouch

ith

hem y

ax

throughhewebsite:ww.writetothem.com.Ihiservice

s iee.

Howovisit arliamentnd

he

Devolved

dministrations

*

Ihe

public

an

isten

odebates

n

he

Palace

f

Westminsterrom

publicalleries

nbothhe

House

fCommonsndheHousef

Lo

Youan itherriteo

your

ocal

Pnadvanceoask

or

ickets

r

yOu

an

ueue

n he ay t he

ublic

ntrance.ntrances ree.

Sometimesherere

ong

ueues

or heHouse

f

Commonsnd

you

may aveowait

or

t

east

ne r wo ours.

t s

usuallyas

t0

get

ntohe

House

f

Lords.ou

an

ind

urther

nformationn h

UK arliamentebsite:

ww.oarliament.uk

E

r

InNorthernreland,lected

embers,nown

s

MLAs,eetn he

NorthernrelandsemblytStormont,

n

Belfast.

he

orthern

lrelandsemblys

presently

uspended.

here

rewo

ways0

arrangevisit05t0rm0nt.

ou

an itherontact

heEducation

Service

details

nhe orthernreland

semblyebsite:

www.niassembly.gov.uk)r ontactn

MLA



.'rtland,he lectedembers,al dMSPs,eetn he cottish

:rmenttHolyroodnEdinburgh

for

orenformationee

,',

rottish

arliament

k). ouan

et

nf0rmati0n,

00ki(kets

'',in0e

I0Llrshr0tr0hhe isir0r

ervices.

0u

an

write0 hem t

- rcott ish

ar l iament,

dinburgh,

H99

? r elephone

'

148 200,r [email protected]

'

: es,he lected

embers,

nowns

Ms,

eetn heWelsh

,:mbly

n he eneddn

ardiffay

for

orenformationee :

',

,va

s

ov

k).

ou

ar oo[

uided

0u6 r ears1 l e

: i

ga

eries

or

heWe hAssemblyomakebookrng,elephone

'

.ssembly

ookrngrnen 29 0894l7 r mail :

, .rb

y

[email protected]

ov

k



The

K

nEurope

nd

he

world

The ommonwealth

The

ommonwealth

san sociation

fcountries,

ost

fwhich

ere

once

art

fthe

ritishmpire,

hough

ew ountries

hat

were

otn

the mpire

avelso

oined

t.

Commonwealth

embers

The

ueen

s he

eadf he

Commonwealth,

hich

unently

as 3

membertates.

embership

s

voluntarynd

heCommonwealt

as

no

ower

ver

tsmembers

lthough

t can

uspend

embership

he

Commonwealth

ims

o

promote

emocracy,

oodovernment

nd

o

eradicate

overty.

The uropeannion

EU)

The

uropean

nion

EU),

riginally

alledhe

European

conomic

Community

EEt),

as

et pby

ixWestern

uropean

ountries

ho

signedhe

reaty

fRome

n25

March

957.nef

he

maineason

o

doing

his

was

he eliefthat

o-operation

etween

tates

ould

edu

the

ikelihoodfanother

ar

nEurope.

riginally

heUK ecided

ot

t0joinhis

roup

nd nly

ecame

art

fthe

uropean

nion

n

1973

In2004

en ew

member

ountries

oined

heEU,

ith urther

wo

n

2006 aking

otal

f 7

member

ountries.

One

f he

mainims

f he

EUoday

s

ormembertates

o unctio

asingle

arket.

ostfthe

ountries

fthe

U

aveshared

urren

the uro,ut

heUK

as ecided

o

etain

tsown unency

nless

he

British

eople

hoose

0

accepthe

uro

na eferendum.

itizens

fan

EU

member

tate

avehe

ighto ravel

oand

ork

nany U

ount

they ave

valid

asport

r

derfty ard.

hisight

an e

estricte

the

rounds

f

public

ealth,

ublic

rdernd

ublic

ecurity.

he

igh

work

salsoometimes

estricted

0r itizensf

c0untries

hat

ave

oin

the

U

ecently.

The ouncil

fthe

uropean

nion

usually

alledhe

ouncilfMinis

iseffectively

he

overning

odyfthe

U.

t smade

p fgovernm

ministers

rom ach

ountry

n heEU

nd,

ogether

ithhe

Europe

Parliament,

s he

egislative

ody

f he

EU.he

ouncil

f

Minister

pases

U

aw n he

ecommendations

f he

European

ommissi

the

European

arliament

ndakes

he

mostmportant

ecisions

bo

Antiguand arbuda

Australia

The ahamas

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belize

Botswana

Bruneiarussalam

(ameroon

Canada

Cyprus

Dominica

Fijislands

Ihe

Gambia

Ghana

Grenada

Guyana

India

Jamaica

Kenya

Kiribati

Lesotho

Malawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Malta

Mauritius

Mozambique

Namibia

Nauru*

New

ealand

Nigeria

Pakistan

Papua

ew uinea

5t

Kittsnd evis

5tLucia

5tVincent

ndhe

Grenadines

Samoa

5eychelles

Siena

eone

5ingapore

5olomon

slands

5outh

frica

Sri anka

5waziland

Tonga

Trinidadnd

obago

Tuvalu

Uganda

United

ingdom

United

epublic

fTanzania

Vanuatu

Zambia

*Nauru

is Special

ember.



: )

run.

he

uropeanommissions

based

n

Brusels,he

'

,

, ' Belgium.

t s

he ivilervice

f

he U

nd rafts

roposals

:

. :o

cies

nd

aws

nd dministerstsunding

rogrammes.

:,:n

Parliament

eetsn

Strasbourg,nnorth-easternrance,

-::els.

achountrylectsembers,alledembersf he

,

::r l iament

MEPs),

veryfive

ean.The

uropeanarliament

',

:ecisionsadey he uropean

ouncilndhe

uropean

,

,

and

thas

he

ower

o efusegreementoEuropeanaws

',

t/ theommissionndo heck

n

he

pendingf

EUunds.

. '

, -

Jnion

aws egal ly

inding

n

he K nd l l thether ember

: -'rpeanaws,alledirectives,egulations

r

ramework

-,

have

ade ot

fdifferenceo

people's

ightsn

heUK,

'

:'

y

atwork.or xample,here

re U irectivesbouthe

'

-

-'es

ormakingorkersedundant,

nd egulationshatimit he

:.'

of

houn

eoole

an emadeowork.

'e

CouncilfEurope

, lncrlfEurope

as

reatedn1949ndheUK as ne fthe

-

::r

members.

ostf he ountries

f

Eur0pe

re

members.t has

- ,

',€r

0makeawsut rawsp onventionsnd

harten

hich

-, nhumanights,

emocracy,ducation,he nvironment,

ealth

:

-.llture.The0 mportant0ftheses he uropean

onvention

n

-:n

Rights;

ll

member

tatesre oundy his

onvention

nd

.-

rerstate

hich

enistently

efuses

oobeyheConvention

ay

e

,:: redromheouncilfEurope.

The

nitedations

UN)

The Ks

a

member

f heUnited

ations

UN),

n

nternational

organisationowhichver90

ountries

ow elong.The

N aset

up fterheSecondorld ar

nd ims

o

prevent

ar nd

romote

international

eace

nd ecurity.There

re

5membenn

heUN

Security

ouncil,

hichecommends

ctiony heUN henhere

are

nternational

risesndhreatsooeace.he Ksone ftheive

permanent

embers.

Ihreeerymportant

greements

roduced

y heUN rehe

Univeral

DeclarationfHumanights,

he

onvention

n heElimination

f

All

FormsfDiscriminati0n

gainstWomen,

ndheUNonvention

n he

Rightsof

he(hild.

lthough

oneofhese

astheforceof

aw,theyare

widely

sedn

political

ebate

nd

egalaseso einforce

he

aw

nd

o

assesshe

ehaviourfcountries.



(hAPtCr5:

EVERYDAYNEEDS

In

his hapterheres nformation

a00ut:

,:.

Housing

=

Servicesnandorhe ome

-

Monel

nd redit

=

Health

Pregnancy

nd are fyoung

children

=

Education

=

Leisure

=

Travel

ndransport

':'

ldentity

ocuments

Housing

Buyinghome

Two-thirds

f

people

n

heUK wn

heir wn ome. ost

ther

eople

rent ouses,lats

r

ooms.

Mortgages

Peopleho

uyheir wn

ome

sually

ay

or t with

a

mortqage,

aspecialoan

rom

bankrbuildingociety.

hisoans

paid

ack,

with

nterest,ver ong

eriod

ftime, sually5

ears.

ou an

et

information

bout

ortgagesrom

bank rbuildingociety.ome

banksan lso

ive

nformationbout

slamic

Sharia)

ortgages.

lfyou

re

aving

roblemsayingour

mortgageepayments,

ou

an

get

help

nd dvice

see

elp n

page

7).

t s mportant

ospeako

your

ankrbuildingocietys 00ns

ou

an.

Estate

gents

lf

you

wish

obuy

home,

suallyhe

irst

place

ostart

s

anestate

agent.n

Scotland

he

proces

s

different

nd

ou

hould

o

irst oa

solicitor

stategents

epresent

he

person

ellingheir

ouse

r

lat.

Ihey

nange

orbuye60visit omeshat reorsale.herere state

agents

n

all owns nd ities ndhey sually

ave ebsiteshere

hey

advertisehe

homesor

sale.

ou

an lso

inddetails

bout

omesor

salen henternetnd

nnational

nd

ocalewspapen.

Making

noffer

In

heUK, xceptnScotland,hen

ou

ind home

ou

wish

obuy

ou

have

o makenoffertohe eller

ou suallyo his hrough

n

estate

agentrsolicitor any

eople

ffer

ower

rice

han

he

eller

s

askin

Yourint

offer

must

e

subjert0contract's0hat

ou

an ithdraw

f



therere

easonshyyouannotcompletethe

urchase.

nScotland

the ellersets

price

nd uyersakeffe6verthat

mount.The

agreement

ecomes

egally

inding

arlierhantdoeslsewhere

n

the

K.

5olicitor

nd urveyor

It s mportanthat solrcitorelps

ou

hroughhe

process

fbuying

a

house

r

lat.When

ou

makenoffer na

property,

he

olicitorill

rarry ut

anumberf egal hecksn he

property,

he ellerndhe

ocal

area.

he olicitorill

provide

he

egal

greements

ecessary

or

you

o

buyhe

property.

he ank rbuildingocietyhat

s

providingou

with

your

mortgageillalso any ut hecksn

hehouser lat

you

wish

tobuy.

hesere one yasurveyor.

he

buyeroes

otusuallyeehe

resultfthrs

urvey,0 hebuyerften sks

secondurveyorocheck

the

house

s

well.nScotlandhe urveyscaniedutbefore

noffers

made,ohelp

eople

ecide

owmuchheywantobid

or he

property.

Rentedccommodation

It s

possible

o

ent

ccommodation

romhe

ocal

uthority

the

council),

rom housingssociationrfrom

rivateroperty

wne6

called

andlords.

Theocal uthority

Most

ocal uthorities

or

ouncils)

rovide

ouslng.hissoften alled

'council

housinginNorthernrelandocial

ousings

provided

y he

Northern

relandousingxecutive

www.nihe.co.uk).

nScotland

ou

can

ind nformationnsocial

ousingt:www.sfha.co.uk.

veryones

entitled0apply

or

council

ccommodation.Iopply

ou

must

ut

our

namen he ouncil

egister

r

ist. hissavailable

romhehousing

departmentt he

ocal uthority.

ou

rehen ssessed

ccordi

needs.

hiss

done

hroughsystemf

points.

ou

et

more

oin

have

riority

eeds,

or

example

fyou re omelesnd

avehil

chronic

llhealth.

It s mportant0

notehatnmany reasf heUKhere

sashor

councilccommodation,nd

hat ome

eople

aveo

wait ver

time

or houser lat.

Housing

ssociations

Housingssociations

rendependent

0t-f0r-profi

organisat

which

rovide

ousingor

ent.nsomereashey aveaken ve

administrationf

ocal uthority

ousing.heylsoun cheme

sharedwnership,

hich elp

eople

uy

art

fa

houserfla ft

cannotffordobuy

llof t atonce.

here

re sually

aitingists

homeswnedy ousingssocrations.

Privately

entedccommodation

Many

eople

ent ousesr lats

rivately,

romandlords.nform

about

rivate

ccommodation

an e oundn

ocal ewspape

boards,

stategentsnd

ettinggen6'

Tenancygreement

When

ou

ent houser

lat

privatelyou

ign enancygree

or ease.Ihis

xplainshe onditionsr'rules'you

ustollow

h

rentinghe

property.

his greement

ust e hecked

ery

aref

avoid

roblems

ater.he greement

so ontans istofany

u n

or

ittrngsn he

property.

his scalledn nventory.efore

ou

ig

agreement,

heckhe euilsnd

eeptsafeuring

our

enan



Depositndent

You

ill

probably

e skedo

give

heandlord

deposit

t he eginning

rf

your

enancy.hiss

0cover

he ostfany

amage.t s

usuallyqual

i0

One onth'sent.heandlord

ust

eturnhismoney

o

you

t he

:nd

0f

your

enancy,

nless

ou

ave

ausedamage

0 he

roperty.

'our

rents

ixed ith

our

andlord

t he eginning

ftheenancy.he

:ndlord

annotaise

he

ent

ithout

our

greement.

'/ou

have

owncome

rare nemployed

ou

may

e bleoclaim

-

lusingenefit

see

elp)ohelp

ou ay

our

ent.

Renewing

nd nding

enancy

'

. Jr enancy

greementill

beor ixed

eriod

f ime,

ftenix

-

lnths. fter

hisimehe

enancyan

e ndedr,fboth

enantnd

,"dlord

gree,enewed.fyou

ndhe

enancyefore

he

ixed

ime,

ou

-,,ally

aveo

pay

he ent

or he

greedull

period

ftheenancy.

:

:

nd

ord

annotorce enant

o eave.f

a andlordishes

enant0

.:,e

heymustollow

he onect

rocedures.

heseary

ccordingo

he

'

,:e

of enancy.sacriminal

ffenceor

andlord

ousehreats

,

,

olencegainst

enantr o orce

hem0 eaveithout

n rder

-:

-

(ourt.

Drrgimination

'

,

rnlawfulor andlord

odiscriminate

gainstomeoneookingor

: .

^'t

modation

ecausef heir

ex,

ace,

ationality,

rethnic

roup,

'

:ecausehey

re isabled,nless

heandlordra

close

elative

fthe

:' :

lrd

s

harinohe ccommodation.

Homelessness

lfyou

re omeless

ou

hould

o

or

helpo heocal

uthority

0r,

n

Northern

reland,heHousing

xecutive).

heyave egal

uty

0offer

help

nd

dvice,utwillnot

ffer

ou place

o ive nless

ou

ave

priority

eed

see

bove)

nd aveconnectionith

he

rea,uchs

work

r amily.ou

ustlso

howhat

ou

aveot

made

0u6elf

intentionally

omeless.

Help

lf

you

re omeless

r

have

roblems

ith

our

andlord,

elpan

e

foundrom

heollowing:

r

lhehousing

epartment

ftheocal

uthorityill

give

dvicen

homelessness

nd

n

Housing

enefit

s

well

s eal ith

roblem

you

ayaven ouncil-owned

roperty

o

Theitizensdvice

ureauill

ive

dvicen

llypesf

housing

roblems.

hereay

lso e housing

dviceentre

n

your

neighbourhood

o

Sheltersahousing

harityhichuns

24-hourelpline

n

080800 444,

r

isit

ww.shelternet.org.uk

r

I

Help

ith

he ost fmoving

nd ettingp ome ay

e vailable

from

heSocialund.his

s un yheDepartmentorWorknd

Pensions

DWP).

t

provides

rants

ndoans

uchsheCommuni

(are

Grantor

eople

etting

p

home

fter eingomeles

rafter

they ave

eenn

prison

rother

nstitutions.

ther

oans

re vailab

for

people

ho ave

ad

n mergencyuchslooding.

nformatio

about

hese

s

availablethe

Citizensdviceureau

r bbcentrelus



Services

n

and

or hehome

Water

Water

ssuppliedoallhomesn heUK.

he hargeor hisscalledhe

waterates.hen

ou

move

n

0

anew ome

bought

r

ented),

ou

should

eceiveetterelling

ou

henamef he ompany

esponsible

forsupplying

our

ater.he aterates ay e

paid

n

one

ayment

(a

ump um) r

n nstalments,sually

onthly.f

you

eceive

ousing

Benefit,

ou

houldheckoseefthis oven

hewaterates.he ost

0fthe

ater

suallyepends

n he izefyour

roperty,

ut ome

homes

avewatermeter hichells

ou

xactlyow

much ater

ou

have

sed.

nNorthernrelandater

s

cunently

2006)

ncludedn he

domestic

ates

see

ouncil

ax

n

age

9), lthoughhis

ayhange

in uture.

Electricity

nd

as

All

properties

n

heUK

ave

lectricity

uppliedt240

olts. ost omes

also

ave

as.

When

ou

move

nto new omer eavenoldone,

ou

should

akenote fthe lectricitynd

as

metereadings.fyou ave

anurgent

roblem

ith

our as,

lectricityr

waterupply,

ou

an

ing

a

24-hourelpline.his an e

ound n

your

ill, n heYellow

ages

r

in he

hone

ook.

Gas

nd lectricityuppliers

It s

posible

ochooseetween

ifferent

as

nd lectricity

upplien.

These

aveifferent

rices

nd ifferenterms

nd onditions.et dvice

before

ou

ign

contractithanew upplier.

oind

out

which ompany

supplies

ouras,

elephoneTransco

n 8i0 08

524

Io ind utwhichompanyupplies

our

lectricity,elephone

Energywatch

n 84506 708r

isitwww.energywatch.org.uk.

Energywatchan lso

iveou

dvice

n hanging

our

upplierf

electricity

r

gas.

Telephone

Most omes

lready

ave elephone

ine

called

andine).

f

yo

a

newine,elephoneT n

1

0

442, rcontactcableompan

companiesfferand

ine, obileelephonend roadband

nter

services.ou an

et

advice

bout

rices

rabouthanging

our

o

from

fcom

l www.ofcom.org.uk.

ou an allrom

ublic

ayp

usingash,

re-paid

honecards

r

reditrdebitards.alls ad

from otelsnd

ostelsre sually

ore

xpensive.

ial 99 r

11

emergencyalls

or

police,

ireorambulanceervice.

hesealls r

Do otusehese

umbersf t

snot

a

eal mergency;

ou

an lw

findhe

ocalumbersor heseervices

n

he

hone

ook.

Bills

Informationnhow0

pay

orwater,

as,

lectricityndhe

elep

is ound n heback feach

ill. fyou avebank ccount

0u

a

your

ills

y tandingrder rdirect

ebit. ost ompaniespera

budgetcheme

hich llows

ou

o

pay

ixed um very onth

do

not

pay

bill,

he ervicean e

utoff. o

et

aserviceecon

you

aveo

pay

notherharge.

Refuseollection

Refuses

also

alledaste,r

ubbish.

le

ocaluthorityollech

waste

egularly,

sually

n he ameay f

each eek. aste us

put

utside

na

particularlace

0

get

ollected.n ome

arts

ft

country

hewastes

put

nto

lastic

ags,

notherst s

put

nto in

with

wheels.nmany

lacesou

mustecycle

our

ubbish,epa

paper,las,

metal

r

plastic

romheother

ubbish.argebject

you

want0 hr0w

way,uch sabed,

wardrobera ridge,

ee

to be ollectedeparately.

ontacthe

ocal

uthority

oarrangeh

you

avebusiness,uch s

actoryrashop,

ou

must

makep

arrangements

ith

he

ocal uthority

or

your

aste0be ollec

acriminal

ffenceodump

ubbishnywhere.



-:uncil

ax

:

t0vpt'fl

r€r]t€rvices,

uchs ducation,

olice,

oads,efuse

.,

0n

ndibraries,re

aid

or

artly

y

rantsfrom

he

overnment

:

:

,rly yCouncil

ax

see

hapterLocal

overnment).

n

'-.'n

lrelandheresasystemfdomestic

atesnsteadfthe

ouncil

-^e

amount

fCouncil

ax

ou

ay

epends

n he izend

aluef

'

,:se r

lat

dwelling).

ou ust

egistero

pay

ouncilTax

hen

,

e

nto

new

roperty,

ither

she wner

r heenant.

ouan

'-:

taxn ne

ayment,

n wo

nstalments,0r

n en

nstalments

:cri l

o anuary).

,

-ine

erson

ivesn helator

house,

ou

et

250/oeduction

-' [ouncil

ax.

This

oes

ot pply

nNorthern

reland).ou

ay

-':a eduction

fsomeone

n

he

roperty

asdisability.

eople

,

,','

n(omer

whoeceiveenefits

uchs

ncomeupport

r

..-'.

r

Allowancean

et

Council

ax enefit.

ouan

et

dvice

n

'

r

the

ocaluthoritv

rthe itizens

dviceureau.

:.-

dings

nd

ousehold

nsurance

:

Ly

home

ith mortgage,

ou

must

nsurehe uilding

gainst

'-:'r

and ccidental

amage.The

andlord

houldnange

nsurance

'-:ed

buildings.

t salso

ise

0

nsure

our ossesions

gainst

heft

:

.

rge.

herere

anyompanies

hat

rovide

nsurance.

r*ghbours

,

,'e

n ented

ccommodation,

ou

illhave enancy

greement.

.'rlains

ll he onditions

f

your

enancy.

t will

probably

nclude

-

arion

nwhat

odof

you

ave

roblems

ith

our

ousing.

, ,

rally,

here

ay

e

roblems

ith

our

eighbours.

f

you

o

have

:rs

with

our

eighboun,hey

an sually

e olved

y peaking

o

-'st.

lfyou annotolve

he

roblem,

peak

o

your

andlord,

ocal

'

'

:yor ousing

ssociation.

eep

ecord

fthe

roblems

n

ase

you

aveoshowxactly

hathe

roblems

re nd

henhey tarted.

Neighboursho ause

veryerious

uisance

ay eaken

o

court

nd

can e victedromheir

ome

There

re everal

ediation

rganisations

hich

elp eighbourso

solve

heir isputes

ithoutavingo

g0

0court.

ediators

alk

o

both

sidesndry o

ind solution

cceptable

oboth.

oun

get

etails

f

mediationrganisations

romhe

ocaluth0rity,

itizens

dvice,nd

Mediation

Kon 'l

1 904 661r

visit: ww.med

ationuk.co.uk.



Moneynd redit

Bank

otesn he

UK ome

ndenominations

values)

ff5, 10, 20and

f50.

Northernreland

nd

cotland

ave

heir wn ank

oteshichre

validverywheren heUK,houghometimes

eople

ay ot ealise

this nd

ayot ish

0accept

hem.

The uro

In anuary002welveuropeannion

EU)

tatesdoptedhe uros

their ommonunency.

heUK

overnment

ecided

oto

adopt

he

eur0

t hatime,nd asaid

t will

only o

of heBritish

eople

/ote

for he urona eferendum.he urooes

irculateosomextent

n

Northernreland,

articularly

n heowns

earhe orderithreland.

Foreignurrency

Youan

et

r hange

oreignurrencytbanks,uildingocieties,

arge

post

ffrcesnd xchangehops

rbureauxe hange.

ou ightave

o

orderomeunenciesnadvance.

hexchangeates

ary

nd

ou

hould

check

or

he esteal.

Banksnd uildingocieties

Mostdults

n

heUK avebank

rbuildingocietyaount.

anyarge

nationalanksrbuildingocieties

averanchesn ownsnd ities

throughoutheUK.t sworthheckinghe ifferentypesfaccount

eachne ffers.

any

mployers

ay

alariesirectly

nto bankr

buildingocietyccount.

herere

many

anksnd

uildingocieties

tochoose

rom. o

penn

ccount,

ou

eed

oshow

ocuments0

proveour

dentity,

uchs

passport,

mmigrationocument

rdriving

licence.

ou

lso

eed

oshow

omething

ith

our

ddress

nt ike

a enancygreement

rhouseholdill.

salso

osible

oopenank

accounts

n

omeuoermarkets

r nhe

nternet.

Cashnd

ebitards

Cashardsllow

ou

o

useash

achinesowithdrawon

account.

orhis

ou

eedPersonal

dentificationumber

P

you

musteepecret.debitard

llows

ou

o

pay

or

hing

using

ash.

ou ustave

nough

oneyn

your

ccountoco

you

uy.

fyouose

our

ash

ardrdebitard

ou

mustnfo

immediately.

Creditnd toreards

(redit

ardsan e sedobuyhings

nshops,n heeleph

the

nternet.storeards

ike

credit

ardut sednly

n

as

shop.

redit

nd

toreardsonot raw

oneyrom

our

an

but

ou

illbe entbillevery

onth.f

you

onot

ay

heo

on

he ill,

ou

re hargednterest.

lthoughreditnd tore

useful,he

nterests

usually

ery igh nd

many

eople

alln

way.

f

you

ose

our

redit

r toreards

ou

mustnformhe

immediately.



-redi tndoans

: e

n

heUK ften onow oneyrom anksnd ther

rganisations

:,,

for

hingsike ousehold

oods,

arsnd

olidays.

hissmore

ron

in he

UK

hannmany

therountries.

oumust

e ery ure f

,

::rms nd onditionshen

ou

ecideo

ake

uta

oan. ou

an

et

-e n oans

rom

heitizensdviceureaufyoure

ncertain.

:erngefusedredit

.:

and therrganisationsseifferentnformationbout

ou

o

,.:

adecisionbout

oan,

uchs

our

ccupation,ddress,alary

:reviousredit

ecord.f

you

pplyora oan

ou

might

e efused.f

^rppens,

you

ave

he

iqht

oaskhe

easonhy.

-':dit nions

: : unionsreinancialo-operativeswnednd ontrolledyheir

-

rers.he embers

ool

heiravingsndhen akeoansrom

: rol.nterest

atesn

reditnionsre suallyowerhan

anksnd

:

rq

societies.

here

re redit nions

nmany

itiesndowns.oind

-:arest

creditnionontacthe ssociationfBritishredit

nions

-

., L) n:

ww.abcul.coop.

'tu

rance

',:

Iasnsuringheirropertynd osessionsseebove),any

: :

insure

heirreditardsnd

obile

hones.

hey

lsouy

':nce

when

heyravelbroadn asehey

ose

heir

ugqaqe

r

:

nedicaltreatment.

nsurances ompulsoryf

you

avecar

r

'

'rycle.

Youan suallyrrangensurance

irectly

ith

n

nsurance

:any,r

ou

an

se

brokerho il l elp

ou et

he

en eal.

Social

ecurity

Ihe

UK as

systemfsocialecurityhich

ays

elfare

enefitso

people

ho onothave

nough

oney

o ive n.Benefitsre sually

availableor he ick

nd isabled,lder

eople,

heunemployednd

those

n

ow ncomes.

eopleho onothaveegalights

fresidenc

(or'settlement')

n

heUK annotsuallyeceive

enefits.

rrangeme

for

payinq

nd eceiving

enefitsre omplexecausehey ave

0cover

people

nmany

ifferentituations.uidesobenefts

re vailable

rom

Jobcentrelus

ffices,ocalibraries,

ost

ffices

ndheCitizensdvice

Bu

ea

.

lncluding

Jobcentresan d

social

security offices



Health

Healthcare

n

heUK

s rganised

nder

he

National

ealthervice

(NH5).

he

H5

egan

n 1948,nd

sone fthe

argest

rqanisations

n

Europe.

t

provides

ll

esidents

ith

ree ealthcarend

reatment.

Finding

doctor

Familyoctonre

alledeneral

ractitioner

GPs)

nd

hey

orkn

surgeries.

Psften

orkoqether

n

a

group

ractice.Ihis

ssometimes

called

Primary

ealthare entre.

Your P

s

esponsible

ororganising

hehealthreatment

ou

eceive.

Treatmentan e

or

hysical

nd

entall lneses.

fyou

eedosee

specialist,

ou

must

0

0

your

GP

int.Your P

ill hen

efer

ou

oa

specialist

n

a

hospital.our

P an lso

efer

ou

orspecialist

reatment

f

you

avepecial

eeds.

Youan

et

ist f

ocal Ps

romibraries,

ost

ffices,

heourist

information

ffice,he

itizens

dviceureau,

he

ocal ealth

uthority

and

romhe

ollowing

ebsites:

www.nhs.uk/

or ealth

ractitioners

nEngland;

www.wales.nhs.uk/directory.cfm

or

ealth

ractiti0ne6nWales;

www.n-i.nhs.uk

or ealth

ractitioners

nNorthern

reland;

www.show.scot.nhs.uk/fi

dnearest/healthservices

nScotland.

You an lso sk eighboursndriendsorhenameftheirocal octor

Youan ttend

hospital

ithout

GP's

etternly

n he ase

fan

emergency.

fyou aven

emergency

ou

hould

o

o he

Accldentnd

Emerqency

A

&

E) epartment

fthe

earestospital.

Registering

ith

GP

You hould

ookora

GP s oon

s

ou

move0a

new rea.

ou

notwaituntil

ou

re

ll.

The ealthentre,

rsurgery,

ill ell

yo

you

eedodo o

egister.

sually

ou

must

avemedical

ard

nothavene,

heGP

eceptionist

hould

ive ou

ormosen

local

ealthuthority.

hey

illhenend

ou

medrcal

ard.

Before

ou

egister

ou

hould

heckhe

urgeryan ffer

hat

need.

or xample,

ou

might

eed

woman for

maternttye

Sometimes

Ps

ave any

atients

nd

re nable

oaccept

e

lf

you

annot

indaGB

ou

an sk

our

ocal ealthuthority

0

find ne.

Using

our

octor

All

atients

egistering

ith GP re

ntitled

0a ree

ealthh

Appointments

o

eehe

GP an e

madey

hone

r

n

perso

Sometimes

ou

mightave

owait everal

aysefore

ou

an

a

doctor.

f

you

eed

mmediate

edical

ttentionsk

oran

urg

appointment.

ou hould

o

o he

GP surgery

ew

minutes

theappointment.

fyou annot

ttend

rdo

nOt eedheappo

any

more,

ou

must

et he urgery

now.

heGP eeds

atien

answer

ll

uestions

s

ullys

osible

n

order

o ind ut

ha

wrong.

verything

ou

ellthe

GP

s

completely

onfidential

nd

be

ased

n 0anyone

lse

ithout

our

ermision.

f

you

o

understand

0mething,

sk

orclarification.

f

you

aveifficul

Engllsh,

ringomeone

ho an

elp

ou,

r sk

he

ecepti

an

nterpreter.

his uste

one

hen

ou

makehe ppoin

lfyou

avesked

oran

nterpreter,

t s

mportanthat

ou

ee

appointment

ecause

his

ervice

s xpensive.



.

,

.:ptionalircumstances,Psan isit

atients

t

home

uthey

,

,',

,:

give

riority

0

people

ho

re nableo ravel.

f

you

allheGP

.' :enormalorkingours,

ou

illhaveoanswer

everal

uestions

,:,

-:

0ur

ituation.hiss

oassessow erious

our

ases.You ill

-,-

:e oldfadoctoran ome

0

your

ome.ou ighte dvisedo

.' : lenearestA&Edepartment.

''arges

':'-?nt

rom

he

GPs ree

ut

ou

aveo

pay

chargeor

our

..

:

.

res

nd

or

ertainervices,uchs accinationsor ravel

broad.

'

'-,

:r decides

ou

eed

o ake edicine

ou

ill

e

iven

:

.

-

:tion.

ou ust

akehisoa

pharmacy

hemist).

r::rriptions

'. '

tlions

rereeor nyonehos

-

:er 6

ean

fage

under

5nWales)

.

::r

19

nd

n

ull-timeducation

::al60 r ver

Feeling

nwell

lf

you

r

our

hildeels

nwell

ou

aveheollowing

ptions

Fornformation

r dvice

w

ask

our

ocal

harmacist

hemist).

he

harmacy

an

ive

dvicen

medicines

nd omellnesses

nd onditionshat

re

ot

erious

c

speak

oa

nurse

y

honing

HS

irectn 845 47

s

useheNHSirectebsite,HS

irectnline:

wwnhsdirect.nh

To ee

doctorrnurse

a

make

n ppointmentosee

our

P ranurseorking

n he urger

o

visit

nNHSalk-inentre.

For

rgentedicalreatment

.

contact

our

P

I

g0

0

our

earestospitalith

n

(ident

nd mergency

0epartment

'::rdnt

0rwith babynder

12

monthsld

,-:,rngrom

specified

edicalcondition

,

.

, ng

ncomeupport,obseekers'Allowance,orkingamilies

r

.,rilities

ax redit.

t

call 99or n mbulance.allsreree.NLYsehis erviceor

real

mergency.

NHS

irectsa24-hourelephone

ervice

hich

rovides

nformation

n

particular

ealthonditions.elephone:

845

6 7. ou ay

skor n

interpreter

or dvicen

your

wn

anguage.nSmtland,HS24

t:

www.nhs24.com

eleohone84544 4 4.



NHSirectnlines

a

website

roviding

nformation

boutealthervices

and everal

edical

onditionsndreatments:ww.nhsdirect.nhs.uk

NHSalk-inentres

rovide

reatmentorminor

njuriesndllnesses

sevenaysweek.ou

o

not eed

n ppointment.

or

etailsf

your

nearest

entreallNH5 irectr isitheNH5 ebsite

t

www.nhs.uk

(for

Northernrelandww.n-i.nhs.uk)nd lickn'localH5ervicesl

Goingnto ospital

lf

you

eed inor

eststa

hospital,

ou

ill

probably

ttend

he

0utpatients

epartment.f

your

reatmentakeseverahours,

ou

il

go

nto

ospitals

day

atient.

fyou eed

ostay vernight,

ou

ill

go

into ospitals

n

n-patient.

Youhouldakeenonalelongingsith ou,uchs owel,ight

clothes,hings

or

washing,nd

dressing

own.

ou ill eceive

ll

your

ealshile

ou

re n

n-patient.

fyou eed

dvice

bout

oing

into ospital,

ontact

ustomer

ervicesr he

Patientdvice

nd iaison

Service

PALS)

t he ospitalhere

ou

ill eceivereatment.

Dentists

You

an

et

he

ame

fadentisty skingt heocalibrary,

t he

CitizensdviceureaundhroughHSirect.osteopleaveo

pay

or

entalreatment.omeentistsorkor

he

NHS

nd omere

private.

HSentists

harge

ess

han

rivate

entists,ut omeentists

havewo etsfcharges,

oth

HS

nd

rivate.

dentisthouldxplain

your

reatmentnd

he hargeseforehereatmentegins.

Freeentalreatments vailable0

w

people

nder

8

inWales

eople

nder5 ndver0)

r

pregnant

omennd omenith

abiesnder

2mon

*

peoplenncomeupport,obseekers'AllowanrPen

Guarantee

0pticians

Most

eople

aveo

pay

or

ight

ests

nd

lases,

xcepth

people

ver0,

eople

ith ertainye

onditionsnd

eop

certainenefits.nScotland,

ye

ests

re

ree.

Pregnancynd arefyounghildren

lfyou re

regnant

ou

ill eceiveegular

nte-natalare.h

available

rom

our

ocalospital,ocalealth

entrer rom

antenatal

linics.ou ill eceive

upportromGP ndrom

Midwivesorknhospitals

r

health

entres.omePsono

maternity

erviceso

ou

may ish

o

ook

or notherP u

pregnancy.

n heUK omen

su@

ave

heir abiesnhos

especiallyf t s heirint

baby.

t s

commonor heatheroa

birth,ut nlyf hemotherantsimobehere.

A

short

ime

fter

ou

ave

our

hild,

ou

illbeginegula

a

healthisitor.

her

hes

a

qualified

une nd an dvise

o

caring

or

our

aby.

he

irst

isits ill

ben

your

ome,ut



:et hehealth

isitor

taclinic. ou

an sk dvicerom

our

rntil

our

hilds ive

ean

ld.nm0$

ownsnd

ities

:'er nd

oddler

roups

r

playgroups

or

mallhildren.

jre

place

t ocal

hurchesnd

ommunityentres.

ou

. :osend

our

hild

oa nursery

chool

see

oingo school

*' '--.:l

l0 0n

regnan(y

'

'

rmation

n

maternity

nd nte-natal

ervices

n

our

rea

, 'eal th

uthor i ty,heal th

is i tororyourGPThe

umber

f

.'-orityill

en he

hone

ook.

,

^

ng

Association

FPA)

ives

dvicen

ontraceptionnd

--t

FPA's

elpline

s

84510 334,

r:wwwfpa.org.uk

-

jbirth

rust

ives

nformation

nd upportn

pregnancy,

.' ' 'y

parenthood:

ww.nctpregnancyandbabycare.com

u ' : .

- : : b i r t h

'-'

rour

aby ith

heRegistrar

fBirths, aniages

nd

.

rrfice) ithin

ixweeks

f hebirth.The

ddres

f

your

*:e

is

n

he

phone

ook.fthe

parents

re

manied,

ither

':'-?r(anegisterhe irth.ftheyre otmarried,nly

'.:ister

the

irth.

f

he

arents

re

ot

manied

ut

ant

--.

child'sirth

ertificate,

oth

mother

ndather ust

:"eyegister

heiraby.



Education

Goingoschool

Educationn heUKs ree

nd ompulsory

or

allchildrenetweenhe

agesf5 nd 6

4to'16

nNorthernreland).Ihe

ducationystem

varlesn

England,cotland,alesnd orthernreland.

ihe hild's

arent

r

uardian

s esponsibleormaking

ureheir

hild

goes

oschool,nivesn ime nd

ttends

or hewholechool

ear.

f

theyo ot

o

his,

he

arent

r

uardian

ay

e

rosecuted.

Somereasfthe ountryfferree urseryducationorchildren

ver

theaqe f3.

nmost

arts

f heUK, ompulsoryducation

s

divided

intowo tages,

rimary

nd econdary.n ome

laces

here

s

middle+chool

ystem.nEnglandndWaleshe

rimary

tageasts

from o 1, nScotlandrom

o

12

nd

nNorthernrelandrom

4 o 1 . The econdary

tage

asts

ntilheage f

1

.

At

hat ge

oung

people

anhooseo

eave

choolr 0 ontinue

ith

heirducation

untilheyre

ll

or

18.

Detailsf

ocal

choolsre vailablerom

our

ocal ducation

uth0rity

office

rwebsite.he

ddressesnd

hone

umbers

f

ocal

ducation

authoritiesren he

hone

ook.

Primarychools

These

re suallychoolshereoth oys nd

irls

earnogethernd

re

usuallyloseoachild home.

hildrenendobe

with

he ame

roup

andeacherllday. choolsncourage

arents

0helpheir hildrenith

learning,

articularly

itheadingnd ritinq.

Secondarychools

Ataqe 1

12

nScotland)hildren

o

osecondary

chool.

hi

normallye he choolearestheir ome,

ut

parents

nEng

Wales

re llowedoexpress

preference

oradifferentchoo

areas,

ettinq

secondarychool

lace

n

a

prefened

choola

diffrcult,nd

arents

ften

pply0several

chools

n

ordero

m

their hild

ets

ffered

place.

nNorthernreland any

cho

childrenhrough

estaken

t he

ge f

1 .

lfthe

prefened

choolas nough

laces,

he

hild

ill

be

offe

lfthere

re

ot

enough

laces,

hildrenill

beoffered

laces

c

the chools

dmissionrrangements.

dmission

nangeme

areaoarea.

Secondarychools

re

argerhan

rimary

chools.ost remi

althoughhere re ingleex chools

n

somereas.ourocal

authority

ill

give ou

nformation

nschoolsn

your

rea.t wi

tell

you

which choolsavepacesnd

ive ou

nformation

b

somehildrenillbe

given

laces

hen nly ew

are vaila

other hildren ight ot.t will

alsoell

you

ow

oapply

or

as

school

lace.

Costs

Education

tstatechools

n

heUK

, fr.,,,

Uut

arents

arte0

p

schoolniforms

nd ports

ear here

re ometimesxtraha

musicessons

nd

or

schoolutings.

arents

n ow ncomesa

help ith

osts,nd

with

he ost fschool eals.ou an

et

thls

rom

he ocal ducatronuthorityr he itizens dviceu



.'.rch

nd theraith

chools

,

:'

mary

nd econdarychools

n heUK reinked

o heChurchf

.

:' r 0rtheoman

atholichurch.These

realled'faith

choolsi

: areashere

re

uslim,

ewish

nd ikhchools.nNorthern

.

:

r >0rlr€

choolsre alled

ntegratedchools.Theseschoolsaim

o

.

-

drenfdifferenteligionstogether.

nformation

n

aith

chools

:

;:'e

rom

our

ocal

ducation

uthority.

nr*rendent

chools

-

,-

-

:?nt choolsre

rivate

chools.heyre ot un

r

paid

or

'

',:e.

I

ndependent

econdary

choolsre lsoometimes

alled

'tols.

There

re bout,500ndependent

choolsn

heUK.

'

.

:

of hildren

ot0theseschools.

tindependentschools

arents

.

,

re

ull

ost

ftheirhild's

ducation.ome

ndeoendent

':r

scholarshipshich

ay

omer ll f he ostsf

he hild's

1r

rsssdtol

uniculum

,,

:'

raryand

econdaryschools

nEngland,Walesand

orthern

-

:

-

r'

heNational

uniculum.Ihis

oversnglish,aths,

cience,

-

:' r::chnology,

nformation

nd ommunication

echnology

1(T),

.--

raphy

odern

oreign

anguages,rt nd esign,usic,

,

-r

-.ation

PE)

nd

itizenship.

n

Wales,hildrenearn elsh.

",'

-ary

schoolsnWales,

llheessonsaretaughtnWelsh.n

,

:

:

-rLlsollow

broaduniculumnformed

y

ationalguidance.

-

-,: byaw,

rovide

eligiousducation

RE)

oall

upils.

-

:

"

:

owed

owithdraw

heir

hildren

rom

heseesons.E

- '

: , : ; Ihr is t ianbasisbutchi ldrenalsolearnabout theother

)

Assessment

InEngland,

he uniculumsdividedntoour

tages,alledey

tages.

After

ach

tagehildrenreesui98989898989999 ted.hey

a

SATs)

tages,1 and 4.

t

16

they suallyake

heGeneral

ertificat

ofSecondary

ducation

GCSEs)

n

severalubjects,lthough

ome

schools

lsoffer ther

ualifications.

t

1 ,

youngeople

ho

ave

stayed

tschooloAGCEs

Advanced

(Eevels)

ften

ust

alled evels

InWales,

choolsollowheWelsh

ationalurriculum

ut

ave

bolishe

national

estsor hildren

tage

and

. There

re lso

lans

n

Waleso

stopesting

hildrent14. eachenn

Walestill ave

0assessndeport

onheir

upils'progress

nd

chievements

t

7and .

In

Scotland,

he uniculums

divided

nto

wo

hases.

heint

phase

s

from

o14.

herere ixevelsn

his

hase,

evels

oF.here

re o

testsorwhole

roups

uringhisime.eachenestndividual

hildren

whenhey reeady.rom

14

to16,oungeopleoSundardrade.

After

hey

an

tudy

t

ntermediate,

igher

r

Advancedevel.n

Scotland

here ill oon

e singleuniculumor ll

pupils

rom

ge o

age

8.This

s

called

uniculum

orExcellence.orenformation

an

e

found

t

www.acurricul

mforexcellencescotland.qov.u

Help ith

nglish

lf

your

hild's

ainanguagesnot

English,he choolay rrange

for xtraanguageupportiomnEALEnglishdditionalanguage)

soecialist

eacher.

(areers

ducation

All hildren

et

areersdviceromhe ge

f

14. dvice

salsovailable

from onnexions,national

erviceor

oung

eople:

elephone



080 00

3219r:www.connexions-direct.comnEngland.

n

Wales,

Careenalesffers

dvice

ochildrenromhe ge f

l

1 Forurther

informationisit: ww.careerswales.comrtelephone800

00

00.

In

Scotland,

areers

cotland

rovides

nformation,ervicesnd upp0rt

to

all ges

ndtages.orurthernformation

isit:

www.careers-scotland.org.ukr elephone845502 02.

Parentsnd chools

Many

arents

re

nvolvedithheir hild'school.numberf

places

on school's

overning

odyre

eservedor

parents.

he

overning

ody

decides

owhe

chool

s un nd

dministered

nd

roduces

eportsn

the

rogres

fthe

chool

rom

ear

0

year.

nScotland,

arents

an e

members

f

chool

oards

r

parent

ouncils.

Schoolsuste pen90 ays

year.

Term

atesre ecidedy he

governing

odyrby heocalducationuthority.hildren

ust

ttend

thewholechool

ear.

chools

xpect

arents

nd

uardians

o nform

themftheirhild

s

going

obe

bsent

romchool.ll chools

sk

parents

o

signhome-schoolgreement.hissa ist fthingshat

bothhe choolndhe

arent

r

guardian

greeodo oensure

good

education

or he

hild.

ll

parents

eceiveeportvery

ear

n heir

child's

rogres.

hey

lso

avehe hanceo

go

o he choolo alko

theirhild'seachers.

Furtherducation

nd

dultducation

At16,

ounqeople

an

eave

choolr

stayn odoA evels

Higher

grades

nScotland)n

preparation

or

niversity.

ome

oungeopleo

to heir

ocalurther

ducation

FE)

ollegeo mproveheir xam

rades

0r o

get

ew

ualifications

or

career.

ostoursesre

ree

p0 he

age f19. oung

eople

romamilies

ith

owncomesan

help

ith

heir tudies

hen

hey

eave

choolt16.Thissca

Education

aintenancellowance

EMA).

nformation

bou

availablet

our

ocalolleger t:www.dfes.gov.

Furtherducationollegeslso fferoursesoadultsverhe

18. hesencludeourses

or

people

ishing

o mprovehei

English.hese

ourses

re alledS0L

English

orSpeake

f

Languages).

here

re lsoourses

orEnglish

peakers

ho

improveheiriteracynd umeracyndor

eople

ho ee

new killsor

mployment.

50Loursesre

lsovailable

nc

centresnd

raining

entres.heres ometimeswaitingist

coursesecause

emand

shigh.nEngland

nd

Wales,S0

and umeracyoursesre lsoalledkillsorLife ourseso

information

t

your

ocalolleger ocalibrary

r

romearn

0800

0 00.

Many

eople

oin

therdultducationlasses0

earn

new

hobbyndomeetew

eople.

lassesre eryaried

nd

a

sports

o earningmusicalnstrument

ra

newanguage

usuallyvailablerom

our

ocalibrary,ollegeradultdu

Universig

More

oungeopleo

ouniversityowhann he

ast.

a

A evels

or

Higher

rades

nScotland)tage 8 utt salso

g0

0universityatern ife. t

present,

ost

tudents

n

Eng

and orthernrelandaveo

pay

owardshe ost ftheiruit

ando

pay

or heirivingxpenses.

n

Scotlandherere 0 u

but ftertudentsinishniversityhey

ay

ackomefthe

education

n

a

payment

alledn

ndowment.t

present

n

can hargep 0 3,000per

ear

or heir

uition

ees,

ut tu



: anythingowards

heirees

eforerduring

heirtudies.

,'^

rent

pays

heir

uitionees

ndhenhargesor

hem

hen

'

):arts orking

fter

niversity.omeamilies

n ow ncomes

-

.

r

with

heir

hildren's

uition

ees.

hiss

alled

grant.

he

'

.' also

ive

elp,n

heorm

fbursaries.ost

tudents

et

'i'est

studentoanrom

bank.

his

ays

or heiriving

osts

'-., ere tuniversity.Whenstudentfinishesniversitynd tarts

.

-:

or

he

ust

ay

ackheoan.

Leisure

Information

Information

boutheatre,

inema,usicnd xhibitionss oundn

local

ewspapers,ocal

ibraries

ndourist

nformation

ffices. any

museums

nd

rt

alleries

reree.

Film,

ideondDVD

Filmsn heUK avesystemoshowf hey re uiftbleorchildren.

Thiss

calledhe lassification

ystem.f achilds

belowheage f he

classification,hey

houldotwatchhe ilm

atacinemaronDVD.ll

filmseceive

classification,

s

ollows:

U

Universal):

uitable

or

nyone

ged

years

nd ver

PG

parental

uidance):

uitableoreveryone

ut ome

arts

fthe

ilm

might

e

nsuitableor hildren.heir

arents

houldecide.

12

or12a: hildren

nder

2

re otallowedosee r enthe ilmuness

theyre ith

n dult.

15: hildren

nder5 re ot

llowedo eer

ent

he

ilm.

18: o

ne nder'lBs llowed

oseer

ent

he

ilm.

Rl8:noone

nder'18sallowed0see

he

ilm,which

sonly vailable

n

speciallyicensedinemas.



Televisionndadio

Anyone

n

heUK

ith

elevision

TV),

VDr ideoecorder,omputer

orany evice

hichs

used

orwatchingr ecording

V

rogrammes

muste overedy validelevisionicence.ne

icenceovers

llof

the quipmenttone ddress,ut

eople

hoent ifferentoomsna

shared

ouse

ustachuyseparate

icence.

AcolourlVicenceunentlyosts131.50

2006)

ndastsor12

months.

eople

ged

5,

roveran pply

or ree Vicence.lind

people

an laim50% iscountn heirlV

icence.ou

isk

rosecution

and

inefyou atchV ut re

ot

overedy

TVicence.here

re

manyays0buyTVicencencludingrom

ocal ay oint

utletsr

on-line

t:www.tvlicensing.co.uk.t salso

ossible

o

pay

or

he

icence

in nstalments.ormorenformationeleohone870

76 763rwriteo

IVLicensing,ristol598IL.

Sports,lubsnd ocieties

Informationbout

ocal

lubs

nd

ocieties

an suallye

ound

t

ocal

librariesr hrough

our

ocaluthority.or

nformationboutports

ou

shouldsk

n

he

ocaleisureentre.ibrariesndeisureentresften

0rganisectivities

or hildrenuringhe chool

olidays.

Placesf nterest

The K as argeetworkfpublicootpathsn he ountryside.any

parts

fthe ountrysidend

laces

f

nterestre ept peny he

Nationalrust.hissacharityhat

works

o

preserve

mportantuildings

and

ountrysiden heUK.nformationbout

ationalrustuildingsnd

areas

pen0 he

ublic

savailablen:

www.nationaltrust.org.uk

Pubs

nd ightlubs

Public

ouses,

r

pubs,

re

n mportant

art

fsocial

ifen

h

drinklcohol

na

pub ou

muste 0rover.

eople

nder

allowed

o

buy

lcoholnasupermarketr

n

an ff-licenc

i

landlordf he

ub

may

llow

eople

f14to omentohe

are ot llowedodrink.

t16,

eople

an rink ine rbee

ina

hotel

r

estaurant.

Pubsre suallypenuring

he

ay nd

ntil1

pm.

fa

pub

$ay pen

ater,t must

pply

or special

icence.

ightlub

close

aterhan

ubs.

Betting

nd

ambling

Peoplender8 re ot llowed

nto

ettinghopsr

gamb

Theres

a

Nationalotteryor

which

raws,

itharge

rize

everyeek.ouan ntery uyingicketrascratchard

under

1

6are ot llowedobuy

otteryicketrscratchar

Pets

Many

eople

n heUK ave

ets

uchs

ats

nd ogs.

t sa

lawo reat

pet

ruellyr oneglectt.Alldogsn

publicla

wear

collarhowing

he ame daddressf he wner.

responsible

or eepinghe og nderontrolnd

or lean

the nimalnaoubliclace.accinationsndmedicalreatm

animalsre vailable

rom eterinaryurgeons

vets).

fyou

a

t0

pay

vet,

ou

an

0

0acharityalledhePDSA

Peopl

forSick

nimals).oind

our

earestranch,

isit: ww.p



a:vel

andransport

dr

buses

nd oaches

-:tion

ab0utrains

elephonehe

Nationalail nquiryervice:

-

::

-19

0, r

isit.ww.nationalrail.co.uk

orrainsn

Northern

.

-:ne

Translinkn 2B0 6 6 0

r isit:ww.translink.co.uk

-,:lon

aboutocalusimes

hone

87008

50. or

'

.

on

oaches,elephone

ationalxpresn

87050 0 0,

,

',v

nati0nalexpress.com

or oaches

nScotland,elephone

:,

ink

n 8705

0 0 0 r

isit:wwcitylink.co.uk

or

':

and,

isit:ww.translink.co.uk

'

.ets

or

rainsnd

ndergroundystems

uchshe

0nd0n

--d

must

e

oughtefore

ou

et

n

herain.

hearearies

.

-,

rhe ay ndime

ou

isho ravel.

ravelling

n

he

ush

:

',

r

s

1r0r€

xpensive.

iscountickets

re vailable

or amilies,

-.: 60 nd ver;isabled

eople,

tudents

nd

eople

nder6.

'

ocalraintation

ordetails.ailureto

uy icket

ayesult

.qally,ll

axisnd

inicabsuste

icensednd isplay

':

Taxis

nd abs

ithno icencere

ot nsuredorfare-payinq

:rdare

otalwavsafe.Women

hould

ot se nlicensed

: r ' r, :

:

at

east

odrive

car rmotorcycle,

8odrive

medium-

,

,rd 21

odrive

argeony rbus.Io

rive

ony, inibusr

,'e han

ight

asenger

eats,

ou

mustavespecial

icence.

The rivingicence

You

must avedrivingicenceodrive

n

public

oads.o

et

adriving

licence

ou

must

ass

est.

here

re

manyriving

chools

here

ou

can

earnithhe elp fa

ualified

nstructor.

You

et

ull riving

icencen hree

tages:

1.Applyora

provisional

icence.

ou eedhis

icencehile

ou

re

learningo

drive.

ithhis

ou

re llowed

odrive motorcycle

p 0

125ccracar.

oumust

ut

L

plates

n he

ehicle,

r

D

plates

nWales.

Learnerriven

annot

rive n

amotorway.

f

you

rive car,

ou

must

be

with

omeone

ho

s

over

1

and

who

as ad ull

icenceor

over

three

ears.

ou an

et

anapplication

ormora

provisional

icence

rom

a

post

ffice.

2.

Passwrittenheoryest.

3.Pass

pradcaldriving

est.

Drivers

ay

se

heir

icence

ntil

hey re

0.

Afterthathe

icence

valid

or

hree

ears

ta ime.

InNorthern

reland,newly-qualified

river

ust isplayn

R-Plate

for

regi$eredriver)

or ne

ear

fter

asing

heest

Overseasicences

lfyour riving

icences rom

countryn he

Europeannion

EU),

lceland,iechtenstein

r

Norway,

ou

an rive

n heUK

oras

ong

s

your

icences

alid.



lfyou

ave

icence

iom

countryutside

heEU,

ou

may

se

t

n he

UK

or

up

o

12

months.

uring

hisime

ou

must

et

UK

rovisional

driving

icence

nd

as

bothhe

UKheory

nd

ractical

riving

ests,r

you

ill ot

e

bleodrive

fter2months.

Insurance

It

s

acriminal

ffenceohave

car

ithout

roper

otornsurance.

Driversithout

nsurance

aneceive

ery igh

ines.t

sakollegalto

allowomeone

o

use

our

arfthey

re otnsured

o

drivet.

Road

ax

ndMOT

You

ust

lso

ay

ax0

drive

our

ar n he oads.

hiss

calledoad

tax. ourehicle

ustave

oadax

isc hich

hows

ou

ave

aid.

Youan

uyhis

t he

ost

ffice.fyou

onot

ay

he oad

ax,

our

vehicle

ay

e lamped

r owed

way.

lfyour

ehicles

overhree

ears

ld,

ou

must

aket every

ear

or

Ministry

fTransport

M0T)

estYou

an

o his tan

pproved

arage.

The

arage

ill

give

ou

nMOT

ertificatehen

our

ar

asses

he

est.

h s

an ffence

otohave

nMOT

ertificate.fyou

onot ave

n

MOT

certificate,

our

nsurance

ill ot

e alid.

5afety

Everyone

n

a

vehicle

houldear

seat

elt.

hildren

nder

years

f

agemay eed

special

ooster

eatMotorcyclists

ndheir

asengers

must

ear

crashelmet

this

aw

oesot

pplyo

Sikh enf

hey re

wearing

urban).

t s llegalto

rive hile

oldingmobile

hone.

Speedimits

Forars

ndmotorcycles

he

peedimits

re:

30miles

er

our

mph)

n

built-up

reas,nless

signhows

d

60

mph

n ingleaniageways

70

mph

n

motorways

nd

ualaniageways

Speed

imitsreower

orbuses,

onies

nd an

ulling

ara

h s llegal

odrive

hen

ou

re verhe

lcoholimit

rdru

can top

ou

nd

ive

ou

esto

see owmuch

lcohol

ou

your

ody.his

scalled

breathalyser

estf

adriverasmo

permitted

mount

falcohol

called

eingbver

heimit')

r

takehe

est,

e

r he ill

be nested.eople

ho

rinknd

expecto

be isqualifiediom

rivingor

ong

eriod.

Accidents

lfyou

renvolvedn

a

oad

ccident:

t

dont

rivewayithout

topping-this

s

acriminal

ffen

.

callthe

olice

nd mbulance

n999r112if

omeons

@

o

get

he ames,

ddresses,ehicleegistration

umbers

n

detailsf heotherrivers

r

give

our

etails

o he ther

riversr

passengers

ndo

h

I

make

note feverything

hat appened

nd

ontact

ou

company

s oon

s

osible.



' '

rou

dmithe ccidentas

our

ault,

hensurance

ompany

'

: to

pay.

t sbettertowait

ntilhensurancecompanydecides

'

^

rse

ault

he ccidentas.

ar':,

documents

'

-K itizenso

ot

avetoanydentity

lD)

ards.Ihe

'-:

s,

owever,

aking

lans

o

ntroducethemn

he ext

-: 'r,:

iour

dentity

j

,

? 0

prove

our

dentity

tdifferentimes,

uchs

when

ou

.

3r(ount,entaccommodation,

nr0lora

ollegeourse,

ire

,

-,

benefitsuchs ousing

enefit,r pply

or

maniage

ferent

rganisationsay

sk

or

ifferentocumentss

' ' - :

tyTheseannclude:

..lmentsrom

heHome fficehowing

our

mmigration

,::

of

dentity

':

lr ravelOcument

:

rsurance

Nl)

umber

ard

-:l

or

ull

rivingicence

-,,,

electricityr

phone

illshowing

our

amend

ddres

:.refitsook.



ChAPtCr6:

EMPLOYMENT

ln

his hapterhere

s nformation

ADOUT:

*

Looking

or

work nd

pplying

for

obs

*

Trainingndolunteering

c

Equalightsnd ixrimination

*

Rights

nd

esponsibilities

t

work

.

Workingoryourself

*

(hildare

nd

hildrentwork

Lookingor

work

lfyou

re

ooking

orwork,

r

you

rehinkingfchanging

our

ob,

there

re

number

fways

ou

an

ind

utabout

ork

pportunities.

The ome

ffice

rovides

uidance

n

whosallowed

o

workn

heUK.

Not

veryonen

heUK

s

allowedowork nd ome

eople

eed ork

permits,

0 t s mportant

ocheck

our

tatuseforeaking

p

work.

Also,

mployersaveocheck

hat nyonehey mploys egallyntitled

toworkn heUK. ormorenformationnd uidance,eeheHome

Offiewebsite'Workingn

heUK'-www.workingintheuk.gov.uk

Jobsre

suallydvertisedn ocal

nd

ationalewspapen,

t he ocal

Jobcentrend

n

employmentqencies.ouanindhe

ddressnd

telephoneumber

fyourocal

obcentrenderobcentre

lus

n he

phone

ookrsee:ww

obcentreplus.gov.uk

one

obs

re dvertised

on upermarketotice

oardsndn hopindows.hese

obs

re

usually

art-ilme

ndhe

aqes

rc ften

uite

ow.

f

herere

artkular

clmpantes

lu

wluld

ike

owlrklr,

lu

an 00k0(

acanctes

n

iletwelrtes

Jobcentre

lus

s un

y

government

epartmenr_the

eparfmenro,

Work

nd

ensions.

rained

taffgive

dvice

nd

elpn

inding

nd

applying

orjobs

swell

aiming

enefits.

hey

an

lso

rrange

or

interpreters.

heir

ebsite

ww.jobcentreprus.gov.uk

ists

acancres

nd

training

pportunities

nd

ives

eneral

nformation

n

enefits.

here

s

also

ow

ost

elephone

erviceJobseeker

irect,

g45

0

0

i4.

This

s

open

a.m.

o

6.p.m.

n

weekdays

nd

a.m.

o

1

p.m.

n

Saturdays.

Qualifications

Applicants

or

ome

obs

eed

pecial

raining

r

ualifications.

lfyou

aveualifications

rom

nother

ountry,

ou

an

ind

ut ow

they

ompare

ith

ualifications

n

he

UK

t he

National

cademic

Recogniti0n

nformation

entre

NARIC),

ww.naric.or0.uk



Forurther

nformationontact

K

ARlt,

CflIStd, riel ouse,

Oriel

oad,

heltenham

los,L50XB

elephone:087090 088,

email:[email protected]

Applications

Interviews

orower

aid

nd

ocal

obs

an ftene nangedy

telephoner n

penon.

or any

obs

ou

eedo ill nan

pplication

form r end

copyfyouruniculumitae

CV)

ith

coveringetter

r

letter

faoolication.

A

coveringettersusuallyshortetter

ttachedoacompleted

applicationorm, hile

etterfapplication

ives

ore

etailed

information

n

why

ou

re pplyingor he

ob

nd

hy

ou

hink

you

re

uitable.our

V

gives

pecific

etailsn

our

ducation,

qualifications,revious

mployment,

killsnd

nterests.

t s mportant

t0 ype nyettennd

our

V

on computerrword

rocessor

shis

improves

our

hance

fbeing

alledor

nnterview

Employers

ftenskor he ames

nd ddressesfone r wo eferees.

Thesere

eople

uchs

our

urrentr

previous

mployer

rcollege

tutor. efereeseed

oknow

ou

ell

nd0agree0

write

shorteport

or eference

n

our

uitabilityor he

ob.

ersonalriends

rmembers

f

your

amily

re

ot

ormallycceptableseferees.

lnterviews

Inob escriptionsndnterviews,mployershouldiveulldetailsf

what

he

ob

nvolves,

ncludinghe

ay,

olidays

nd orkingonditions.

lfyou eed orenformation

bout

ny

fthese,

ou

an sk

uestions

n

thenterview.n act,

skingome

uestions

n henterview

hows

ou

are

nterested

ndanmprove

our

hance

f

etting

he

ob.

When

ou

re pplying

or

ob

nd uringhentervieqt s mpo

tobe onestbout

our ualifications

nd xperience.fan mplo

finds

uthat

ou ave

nconectnformation,

ou

might

ose

ourjo

(riminalrecord

Forome

obs,

articularly

f

he

work

nvolvesorkingith hildre

or ulnerable

eople,

he mployerillaskor

our ermission

odo

acriminalecord

heck.

ouan

et

morenformationn

his

romh

Home

fficeriminal

ecords

ureau

GB)

nformation

ine,

telephone

8700 0 1

. n

Scotland,ontact

isclosurecotlan

www.disclosurescotland.c0.uk

eloline:870

09 006.

Training

Taking

p raining

elps

eople

mproveheir

ualifications

or

work

Some

rainingay e fferedtwork

r

ou

an o oursesrom

o

orat

your

ocal

ollege.

hisncludes

nglishanguage

raining.

ou

a

get

morenformationrom

our

ocalibrary

nd olleger rom eb

suchswww.worktrain.gov.uk

nd ww.learndirect.co.ukearnd

offers angefonlineraining

oursestcentrescrosshe ountr

Iherere hargesor

oursesut

ou

an

o

ree

tarterr asteres

You

an

et

morenformationrOh

heirreenformation

nd

dvic

0800 0 00.

Volunteering

nd ork xperience

Someeople

o

oluntaryork

ndhis an e

good

ay0supp

your

ocalommunitynd rganisationshich

ependn olunte

also

rovides

sefulxperience

hat

an elp ithuture

ob

pplic

Yourocalibraryillhavenformation

boutolunteeringpportu



Equalights

nd iscrimination

You

an lso

et

nformation

nd

dvicerom ebsitesuchs.

www.do-it.org.uk

ww.volunteering.org.uknd

ww.justdosomething.net

It s

againsthe

aw or

employersodiscriminategainst0me0net

work.his

meanshat

person

houldotbe efusedork,raining

r

promotion

r reatedes avourablyecauseftheir:

;:.sex

=

nationality,ace,

olourr thnic

roup

=

disabiliry

=

religion

=

sexualrientation

€ age.

InNorthernreland,

he

aw

lso

ansiscriminationn

rounds

t

religious

eliefr

oliticl

pini0n.

Ihe aw

lso ayshatmen ndwomen ho o he ame

ob,

r

work

ofequal

alue,

hould

eceive

qual

ay.

lmostll he aws

rotecting

people

twork

pply quallyo

people

oing

art{ime

r ull-time

0bs.

Ihere

re,

owever,

small

umber

f

obs

whereiscriminationaws o

not pply.or xample,iscriminationsnot gainstheawwhenheob

involvesorkingor

omeonen heirwn

ome.

You

an

et

morenformation

bout

he aw nd

acial

iscrimination

fromhe

ommission

orRacialquality.

he qualpportunities

Commissionan

elp ith

ex iscrimination

ssues

ndheDisability



Rightsommission

eals

ith isabilirysues.

achf hese

organisationsffersdvice

nd

nformation

nd an,

n

someases,

supportndividuals.

romctober007heirunctionsill

be rought

togethernanew

ommission

or

Equalitynd umanights.ouan

get

morenformation

bout

heaws

rotectingeople

tworkrom

he

Citizens

dvice

ureauebsite:ww.adviceguide.org.uk

InNorthern

reland,he

Equality

ommission

rovides

nformation

nd

advice

n espect

f llformsf nlawfuliscrimination.

The ommissionor acial

quality,5tunstans

ouse,

20

2

11Boroughg

Street,ondon,E1Gl, elephone:

020

939

00,ax:020939

001,

ww.cre.gov.uk

IheEqualpportunities

ommision,

rndaleouse,

rndale

entre,

Manchester4

EQelephone:84501 901,ax: '161

38 31,

www.eoc.org.uk

The isabilityights

ommision,

R( elpline,REEPOST

1D02164,

Stratford

pon

von

V37

BR,elephone:845/

22

i3,

fax:84577 87

,

www.drc.org.uk

The qualityommission

or

Northern

reland,qualityouse,

/-9 Shaftesbury

quare,elfastI2

Df

elephone:0280

00600,

www.equalityni.org

Sexualarassment

Sexual

arassment

anakeifferentorms.hisncludes:

indecentemarks

commentsboutheway

ou

ook

hat

make

ou

eel

uncomfortablerhumiliated

'-=

commentsr

uestions

bout

our

ex

ife

=

inappropriate

ouchingr exualemands

=.=

ullyingehaviourrbeing

reated

n

a

way

hats ude,ostile,

degradingr umiliatingecausefyourex

Mennd omen

an e

ictims

fsexualarassmenttwork.f hrs

happenso

you,

ell

riend,

olleaguer radenionepresentat'

askhe

erson

arassing

ou

o

stop.

t s

a

good

deaokeepwritte

record

fwhat appened,he

aysndimes

hen

t happened

nd

,

else ay aveeen

r

heardhe arassment.

fthe

roblem

ontinu

report

he

erson

0

your

mployerr radenion.mployers

re

responsibleor

he ehaviourf heir mployeeshile

hey re t

wor

They

houldreatomplaintsfsexualarasmentery

eriouslynd

takeffectivection

o

deal ith

he

roblem.

f

you

re ot atisfie

,

your

mployer'sesponse,

ou

an sk

or

dvicend upportromhe

Equalpportunities

ommision,

our

radenionr heitizensdv

Bureau.



.tt

work

,rployers

and mployees

aveegal

esponsibilit ies

twork.

,:rs

haveo

pay

mployees

or

heworkhat hey

o,reathem

,

J akeesponsible

areor heir ealth

nd afety.mployees

ro

heir

ork

itheasonable

kill

nd arendollow

ll

': e nstructions.

heyhould

ot amage

heirmployer's

.

r-1€fr

ontractrstatement

'

' .

I

months

fstarting

new

ob,

our

mployerhould

ive

ou

'

.0ntractr tatementith

ll he

etailsnd onditions

or

.

Ihis

houldncludeyour

esponsibilit ies,

ay,

orking

ours,

,

:k

pay

nd

ension.

t

should

lso

nclude

he

eriod

fnotice

'-

,

uand

our

mployer

hould

ive

or

he mployment

0en d

'.t

or

written

tatement

s nmportant

ocument

nds

er y

'-.'e

is

verdisagreement

bout

our

ork,

ay

r onditions.

:

r

',r

Jr'snd olidays

,

reed

etween

ou

nd

our

mployerheres

minimum

. -:Khats egalight

or

verymployed

erson

bove

.

,rhooleaving

ge.he

ompulsorychooleaving

ges1 ,

.

r

theschool

earwhen

6-year-olds

aneaveschool

n

;

,r,/ales

s

differentrom

hatnScotlandnd orthern

reland

-:r'ent

minlmumage

atesor ifferent

ge

roups.

rom

: :he

ates

re sollows:

.'',

aged2 nd

bove5.35

n

our

,

,ear

lds4.45

n our

-

,ear

lds

3.30

n our

Employers

ho

ay

heirworken

esshan

his re

reakinghe aw. ou

can

et

morenformation

rom

heCentral

ffice f nformation

irectgov

website,

ww.direct.gov.uk

hich

aswideange

f

public

ervice

information.

lternatively,

ou

anelephone

heNational

inimum

Wage

elpline,

elephone:0845

00 678.

Your

ontract

r tatementil l

howhe umber

fhours

ou

re

expected

owork. our

mployeriqht

sk

ou

f

you

anworkmore

hours

hanhis

nd

t

s

our

ecisionhether

r

ot

ou

o.

our

employer

annotequire

ou

oworkmore ours

han

hehoursqreed

0n

our

ontract.

lfyou

eed

obeabsentromwork,

orexamplefyou

rell

or

you

ave

a

medical

ppointment,t s mportant

0

ell

your

mployer

s 00n

s

you

ann

advance.ost

mployeesho

re

6

0rover

re ntitled0at

least

ourweeks,

aid

oliday

very

ear

his

ncludes

imeornationa

holidays

see

hapter

).Yourmployer

ust

ive ou pay

lrp, r

a

similar ritten

tatement,

achime

ou

re

aid.

hismust

how xacr

how

uch oney

as een

akenfffortax

nd

ational

nsurance

c0ntributi0ns.

Tax

For

most

eople,

ax s

automatirallyakenrom

herr arnings

y he

employer

nd

aid

irectlyo HMRevenue

ndustoms,

he

government

department

esponsibleor

collectinqaxes.f

you

re eltemployed,

ou

needo

pay

our

wnax

see

age

2).Money

aisedromncome

ax

pays

or

overnment

ervices

uchs oads,

ducatron,

olice

ndhe

armedorces.

aasionally

MRevenuend

ustomsends

ut ax

eturn

forms hich

skor ull inancial

etails.f

you

eceive

ne,t s mportant

tocompletet

and eturnhe orm

s 00n s

osible.

ou

n

get

help

and

dvicerom

he

HM

Revenuendustoms

elf-assessmentelpline,

on:0845

00 5 5.



Nationalnsurance

Almostverybodyn

heUK

hos n

paid

ork,

ncludingelf-employed

people,

ust

ay

ationalnsurance

Nl)

ontributions.

oney

aised

from l

ontributionssusedo

pay

ontributoryenefits

uchshe

Stateetirementension

nd elpsundheNationalealth

ervice.

Employeesaveheir l

ontributionseductedromheir

ay

y

heir

employerveryeekrmonth.eopleho

re elf-employed

eed

o

pay

l

ontributionshemselves:

lasscontributions,ithery irect

debitreveryhree onths

nd

las

4

contributionsn he

rofits

from

heirraderbusiness.las contributions

re

aid

longside

their

ncome

ax. nyoneho

oes

ot

ay

noughl ontributionsill

not

e ble0 eceive

ertainenefits,uchs obseeker'sllowancer

Maternity

ay,ndmay ot

eceive

ull

tateetirement

ension.

GettingNationalnsuranceumber

Justeforeheir 6th

irthday,ll

oung

eople

n heUK re ent

Nationalnsuranceumber.Ihiss

auniqueumberor ach

enon

ndt

tracksheir ationalnsurance

0ntributi0ns.

Refugeeshosesylum

pplications

ave

eenuccesfulavehe

ame

rights

o

work

s ny ther K itizenndo eceiveNationalnsurance

number.eople

ho aveppliedor

sylumnd

aveot eceived

positive

ecisiono ot

sually

ave

ermission

o

work

nd o o ot

get

Nationalnsuranceumber.

YoueedNationalnsuranceumberhen

ou

tart ork.fyou

o

not

aveNationalnsuranceumber,

ou

an pply

or

nehrough

Jobcentrelusr ourocalocialecurityffice.t sagooddeaomake

an ppointmenty elephone

nd sk

hich

ocuments

ou

eedo ake

with

ou.

ousuallyeed

oshow

our

irth ertificate,

asport

nd

Homefficeocuments

llowing

ou

0stay

n

he ountry.fyou eed

information

boutegisteringor Nationalnsurance

umber,

ou

ar-

telephonehe ationalnsuranceegistrationselplinen

08451 7006r 8451 5670.

Pensions

Everyone

n

heUK

ho

as

aid

noughationalnsurance

ontribur

-

will

get

Stateensionhenheyetire.he

State

ension

ge

orme'

currently5

ean

fagendor

women

t s60,

ut

he

State

ension-'

forwomenill ncrease

o

65nstages

etween0'10nd 020.

ou,-

findull etails

fthe tate

ension

chemen heStateensionebs

.

www.thepensionservice.gov.ukr

ou

an

hone

hePensionervice

Helpline:08450

0

65 .

InadditionoaStateension,any

eople

lsoeceive

pension

hro-

'

their ork

nd omelso

ay

nto

personalension

lan

oo.t s

ver,

important

o

get ood

dvicebout

ensions.

he ensionsdvisory

Service

ives

ree

nd onfidentialdvicen ccupationalnd

ersona

pensions.

heir

elplineelephoneumbers

084501 923ndherr

websiteddressswww.opas.org.uk.ndependent

inancialdvisena

also

ive

dviceut

ou

suallyaveo

pay

eeor

his ervice.

ou

a'

findocal

inancial

dvisen

n he ellowages

nd homsonocal

uic.

0r nhe

nternet

twww.unbiased.c&uk

Healthnd afety

Employenave egal

uty

omake

urehe

workplaces

afe.

Employeeslsoave egalutyo ollowafetyegulationsndowo'.

safelyndesponsibly.fyou re oniedboutealth

nd afetyt

you.

workplace,alko

your

upervisor,anager

r radenion

epresenta

Youeed

o

ollow

he

ight

rocedures

nd

our

mployerust

ot

dismiss

ou

r reat

ou

nfairly

or aising

concern.



-:de

unions

, .

.lnionsre

rganisationshat im0

mprovehe

ay

nd

orking

: :

ons f

heirmembers.

hey

lso

ive

heir

members

dvicend

i :

-

1 0n

roblems

t

work.ouan hoose

hether

o

oin

rade

-

or

not nd

our

mployer

annot

ismiss

ou

r reat

ou

nfairly

:.

rq

a

unionember.

,n

ind

etailsftrade

nionsn heUK,he enefitshey ffer

o

,- ters nd sefulnformationnightstwork n heradesnion

: ess

TUC)

ebsite,

ww.tuc.org.uk

- :blems

t

work

-

have

roblems

fanyind twork,peako

your

upervisor,

:-:qer,radenion

epresentativer ome0nelse

ith esponsibility

,

, 1fl s

osible.

f

you

eedo akeny ction,

t s

a

good

dea

o

get

,

:, .: first.f

you

re

member

fa ade nion,

our

epresentative

ill

-

:

/0u

can lso

ontact

our

ocal itizens

dviceureau

GB)

rLaw

: e Theationaldvisory,onciliationnd rbitrationerviceA[AS)

-:

te,

www.acas.org.uk

ives

nformationn

our

ightstwork. CAS

, rffersnational

elpline,elephone:8457

7 7 7.

-- sing

our

ob

nd

nfairismissal

,

:.nployeean e ismised

mmediatelyor erious

isconductt

1.

Anyone

ho

annot

0 heirjob

roperly,

r

s

unacceptably

ate r

::

:nt

rom ork,houlde

iven

warning

y

heir mployer,

f

heir

.

<,

punctuality

rattendanceoes

otmprove,he mployer

an

ive

-.-rnoticeo eaveheirjob.

. aqainsthe

awor

mployers

odismissomeone

rom ork

nfairly.

- -

s

happens

o

you,

r ife tworksmadeo ifficulthat

ou

eel

ou

,

,

to eave,

ou

may e bleo

get

ompensation

f

you

ake

our

ase

toanEmploymentlribunal.

hiss court

hichpecialises

n

employment

atters.ouormallynly

avehree onths0

make

acomplaint.

lf

you

re ismissed

rom

our

ob,

t s mportant

o

get

dvicen

your

ases 00n

s

osible.

ouan skor dvicend

nformation

on

our

egalights

nd

he

estction

o ake

iom

our

rade

nion

representative,solicitor,Law entrer heCitizen3dviceureau.

Redundancy

lfyouose

ourjob

ecausehe ompany

ou

orkor o ongereeds

someoneodo

our

ob,

r annotfford

oemploy

ou,ou

may

e

entitled0

edundancy

ay.

he

mount

fmoney

ou

eceive

epends

0n he

ength

ftime

ou

ave

een

mployed.gain

our

radenion

representative,solicitor,Law

entre

r he

itizens

dviceureauan

advise

ou.

Unemployment

Most

eople

ho ecomenemployedan

laimobseeker s

llowance

(JSA).Ihis

scunentlyvailableormen ged

8-65nd omenged

18-60ho re apable

f

working,vailable

orwork ndrying

to

indwork.

nemployed

6 nd7-year-olds

ay ot e ligibleor

Jobseeker s

llowanceutmay e bleoclaim

Youngenon sridging

Allowance

YPBA)

nstead.heocalobcentre

lusan elp ith laims.

You

an

et

urther

nformationromheCtizens

dviceureaundhe

Jobcentrelusebsite:ww.jobcentreplus.gov.uk



New

eal

New eals

a

government

rogramme

hat imso

give

nemployed

people

he

elp

nd upporthey eed

o

get

nto ork.oung

eople

who aveeen

nemployedor months

nd dultsho

aveeen

unemployedor18months

re suallyequired

o

oin

New ealf

hey

wish

ocontinueeceiving

enefit.here

re ifferent

ew

eal

chemes

for ifferent

ge

roups.

ouanind

utmorebout ew

ealn

084506 626r: ww.newdeal.qov.uk

The

overnment

lsouns ork-based

earning

rogrammes

hich

ffer

training0

people

hile

hey re twork. eopleeceive

wage

ran

allowancendan

ttendollegeor

neay

week

o

get

new

ualification.

You

anind utmore

bouthe ifferent

overnment

chemet

ndhe

schemesn

your

rea,iom obcentrelus,ww.jobcentreplus.gov.uk,

r

vour

ocal

itizensdviceureau.

Working

or

yourself

Tax

Self-employed

eople

reesponsible

or

paying

heir wn

ax nd

Nationalnsurance.

heyaveokeep

etailedecords

fwhathey

earnnd

pendn he usiness

nd endheir

usinessccounts0

HM evenue

nd ustomsvery

ear.

ost

elf-employed

eople

se

an ccountant

0

make

urehey

ay

he

orrectax nd

laimll he

oossibleax llowances.

As

oons

ou

ecomeelf-employed

ou

houldegister

ounelf

or

tax nd ational

nsurancey inging

heHM evenue

nd

ustoms

telephoneelplineor

people

ho re

elf-employed,

n 84515

5':

Helpnd

dvice

Banksan

ive

nformation

nd dvice

n etting

p

our

wn usine

and ffertart-upoans,hich

eed

obe epaidithnterest.

Government

rants

nd ther

inancial

upport

ay e vailable.oua

get

etails

f hese

nd dvicen ecoming

elf-employedrom

usrn

Link,

government-funded

roject

or

people

tartingr unning

business-www.businesslink.gov.uk

elephone:845

00006.

WorkingnEurope

British

itizens

an

worknany ouffiy

hats

a

member

f heEurope

Economic

rea

EEA).

n

general,

hey ave

he amemploymentighr

as citizen

fthatountryr tate.



Childcarend hildrentwork

New othenndathers

Womenho

re xpectingbaby

aveegalighto

ime ff

work

for

ntenatalare.

hey

re lso

ntitled

0at

east6weekl aternity

leave.heseightspply

o

ull-time

nd

art{ime

orkersndt makes

no ifferenceowonghewomanas orkedorher mployer.

t

s,

however,mportant

o ollowhe orrect

rocedures

ndo

give

he

employernoughotice

bout

aking aternityeave.omeomenay

also e ntitled0maternityayuthis ependsnhowonghey ave

been

orkingor

heirmployer.

Fathersho ave orkedor heir mployeror t east6

weeks

re

entitled0

paternity

eave,hich

rovides

p o woweeks'timeff

from ork, ith

ay,

hen

he

hilds

born.

s mportanto ell

our

employerellnadvance.

You

an

et

dvicendmorenformationnmaternitynd

aternity

mattenrom

he

ersonnel

fficertwork,

our

radenion

representative,

our

ocal

itizens

dvice

ureau,heCitizens

dvice

Bureauebsiteww.adviceguide.org.ukr he

overnment

ebsite

www.direct.gov.uk

Childcare

It

s

Government

olicy

ohelp

eople

ith hildcareesponsibilities

to ake p

work.

omemployenan elp

ith

his.

he

hildcarelink

websiteww.childcarelink.gov.uk

ives

nformationboutifferentypes

ofchildcarend egisteredhildmindersn

your

rea,r elephone

080006 2

6.

Hoursndimeor hildrentwork

In he

UK

herere trictaws0

protect

hildrenrom xploitationnd

to

make

urehat

work

oes

ot

et

n

he

way

ftheir

ducation.he

earliest

egal

ge

or

hildren

odo

aid

orks1 ,although

ot

ll ocal

authoritiesllowhis. herere xceptions

or

omeypesf

perfor-

work

including

odelling)hen

ounger

hildrenay

e llowe:

work. nychild

nderschool

eavingge

16)

eekingodo

aid

,'.

mustpplyor icenceromheocaluthority.

hildren

aking

;

insomeindsf

performances

ay ave

0obtainmedicalertif

''-

before

orking.

Bylaw,childrennder6cannlydolightwork.Therearepar

'

:

that hildrenre

ot

llowedo

do. hesenclude

elivering

ilk,.

.

.

alcohol,igarettesrmedicines,

orking

nakitchenrbehindhe

counterfa

chip

hop,

orkingith angerousachineryr herr

,

doingny ther

ind

f

workhatmaye armful

o heir

ealthr c

:'

Theaw etsut

lear

imitsorheworkingoun

nd

imesor

3

-:

,-

old

hildren.very

hild

ustavet eastwo

onsecutive

eeks

,-

duringhe choololidays

henhey

o

notwork.

hey annot

'.

*

formore

hanhours

ithout

one

ourest

reak

e

formore

hanhoursn ny

chool

ay r Sunday

€

morethaniveours

13-l4yearolds)

reightours

15-15

.'

olds)nSaturdays

or

eekdays

iring

chool

olidays)

€

before.00am

r fter

.00pm

*

beforehe losefschooloun

except

n

areashere

ocaly ,'

allowhildrenoworkne

our

eforechool).

*

formorehan hounnanychool

eek

€

formorethan5 oursa

eek

13-l4yearolds)

r35

ou6 ,',-.

(15-16

ear

lds)uring

choololidays.



j :

0nal inimum

aqe

orhose

nder

l6.

'-0nty

may ithdraw

childticence

owork,

or

example

:

,vorks

onger

ou6

han

heaw

llows.Ihe

hild

ould

:

e

0cOntinue

0work.

n

employer

ay

e

prosecuted

.-

ploying

child.

parent

r arerho

makes

alse

-

achild'sicence

pplication

an

lso e

prosecuted.

hey

.''osecuted

fthey

onot

nsure

heir hild

eceives

proper

, can

ind

more

nformation

n heIUC

ebsite,

-

art.org.uk



(hAPtCrT:

KNOWING

HE

AW

In

his hapter

here

s nformation

about:

*

The

olice

<

(rime

nd

he

aw

* (riminalcourts

=

Human

ights

*

Maniage

nd ivorce

*

(hildren

nd

oungeople

€

(onsumer

rotection

Theights

nd

uties

fa

citizen

The

aw

Every

erson

n

he

UK as

he ight

oequal

reatment

nder

he aw.

Theaw

ppliesn

he ame

ay

0everyone-regardless

fwho

hey

re

orwhere

hey

rerom.

Ihe

aw

an

e

dividednto

riminal

nd

ivilaw.

Criminal

aw elares

t0

rimes,

hich

re suallynvestigated

y he

olice

r ome

ther

authority

nd re

unished

y he ourts.

ivilaws

sedo

etrle

disputes

etween

ndividuals

r

roups.

In

heUKt

s

acriminal

ffenceo

cany weapon

uch

s

gun

r

knife

0r

anything

hatsmade

radapted

ocause

njury

o

someone,

venf t

is or

elf-defence.

Reporting

crime

In

an

emergency,

r f

you

re

he ictim

facrime

r

you

ee

crime

taking

lace,

ial 99

r11

2.The

peratorill

ask

ou

which

ervice

ou

need-police,

ire,

mbulance

r,

y he

oast,he

oastguard.

hen

ou

need

o

explain

hy

he

police

re eeded

nd

where

hey eed

o

go.

lf

he

ituation

s

NOT

nemergenry,ou

an

either

o

o

your

ocal

olice

station

r

elephone

hem. ou

anind

he

elephone

umber

nder

'Police'in

he

hone

ook.

ome'mino/crimes

an

e eported

nline

5ee

ww.online.police.uk

or

etails.

Racially

nd

eligiously

otivated

rime

ln heUKt sacriminalffenceouse

busive

r

nsulting

ords

n

public

ecause

fsomeone's

eligion

rethnic

rigin. nyone

ho

auses

harassment,

larm

rdistress

0

other

e0ple

ecause

ftherreligion

r

ethnic

rigin

an

e

prose(uted

nd

iven

trong

enalties

y he

ourts.

lf

you

re

he ictim

f eligious

r acially otivated

rime,

t s mportant



t0

eporthis0 he

olice

ndhey

ave

duty

o ake ction.

ou

an sk

for

n

nterviewt he

olice

tation,t

your

ome

r

somewherelse.

Youan

et

urthernformation

nd

dviceiomheRace

quality

ouncil

or rom

our

ocal

itizens

dviceureau.

Police

uties

The

obf he olicen he Ks o:

protect

ife nd

roperty

.,.

prevent

isturbances

known

s

eeping

he

eace)

*

oreventnd etectrime

Ihe

police

orces

a

public

ervicend hould

elp

nd

rotect

veryone.

You

hould

ot

e fraidf

eportingcrimerasking

he

olice

or

help. olicefficersustbeyhe

aw

nd

heymustot

misuse

heir

authority,

akealsetatement,e

ude,

busiver

commitacial

discrimination.

he erymall

umbers

f

police

ffcersho re onupt

ormisuseheiruthorityre

everely

unished.

Complaints

Anyoneanmaken fficialomplaintgainst

he

olice.

omake

complaint,

ou

an

0

0a

police

tationr

writeoeither

he

Chief

[onstableor hat oliceorcer hendependentoliceomplaints

[ommission

in

Northernreland,he

Police

mbudsman).

f t s

aserious

matter,

t s

a

good

deaospeakoasolicitorr

o heitizens

dvice

Bureau

irst.

lfthe

olice

vertop

ou

All

good

itizens

re xpectedo

help

he

olicerevent

nd etect

'

-.

wheneverhey

an.he

police

an top ny

memberfthe

ublic

r

':'

in

connection

ith crimehat

as eenommittedr

s

about

o a..

place.

heyantop

eople

n

a

vehiclet nyime.

lf

you

re toppedy he

oliceou

hould

ive

he fficer

our

arr.

and

ddress.ou0not

eed0answernymore

uestions,

lthouc'

usually

eople

o. ouan sk

or

he

amefthe fficer

ho

topp=:

and

uestioned

ou,

he

olice

tationhere

e

r he

s

based

nd

reason

hy

ou

aveeentopped.

The

olice

an sk

ou

o

go

oa

police

tationoanswer

ore

uest

-

and

ou

an hoose

hetherto

o.

fyou

oto

policestation

olur:'',

you

re ntitled

0 eavehen

ou

ant0. f

you

re bsnuctive,

uc:'

decideomislead

he

olice,

ou

isk

eingnested.

Search

The

olice

an top nd earch

nyoneheyhinkmighte

nvolved

'

crime.

hisncludesffencesuchs

heft, urglaryr

possession

f

'

:,

drugs

r hingsobe sed

or ommittingriminalamage.

hey ar

'

:

search

he ehiclefthe

enon

hey

top.

q:

Policefficerso

ot avehe

ower

0enter

nd earchny uildinq

they

hoose,utheyan nterbuilding

fthey ave

warrant

tha:

special

ermision

rom magistrate,

n

Scotland

Sheriff),r 0arrej:

someone,0save

ife

r

o

prevent

erious

isturbancerdamage.

Youan skor he amefthefficerho astoppedou,he ol.

station

heree r he

s asedndhe

easonorheirearch.



Arrest

lfyou

re

nested

ndakeno

a

police

tation,

pollce

fficer

ill

ell

you

heeasonor

our

rrest.

fyou

aveifficulty

n

understandingnglish,he

olice

hould

rovide

an

nterpreter

nlessheyhinkdelayn indingn

nterpreter

ight

result

n eriousarmoa

person

r

roperty.

The

olice

hould

ormally

nly

nterview

young

erson

nderhe ge

rf 1 f

heir

arent

ran appropriate

dulf

s

present.

his ould

e

ocial

orker,

n dult

riend

r eacher.

Information

nd dvice

you

re

nested

rdeuinedta

police

tation,

ou

re

iven

ritten

jetails

of hree

mportantegalights:

I

theightto

ee

solicitor

2

the

ight

osend

messageo

a

riendramemberf

your

amily,

tellinghem

here

ou

re

3 the ighto ook t he odesf

practice-guidelines

hathe

olice

shouldollowhenearchingor ndollectingvidence

-ris

writen ote lso

ncludes

he fficial

olice

aution

iven

oall

,Jspects:

tudo ot aveo aynythinE.

: Lt

t

may arm

our

efence

fyou

o

otmention,hen

uestioned,

irmethinghich

ou

ater

elynn ourt.

:rything

ou

o ay

ay

e

iven

nevidence.

This

autioneanshathe

olice

annotorce

person

0answer

questions.

ut

f

asuspectoes

ot

nswer

uestions

t he

olice

tation,

or ncourt,his

an e seds videncegainst

im

r

her.he

aution

alsotates

hat nything

pe60n

oesayoa

police

fficeran lso e

useds videncen

ourt.

The

uty olicitor

Anyoneho as

eennestedr

goes

oa

police

tationoluntarily

is

entitled0

egal

dvicen

private.

hisan e

with

solicitorftheir

choicer he uty olicitor.utyolicitorsorkor ocalirmshat

specialisencriminalaw

nd

ffer reeonsultation.suallyhe dvice

is

given

n

person

ut ometimest may e

iven

verheelephone.

lfyou ave

eennested,rare eing

uestioned

bout

serious

ffence,

or

ou

eel

nsurebout

our

egal

osition,ou

ave

he

ight oto

answer

uestiOns

except

o

giveour

amend ddres)ntil

ou

ave

spokenoasolicitor.

Therere ome

ifferencesetween

he ourtystemnEnglandnd

Walesndhe ystemnScotlandnd orthern

reland.

Magistrates and

istrict

ourts

ar:

InEngland,ales

nd

orthernrelandost

inor

riminalasesre

dealt ith

n

amagistrates court.

n

Scotland,

inorriminalffences

o

toadistrictourt.



Criminalcourts

Magistrates,lsonown

s ustices

fthe eace,earess

eriousasesn

magistratelandistrict

ourts.

heyremembersf heocal

ommunity.

InEnglandndWaleshey suallyork npaidnd aveoegal

qualifications,

lthoughhey o

eceive

raining.nNorthernreland,ases

are nly

eard

y

aid

agistrates.

Crownourtsnd heriffourts

n

England,ales

nd orthern

reland,

eriousffencesreried

n

ront

ofa

udge

nd

ury

na rown ourt.

n

Scotland,erious

ases

re eard

rnasheriffourt ith itheraheriffra heriffith

ury. ury

ismadep fmembers

f he

ublic

hosent

andomrom

he

ocal

electoral

egister

see

hapter). nEngland,alesnd orthernreland

a

ury

as2 members,

nd

nScotland

ury

as 5members.veryone

whossummoned

odo

ury

erviceust

o

t

unles

hey

re

ot

eligible,

or

xample

f

hey

orkn aw

nforcement,0rthey

rovide

a

good

eason

obe xcused,uchsllhealth.he

ury

ecidesn he

verdict,hatswhetherhe efendantsnnocentrguilty,ndfthe

verdicts

uilty

he

udge

ecidesnhe

enalty.

Youthourt

lfan ccused

enon

s1

years

ld r

ounger,

heir ase

s

normally

heardna

youth

ourtn ront fupo hreepeciallyrainedagistrates

0radistrlct

udge.

he osteriousasesill

go

oaCrownourt.

The

arents

fthe

oung

erson

re

xpectedoattend

he earing.

Membenf he

ublic

re

ot llowedn

youth

ourtsnd eitherhe

nameorhe hotographftheounge60nan e ublishedn

newspaper

rusedy he

media.n

Scotlandhere

sa

uniqueystem

calledhehildren'searingsystem,nd orthern

relandow

as

systemasedn'y0uthonferencingl

Civil ourts

Countyourts

Mostowns nd ities

ave

countyourt0deal ltha

wideange'

civil isputes.hese

nclude

eople

rying0

get

back

0ney

hat

s0,',

t0 hem,

ases

nvolving

enonal

njury,amilymatten,

reaches

f

contract

nd ivorce.

nScotland,ll

ofthese

atten

re ealt

ith

r

-

sheriffourt.

The malllaims

rocedure

Ihesmall laims

rocedure

san nformalay fhelping

eople

o

settle inor

isputes

ithoutpendingot

of

ime

nd

moneysinc

solicitor

his

rocedure

s

usuallysed

or

claimsf

es

han 5,000

-

.

hearingsheldnanordinary

oom

itha

udge

nd

eople

rom ot

sidesfthe isputeitting rounduble.

You

an

et

etailsbout

l'.

small laims

rocedure

rom

our

ocal

ountyourt

in

Scotland

oca

sheriffcourt),hich

s isted

nder

ourts

n

he

hone

ook.



Legal

dvicend

id

Solicitors

jolicit06

arerainedawyers

ho

ive

dvicenegal

atten,

ake ction

'or

heir

lients

nd

epresent

heir lients

ncourt.here

re

olicitors'

rfficeshroughout

he

UK.t s mportant

0 ind utwhich

spects

f aw

: solicitor

pecialisesn

andocheck

hat

hey ave

he

ight

xperience

:ohelp

ou

ith

our

ase.

any

dvertisen ocal

apers

nd

he

"ellow

ages,

ndheitizens

dvice

ureau

an

iveou

ames

f

ocal

;olicitors

nd hich

reasf aw

hey

pecialisen.You

an lso

et

his

nformationromhe awocietytelephone:2012421222,

,vww.solicitors-online.com)

nd

he ommunity

egal

ervice

teleph0ne:

84545

345,

ww.clsdirect.orq.uk).

(osts

Soliciton'charges

re sually

ased

n

ow

much

imehey

pend

n

:ase.

t s erymportant

0 ind

ut t he tart 0w

much

cases ikely

to ost

nd hether

ou

re ligible

oregal

id.

Financialelpregalaid

Anyone

hos

questioned

r hargedn

connection

ith

crime

rs

ntitled

o

ree

dvicerom

duty

olicitor

see

bove)ndree

representati0n

y solicitoror

heirint

appearancen

court.t

may

lso

be

ossible

o

get

elp ith

ostsor

nyurther

ppearances

n

court,

although

his epends

n heype

fcase

ndhencome

nd avinqs

f

the lient.

solicitoran

ive

nformation

nd

dvicenhis.

Solicitors

an

lso

ive

nformation

n chemes

ocover

he ost

fa

solicitor'selp,ut ot llypesfcasere overedy hesechemesnd

the

elp

vailablelso

ependsn

hencome

nd avings

fthe lient.

5ometimes

he osts

re

aid

y he

lientn

'no in, o ee'basis.

n

no

win, o

ee ases,he

olicitor

nly hargeshe

lientf hey in

he

case.t s mportant

o

checkll he

ossible

ostsefore

greeingoa

solicitor

0 aking

case

s

o

win, o ee,

shere

re ften

idden

osts

suchs

aying

he

ostsf

he theride.

Law entres

Mostarge

ities

ave

ne rmoreaw

entres

taffedy

ualified

lawyers.

hey

an

ive

egal

dvice

nd

osibly

aken

case.oind

the ddresfyourearestentre,ouanelephone

he

aw

entres

Federation

n

20 387

570r isit:ww.lawcentres.oro.uk

Other

dvice

ndnformation

Theres

a

itizens

dvice

ureaunmost

ownsnd

ities

ir,

I

.

'..,.1

and onfidential

dviceonanydifferent

ypes

f

ega

rot

-,

--:

website

lso

ives

wide

ange

f

nformation

n

En

ish,

\,e

i,

:- :.

Chinese,

ujarati,

unjabi

nd rdu:ww.adviceguide

rg.uk

Justsk

www.clsdirect.org.uk

s

hewebsite

f heCommunity

egal

ervice

andt

gives

nformation

n wideange

f egal

uestions

n

seven

languages.

t

can lso

ive

ou

etailsf ocaloliciton

nd

laces

o

go

for

dvicen

our

rea.

For

eenagers

The oung

itizen's

asport

s

a

practical

uide

oeverydayaw

written

especiallyorhe eedsfyoungeopleged14to19.t sproducedy

the

itizenship

oundation

ndhererehree

ifferentditions:

ngland

andWales,

cotland

nd orthern

reland.ou

an rder

copyhrough

local

ookshop

r elephone

he

ublishers,

odderunay,

n

0207837

372.



Victims

fcrime

Anyonehos

he ictim faviolentrimean pplyo he riminal

Injuries

ompensation

uthority

or

compensationor heirnjuries.

Therimeas

0be

eported

0 he

olice

s

uickly

s

osible

nd

the pplication

or

ompensation

ust

e

madeithinwo

ears

of he rime.ou anindmorenformation

n he

Criminalnjuries

[ompensatronuthorityebsite:ww.cica.gov.uk

Victims

fcrimean lso

et

ree elp

nd

uidance

rom ictim

upport

You

an

ind

heirelephoneumbern he ocal

hone

ook,ingheir

nationalelpline

n 45 0 0 00 r

0

0 heir

ebsite:

www.\/ictimsupport.com

Humanights

The umanightsct

AllUK ourts ustollowhe

principles

ftheEuropeanonvention

on

Humaniqhts.heseightsre et ut nBritishaw n heHuman

Rightsct1998 nd pplyoeveryone

n

heUK.

ublic

odiesuch s

the

police,

choolsnd

ospitals

aveo

work

nawayhat

ollows

he

Human

ights

cl

Theresmore

eneral

nformation

n he

Humanightsct

n he

DepartmentfConstituti0nalffain ebsite:

www.dca.gov.u/peoplesrigts/huma-rights/index.tm

InNorthernrelandheresa Humanightsommission,hichs

considering

hetherorthernrelandeedsts

own dditional

uma

rightsaw.t also orks ith ts ounterpartn heRepublicf reland

with heaim

fachieving

ommontandardsn

both

arts

f he slan

Equalpportunities

Formorehan

0

years

he aw n heUK as een

eveloped

0 ryand

make

urehat

people

re

ot

reatednfairlynallareasf

ife

and

wo

becauseftheir ex,ace,isability,exualityr eligion.n2006 nfar

age iscriminationt

work

lso ecamenlawful.

lf

you

ace

roblems

ithdiscrimimtion,

ou

an

et

morenformati

fromhe

itizens

dviceureaur

rom

ne f heollowing

organisations:

The

ommission

orRacialqualitywww.cre.gov.uk

The qualpp0rtunitiesommisionwwweoc.org.uk

The

isability

ights

ommision

www.drc.org.uk

(Ihese

hree

rganisations

illbebroughtogethern heCommiss

Equalitynd

umanightsrom

aober

00/).





The

quality

ommission

orNorthernrelandwww.equalityni.org

For

urthernformation

n iscriminationt

work,eehapter

.

Militaryervice

In

he K

hereas

een

o

ompulsory

ilitaryervice

ince'1960.

Marriage

ln

0rder0marry,ach

artner

uste 6

ean

ld r lder,

nd

unmarried.nyonehos16 r17 nd antso

get

marriedeeds

written

ermission

rom

herr

arents.

loselood

elatives

re

ot

allowedomanyach

ther

lthoughousinsre llowedomany.

No

ne

an e orcedo

get

maniedegardlessfhow trong

he

wishes

of heir

amilyay

e.

ouples

ho ave

greed

omany

sually

announceheir ngagement.

n

he

past

nengaqement

as

eens

legalontractutheseays

t

snot.

Amaniaqeeremony

anake

lace

n

a

registry

ffice,

egistered

lace

ofworshipr

n

premises

hat

ave

een pprovedy he

ocal

uthority.

You

an

et

ist

fthese

rom

our

ocal

uthority.

In rder

or

maniageeremonyo ake

lace,

ouples

eed

o

ge t

(ertificates

rom

he egistrarfmaniagesn he istrict(s )herehey

live.n

order

o

get

certificate,he

partners

eedoshow

heir irth

certifcates

r,fthese

re

ot

available,

heir

ersonal

dentity

ocuments.

lf eitherf he

partners

as

een

aniedefore,hey eedo

show

roof

thathis

maniageas

nded.ertificatesan e

ollected

etween1

daysnd

months

eforehe atefthe

edding.

Ihe

procedure

ormaniages

n

heChurchfEnglandsslightlyiffere

Theraditionalethodsed y

most

ouples

s

he

publication

f

ban

'

whichakeshe ameime s he ivil

method

f

getting

anied

y

certificate.he

bannsre

ublished

ybeingead loud uringhe er

on

each fthe

hree undays

eforehe eremony.ou onothaveob

amemberf he hurchobe

manied

here ut t susualor he ouo

toattendhe hurchn t eastne fthehreeccasionshenhe

bannsre

ead. ou

an

et

more etailsrom

ither

eligiousinist

who

s

authorised0conduct

arriages

r he ocalegistrarf

marria

see

egistration

fbirths,

aniages

nd eaths

n

he

hone

ook.

In

heUK,

many

omenakeheir

usband's

urname

hen

hey

et

manied.

uthere

sno eqal utyo

do his nd ome

omen

refer

keeo

heir wn urname.

Livingogether

Ihese ays, any

ouples

n heUKiveogetherithout

etting

a

or iveogethereforehey

et

manied.

ouples

hoiveogether

without eing aniedonothavehe ameegalights s ouples

,',

are

married

ndmayace ome

roblems

f heir elationshipreaks

:

For xample,f

only ne

artner's

ames

ona

enancy

qreement

'

-

deedsoa

property,

he

other

artner

ay aveifficultytaying

na

property

r laiming

share

n ts alue.

lf

a

married

enon

ies

ithout akingwill, heir usbandr

wife

entitled0allormost f heir

ossesions.

ut

f

acouplere

otma

andhere

s

nowill, t can e

ery

ifficult

or

he urviving

artner

,

claimny ftheir

artner'sosessions.

lf

anunmaniedouple

avechild, oth

arents

aveduty0supr

tha hildntil e r he

s1

B

ean

ld .



Same-sex

artnerships

,

-oles

fthe ameexan

owegallyegisterheirelationshipnd

-

,'k his ith civil eremony

nown

s civil

artnenhip.

henhey

:

:hrsheyaveimilar

egalights

o

hose

f

maniedouples.

Drvorce

r : /orceannotakelaceuringheintyearfmaniage.norderor

-

:r 0rawomanoapply

or

divorce

heymust

r0ve

0acourthat

-=

'

maniageas'inetrievablyrokenowni

n

order

o

do

his, e r he

-

-jr

prove

ne fthe

ollowing

hings

asappened:

.

:reir

artner

asommitteddultery

'

:'reir

artner

as ehavednreasonably.

hisan over anyhings

,.lch

s omestic

iolence,ssault,r

efusingohavehildren

1

heyaveivedpartorwo earsndoth antdivorce

E

ney aveived

part

or ive

ears

nd nly ne

artner

ants

l lv0rce

c

tne

artner

as esertedhe ther

or

t

eastwo

ean

eforehe

:ppl

cationor

ivorce

ttelp

nd dvice

-'.

breakdownfa

maniagean e very ifficultime

or veryone

-

lved.

amilyoctorsanometimes

elpy nangingn

:::ointment

ith amilyherapist.

heres

also

voluntary

nd

-

:pendentrganisation

alledelate,

hich

perates

n

Englandnd

,l:

es. ouanind

heir ontactetails

n

he

hone

ooknder

elater

:',,,

w.relate.0rg.uk

lfyou

re

acing

ivorce,r

fyour

artner

aseft

ou,

t sverymportant

to

get

dvice

bout

our

egal

osition

romsolicitor,

articularly

fyou

have

oung

hildrenr

ftheresdisagreementver

0ney

r

property.

Domestic

iolence

In heUK,rutalitynd iolencen he omesaseriousrime.nyone

whosviolentowardsheir

artner-whether

hey re man ra

woman,aniedr ivingogether-cane

rosecuted.

nyman ho

forceswoman

o

have

ex,

ncludingwoman's

usband,

an

e

charged

ithape.

It s mportantor

ny

omann his ituation

o

get

elp

s oon

s

posible.

solicitor

r

he

itizens

dviceureau

an

xplain

he vailable

options.

nsome

reasherere afe

laces

or

women

o

go

nd tay

n

calledefugesr helten.Iherere mergency

elephoneumbenn he

Helplineectiont heiont fthe ellowagesncluding,orwomen,he

numberf he earestWomen's

entre.

he

olice

an lso elp omen

find

safe

lace

ostay.



Children

Parent(esponsibilities

Theaw ayshat

arents

fa hild

ho

re

manied

oone nother

ave

equalesponsibility

or

heir hild.

his

ontinuesven

fthe

arents

separaterdivorce.ut

hen

child's

arents

re

otmanied,

nlyhe

motheras

arental

esponsibilitynles:

::=

he

ather

ointly

egisten

he hild'sirth

ith

he

mother

theatherubsequentlyarrieshem0ther

theatherbtainshemother'sgreementor qual

arental

responsibility

*

theather

cquires

arental

esponsibilityy

pplying

ocourt

Parentalesponsibility

ontinues

ntil

child

s18

ears

ld.

5upport

Both

arents,

hether

hey re

manied

oeachtherr

not, ave egal

responsibilityomaintainheir hildreninancially.atherho oes

not

ave

arental

esponsibilityn aw

till

as

duty0support

is

childrenrnancially.

Control

Parents

re

esponsibleor

he arend ontrolftheirhildrenntilhey

are

8. yaw,

hey an se

easonableorceo

discipline

hem,utfthis

punishments oo evere,hey an e rosecutedor ssaultr he hild

mayeakenntohe arefthe

ocal

uthority.

Manyoluntaryrganisationsnd

ocal

uthoritiesffer

arenting

courses,upportnd dvicen eing

parent.

arentline

lus

s

a

natio .

charityhatworksor, nd

ith,

arents.

hey

ffer ree 4-hour,

da,

a

weekelephone:elplineerviceor

arentstelephone:

80800 0-

0r:

www.parentlineplus.org.ukouan lso

et

nformationn

arentir

onhe B( ebsite:ww.bbc.co.uk/parentinq

Child

rotection

Every

ocal

uthorityas

egal

uty

o

protect

ll hildren

n tsarea

r:

danger,nd

must

lace

he afety

ndnterest

fthe hild bove

llels.

lf

t believeshat childssufferingignificant

arm

thome,

t musta,.

actiono ryand tophis

appening.here

osible,

ocal

uthorities

try 0

work ith

arents,

uthey

avehe

ower

0 ake

childrom

,

homendnto are.hissonly one

n

an mergencyr

when

llothe'

posibilities

aveailed.

ChildLine

s

a

ree

nd onfidential

elplineor hildren

nd

oung

people

n heUKo alk boutny

roblem

ith

counsellorteleph

0800

111,

r:wwwchildline.org.uk

n heUK,here

re

awsbout

employmentndhildren

see

hapter).

Medicaldvicendreatment

0r Hdren

nd

oungeople

Fromhe ge f1 ,

young

eople

o

ot eed

heir

arents'permisr

for

medical

onsultationr reatment

song

s

he

octor

rnurse

believeshathe

oung

enon

ully nderstandshats nvolved.

lfayoungersonnderhe ge f l6asksor ontraceptivedvicenc

treatment,he octorillencouragehemodiscusshis

with

paren:

'

carer.utmostoctorsill

prescribe

ontraceptionor

young

e60r

theyelieveheyre bleounderstand

hats nvolved.



Leavingchild

n heir wn

:s

a

general

ule,

t sagainst

heawor

hildrenobeeft

lonen he

ome

nles

hey ren he

arefa esponsible

erson

ged6

rover.

rrldminders

nd urseries

ust

e

egistered

nd

nspected

y he

lfficeor

StandardsnEducation

0fsted).

ouan

et

etailsf egistered

.rildminders

n

your

rea

rom

our

ocal

uthority,

hildren s

nformation

:ervice

C15).

hildcareLink

n 8000

6 2 6 rwww.childcarelink.

:ov.ukan

ive

ou

heelephoneumber

fyour

ocal

lS.ouan

lso

. ntact

heNationalhildminding

sociation

NCMA)

n

800

169

4486

www.ncma.orq.uk

(onsumer

rotection

Byaw, hen

ou

uy omethingrom

shop,t should

o verything

you

aneasonably

xpect

nd ll hat

he ellerndmanufacturer

laim.

The

ale

fGoodsct 79

tateshathe

oodsou

uyrom

shopr

traderust:

s

be

f atisfactory

uality,

nd

m

matchhe

escription,nd

{ft

beit or

llheirntended

urposes.

Satisfactory

uality

Being

fsatisfactory

uality means

he

00ds

ust

e

ree

or

.-

:,

scratches

rdamage-unless

he alesssi(antold

ou

bour. .

.

-

:

oryouad

chancet0ookcarefullyatthe

tem

efore

ou

0u0fi: l

had

he pportunity

o indheault.

Ihis ule

ppliesoany

oodsou

uyromshopr

rader-newr

second-hand.

utt

doesot pply0

qoods

ought

rivately

rom

an ndividual,or

xample

hroughnewspaper

r hop indow

advertisement.n

heseases,he uyers

expectedo akeesponsibility

forthe

uality

fthe

oods

heyuy.

i

Match

he escription

Matching

he

escription meanshathe

00dsou

uymust

ehe

sameshe escription

n he

ackaging

radvertisement

t heime f

sale.

hisule

pplies

oall

goods

old,ncludingecond-hand

oods

sold

rivately.



Fit

or

all heir

ntended

urposes

'Being

it or

all

heirntended

urposes'means

hat he

goods

ust

o

whathe eller,

ackaginq

r dvertiserlaims.

Takingare

ith

our

urchases

Sometimeshere re

roblems

ith

goods

oughtrom hops,ymail

orderr nhenternetnd 0t s g00ddeaoukeheollowinq

sreps:

Be autiousfadvertisementshat akexaggeratedlaims,nd

f

people

ho

ry 0 ell

ou

hingst

our

00 r

Keepeceipts

s

roofofpurchase,articularly

fthe

00ds

er e

expensive

,

lf heres

a

problem

ith

omething

ou

ought,top

sing

t

straight

awayndellhe hopr raderbouthe

roblem

.

lf

you

ave

o

make

complaintoashop rcompany,eep ecordf

telephonealls ndmakecopy fanyetters

remailshat

ou

end.

Pricesre suallylearly arkednmost ew

oods

ndheserehe

prices

hat ustomer

xpect0

pay.

n

general,eople

n

heUK o

notbarterrnegotiate

rices

or

goods.

ut ome

argaining

ay

ake

place

hen

uyingouses,econd-hand

oods

uch

s

ars,

r

ome

householdervices

uchs ecoratingr

ardening.

5ervices

Ihe

aw

overingervices-suchs airdressingrshoeepairs+tateshat

services

ust

e one:

,,

witheasonablearend kill

.

within easonable

im e

for easonableharge.

Io

avoid

roblems

t s

good

dea

oagreehe

rice

eforehe

work

tarts.

Mail rderndnternethopping

There

re pecial

egulations

o

protecteople

ho

uy

oods

rom om

by

post,

hone

r0n

he nternet.swell s he ightsisted

bove,

ou

are ntitledocancelour rder ithin workingaysfyou ecidehai

you

o

notwantobuyhe tem. uthis oes ot

pplyoall

purchas

For

xample,

ou

annothange

our

mindor ickets

raccommoda

bookings,udio nd ideoecordingshat ave

een pened,

ewspap

andmagazines,nd

erishable

temsuch s lowers

r

ood. ou

re

'

entitledo

a

ull efundf

you

o

not ,eceivehe

goods

y hedate gree

orwithin

0

ays,f

you

id ot gree

date.

lf

you

re uying

oods

n he

nternet,t s mportant

o

make

ure

ha'

you

ave

he

radersulladdress.ou lso eed

o

make

urehat he

website

fferssecure

ay

f

paying-this

s

shownyasmall

icture

'

yellowadlock

t he ottomfthe creen.



(omplaints

lf

a ault

ppearsoonfter

ou

ave

oughtn

tem

nd

ou

re

ot

responsible,ou

re ntitledither

0

our

oney

ackr o

a

replacement.

t s he hop sesponsibility

odeal ith

he

roblem.

f

an

tem

orkedell t irst

ndhen evelopedault,

ou

maytill e

:ntitled

0allor omef

your

oney

ack,obe fferedeplacement

r

:ohavehetemepairediee

fcharge.he ctionakenill

dependn

row

ong

ou

avead

he

oods,

ow

erioushe

aults

and hethert

s

unreasonableor aulto

develooo oon.

Paying

y reditard

you

avesedcredit

ardobuy omethinghich

ost etweenl 00

:nd 10,000

nd

heres

a

problem

itht,

you

an laimhemoney

rackrom

he reditardompany.his

an e seful

fthe

rader

oes

r0t

elp

0 olvehe

roblem

r as

one

ut fbusines.

Helpnd

dvice

Youan

et

dviceocallyrom

he

rading

tandards

ffice,

istedn

he

phone

ooknderheocal

uthority,r romheCitizensdvice

ureau.

You

an heck

he

rices

nd

erformance

f

many

roducts

nWhich?

an

ndependent

agazine.

ouan ubscribeo hemagazine

r eadt n

theeference

epartmentfmost

ublic

ibraries.

Iheresmorenformation

boutonsumerightsrom

heBBC

ebsrte

www.bbc.co.ukYou

an lso

et

nformationrom

he

overnment s

officialepartmenthich

rotects

0nsume6-thefn(e

f

FairraCirr,

www.oft.oov.uk



ChAPtErs:

SOURCES

F

HELPND

NFORMATION

In his hapterhere

s nformation

aD0ut:

r

Helpor efugeesnd

sylum

seekers

t Libraries

a

The

itizens

dviceureau

e

The

olice

o

Sourcesf nformation

o

Jhenternet

and

eneral

ips n

howo

get

informationnd dvice

lntroduction

In heUK,herere

manyifferentrganisations

fferingll

indsf

help

and dvice.

notherhaptersfthis

ookherere

etailsf

whereo

go

t0

getfunher

nformationn

particular

ubject.

his

ection

ells

ou

morebouthe ervicesffered

y dvice

entres,

ibrariesnd

bout

other

ourcesf

nformation.

Be repared

When

ou

re

ookingornformation

rhelp,onsider

he

ollowrng

advice:

o

Eefore

ou

sk

or nformationhinkarefully

bout

hat

ou

eed

o

know. ake

ew otesbouthe

eyhings

ou

anto

know

o

Take

pen

nd

aper

omake

otesbouthe

nformation

ou

eceive

o

lf

you

o ot nderstand

nglish

ery ell,akeomeone

ith

ou

o

help,rask

ftheres

an

nterpretervailable

I

Takell he

elevant

ocuments

ith

ou.

ometimes

ou

illhaven

accountr

eferenceumber

or

our

ase

o

lry oavoid

ong

xplanations

a

Make

notefthe amefthe

ersonou

alk

oso

ou

anefero

l

if

you

eed

o

phone

r

isitgain.



Publicibraries

Every

own nd ity

n

heUK

as ne r

more

ublic

ibraries.ou an

findhe ddresfyour

ocalibrary

n he

hone

ook.

ostfthe

services

fferedy

public

ibrariesre

ree. heyre

aid

orbynational

and

ocalaxes.nyoneay se

ocalibrary,ut

fyou

wantobonow

booksnd ther

tems

ou

sually

aveobecome

member.

o ecome

amember

ou

sually

ave

o

how

roofofyour

dentity

nd

y0ur

00ress.

(hildren

-.rre

is

suallyseparate

ectionfthe

ibraryor hildren.

ibraries

:- : r

raqe

hrldreno

ead ooksnd ometimes

here re

pecial

eading

i. : es

or

hi ldren.

Books

nd ther

tems

','enbers

an orrow

ooks

oraspecific

eriod

f

ime. tsome

ibraries

: s

possible

o

bonow Ds,udiotapes

ndDVDs.Thereare

ften

ooks

'n

anguages

therhan

English.herere

lso ooksn

audiotape

alled

talkingooki)

nd ooks

ith arge

rint

or

people

ith ight

roblems.

f

you

o

not eturnooksnd

thertems n

ime,

ou

willhaveo

pay

fine.fthe

ibrary

oes

othavebook

ou

eed,hey

an sually

rdert

for

ou

rom

nother

ibrary.

Reference

In

he

eferenceection

herere ooks

uchs ictionaries,

encyclopaedias,

elephoneirectories,

ellowagesnd

homson

ocal

guides.

ometimeshere re

ewspapers.

heeference

ections

helpful

if

you

eednformationn

something

n

particular.Ihe

ibrary

s

also

good lace

oask

bout

ocal nd ommunity

acilitlesnd

vents.

f

you

o

not

understand

nglish

ery

ell, omeibraries

ight ffer

translation

ervice.

Computers,

hotocopiers

ndax

machines

Libraries

lsoaveomputers

hichhe

ublic

an se

odo

word

processing,

endndeceive

mailsnd

rowsehe

nternet.t

s

als0

posible

nsome

ibrarieso

photocopy

ndosend

axes.Ihere

ight

.

acharge

or heseervices.



.itizensdviceureau

,

rzensdvice

ureau

tAB)

ives

ree,onfidentialnd

mpartial

.:

lt s

n

ndependent

rganisationithraineddvise6.4ost

-,

and

ities

ave

CABffice.

ou

an

ind

headdres

n

heohone

.

theocalibrary

r

isit

he AB

ebsite

t

www.nacab.org.uk

:

you

isit

AB

ffice

ou

houldheckheopeningimes f

your

rfflce.elps lsovailabley mail.etailsbouthis re

vailable

-

: website.

: act ical

help

r,

qrve

dvicend elpcrosswideange

ftopics.These

nclude

-:y,

benefits,

ensions,

mployment,

he

NH5,ousing,mmigration,

:stic

iolencend onsumerroblems.

,

,AB an lso

elp ith

ompleting

orms

nd

writingetters.hey

, sohelpf

you

ave

o

go

0court ra ribunal.

f

you

ave

roblems

::rstandingnglishhey ay e bleoprovidenterpreters

-

-AB

lsouns n nformationebsite

t

www.adviceguide.org.uk

-

-r

gives

nformationn wideangef opics.t s

vailable

n

-

sh,

elsh,

engali,hinese,ujarati,

unjabi

nd rdu.

The

olice

ervice

The ainole

f he

olice

s

odeal

ith

rime,

ut

hey lsoffer

protection

nd sistanceo he

public.

hey

re xpectedobe

riendly

and elpfulo

people

eekingheir ssistance.

fyou rewoniedbout

your

ersonal

afetyrhave

question

bouthe

aw

rcrime,he

polrce

will

beableohelp

ou.

n

some

arts

fthe ountryhere re pecial

telephonenformationinesor

his

urpose.

nmanyommunrtres

there re ommunityupportfficerst50s)whowork ta ocaleve o

provide

visible

resence

n

he treetsnd eassure

ocal

eople

hey

may

ive

alk

on

safetyssuesnschoolsnd ommunityentresnd

generally

elp

he

olice

ith

heir

ocal

uties.



(ontacting

he

olice

lf

you

eeddvice

r

ou

eedo eport

crime hichs

not angerous

or

ife+hreatening

ou

hould

hone

heocal

olice

tation.henumber

is n

heelephoneook

nder'Policei0NOT

hone

99

r

112

nless

theres

n merqency.

lf

heresadanger

0

ife

r

a

crimen

progres,

ial

99 r 12.

he

operatorillask hich

ervice

ou

equire:

olice,

ire,

mbulancer

coastguard

ervice.ou ill

be skedhere

ou

re allingrom nd

he

location

f he ccident

remergency.

o

ot

all 99

r

l2underany

other

ir(umstances.

The

ire ervice

-'e

nre

ervice

known

n

somereassheire

ndescueervice)

.an

ften

elp ith

ire

afetyndire

revention.

hisncludes

iving

advicebout hat

odof heres

a

ire,

owomake

ire scape

lan

for ou

nd

our

amily

nd

dvicen ire azardsn

he ome.nsome

areashere

re

ree

omeire

afetyhecksnd

he

ire

erviceight

also e bleo itsmoke

etectort

specially

or

he lderly.or

urther

information

ontact

0ur

ocalfire

ervice

the

umber

s n heelephone

booknder'Fire')r

0

0wwwfire.gov.uk

Otherources

f

nformation

*

Yellowages:

yellow

elephone

irectoryhich

ives

etails

f

organisations,

ervicesnd usinessesn

he

ocal

rea.heresalso

website

t

www.yell.com

I

Thomson

ocal:

guide

o

your

ocal

rea

available

n

6reat ritain

similar

o he

ellow

ages.

o

Local

uthorities:

ll

give

nformation

boutheir ervices

uchs

education

nd ocialervices.he umbers

or achection

f

he

authorityan eoundn

he

hone

ook. ostocal

uthorities

;,,

usefulebsites.

ome

avenformation

nd

dviceentrespenc

the

ublic.

c

Tourist

nformation

entres:

ive

nformation

boutocal

ttractionj

well

s n ransport,

laces

fworship,

octor'surgeriesnd o

o

Post

ffices:theainole

f

he

ost

ffices ocollect

nd elive'

mail.hey

lso

rovide

nformation

boutenefitsnd

tate

ens

You

an lso

penbankccountatthe

ost

fficeand

ay

ills

'

the

ost

ffice

ou

et

pplicationormsor

rivingicences,

the'

licences

nd

asports.

hey

an lsoheck

assport

pplications

before

ou

endhemo he

assport

ffice.

l

t

Helplines:any

rganisationsave

pecialtelephoneines hich

,-

advicen pecificsues

r

problems.

ouan

et

heserom

he

r

or

public

ibraryr romhenternet

see

elow).

I

Newspapers:

hese

re

itherational

r ocal.ocalewspdp€rs':

good

orocalnformationuch

she peningimesf ate ight

he-



Televisionndadiohannels:

hesere ither

ational

r

ocal.

ocal

radiotationsan e

good

ourcef

ocalnformation.

Directgov:thiss

Government-sponsored

ebsite

hat

ives

information

bout

ocal

nd

ational

overnment

ssues,rangingrom

how

ou

ompleteax eturn0how

ou

enewibrary

ook,

www.direct.gov.uk

Usinghe

nternet

-he

internet

an e ccessedhroughcomputeritherthome,n he

rcal

ibrary

r

n

an

nternet

afe.o

et

nformation

romhenternet

,

u

need

o

know

he ddresfa pecificebsite

this

suallyegins

,',

th'www')

r

ou

eed

ousesearchngine.he ost

opular

earch

.rgine

sGooglet www.google.co.uklheearch

ngineses

ey ords

'

.

find

nformationbout

specifiching.

f

you

nterhe ey ords

.lnsumerights,or

xample)ntohe earchngine,t will ookor

:

,th

words

eparatelynd

ive

ou

millionsfresults.fyou

ut

nverted

, mas roundhewords

tonsumer

ights')he

earchngine

ill ook

websites

nly

ith ordsn

his ombination.

Websites

-ere

remanyddressesfusefulebsitesn his

uide.particularly

:fulwebsites heBBCebsite

t

www.bbc.co.ukhis

ivesou

ccess

'

ocal,ationalndnternationalnformationnd asa ewsservice

-

rver 0 anguages.talso asectionsn ducation,istory,

cience,

-;iness

ndaw

nd rovides

inks

oother

aluable

ources

'

rformation.



(hAPtCr9:

BUILDING

ETTEROMMUNITIES

BecomingBritishitizen

r

becoming

enledn he

K

bringspportunitiesut lso

responsibilities.his

ectionooks

at omef he esponsibilities

and

ives

nformation

bout

somef hemany aysnwhich

people

an elpomakeheir

(ommunities

better

lace

o ive

an0

0rK.

(ohesive

ommunities

Although

ritainsone f heworld's ost

iverse

ocieties,ost

eople

believehat herehouldeaset fsharedalues

ith

which veryone

can gree.

any

fthosealuesrementioned

n

other

arts

fthis ook.

There

s

generalrinciple

hat l l

eople

hould

espect

he

aw

nd

the ightsfothers.

ut

n

additionoobeyinghe

aw,

eople

ant

o

get

on

wellwith

heir eighbounnd ontribute0 hewell-being

f

all.

Theurposef his ooks ohelp ewmigrantshowant0become

settledn he

UK r obecomeritishitizensobecomeore waref

the aws,ustoms

ndraditionsere. nowingbouthese

hings

ill

maket

easierobecomeull

and ctive

itizen,ut eading

book

sno

substituteor

being

art

fsociety.y

etting

o know

nd ndentand

your

ommunity,ife ill e

etter

or veryone.

5urveys

ave

iven

s omeerynterestingnformationbout hat

makes

eople

eel

ood

r ad bouthe rea

heyiven.

veryone

shouldry obea

good

eighbour.ou

an

tart0do hrs y

ntroduc

yourselfo hepeoplehoive ext0you.t sqoodoavoid akinq

toomuch oise

ndo especthe

privacy

f

your

eig bours.

ne f he

most

ommonauses

f

omplaint

bout

eighbours

s

bouteaving

rubbishutside

he

house.

o

make

ure

ou

now hat

ays

ou

an

put

ut

our

ubbishort

obe ollectedndhat

ou

now hat

arrangementshereren

your

reaor

ecycling.

Gooditizens

A

specialurvey{heKCitizenshipurvey

n

2005-tellss

great

eal

about hat eoplehink bouthe ightsnd esponsibilitiesfbeing

citizen.Thehingshat

eople

tronglyelt houlde he

esponsibilities

f

all

eople

ivingn he

K

ere:

To beyndespectheaw



#

€

#

*

€

+

::lr:

:i.

:i

-+

Io aise

hildren

roperly

Toreat thersithairness

nd

espect

To ehaveesponsibly

To elp

nd

rotectour

amily

To

espect

nd

reserve

he nvironmenl

To

ehave

orally

nd thically

Toreatll acesqually

Ioworko

provide

or

ourself

Iohelp

then

Io

vote.

Supportinghe ommunig

Iherere

number

f

positive

aysnwhich

ou

an

e

good

itizen.

Ihese

nclude:

Jury

ervice

Apartrom

etting

he ightovote,

eople

n he

lectoral

egisteright

be sked0serven

ury

see

age

0).

urorsre hosent

andom

fromhe lectoralegister.nyonehoson he

lectoral

eqister

nd

is

agedB-70

an

e skedoserve.

he

ask fjurorss odecidehe

outcome

f

a

criminaltrialn

heCrownourt.Theyillbe mong

many

eople

hosenach

ear

or

ury

ervicendhey illhaven

opportunity0benvolvedn heegalystem.

urors

earhemore

seriousriminalasesuchsheft, urglary,nd rugsffences.urors

also earasesnvolvingurderndape,lthoughheseypesfcases

areessommon.

Iheirasks oconsiderhe vidence

resented

hroughoutherial nd

then

eachverdict

f'guilty'0r'not

uilty'based

n hat

vidence.

Becausejurorsre

andomly

electedhey

epresent

ll ectionsfsociet

Ihey ill

be skedo akenunbiased

pproacho he ase0ensurehat

a

airrialakes

lace.

eing

uror

saverymportantole ndsa

chanceodo omething

ositive

or

he ommunity.ome

eople

re

ot

qualified

or

ury

ervicend then

ight

e xcusedrom oing

t.More

detailsan e

ound

n heDepartment

or

Constitutional

ffairsebsite

www.dca.gov.uk

Helping

t chools

lf

you

avehildren,hereremanyaysnwhich

ou

an elp t heir

schools.ften,

arents

an elpnclasroomsrduring ealtimesy

helping

osupervisectivitiesr

helping

hildren

ith

heir

eading.Of

you

ill ndout bouthesepportunitiesy oticesn he choolr

fromotes

our

hildrenringome.

Many

choolsrganiseventso

aise oneyor

xtraquipmentr

out fschoolctivities.

ctivitiesightnclude

ookales,oy ales,r

bringingoodosell. ou ightave

ood

deasf

your

wnor aising

money.ometimesventsre rganisedy

parent

nd

taffassociatio

(PSAs).

hesere lsonowns

arent

eacherssociations

PIAs)

nd

volunteering

o

help ith

vents

rjoining

he ssociation

s

a

way

f

doingomething

ood

or he choolldalso akingewriendsn

your

localcommunity.

School

overnors

School

overnors

re

eople

romhe chool

ommunity

ho isho

make

positive

ontribution

0children's

ducation.

hey ust

e ged

1

orovert he ateftheir

lectionrappointment.heresno pper

aoeimit.



Governors

re

arge

olunteerorce

nd avenmportant

art

o

play

in

asing

choolta dards.heyave

hreeeyoles

fsetting

trategic

direction,nsuring

ccountabilitynd

monitoring

nd valuatingchool

performance.

You

an

ontact

our

ocalchool

oaskfthey eednew

overnor.

our

local

ducationuthority

tEA)

ill

be

ble

ohelp

ou

ind

schoolr

advisen pportunities

0becomen

EA

overnor.

Political

arties

Political

arties

lways

elcome

ewmembers,

nd

oining

political

party

s

an mportantay

fdemonstrating

upportor he iews

ou

hold

ndor he

emocratic

roces.

olitical

arties

re specially

usy

atelection

imes,

hen

heirmembenork

ardo

persuade

eople

o

vote

or

heir andidates,ornstance

y anding

ut

eaflets

n

he reet

orby

nocking

n

eople

oorsnd skingor

heir upport.

ecoming

aBritish

itizen

llows

ou

ostandor

ffices ocalouncillor

ras

Member

f

Parliament

nd o

rovides

n pportunityor

becoming

ven

morenvolved

n he

olitical

ife f he

K.

Localervices

Many

ocalervice

roviders

anto nvolveocal

eople

ndecisions

bout

the

way

nwhichhey ork.here

re pportunities

oserves Board

membernPrimary

areTrusts

r

Regional

evelopmentgencies.

Universities,

ocal

earningnd

killsouncils,ousing

ssociationsnd rts

councilslsodvertiseor eople

0serves olunteersn heir

overning

bodies.

t

salso

osible

o

becomeay

non-police)

epresentative

n

police

uthorityr

evenoapplyobecomemagistrate.ou ill

ftenind

advertisementsor acanciesn

your

ocalewspaperr0nocaladio.

Volunteering

Volunteering

sworking

or

ood

ausesithout

ayment.

here

re

manyenefits

romolunteering.

t

givesou

chance

o

meet

ew

people

nd

an elpfyou

re oredthome.

omeolunteer

ctivities

mightelp

ou

y

iving

ou

chanceo

practice

our

nglish

r o

give

you

orkkillshatwillhelpouind

ob

r mproveourV.Butmany

people

lolunteer

imply

ecausehey ant

odo omething

ohelp ther

pe0pre.

Activities

ou

ano s volunteer

nclude:

.

helpinq

he ldedy

I

youth

ork

I

helpingmprove

he

nvironment

I

working

ithhe

omeles

I

ment0ring

I

work

nhealth

nd ospitals

I

workinqith

nimals.

Manyharities

antolunteen

ohelp ithheir ctivities

ndohelp

themaise

oney.hey

ftendvertisen ocalewspapers

nd

most

charitiesave

ebsites

hat

will

give

ou

morenforntation.

f

you

ant

o

volunteer

ou

an

et

morenformation

rom ww.do-it.org.uk

hichs

adatabase

f housandsf olunteering

pp0rtunities.

In ecognition

fthe

mportant

oleolunteers

ndhe ot-for-profit

sector

lay

n

bothocietyndhe conomy,

he fficeftheThird

ector

(0TS)

as

et

p

nMay

006odriveorward

heGovernmentbolen

supp0rtinghrivingoluntary

ector.he

hird ectorncludes0luntary

and

ommunityrganisations,

harities,ocialnterprises

nd

aith

r0ups.



Ihe0TSrings

ogetherhework f he

ormerctive

ommunities

Directorate

ACD),

riginallyn he

Home

ffice

ndheSocialnterprise

Unit

SEnU),

ormerlyn heDepartmentfTrade

ndndustry

DTl)

withinheabinet ffice.

t willworklosely

ith

heDepartment

or

[ommunitiesnd ocalGovernment

D(LG)

n he

ole

f hird

ector

organisations

ncommunitiesnd ecision-makingta

ocalnd

egional

level.or orenformation,isithe fficef he hirdectorebsitet:

www.cainetoffie.gov.uk/thirdsector

For

ounger

eople,

illenium

olunteers

MV)

s

a

national

rogramme

aimed

t

people

ged6-24.

s

n

MV

ou

et

chanceohelp thers

by oing

omething

ou

njoynd evelop

our

killst he ameime.

Therere chemesnmostitiesnd

owns.f

you

o200

oursf

volunteering,

ou

et

n

Award

f

Excellence.

ormore

nformation

o

0

www.ml eniumvolnteers.gov.uk

TimeBank

s

a

national

harity

hat eeks0

nspire

nd onnect

eople

tosharend

ive

heirime.

imeBankppealso

people

ho

nowhat

theirime nd

killsrendemand-butjustont

now hatodo bout

itor

whereostart.imeBankas orked

n

partnership

ithGovernment

departments

n indingolunteerso

help ith isadvantaged

eople.

or

example,

imeBankas orkedithheHomefficeo ind

olunteers

towork ith

efugees

sheir

mentors-to

elp

hem

ind

obs

ndo

get

morenvolved

n

ociety.

or orenformation

o

o

www.timebank.org.uk

Community

ervice0luntee6

CSV)

s

one

f heargestrganisations

in

heUKhat

romotes

olunteering.

t

prides

tselfon

ioneering

ew

solutionsnd

nnovativeayso ackleociety's

eeds

nd

as ver

0

years'experience

nsupporting

artners

nd

olunteersnactivitieshat

reallyakedifferenceo

peoplel

ives.

tSV'sampaigno

promote

olunteering,

5V

MakeDifferenceay,

s

theUKI iggestay

fdirectolunteering

n

he

ommunity.SV

as

over

0,000

enior

olunteersho

un

ctivities

nd

rojects

or

CSVnd

recruit

ther

enior

olunteers.or orenformation

0

o

www.csv.org.uk

The rince'srust

asoundedn1 76 y

he rincefWales.aving

completed

is

uty

n heRoyal

avy,e ecameedicatedo

mproving

theivesfdisadvantaged

oungeople

n

heUK,nd egan

heTrusto

delivernhatommitment.

TheTrustas

ecomethe

Kteading

outh

hariry

fferingangef

opprtunitia

ncludingraining,

ersonaldevelopment,

upport

n

tarting

p

abusinesl

entoringnd dvice

or

oung

eople

ged4-30.

TheTrustasour

ey

arget

roups:

r

Unemployed

oung

eople

a

young

eople

nderachieving

a

Young

eople

eavingare

I

Youngffendersnd x-offenders.

All

ofthese

ctivities

eedolunteers.anytewraspiring

anagers

find

hat

olunteeringith

Prince3Trust

roup

elpshem

ith

their wn areershey

aveo ackle

ealmanagementssuesna

challengingnvironment.

f

you

antovolunteer0

help

isadvantaged

youngeopleou

an ontacthe

rust

t

wwwprinces-trust.0rg.uk



_'anues

:'-rainas

any

housnds

f

active

hadties,orking

0 mpruve

he

,es

f

people-and

nimals-in

wide

ariety

f

wayr

ome

f he

:rganisations

lready

entioned

n

his

hapter

rc hadties,

ut

ou

ill

-

a

abouthework

fmany

then

nv

of hemost

mprtant

haftia

*orkinq

nBritainre Ekribedelow.



The ritish

edross

s

memberf

henternational

Red

ross

nd

ed

rescent

movemenlhe

worldtargest

humanitarian

rganisation.

The ovement

hampions

individual

ndommunity

values

hichncourage

respect

or

ther

umaneings

and

willingneso

work

togethero

ind olutions

o

community

roblems.

he ed

[ross/Red

rescent

ovement

is

ommitted

o,

nd ound

by,

ts

Fundamental

rinciples.

These

re:

Humanity

lmpartiality

Neutrality

lndependence

voluntary

ervice

Unily

Universality.

Ithas o eligious

ffiliation

nd

in he

UK

ffers

olunteering

opportunities

nmanyields,

including

irst

id,

mergenty

respon5e,

messagen0

radng

ervice0

ry

0 eunite

people

ho aveeen

separated

y

onflict,nd

helping

efugees.

Friends

fthe arth

sone fthe

leading

nvironmental

harities

in heUK nd

asounded

n

1971.

urthernformation

an

be btained

romtswebsite

t

www.foe.org.uk

tsnterestsre:

Getting

grip

n limate

change

Bringing

n awsobring

recyclingo

our

oontep.

Warmer,

orenergy

effcient

omes

Protectingur

ountryside.

Keeping

enetically

modifiedood ff

hemenu.

Persuading

ig ompanies

o

behave

efter

n espect

ofthe

nvironment.

Greenpeace

www.greenpeac

org.uk)

s nnternational

environmental

rganisatlon

foundednVancouver,

ritish

Columbia,

anada

n1971.

t

is nown

orts

ampaigns

tostop

tmospheric

nd

underground

uclear

esting

s

well sobring

n nd

ohigh

seas

haling.

n ater

ears,

he

focus

fthe

rganisation

urned

toothernvironmental

ssues,

includingottom

rawling,

global

arming,ncient

orest

de$ruction,

udear

ower

and

enetic

ngineering.

6reenpeace

as

ationalnd

regionalffices

n

41

ountries

worldwide,

ncludingheUK.

It eceivests

ncomehrough

the

ndividualontributions

ofan stimated

.8

million

financialupportert

s

well

as

rom

rants

romharitable

foundationtut oesot

acceptfunding

rom

governments

r

orpofttons.



Documents

[Great Britain] Life in the UK a Journey to Citiz(BookFi.org)