Green Belt EG&S

8/14/2019 Green Belt EG&S

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Classification and Valuation of Green BeltClassification and Valuation of Green Belt

Derived Ecosystem Goods and Services:Derived Ecosystem Goods and Services:

An IntroductionAn Introduction

Dr. Rajiv Pandey

Scientist StatisticsICFRE


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Green Belt Why Accounting of Services Green Belt Ecosystem Functions

Green Belt Ecosystem Goods and Services Valuing of Ecosystem Goods and Services What to do & how

OUTLINE
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According to Wikipedia, a greenbelt is a policy or land use

designation used inland use planning to retain areasof largely undeveloped, wild, oragricultural land surrounding orneighbouring urban areas.

Green Belt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_planning


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protect natural or semi natural environments; improve air quality within urban areas;

ensure that urban dwellers have access to countryside

provision for educational and recreational opportunities;and

protect the unique character of rural communities whichmight otherwise be absorbed by expanding suburbs.

Purpose of Green Belt


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For walking, camping, and biking

areas close to the cities and towns.

Habitat for wild plants and animals.

Cleaner air and water

Better land use of areas within thebordering cities.

Recreation Purpose

Green Belt Benefits +ve


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Facilitate for high pricing of land andbuilding

Spur the growth of areas muchfurther away from the city core thanif it had not existed, thereby actuallyincreasing urban sprawl.

Green Belt Benefits - ve


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Organismal ecology

Adaptation withabiotic environment

Ecosystem ecology -

Concerned with

ecosystems Population Ecology

No of Individuals Growth & Density

Services of Green Belt Ecological View

Community Ecology

Concerned with all sort of

ecology

Individual to Ecosystem


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What are Ecosystem Services?

Ecosystem services are the conditions andprocesses through which natural ecosystems,

and the species that make them up, sustain andfulfill human life.

They maintain biodiversity and the productionof ecosystem goods and services.

Daily, G. (ed.), 1997, Natures Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington D.C.


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Important issues onecosystem services


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Three important issues :

(1) Identification of ecosystem services

(2) How much do people use

(3) Valuation of ecosystem services
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Ec

Goods

Firewood
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Why ValuationWhy Valuation


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Issue -Issue - Services and its LinkagesServices and its Linkages

Provide array of goods and services.

Debate on ecosystem stresses and shockswith reduction in the diversity

Imbalancing the system

- No effect on systemNo effect on system


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Issue Carbon TradingIssue Carbon Trading

Its mine, its yoursIts mine, its yours


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Issue - Issue on climate changeIssue - Issue on climate change

Comparative studyComparative study


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Under Forestry & Logging sectorUnder Forestry & Logging sector

Forestry planting & conservation of forests, gathering

of forest products, charcoal burning carried out in forests

Logging felling & rough cutting of trees,

Farmyard wood

Green AccountingGreen Accounting

Issue Incorporation in National AccountsIssue Incorporation in National Accounts

Lack of dataLack of data
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the world's

time-bound and quantified targets for addressing basic

human rights

In a world of plenty, 1billion people are so poor, their lives are indanger. How to change that for good March 6, 2005, TIME MAGAZINE

ESs can help solving problem of poverty and hunger

3. Promote gender

equality and

empower women

MDG7 Indicators

25. Proportion of land area covered by forest

26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological

diversity to surface area

27. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita andconsumption of ozone-depleting CFCs

Issue Role in Millennium Development GoalsIssue Role in Millennium Development Goals

GlobalGlobal

requirementsrequirements
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Key Links Between MDG and theKey Links Between MDG and the

EnvironmentEnvironment

Eradicate extreme povertyEradicate extreme poverty

and hungerand hunger

Protection and extraction for livelihood and well

being.

Achieve universal primaryAchieve universal primaryeducationeducation

Use of additional income on education

Promote gender equalityPromote gender equalityand empower womenand empower women

Income from extractions

Reduce child mortalityReduce child mortality Improved management of local watersheds resultinto decrease of water borne disease

Improve maternal healthImprove maternal health Use of fuelwood generate Indoor air pollutionresults into health hazards

Combat HIV/AIDS, malariaCombat HIV/AIDS, malaria

and other diseasesand other diseases

Preventive environmental health measures

Develop a globalDevelop a globalpartnership forpartnership fordevelopmentdevelopment

Better climate


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Value of Green BeltValue of Green Belt


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Value of Green Belt

Play a social role in easing tensions

Improving psychological health;

People simply feel better living around trees.

Study demonstrated that hospital patients placed

in rooms with windows facing trees heal faster and

require shorter hospital stays (Ulrich, 1990).


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Therefore there is a need to look the Green Belt and Forestin different way to visualise the real worthto visualise the real worth of it.

This should include all goods & servicesgoods & services derived from it.


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How much worth? Forest


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Example

100,000 species of pollinators, most important pollinator- honey bee-

is for agril and horticulture purposes, natural wild pollinator are

often forest species, their service is between $4 to $7 billion/year to

US agriculture

Carbon storage: Tree and forest store CARBON a close primaryCarbon storage: Tree and forest store CARBON a close primary

forest has 280 ton c/ha. when converted to jhum 200 ton c/haforest has 280 ton c/ha. when converted to jhum 200 ton c/ha

compared to a open forest with less than 100 ton carboncompared to a open forest with less than 100 ton carbon

NTFP: 50 million people depend on NTFP. 40-60% for their annualincome

Financial value of world timber (commercial and non commercial ) :

the annual value of world trade in industrial wood product is $140

billion

We fail to value the goods and services generated by nature. WeWe fail to value the goods and services generated by nature. Wetreat them as free and limitless in naturetreat them as free and limitless in nature


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Carbon value of Indiasforest US $ 24,000million or Rs 1,20,000crores.

Incremental value 1,500 crores

Carbon value of Indias Forests


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At least three levels of research on ecosystem services:

(1) Identification of ecosystem services: How do people use nature?


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Regulation Functions

Habitat Functions

Production Functions

Information Functions

Typology of Green Belt Ecosystem Goods &Typology of Green Belt Ecosystem Goods &

Services (GBEG&S)Services (GBEG&S)
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REGULATION FUNCTIONS

the capacity of natural and semi-the capacity of natural and semi-natural ecosystems to regulatenatural ecosystems to regulateessential ecological processes and lifeessential ecological processes and lifesupport systems through bio-support systems through bio-geochemical cycles and othergeochemical cycles and otherbiosphere processesbiosphere processes.


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PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS

Photosynthesis and nutrient uptake byPhotosynthesis and nutrient uptake byautotrophs converts energy, carbonautotrophs converts energy, carbondioxide, water and nutrients into a widedioxide, water and nutrients into a widevariety of carbohydrate structures usedvariety of carbohydrate structures used

by secondary producers to create anby secondary producers to create aneven larger variety of living biomasseven larger variety of living biomass.

Stat. Br., FRIStat. Br., FRI


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INFORMATION FUNCTIONS

Provide an essential reference functionrovide an essential reference functionand contribute to the maintenance ofand contribute to the maintenance of

human health by providinghuman health by providing

opportunities for reflection, spiritualopportunities for reflection, spiritual

enrichment, cognitive development,enrichment, cognitive development,

recreation and aesthetic experiencerecreation and aesthetic experience.


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Ecosystem Services & their links to human well being;Ecosystem Services & their links to human well being;


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Ecosystem Services & their links to human well being;Ecosystem Services & their links to human well being;

MA, 2005MA, 2005

(1) Identification of Ecosystem Services

How do people use nature?

Ecosystem Services classification from the

Millennium Assessment


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CLASSIFICATION OF ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS,GOODS AND SERVICES

An overview of the main functions, goods and servicesAn overview of the main functions, goods and servicesthat can be attributed to natural ecosystems and theirthat can be attributed to natural ecosystems and their

associated ecological structures and processes for theirassociated ecological structures and processes for their

use inuse in sustainable basissustainable basis.

Regulation Function


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Regulation Function Maintenance of essential ecological processes and life support system

FUNCTIONFUNCTION ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES &ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES &COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS

GOODS AND SERVICESGOODS AND SERVICES

Gas regulation Role of ecosystems in bio-geochemicalcycles (e.g. CO2/O2 balance, ozone layer,etc.)

1.1 UVb-protection by O3 (preventingdisease),

1.2 Maintenance of (good) air quality

1.3 Influence on climate

Climateregulation

Influence of land cover and biol. mediated(e.g. DMS-production) on climate

Maintenance of a favorable climate (temp.,precipitation, etc)

Disturbanceprevention

Influence of ecosystem structure ondampening env. disturbance

Storm protection

Waterregulation

Role of land cover in regulating runoff &river discharge

Drainage and natural irrigation.

Water supply Filtering, retention and storage of freshwater (e.g. in aquifers)

Provision of water for consumptive use

(e.g. drinking, irrigation and industrial use)

Soil retention Role of vegetation root matrix and soil biotain soil retention.

6.1 Maintenance of arable land.

6.2 Prevention of damage fromerosion/siltation


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Regulation Function Maintenance of essential ecological processes and life support system

FUNCTIONFUNCTION ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM

PROCESSES &PROCESSES &COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS


Soil formation Weathering of rock,accumulation of organicmatter

7.1 Maintenance of productivity on arable

matter land

7.2 Maintenance of natural productive soils

Nutrient regulation Role of biota in storage and

re-cycling of nutrients (eg.N, P & S)

Maintenance of healthy soil and productive ecosystems

Waste treatment Role of vegetation & biotain removal or breakdown ofxenic nutrients andcompounds

9.1 Pollution control/detoxification

9.2 Filtering of dust particles

9.3 Abatement of noise pollution

Pollination Role of biota in movementof floral gametes 10.1 Pollination of wild plant species10.2 Pollination of crops.

Biological control Population control throughtrophic-dynamic relations

11.1 Control of pests and diseases

11.2 Reduction of herbivory (crop damage)


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Habitat Function Providing habitat (suitable living space) for wild plant and animal species



Refugium function Suitable living space for wildplants and animal

Maintenance of biological andgenetic diversity

Nursery function Suitable reproduction habitats Maintenance of commerciallyharvested species

Production Functions


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Production Functions Provision of natural resources



Food Conversion of solar energy intoedible plants and animals

14.1 Gathering of fruits, etc

14.2 Small-scale subsistence farming

Raw materials Conversion of solar energy intobiomass for human constructionand other uses

15.1 Fuel and energy (e.g. fuel wood, organic matter).

15.2 Fodder and fertilizer (e.g. krill, leaves, litter).

Genetic resources Genetic material and evolution inwild plants and animals

16.1 Improve crop resistance to pathogens & pests.

16.2 Other applications (e.g. health care)

Medicinalresources

Variety in (bio)chemicalsubstances in, and other medicinaluses of, natural biota

Drugs and pharmaceuticals.

Ornamentalresources

Variety of biota in naturalecosystems with (potential)ornamental use

Resources for handicraft, pets,

worship, etc.

Information Function


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Information Function Providing opportunities for cognitive development



Aesthetic information Attractive landscape features Enjoyment of scenery (scenic roads,housing, etc.)

Recreation Variety in landscapes with(potential) recreational uses

Travel to natural ecosystems foreco-tourism, outdoor sports, etc.

Cultural and artistic information Variety in natural features with

cultural and artistic value

Use of nature as motive in books,

film, painting, folklore, nationalsymbols, architect., advertising,

etc.

Spiritual and historic information Variety in natural features withspiritual and historic value

Use of nature for religious purposes(i.e. heritage value of naturalecosystems and

features)

Science and education Variety in nature with scientific andeducational value

Use of natural systems for schoolexcursions, etc.

Use of nature for scientific research

Stat. Br., FRIStat. Br., FRI


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(2) How much do people use (e.g. what proportion of ecosystem flows)? And how

important is the ecosystem flow to the people who use it?

Short answer:

People use a significant fraction of ecosystem flows of carbon,

nutrients and water .

Poor urban households gets wood energy.

Green areas also provide opportunities for many kinds of formal and

informal enterprise related to recreation.

In France, one park charge 20 pound/H for fresh air.

Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, http://www.MAweb.org


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(2) How much do people use (e.g. what proportion of ecosystem flows)? And howimportant is the ecosystem flow to the people who use it?

Some examples:

Cultivated systems cover about a quarter of terrestrial land area

People use about half of earths renewable water

N flows have doubled, P flows tripled, due to human use

Atmospheric CO2 has increased about 32% since 1750

The shade of one large tree may reduce the temperature of a given building to the

same extent as would 15 air conditioners at 4000 British thermal units (BTU),

i.e. 4220 kJ, in a similar but unshaded building.

Energy saving through tree-planting around houses ranges from 10 to 50 percent

for cooling and from 4 to 22 percent for heating.


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(2) How much do people use (e.g. what proportion of ecosystemflows)? And how important is the ecosystem flow to the peoplewho use it?

There is a lot of regional variability and so far the data are uneven

geographically.

Data are best for provisioning services.

Regulating services are poorly quantified, poorly known (outside of

ecology), and often traded off against provisioning services.

People are highly aware of cultural services but so far these are

poorly integrated in quantitative assessments.


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(3) Valuation of ecosystem services: Howvaluable are ecosystem services in

comparison with other things?

Because all life rests on ecosystem services, in one

sense the value is infinity.

However, many decisions involve tradeoffs among

ecosystem services (e.g. agriculture-food-

biodiversity). Valuation can provide information

relevant for evaluating these tradeoffs.


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How to value them

&Which way

??

Quantification of these services is not an

easy task.


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Values of Green Belt Values of Green Belt

which meanswhich means(Instrumental, Intrinsic, Social, Cultural &(Instrumental, Intrinsic, Social, Cultural &

Ecological)Ecological)


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Instrumental ValueInstrumental Value

Instrumental value derives from someInstrumental value derives from some

objective function, i.e. the goal orobjective function, i.e. the goal or

purpose that is being soughtpurpose that is being sought. Example- maximising scenic beauty

Economic value is anthropocentric which

stresses values that brings to benefits tohuman beings - and it ispreference based.


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If the objective, residing 'in'If the objective, residing 'in'

the object,the object, then it will exist

regardless of its valuers, andknown as intrinsicintrinsic value.value.

Example Increase inBiodiversity

Intrinsic Value


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Socio-Cultural Value

The socio-cultural value mainly relatesto the Information Functions andInformation Functions and

deals for traditional, historical ordeals for traditional, historical orreligious reasons.religious reasons.


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Ecological Value

The Ecological ValueEcological Value or importance of a

given ecosystem is, determined both bydetermined both bythe integrity of the Regulation andthe integrity of the Regulation and

Habitat Functions of the ecosystem andHabitat Functions of the ecosystem and

by ecosystem parametersby ecosystem parameters such ascomplexity, diversity, and rarity.

Based on ecological criteria such asBased on ecological criteria such as

integrity, resilience, and resistanceintegrity, resilience, and resistance


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Why instrumental valueWhy instrumental value

Focusing on instrumental values is not intended to

suggest that other values are less important.

But instrumental values have a specific featurewhich makes them relevant to contexts where it is

necessary to 'trade' one value against another.

Because instrumental value is derived fromBecause instrumental value is derived from

human attitudes, wants and appreciation ofhuman attitudes, wants and appreciation of

the object, it is possible to weigh up one gainthe object, it is possible to weigh up one gain

against another gain, and a gain against aagainst another gain, and a gain against a

loss.loss.


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A typology of the uses of values

ContextContext Type of valuesType of values

Demonstrating the importance of Green Beltconservation and sustainable use: awarenessraising

All notions of value: moral, spiritual, cultural, aesthetic, economic,ecological

Determining damages for loss of Green Belt inliability regimes.

Economic approaches most relevant since they produce moneyestimates of damage that could constitute liability.

Revising the national economic accounts toreflect the values of goods and services.

(a) Economic approaches are required for full national accounting.(b) Physical indicators - e.g. hectarage lost or gained, are adequatefor 'satellite accounting'

Land use decisions: e.g.- encouraging conservation, sustainable forestryor agro-forestry relative to other land uses (e.g.agriculture)- setting priorities for protected forest areas

Multi-criteria techniques, cost-effectiveness and costbenefit allrelevant. Involves a notion of cost of policy measure and somemeasure of effectiveness (e.g. biodiversity, value of outputs).Multi-attribute techniques can include spiritual, cultural values etc.

but this raises problems of measurability and trade-off againstother values.

Limiting biological invasions Cost-effectiveness procedures: cost of measure needs to becompared to expected conservation of diversity.

Encouraging eco-certification of products Economic approaches would compare costs of certification withwillingness to pay for certified products.

Table shows that economic valuation can have many different uses, but that non-Table shows that economic valuation can have many different uses, but that non-

economic 'physical' indicators are also useful.economic 'physical' indicators are also useful.


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ECONOMIC CRITERIA

BENEFITS AND COSTS

Benefits

Anything that

increases human

welfare

Valuation based onpublics WTP (or

WTA)

Costs

Anything that decreases

human welfare

Valuation based on

opportunity costs (benefits

foregone due to use of

resources)


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COMPONENTS OF TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUECOMPONENTS OF TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE

(TEV)(TEV)

Use values Non-use values

Direct usevalues

Indirectuse values

Optionvalues

Bequestvalues

Existencevalues

Value of goodsor serviceshaving directutility(consumptionor production)

Value of goodsor serviceshaving indirectutility

Value of futureuse (direct andindirect) orfuture non-use

Valuereflecting thewish to allowdescendants tobenefit fromuse and non-use values

Value attachedto the fact thata given good

exists

Fuelwood,Recreation

Nutrientrecycling,

Waterpurification

Recreationopportunity

Landscape,recreation

Biodiversity,Habitats


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METHODS OF MONETARY VALUATION OFTHE ENVIRONMENT

Direct valuation Indirectvaluation

revealed preferences statedpreference

s

no preference

on real market onsubstitute

market

on fictitiousmarket

- change in

productivity- expenditure on

protection- substitutable

goods

- hedonistic

prices- transport

costs

contingent

valuationmethod

- dose-effect

method- replacement

costs


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MONETISING IMPACTS

When markets do not exist Environmental impacts

Cultural heritage impacts

Health impacts

Economic valuation methodsTravel cost, hedonic prices, Avertive Action

Contingent valuation, choice modelling


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NON-MARKET VALUATIONTECHNIQUES

T r a v e l C o

H e d o n i c

A v e r t i v e E

R e v e a l e d P r e

- A c t u a l b e- I m p l i e d W

C o n t i n g e n

C h o i c e M

S t a t e d P r e f e r

- I n t e n d e d- E x p r e s s e

T e c h n i q u e s o f E n


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How to do Economic

Valuation?


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Economic Value

Economic valuation methods fall into fourbasic types, each with its own repertoire ofassociated measurement issues:

(1) direct market valuation,(2) indirect market valuation,

(3) contingent valuation,

(4) group valuation.


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Indirect market valuationWhen there are no explicit markets for

services, we must resort to more indirectmeans of assessing values.

Non-market valuation techniques are

twofold. The first involves looking for

markets where the ecosystem affects that

market, even though the service is not bought and sold directly. This is

revealed preferenceprocedure.

Another is stated preference and

essentially a questionnaire based

approach in which individuals are asked

attitudinal questions about the ecosystem

goods & services, and their willingness

to pay to conserve the good or improve

its quality etc.


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Avoided Cost

Services allow societyto avoid costs thatwould have beenincurred in the absenceof those services.

Examples are floodcontrol (which avoidsproperty damages) andwaste treatment (which

avoids health costs) bywetlands.

Trees intercept dust: a belt of trees measuring 30 meters in

width has been found to intercept almost all dust in the air.


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Replacement Cost

Services could bereplaced with human-made systems.

An example is naturalwaste treatment bymarshes which can be(partly) replaced withcostly artificial treatment

systems.

Keller (1979) has quantified an 85 percent reduction in

lead behind a shelter-belt of trees.


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Travel Cost(revealed preference)

The use of ecosystemservices may requiretravel. The travel costscan be seen as areflection of theimplied value of theservice.

The willingness to pay

is inferred fromexpenditures on travelto and from the greenbelt for recreational

purposes.

i h i h d


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Discrete Choice Method(revealed preference)

The values are inferred by lookingat the choices people makebetween two alternatives.

An example would be certificatedtimber: if individuals are willing to

pay more for certified timber thanfor identical non-sustainabletimber, the increment reflectsindividuals' valuation of theenvironmental benefits from

sustainable timber regimes.

Hedonic Pricing


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Hedonic Pricing

(revealed preference) Service demand may beService demand may be

reflected in the prices peoplereflected in the prices peoplewill pay for associated goods;will pay for associated goods;

An example would be theAn example would be thevalue of property locatedvalue of property locatednear to green belt. Ifnear to green belt. Ifother things equal, thenother things equal, thenprices will be higher inprices will be higher incomparison to others.comparison to others.

The differential in the The differential in thehouse price is a firsthouse price is a first

approximation of theapproximation of theeconomic value of theeconomic value of thegreen belt.green belt.

C i l i (CV)


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Contingent valuation (CV)(stated preference)

Service demand may beelicited by posing hypotheticalscenarios that involve thedescription of alternatives in asocial survey questionnaire.

For example, a surveyquestionnaire might askrespondents to express theirwillingness to pay (i.e. theirstated preference as opposedto revealed preference) toincrease the level of water

quality in a stream, lake orriver so that they might enjoyactivities like swimming,boating, or fishing.


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Group valuation Another approach to ecosystem

service valuation that has gained

increasing attention recently

involves group deliberation.

Derived from social and politicaltheory, this valuation approach is

based on principles of deliberative

democracy and the assumption

that public decision makingshould result, not from the

aggregation of separately

measured individual preferences,

but from open public debate.

Wh t t d & hWh t t d & h


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What to do & howWhat to do & how

Data related to ecosystem

services should be collected(to be decided byconsultative meetings)

Valuation Ecological, Socialor economical (Units should

be identical and probablyshould have parlance withglobal scenario)

For some functions it shouldbe in totality

For some functions it should

be on sample basis Period & Time Interval (What

should be time interval)


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A Few Study (Future)

Green Belt obtained EG&S worthGreen Belt obtained EG&S worth(values) for(values) for

Fodder

Medicines (By dwellers & Industries)

Noise Abatement Soil Amelioration

Strom Control

Waste treatment

Potable Water Aesthetic


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ThanksThanks

Contact Address

Dr Rajiv Pandey

Scientist

EIA Division

Indian Council of ForestryResearch & Education(ICFRE)

Dehradun, India

Phone: +91 0 9412918634


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Documents

Green Belt EG&S