Within these pages you will find all 6 Editions of Fun Facts about Canada - Volume IV! This is a bit different than you’re used

Within these pages you will find all 6 Editions of Fun Facts about Canada - Volume IV! This is a bit different than you’re used

to seeing, but let’s be honest, 2020 has been a different year all around!

to seeing, but let’s be honest, 2020 has been a different year all around!

You would usually receive each individual edition over the 6 weeks leading up to Canada Day, but that just wasn’t going to

You would usually receive each individual edition over the 6 weeks leading up to Canada Day, but that just wasn’t going to

work this year. We believe the 2020 series of Canadian Fun Facts are much too important to cancel, so we’ve adapted!

work this year. We believe the 2020 series of Canadian Fun Facts are much too important to cancel, so we’ve adapted!

We hope you enjoy the Fun Facts and maybe even learn something new about this big, beautiful country we get to call home!

We hope you enjoy the Fun Facts and maybe even learn something new about this big, beautiful country we get to call home!

Even in uncertain times, you can be certain that Gregg’s will always be your trusted, Canadian Source for Industrial Supply!

Even in uncertain times, you can be certain that Gregg’s will always be your trusted, Canadian Source for Industrial Supply!

As always, thanks so much for choosing a home grown, Canadian company!

As always, thanks so much for choosing a home grown, Canadian company!

Sincerely,Sincerely,

The 100% Canadian Team at Gregg Distributors!The 100% Canadian Team at Gregg Distributors!

Eh There, Fellow Canadian!Eh There, Fellow Canadian!

GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.

3 to 6

11 to 14

19 to 22

7 to 10

15 to 18

23 to 26

HISTORICALHISTORICAL

OF CANADAOF CANADAOUNDARIESOUNDARIES

BB

OurOur UNESCO UNESCOOurOur UNESCO UNESCOOur UNESCOWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage List

NNationaationallSites of CanadaSites of Canada

Historic

Sources of Reference:

Canada’s rich military history is recognized across the country in many different ways, allowing us to thank those who have served our country — helping make this world a better place. In this edition of Canadian Fun Facts, we will dive into our modern day military and get to know both the men and

women who protect and serve our beautiful country, Canada.

The Canadian army developed the digital The Canadian army developed the digital camouflage uniform pattern that is worn by camouflage uniform pattern that is worn by militaries worldwide called Canadian Army militaries worldwide called Canadian Army Disruptive Pattern (CADPAT). Since then, Disruptive Pattern (CADPAT). Since then,

Canada has helped the U.S. Marines develop Canada has helped the U.S. Marines develop their own digital pattern called MARPAT.their own digital pattern called MARPAT.

The C7A2 automatic rifle is the personal The C7A2 automatic rifle is the personal weapon used by the Canadian Armed weapon used by the Canadian Armed

Forces. It is hand-held, shoulder-controlled, Forces. It is hand-held, shoulder-controlled, and capable of single or automatic fire.and capable of single or automatic fire.

The average weight of The average weight of equipment that soliders have to equipment that soliders have to carry is around 55 lbs. (22.9 kg)carry is around 55 lbs. (22.9 kg)19 to 22

33Gregg Distributors, we stand on guard for thee!GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.Sources of Reference: www.canada.ca │ www.uso.org │ www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca │ www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca │ www.wikipedia.org │ www.army.ca │ www.wikipedia.org

The CAF serve on the sea, on land, and in the air, with the: The CAF serve on the sea, on land, and in the air, with the: 1 Royal Canadian Navy Royal Canadian Navy2 Canadian Army Canadian Army3 Royal Canadian Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force4 Canadian Special Operations Forces Command Canadian Special Operations Forces Command •Supported by the civilian employees of DND (Department •Supported by the civilian employees of DND (Department of National Defence)of National Defence)

The DND (Department of National Defence) and CAF (Canadian Armed Forces) make The DND (Department of National Defence) and CAF (Canadian Armed Forces) make up the largest federal government department. up the largest federal government department.

They fall into one of the 3 categories below:They fall into one of the 3 categories below:71,500 = Regular Force Members71,500 = Regular Force Members

30,000 = Reserve Force Members30,000 = Reserve Force Members25,000 = Civilian Employees25,000 = Civilian Employees

The Canadian Rangers, sometimes referred to as the Arctic The Canadian Rangers, sometimes referred to as the Arctic Rangers, are a 5,000 strong extension of the Canadian Armed Rangers, are a 5,000 strong extension of the Canadian Armed

Forces reserve that provide a limited military presence in Forces reserve that provide a limited military presence in Canada’s sparsely settled northern, coastal, and isolated areas Canada’s sparsely settled northern, coastal, and isolated areas where it would not be economically or practically viable to have where it would not be economically or practically viable to have

conventional Army units. conventional Army units.

According to 2018, Canada spent nearly 1.3% of its GDP According to 2018, Canada spent nearly 1.3% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) which translates to 31.1* billion (Gross Domestic Product) which translates to 31.1* billion

dollars. Additionally, according to SIPRI (Stockholm dollars. Additionally, according to SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) Canada ranked 14th International Peace Research Institute) Canada ranked 14th

overall in military spending.overall in military spending.

Canada participates inCanada participates in1 NATO = North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization2 NORAD = North American Aerospace Defense Command NORAD = North American Aerospace Defense Command3 United Nations United Nations

Canada’s largest military base, located in Southeast Alberta Canada’s largest military base, located in Southeast Alberta approximately 50 km west of Medicine Hat, CFB Suffield has been approximately 50 km west of Medicine Hat, CFB Suffield has been

the site of military training in the region since 1972. CFB Suffield is the site of military training in the region since 1972. CFB Suffield is host to the largest military training area in Canada, conducting the host to the largest military training area in Canada, conducting the

largest live-fire training exercises in the country. DRDC (Defense largest live-fire training exercises in the country. DRDC (Defense Research and Development Canada) Suffield offers unique expertise Research and Development Canada) Suffield offers unique expertise

in military engineering, autonomous intelligent systems, and in military engineering, autonomous intelligent systems, and defence against chemical and biological (CB) agents.defence against chemical and biological (CB) agents.

CANADA’S military rolesCANADA’S military roles

CANADA’S MILITARY SIZECANADA’S MILITARY SIZE

CANADA’S ARCTIC PRESENCECANADA’S ARCTIC PRESENCE

CANADA’S MILITARY BUDGETCANADA’S MILITARY BUDGET

CANADA’S LARGEST MILITARY BASECANADA’S LARGEST MILITARY BASE

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

*As of 2020 current conversion rates.*As of 2020 current conversion rates.

44 GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.Gregg Distributors, proud to be one of Canada’s Best Managed Companies!

CANADA’S MILITARY COMMITMENTSCANADA’S MILITARY COMMITMENTS

The Canadian Army is the land component of the Canadian Armed The Canadian Army is the land component of the Canadian Armed Forces and is the largest of its 3 elements, the other two being the Forces and is the largest of its 3 elements, the other two being the

Royal Canadian Navy and the Royal Canadian Air Force. Inside of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Royal Canadian Air Force. Inside of the Canadian Army are the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Canadian Divisions, the Canadian Army are the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Canadian Divisions, the

Army formations in Québec, Western Canada, Ontario and Atlantic Army formations in Québec, Western Canada, Ontario and Atlantic Canada, respectively. They are each responsible for providing Canada, respectively. They are each responsible for providing

combat-ready land forces, conducting general-purpose training, and combat-ready land forces, conducting general-purpose training, and providing support services to other organizations as requested.providing support services to other organizations as requested.

The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) provides the Canadian Armed The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) provides the Canadian Armed Forces with relevant, responsive, and effective air power capabilities to Forces with relevant, responsive, and effective air power capabilities to meet the defence challenges of today and into the future. Although the meet the defence challenges of today and into the future. Although the RCAF generates these operational forces, they are generally employed RCAF generates these operational forces, they are generally employed by other organizations such as Canadian Joint Operations Command, by other organizations such as Canadian Joint Operations Command,

NORAD, NATO or the United Nations.NORAD, NATO or the United Nations.

The RCN was created in 1910 and was known as the Naval The RCN was created in 1910 and was known as the Naval Service of Canada until 1968 when it was amalgamated Service of Canada until 1968 when it was amalgamated

into the Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force, and into the Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force, and was renamed Maritime Command until 2011 . As of 2017, was renamed Maritime Command until 2011 . As of 2017, The RCN operates 12 frigates, 4 attack submarines, 12 The RCN operates 12 frigates, 4 attack submarines, 12

coastal defence vessels, and 8 patrol/training vessels, as coastal defence vessels, and 8 patrol/training vessels, as well as several auxiliary vessels.well as several auxiliary vessels.

CANADIAN SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES COMMANDCANADIAN SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES COMMAND

CANADian armyCANADian army

ROYAL CANADIAN AIR FORCEROYAL CANADIAN AIR FORCE

ROYAL CANADIAN NAVYROYAL CANADIAN NAVY

PROTECTED A (When completed) PROTÉGÉ A (Une fois rempli)

PROTECTED A (When completed) PROTÉGÉ A (Une fois rempli)

DND 2170 (03-2013) 7530-21-912-7435

1. Select the total number of years experience you have had in a supervisory role or leadership position

Indiquer le nombre d'années d'expérience dans un poste de supervision ou poste de leadership

PART I LEADERSHIP/SUPERVISORY EXPERIENCEPARTIE I EXPÉRIENCE DE SUPERVISION

1. On average, during the past 2 years, select the number of hours per week you have devoted to activities outside school or work

(such as community involvement, clubs, cadets, committees, chores etc.) Indiquer le nombre d'heures par semaine en moyenne que vous avez participé à des activités hors de l'école ou au travail

(par exemple, activités communautaires, clubs, cadets, divers comités, menus travaux, etc.)

PART H ACTIVITIES AND INTERESTSPARTIE H ACTIVITÉS ET INTÉRÊTS

2. Describe (List type, period and duration) – Décrire (Énumérer type, période et durée)

1. On average, during the past 12 months, select the number of times per week you participated in sports/physical fitness

Indiquer le nombre de fois par semaine en moyenne que vous avez participé à des activités sportives ou de conditionnement

physique au cours des 12 derniers mois

1. During the past 5 years, select in years your total amount of work experience, include full and part-time, seasonal, temporary

and volunteer work Indiquer, durant les 5 dernières années, le nombre total d'années d'expérience professionnelle, incluant temps plein/partiel,

saisonnier et bénévolat

PART G PHYSICAL FITNESS/SPORTSPARTIE G ACTIVITÉS SPORTIVES/CONDITIONNEMENT PHYSIQUE

Surname – Nom de famillePART F WORK EXPERIENCEPARTIE F EXPÉRIENCE PROFESSIONNELLE

Less than 1Moins que 1

NoneAucun

2-31-2

5

2. Provide details of your "work experience" during the past 5 years Détailer votre expérience professionnelle au cours des cinq dernières annéesJob title

Titre du poste Period – PériodePart/Full timeTemps plein/partiel Employer

Employeur

From – Du To – À

1NoneAucun

32

5+4

2. Describe – Décrire

1NoneAucun

32

5+4

1NoneAucun

32

3+2. Describe – Décrire

3-4

3/5

PROTECTED A (When completed) PROTÉGÉ A (Une fois rempli)

PROTECTED A (When completed) PROTÉGÉ A (Une fois rempli)

DND 2170 (03-2013) 7530-21-912-7435

1. Canadian Armed Forces component of interest – Catégorie de service des Forces armées canadiennes

3. Citizenship – Citoyenneté

Telephone – Téléphone

Date of birthDate de naissance

For internal use only – Pour usage interne seulement

2. Official language – Langue officielle

1. Name and address – Nom et adresse

PART A PERSONAL INFORMATIONPARTIE A RENSEIGNEMENTS PERSONNELS

Call at work?Peut-on communiquer avec vous au travail?

Surname – Nom de famille All given names – Prénoms

Please print (ink only) – Veuillez écrire en lettres moulées (à l'encre seulement)

Home:À domicile :

Work:Au travail :

Cell:Cellulaire :

YesOui

NoNon

Place of birth – Lieu de naissance

Mailing address – Adresse postale

City – Ville Province Postal Code – Code postal

To which official language do you have a primary personal identification? (the language in which you are more proficient)À quelle langue officielle vous identifiez-vous le mieux? (langue dans laquelle vous êtes le plus à l'aise)

FrançaisFrench

Which official language do you wish to use?Quelle langue officielle désirez-vous utiliser?

In correspondenceDans la correspondance

During an interviewÀ une entrevue

For written examÀ un examen écrit

UIC – CIU AN/SN – NC/NM

Canadian Armed Forces Employment ApplicationDemande d'emploi dans les Forces armées canadiennes

1 2 3 4 5

DD/JJ MM YYYY/AAAA

EnglishAnglais

FrançaisFrench

EnglishAnglais

FrançaisFrench

EnglishAnglais

FrançaisFrench

EnglishAnglais

4. Criminal offences – Infractions criminelles

Are you a Canadian citizen?Avez-vous la citoyenneté canadienne?

Have you resided in Canada continuously for the past ten years?Avez-vous habité au Canada sans interruption pendant les 10 dernières années?

Have you ever been found guilty of an offence under the Young Offenders Act or Youth Criminal Justice Actfor which a disposition is still in effect?Avez-vous déjà été reconnu(e) coupable d'une infraction en vertu de la Loi sur les jeunes contrevenants oude la Loi sur le Système de Justice Pénale, pour laquelle une décision est toujours en vigueur?

Have you ever been found guilty under any other Act for which you were convicted and for which no pardon has been granted?Avez-vous déjà été reconnu(e) coupable en vertu de n'importe quelle autre loi sans avoir bénéficié d'un pardon?

YesOui

NoNon

YesOui

NoNon

YesOui

NoNon

YesOui

NoNon

PART B EMPLOYMENT INTERESTPARTIE B INTÉRÊT EN MATIÈRE D'EMPLOI

2. Occupational environment preferred – Préférence relative au service

If Reserve, which sub-component? – Dans le cas de la Force de réserve, dans quelle sous-catégorie de service?

Royal Canadian Navy Marine royale canadienne

Regular (full-time)Force régulière (à temps plein)

Reserve (part-time)Force de réserve (à tempspartiel)

Primary Reserve

Première réserve

Cadet Organizations Administration Training Service

Service d'administration et d'instruction pour les organisations de cadets

Canadian Rangers

Rangers canadiens

Supplementary Reserve

Réserve supplémentaire

Canadian Army Armée canadienne

Royal Canadian Air Force Aviation royale canadienne

E-mail address – Adresse électronique

1/5

No Preference Aucune préférence

To begin enrolling into the Canadian Army and starting Basic To begin enrolling into the Canadian Army and starting Basic Training, you have to first go through these 6 steps: Submitting Training, you have to first go through these 6 steps: Submitting

your application, having a reliability screening, taking an your application, having a reliability screening, taking an aptitude test to see which military occupation best fits you, aptitude test to see which military occupation best fits you,

medical exam, an interview with a military career counsellor, medical exam, an interview with a military career counsellor, and finally enrollment.and finally enrollment.

CANADIAN MILITARY ENROLLMENTCANADIAN MILITARY ENROLLMENT

Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is an organization made up of Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is an organization made up of specialized members. They are:specialized members. They are:

•Specifically selected, equipped, and trained for unique missions•Specifically selected, equipped, and trained for unique missions•Used when military risk is high or when extra fidelity is required•Used when military risk is high or when extra fidelity is required

•Often deployed to achieve strategic effect through tactical actions•Often deployed to achieve strategic effect through tactical actions•Optimized for operating in hostile or politically sensitive areas, in times of peace or war, •Optimized for operating in hostile or politically sensitive areas, in times of peace or war,

independently, or in coordination with conventional forcesindependently, or in coordination with conventional forces

55Gregg Distributors, More Canadian than a Canadian goose sitting on a moose!GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.

Our Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian Our Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada.monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada.The Canadian Armed Forces are led by the Chief of the Defense Staff, who is advised The Canadian Armed Forces are led by the Chief of the Defense Staff, who is advised

and assisted by the Armed Forces Council.and assisted by the Armed Forces Council.

CANADA’S COMMANDER-IN-CHIEFCANADA’S COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF

CANADA’S CURRENT operations listOPERATION

NAME CAF (CANADIAN ARMED FORCES) ROLEARTEMIS Maritime security and counter-terrorism operations in the Arabian Sea.BOXTOP Brings supplies to the Canadian Forces Station Alert

CALUMET Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt.

CARIBBESupports the U.S.-led Operation MARTILLO. CAF sends ships and aircraft to

help stop trafficking by organized crime in the Caribbean basin and the eastern Pacific Ocean.

CROCODILE Supports the United Nations mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

DISTINCTIONSupports the Government of Canada’s Military History Commemoration Program to complement and enhance Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC) selected ceremonies

and commemorative events.

DRIFTNETSupports Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The mission was to help enforce the

global moratorium on high-seas driftnet fishing.EDIFICE-Tunisia Conducts combined training with the Tunisian Navy.

Fisheries PatrolsProvides support to help Fisheries and Oceans Canada monitor fishing vessels and enforce fishing regulations in the Atlantic Ocean. The CAF conducts ship

and aircraft patrols with DFO officials on board. These are known as FISHPATS.

FOUNDATIONProvides support to the United States Central Command Headquarters, United

States Air Forces Central Headquarters, and Combined Maritime Forces Headquarters.

FREQUENCE Strategic airlift support to France between France and the Sahel region of Africa.

GLOBEMembers are sometimes asked to help other Government of Canada

departments with various tasks that involve working outside of Canada.

IGNITIONPeriodic role in a NATO security mission for Iceland which involves airborne

surveillance and interception.

IMPACTInternational coalition to assist local security forces who are fighting against

Daesh in the Republic of Iraq and in Syria.JADE Supports the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO).

KOBOLD Contributes to the NATO Kosovo Force (KFOR).LENTUS Responds to forest fires, floods and natural disasters in Canada.

LIMPIDDetects threats to Canada’s security as early as possible. The CAF keeps

a routine watch over Canada’s air, maritime, land, space, and cyber domains. It also maintains a physical presence in some areas.

NABERIUS Mission in Niger to train the Forces armées nigériennes

NANOOKContributes to whole-of-government sovereignty patrols and

security exercises. These are usually held in the high and eastern Arctic.

NEONContribution to a coordinated multinational effort to support

the implementation of United Nations Security Council sanctions imposed against North Korea.

NEVUSAnnual maintenance of the High Arctic Data Communications

System which takes place on Ellesmere Island.OPEN SPIRIT Helps clear explosive remnants of war in the Baltic Sea.

PALACISupports the Parks Canada program to prevent avalanches from blocking land

routes in Rogers Pass.PRESENCE Contribution to the Government of Canada’s peace operations strategy.

PROJECTIONOperates in maritime environments around the world to improve peace and

stability.

PROTEUSHelps the Office of the U.S. Security Coordinator to build security capacity in the

Palestinian Authority.

REASSURANCESupports NATO’s defence and deterrence measures in Central and Eastern

Europe.RENAISSANCE Responds to international emergencies.RENDER SAFE Helps Australia clear explosive remnants of war in the Solomon Islands.

SABOTSupports the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in helping stop the illegal growing

of marijuana in Canada.SAR

(Search & Rescue)Has the main responsibility in Canada for providing search and rescue from the

air. It also coordinates the national response for air and maritime SAR.SNOWGOOSE Role in the United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP).

SOPRANO Assists the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS).UNIFIER Military training and capacity-building operation in Ukraine.

66 GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.Gregg Distributors, proud to stand with our flag!

Sources of Reference:

Date of Inscription: 2019Criteria: (iii)Property: 1,106 haBuffer Zone: 1,047 ha

Located on the border between Canada and the United States of America, this landscape is considered to be a sacred site by the Blackfoot people. According to Blackfoot beliefs, spiritual powers inhabit the earth, and the characteristics of the landscape and the rock art in the property reflect tangible, profound and permanent links with this tradition.

NEW as of 2019NEW as of 2019NEW as of 2019

Buffer Zone – the surrounding area which has restrictions placed to give an added layer of protection to the property

Genera – Ranked just above the species in an organism’s taxonomic hierarchy, it is made up of any number of species.

(i) Represents a masterpiece of human creative genius

(ii) Exhibits an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design

(iii) Bears a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared

(iv) Outstanding examples of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history

(v) Outstanding examples of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change

(vi) Directly or tangibly be associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria)

(vii) Contains superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance

(viii) Outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features

(ix) Outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals

(x) Contains the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation

1 ha = 0.01 km²

Criteria for SelectionCriteria for Selection & Legend & Legend

Writing-on-Stone/Áísínai’piWriting-on-Stone/Áísínai’pi

To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria.

OurOur UNESCO UNESCOOurOur UNESCO UNESCOOur UNESCOWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListWorld Heritage List

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), is a specialized intergovernmental agency of the United Nations system. Founded after WWII, they believe peace must be established on the basis of humanity’s moral and intellectual

solidarity. The list now represents some of humanity’s most outstanding achievements and nature’s most inspiring creations.

As of August 2019, UNESCO World Heritage List has 1,121 sites and globally, they are located in 167 countries; 20 are Canada’s most cherished heritage sites that met the criteria!

In this issue, we highlight these sites and why they are part of the World Heritage List!

77Gregg Distributors, living, working, and loving Canada!GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.Sources of Reference: www.pc.gc.ca/en/culture/spm-whs/ | whc.unesco.org | www.canadiangeographic.ca

neat eh!neat, eh!neat, eh!neat, eh!neat, eh!

SGang GwaaySGang Gwaay

Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek Na-Tatshenshini-Alsek Na-tional Parkstional Parks

Nahanni National Park Nahanni National Park Reserve of CanadaReserve of Canada

Waterton GlacierWaterton GlacierInternational Peace ParkInternational Peace Park

Wood Buffalo National ParkWood Buffalo National Park

Pimachiowin AkiPimachiowin Aki

© Pimachiowin Aki | Author: Pimachiowin Aki

Date of Inscription: 1979, extensions 1992, 1994Criteria: (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)Property: 9,839,121 ha

Date of Inscription: 1983Criteria: (vii) (ix) (x)Property: 4,480,000 ha

Date of Inscription: 1981Criteria: (iii)

Date of Inscription: 2018Criteria: (iii) (vi) (ix)Property: 2,904,000 haBuffer Zone: 3,592,000 ha

Date of Inscription: 1995Criteria: (vii) (ix)Property: 457,614 ha

Comprised of national parks and protected areas along the boundary between Canada (Yukon Territory and British Columbia) and the United States (Alaska). It contains the largest non-polar icefield in the world as well as over 200 glaciers in the ice-covered central plateau combine to form some of the world’s longest and most spectacular glaciers. At 9,839,121 ha, including 242,700 ha of marine waters and 1,900 km of coastline, the property is vast and encompasses all the elements required to express its exceptional beauty and scientific values. Not only that, there is a rich variety of terrestrial and coastal/marine environments with complex and intricate mosaics of life at various successional stages from 500 m below seal level to 5,000 m above.

Situated on the boundary between the province of Alberta and the Northwest Territories, it encompasses some of the largest undisturbed grass and sedge meadows left in North America. Facilitates a diverse range of species including threatened species like the world’s largest population of wood bison, and the endangered whooping crane. It also houses the world’s largest inland delta, located at the mouth of Peace and Athabasca river, salt plains and gypsum karst.

Pimachiowin Aki ‘The Land That Gives Life’ (located in Manitoba) is a part of the ancestral home of four Anishinaabeg communities in Bloodvein River, Little Grand Rapids, Pauingassi, and Poplar River; where they continually maintain their cultural tradition of Ji-ganawendamang Gidakiiminaan ‘Keeping the Land’, ie. bound to the land and to care for it. The landscape is a complex network of livelihood sites, habitation sites, travel routes and ceremonial sites, often linked by waterways.

Waterton Lakes National Park (Alberta, Canada) and Glacier National Park (Montana, United States) were combined in 1932 to make up the world’s first International Peace Park. Named “Crown of the Continent” ecosystem by National Geographic, the park has distinctive climate, physiographic setting, mountain-prairie interface and tri-ocean hydrographical divide. This describes the superlative mountain scenery, glacial landforms, and abundant diveristy of wildlife and wildflowers. Its positioning results in evolution of plant communities and ecological complexes that occur nowhere else in the world with maritime weather systems unimpeded by mountain ranges. To the east, nestled against the mountains with no intervening foothills produces an interface of prairie, montane and alpine communities. The park also includes headwaters of three major watersheds that drains through different biomes and oceans which creates a unique assemblage and high diversity of flora and fauna.

A village of Ninstints (Nans Dins) located in British Columbia within the 147,000 ha Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site (created in 1993) and the Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve (created in 2010). Occupied until shortly after 1880, the remains of houses, carved mortuary and memorial poles illustrates the Haida people’s art and way of life. The property continues to hold its significance in spiritual value for the Haida and is still used today. In 1995, after chiefs and elders were consulted, four poles were straightened and stabilized and an additional one done in 1997 in an effort to prolong the remains of the art and structures before they naturally return to earth.

Canadian Rocky Mountain ParksCanadian Rocky Mountain Parks

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo JumpHead-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump

Dinosaur Provincial ParkDinosaur Provincial Park

Writing-on-Stone/Áísínai’piWriting-on-Stone/Áísínai’pi

88 GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.Gregg Distributors, Connor McDavid is Canadian and so are we!

Gros Morne National ParkGros Morne National Park

L’Anse aux Meadows L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic SiteNational Historic Site

Red Bay Basque Red Bay Basque Whaling StationWhaling Station

Mistaken PointMistaken Point

Miguasha National ParkMiguasha National Park Old Town LunenburgOld Town Lunenburg

Historic District of Old QuébecHistoric District of Old Québec

Landscape of Grand PréLandscape of Grand Pré

Joggins Fossil CliffsJoggins Fossil Cliffs

Date of Inscription: 2008Criteria: (viii)Property: 689 haBuffer Zone: 29.4 ha

Date of Inscription: 2012Criteria: (v) (vi)Property: 1,323.24 haBuffer Zone: 5,865 ha

Date of Inscription: 1995Criteria: (iv) (v)Property: 33.85 haBuffer Zone: 32.44 ha

Date of Inscription: 1985Criteria: (iv) (vi)Property: 135 ha

Date of Inscription: 1987Criteria: (vii) (viii)Property: 180,500 ha

Along the coast of Nova Scotia, a palaeontological site is described as the “Coal Age Gálapagos” due to its wealth in fossils from the Carboniferous period (dated 354 to 290 million years ago). A “grand exposure” of rocks that contains the best and most complete known fossil records of terrestrial life, which bears witness to the first amniotes (reptiles, dinosaurs, birds, and mammals) in Earth’s history. With 14.7 km of sea cliffs, low bluffs, rock platforms and beach, the site consists of remains of three ecosystem groups: estuarine bay, floodplain rainforest and fire prone forested alluvial plain with freshwater pools. This site is listed as containing outstanding examples representing major stages in the history of Earth, 96 genera, 148 species of fossils and 20 footprint groups.

Made up of historic districts, the Upper Town with churches, convents and other monuments like the Dauphine Redoubt, the Citadel and Château Frontenac. Together with the Lower Town and its ancient districts, forms an exceptional example of a fortified colonial town. Québec, the former capital of New France, illustrates one of the major stages in the European settlement of the colonization of the Americas by Europeans. The fortified town retained its integrity and has not suffered unduly from adverse effects of development and/or neglect. However, over the years there were many integration, restoration, rehabilitation, redevelopment and protection and stabilization projects carried out to prevent the property from getting compromised.

An example of a planned British colonial settlement in North America, this town in Nova Scotia was established in 1753 and has since retained its original layout and overall appearance from a rectangular grid pattern. Some of the wooden architectures are preserved dating back to the 18th century and sustained vernacular architectural tradition. The ‘Lunenburg bump,’ an indigenous five-sided dormer, is integral to the property’s Outstanding Universal Value.

Located in the Great Northern Peninsula on the west coast of Newfoundland, it illustrates the world’s best example of the process of plate tectonics where deep ocean crust and the rocks of the earth’s mantle lie exposed. The crust is composed of granite and gneisses, a continental shelf with tropical carbonate sediments containing abundant fossils, thick sequences of shales inter-bedded with limestone, oceanic lithosphere including large exposures of mantle material and volcanic rocks of oceanic origin.

The park also features an outstanding demonstration of glaciations in an island setting, coastal lowland, alpine plateau, freshwater fjords, sheer cliffs, waterfalls and many lakes.

In the southern Minas Basin of Nova Scotia, sits the marshland and archeological site that constitutes a cultural landscape bearing history of an agricultural farmland development using dykes and aboiteau wooden sluice system from the 17th and 18th century Acadians. The landscape is an example of the adaptation of the first European settlers to the conditions of the North American Atlantic coast. The site – marked by one of the most extreme tidal ranges in the world, averaging 11.6 m – is also inscribed as a memorial to Acadian way of life and deportation, which started in 1755, known as the Grand Dérangement.

Rideau Canal National Historic SiteRideau Canal National Historic Site 99Gregg Distributors, we the North!GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.

Recently updated in 2017, the Tentative list can only be submitted approximately every ten years. It is an inventory of natural and cultural heritage properties with strong potential to be inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Yukon Ice PatchesYukon Ice Patches

Tr’ondëk KlondikeTr’ondëk Klondike

QajartalikQajartalik

Sirmilik National Park and the proposed Sirmilik National Park and the proposed Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation AreaConservation Area

QuttinirpaaqQuttinirpaaq

Gwaii HaanasGwaii Haanas

Ivvavik / Vuntut / Herschel Ivvavik / Vuntut / Herschel Island (Qikiqtaruk)Island (Qikiqtaruk)

Nunavut Nunavut

Nunavik Nunavik

Nunavut Nunavut

YukonYukon

Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Glass Sponge ReefsSound Glass Sponge Reefs

British Columbia British Columbia

British Columbia British Columbia

Stein ValleyStein ValleyAnticosti IslandAnticosti Island

Heart’s Content Cable Station Heart’s Content Cable Station Provincial Historic SiteProvincial Historic Site

Québec Québec

Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador

British Columbia British Columbia

Yukon Yukon

Yukon Yukon

Tentative ListTentative ListTentative List

Sirmilik National ParkSirmilik National Park WanuskewinWanuskewin

Heart’s Content Cable Heart’s Content Cable StationStation

WanuskewinWanuskewin Saskatchewan Saskatchewan

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Sources of Reference:

dailymail.co.uk

Just another pretty face?

All this and more... read on!

•what exactly is the queen’s role in canada’s government?

•how does our government govern?

•what is a lieutenant governor?

•what is CANADA’S OFFICIAL NAME?

1111Gregg Distributors, we have more answers than Alex Trebek!GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.Sources of Reference: How Canadians Govern Themselves by Eugene A. Forsey ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2016 | canada.businesschief.com/leadership/320/The-Canadian-Parliament-Seeks-a-New-Usher-of-the-Black-Rod | canada.ca | thecanadianencyclopedia.ca

Actually, we began as a royal province of France, and as such we have experienced French and British kings and queens reigning over Canada since the 1500s. Over the years, we have changed greatly from our humble beginnings, and “morphed” into an independent nation, a democracy.

Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is Queen of Canada and Canada’s Head of State. Our system of government sees the power to govern vested in the Crown, but is entrusted to the government to act on behalf of and in the interest of the Canadian people. The governor general (at the federal level) and the ten lieutenant governors (at the provincial level) are the Queen’s representatives in Canada, and they act on the Queen’s behalf. The governor general can exercise all of the sovereign’s powers except for the appointment of the governor general. They are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Canadian prime minister. Incidentally, the governor general is now always a Canadian (up until 1952 they were British). The governor general represents Canada abroad and is also Commander-in-Chief of Canada (visiting military bases and honouring military personnel on behalf of the Queen). Her Excellency the Right Honourable Julie Payette is the current and 29th Governor General of Canada, having been sworn into office on October 2, 2017.

As noted, the lieutenant governors are the Queen’s representatives at the provincial level. They are the highest ranking officers of their province, and their constitutional duties include: swearing in the provincial government’s premier and cabinet; opening each session of the provincial legislative assembly; and providing royal assent to provincial bills. From a ceremonial perspective, their duties include: promoting a sense of identity; acting as the province’s official host; supporting social causes; and recognizing outstanding citizens.

In summary, the Queen no longer “rules” the country — however new Canadians, Members of Parliament and the Legislatures, military and police officers, all swear allegiance to the Queen. Her involvement is for the most part ceremonial and her position as our Queen remains a large part of our identity as Canadians. Interestingly, on September 9, 2015, Her Majesty The Queen became the longest-reigning sovereign in Canada’s modern era.3

Canada is considered a federal state, similar to The United States of America, Australia, and others. This system offers a common government for the country as a whole and self government for individual states or provinces. As Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada’s first Prime Minister) stated, “A general government and legislature for general purposes with local governments and legislatures for local purposes.”

The Dominion of Canada is our country’s formal national title, but is rarely used. Actually, the Fathers of Confederation wanted to call our country the “Kingdom of Canada”, but Queen Victoria at the time suggested a different name for fear “kingdom” could offend the Americans. “Dominion of Canada” was suggested by New Brunswick’s Sir Leonard Tilley (reportedly inspired by Psalm 72:8 in the Bible). Incidentally, there are several countries around the world noted as having monarchies as their systems of government, and include “Kingdom” in their (official) name such as: Saudi Arabia, Spain, Norway, Morocco, Bhutan, Bahrain, Lesotho — just to name a few.

is a constitutional monarchy.

We are also a Federal State.

The Dominion of Canada?

Why Do We Need Government?

We Choose Who Forms Our Government.

A country without government would obviously mean chaos, absolutely no order — which would also be described as anarchy. Every aspect of our working and social lives involves government to some degree. Structure is assigned, laws are created and enforced, guidance is given for education, and health care is administered and controlled. When we look around us, there are so many examples of our government in action, ultimately proving its importance in our lives.

Actually, the root of the word “government” comes from Greek and Latin, meaning “to steer”.

In short, we vote our government leaders in. This is the essence of a democracy — the power resides within the people. We expect that the elected officials will represent us all fairly, and to the best of their ability. If not, we can always vote differently in a future election!

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What Makes Up Parliament?

The House of Commons.

The Prime Minister & the Cabinet.

The Provinces & Municipalities.

The Senate.

The Parliament of Canada in Ottawa consists of: • the Queen • the Prime Minister and the Cabinet • the Senate • the House of Commons

We’ve already talked about the Queen and her role in Canada. Read on for more detail about the other facets of what makes up Parliament.

The House of Commons is the major lawmaking body. Most government legislation is introduced here, policy is debated, voting on key legislation takes place, and also the government is held to account. It’s a complex system, and many of the processes are steeped in tradition — dating back to our early days as a new country. In Canada, there are 338 constituencies (ridings), and the candidate who gets the most votes in each riding is elected to the House of Commons (and they are called MPs or Members of Parliament). The 338 ridings are spread across Canada based mostly on population — and this can change based on the results of a census completed every 10 years — to ensure there is fair representation in Parliament from across the country. Here’s a table showing how the seats are presently spread across our country:

The prime minister chooses the members of the cabinet (ministers) who will ultimately make up his administration (or ministry). Each cabinet minister heads up a department of our federal government. Canada has one of the biggest cabinets in the western world, so there are many departments to be run — from the very important departments of Finance, Justice, Defence and Foreign Affairs — to smaller sub-departments like Sport Canada. Traditionally the prime minister is seated in the centre of the front bench of the House of Commons, surrounded by his cabinet ministers. The prime minister will reassign ministers from one department to another over the course of his administration (known as “cabinet shuffles”).

It is customary that every province have at least one cabinet minister. Again due to population concentrations, Ontario and Québec usually have 10 or 12 ministers each.

Government and its processes continues through the provinces and trickles down to the municipalities spread throughout our country. Every province has a legislative assembly that is very similar in its functions to the House of Commons in Ottawa. The provincial legislatures set up and assign powers as they see fit, to the various municipal governments like cities, towns, villages, counties, etc. Mayors and councillors, for example, are elected by standards and processes also as prescribed by legislature. There are approximately 4,000 municipal governments in the country now. This is where we see services looked after such as water supply and sewage management, sidewalks, roads, parks, etc.

It is important to note that while all of these various levels and arms of government extend across our nation — exercising many different functions — our Constitution gives the federal Parliament exclusive power over national defense.

Political parties are integral to the functioning of our system of government. In a general election, the party that wins the largest number of seats forms the government. The governor general (again, the Queen’s representative) asks the leader of the winning party to become prime minister.

It’s entirely possible a party could win the most seats but not a majority. With support from other parties, they may still be able to form what is referred to as a minority government. This has happened at least 12 times since Confederation in 1867.

The Senate is made up of 105 members from across Canada — and they shape Canada’s future. They are appointed by the governor general, on the recommendation of the prime minister. They must be at least 30 years old, and they hold office until age 75. Their backgrounds are diverse; from business people to teachers, to athletes and community leaders. Their collective expertise ensures that Parliament acts in the best interest of Canadians. The following is an excerpt taken from the Senate of Canada website, and helps to understand their role:

“Senators scrutinize legislation, suggest improvements and fix mistakes. When the Senate speaks, the House of Commons listens — a bill must pass the Senate before it can become law.

Created to counterbalance representation by population in the House of Commons, the Senate has evolved from defending regional interests to giving voice to underrepresented groups like Indigenous peoples, visible minorities and women.”

photo credit: https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/#photo credit: https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/#

Area Number of SeatsOntario 121Québec 78British Columbia 42Alberta 34Manitoba 14Saskatchewan 14Nova Scotia 11New Brunswick 10Newfoundland & Labrador 7Prince Edward Island 4Northwest Territories 1Nunavut 1Yukon 1

TOTAL 338

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Sources of Reference:1. How Canadians Govern Themselves by Eugene A. Forsey ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2016.2. https://canada.businesschief.com/leadership/320/The-Canadian-Parliament-Seeks-a-New-Usher-of-the-Black-Rod

Speaking of Government & Voting...

Some Unusual Traditions & Curious Facts.

2016 marked 100 years since women were given the right to vote in a provincial election. Manitoba was the first province to pass into law the right of Manitoba women not only to vote, but to run as candidates in provincial elections. That was in January of 1916, and in March of the same year Saskatchewan followed suit, and in April so did Alberta.The movement was led by Nellie McClung (a well-known writer and suffragist). McClung asked the members of the legislature: “Have we not the brains to think? Hands to work? Hearts to feel? And lives to live?”.... “Do we not bear our part in citizenship? Do we not help build the Empire? Give us our due!” In Manitoba, a petition of almost 40,000 signatures was delivered which got the ball in motion. It wasn’t until 1940 that Québec women were given the right to vote.

As mentioned earlier, may of the processes in Parliament are steeped in tradition. Here are a few facts relating to the inner-workings of the House of Commons.

•The “Usher of the Black Rod” uses the ceremonial rod to knock 3 times on the door of the House of Commons (when the House is summoned to the Senate). The rod is inscribed in Latin which translates to: “Evil to the one who thinks evil”. The Usher of the Black Rod has other duties as well, but the position is the most senior protocol officer held in Canadian Parliament. The origins of this position date back to 1348 under King Edward III.2

•At the beginning of each sitting of the House, the Speaker takes the chair and the Sergeant-at-Arms lays the Mace on the long table in front of the Speaker, and the Speaker reads the daily prayer. (The Mace is a gold plated war club, a symbol of the House’s authority; and the Sergeant-at-Arms is the person responsible for the effective and efficient operation of the Chamber of the House of Commons.)

•Being the Speaker of a house was not considered to be a very desirable job many years ago in England. In a pretend scenario mostly for fun, to this day the elected Speaker is “dragged” to the chair by the prime minister and opposition leader.

•There are monitors in the House of Commons that identify each speaker and the person being addressed, in English and French.1

•There is simultaneous translation also in English and French for all speeches; and all proceedings are televised and recorded.1

photo credit: https://www.herstory.ie/ Nellie McClung1873 - 1951

photo credit: https://canada.businesschief.com

1414 GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.Gregg Distributors, Team Canada for life!

Sources of Reference:

Throughout Canada’s history, the boundaries of our provinces

and territories have shifted and changed starting from the

Treaty of Paris in 1763 all the way through to Confederation and

onward. Let us take you through the key points of our rich history

and explore how we formed our modern day boundaries of our

beautiful country, Canada!

1670: England by Royal Charter grants sole trading rights in the Hudson Bay drainage Basin to the Hudson’s Bay Company.

1713: By the Treaty of Utrecht, France cedes Acadia to Great Britain, retaining Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) and Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island). Britain calls the territory acquired ‘Nova Scotia’.

1670 to 17131670 to 1713

HISTORICALHISTORICAL

OF CANADAOF CANADAOUNDARIESOUNDARIES

BB

Rupert’s Land?Until 1870, a vast area of land was called Rupert’s Land,

but where did that name come from? Here is a brief history of how this name helped shape our country into our modern

day Canada.

Prince Rupert of the Rhine grew up in exile, landed at the court of his English royal relatives as an adult, and used his

influence to establish the Hudson’s Bay Company. For 200 years, from 1670 to 1870, the Hudson Bay

drainage basin was known as Rupert’s Land, honouring the prince’s founding role as first governor of the Hudson’s Bay

Company.

During the 1870, the Hudson’s Bay Company was prepared to sell Rupert’s Land to the Americans, who would pay top dollar, but the British government made it clear it wanted

to be sold to Canada. This vast territory ultimately became the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan as well as

southern Alberta, southern Nunavut, northern Ontario, and northern Quebec.

1515Gregg Distributors, caring for Canada since 1968!GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.Sources of Reference: www.historicalatlas.ca | www.cba.ca | www.canadashistory.ca | www.wikipedia.org | www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca

1840: By an Act of Union, Great Britain unites Upper Canada and Lower Canada into a single colony called the Province of Canada. For internal administrative purposes these regions are renamed, respectively, Canada West and Canada East.

1842: The Ashburton-Webster Treaty settles the international boundary between Britain and the USA (between Canada East and New Brunswick, and the states of Maine and New Hamp-shire; and between Canada West and the state of Minnesota.) These boundaries had remained undefined and in dispute since the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

1849: Vancouver’s Island is established as a Crown Colony.

1798: St. John’s Island is renamed Prince Edward Island.

1818: Following the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, which provided for adjustments of boundary disputes arising out of the Treaty of Paris (1783), the international boundary between the USA and Rupert’s Land is extended along 49th parallel from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains by Convention.

1820: Cape Breton Island is re-annexed to Nova Scotia.

1821: Great Britain establishes the Hudson’s Bay Company as administrative authority in the North-Western Territory by the Act for regulating the Fur Trade and establishing a Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction within certain parts of North America.

1763: By the Treaty of Paris Britain cedes Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Islands to France. Several times between 1763 and 1815 Britain occupies or reclaims these islands.

1769: St John’s Island is established as a separate colony after absentee landlords petition for separation from mainland Nova Scotia.

1774: By the Québec Act, Québec is enlarged to include Labrador, Anticosti and Madeleine Islands, as well as the land previously reserved for Native people both north and west to Rupert’s Land and to the southwest to the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

1783: By the Treaty of Paris, Great Britain recognizes the independence of the United States. Boundaries between the USA and British North America from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake of the Woods are described (imperfectly).

1784: Great Britain establishes a colonial government in Cape Breton and New Brunswick.

1790: By the Nootka Convention, the northwest coast is opened up to occupation by any country.

1791: By a Constitutional Act, Great Britain divides Québec into two separate colonies, Lower Canada (along the lower St Lawrence) and Upper Canada (along the upper St Lawrence and beyond).

1798 to 18211798 to 1821 1840 to 18491840 to 1849

Mapmaking was a widespread and well-developed art among Indigenous peoples in what is now Canada. Most common were navigational maps, because nomadic hunters

and gathering bands depended upon effective navigation over great expanses of wilderness. Maps were also drawn to facilitate trade and warfare over long distances.

Military maps were used especially by the equestrian Plains Indigenous people, whose war parties sometimes ventured into unfamiliar regions of the grasslands.

First Map Maker?

1763 to 17911763 to 1791

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1867: The British North America Act unites the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Canada into a federal state, the Dominion of Canada. It also renames Canada East and West to Québec and Ontario.

1870: In accordance with the Rupert’s Land Act of the British Parliament (1868), a British Order in Council authorizes the transfer of Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory from the Hudson’s Bay Company to Canada, renaming it the North-West Territories.

1870: Canada establishes Manitoba as her fifth province.

1871: British Columbia enters the Dominion of Canada as the sixth province.

1873: Prince Edward Island becomes the seventh province. British Columbia and Vancouver Island become one colony, called British Columbia.

1876: Canada establishes District of Keewatin from part of North-West Territories.

1880: A British Imperial Order in Council transferred to Canada all British islands in North America not already in Canada, except for Newfoundland. The Arctic islands were also annexed to Canada as part of the North-West Territories.

1881: Manitoba is enlarged by extending its boundaries westward, northward and eastward.

1886: The south-western boundary of Saskatchewan and Keewatin is adjusted to conform to the boundaries of the districts created in 1882.

1889: The Ontario Boundary Act enlarges Ontario westward to the Lake of the Woods and northward to the Albany River.

1895: The Ungava, Mackenzie, Yukon, and Franklin areas are established as districts in the North-West Territories. The districts of Athabaska and Keewatin are enlarged.

1898: Québec’s boundary is extended north to Eastmain River and the Yukon is established as a separate territory by the Yukon Territory Act.

1851: Arbitrators achieve agreement on the location of the border between the colony of New Brunswick and the Province of Canada. An Act of Parliament officially resolves this dispute which had been going on since 1798, and which as recently as 1846 a British-appointed commission failed to settle.

1858: An Act of British Parliament to provide for the government of New Caledonia establishes new boundaries and the area is renamed British Columbia.

1859: The Indian Territories Act establishes British jurisdiction over land not in Rupert’s Land or British Columbia, officially naming this whole region The North-Western Territory.

1862: A British Order in Council creates the Stickeen (Stikine) Territory immediately north of British Columbia and south of the 62nd parallel.

1863: British legislation establishes the modern boundaries of British Columbia, excluding Vancouver Island. The portion of the Stickeen Territory of 1862 north of the 60th parallel is amalgamated back into the North-Western Territory.

1866: Vancouver Island joins British Columbia

1851 to 18661851 to 1866 1867 to 18731867 to 1873

David Thompson is accredited as being the “greatest land geographer who ever lived” and helped map out 1/5 of North America including Canada! He traveled some 90,000 kilometres across North America and

mapped 4.9 million square kilometres along the way.

Did you know?

1876 to 18981876 to 1898

1717Gregg Distributors, we are proudly Canadian owned and operated.GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.

1901: The boundaries of the Yukon Territory are changed to those of today.

1903: The boundaries of the Ungava, Keewatin, Mackenzie, Yukon, and Franklin districts are slightly changed.

1999:1999: Nunavut becomes Canada’s third territory by Nunavut becomes Canada’s third territory by the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, which had both been passed Agreement Act, which had both been passed in 1993.in 1993.

2001:2001: In April 1999, the Newfoundland In April 1999, the Newfoundland House of Assembly unanimously adopts House of Assembly unanimously adopts a resolution authorizing the federal a resolution authorizing the federal government to change the name of the government to change the name of the province to Newfoundland and Labrador. province to Newfoundland and Labrador. This is done by an Amendment to the This is done by an Amendment to the Constitution on December 6, 2001.Constitution on December 6, 2001.

1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan are created (by the Alberta Act and Saskatchewan Act respectively) as the eighth and ninth provinces with the boundaries they have today.

1912: Manitoba, Ontario and Québec are extended to their current northern extents.

1925: Canada officially claims a larger sector of the Arctic.

1927: The boundary between Canada and Newfoundland is defined by the Imperial Privy Council. Canada accepts the definition, but Québec does not accept the southern portion of the boundary.

1949: Newfoundland narrowly votes to join confederation in a 1948 referendum, and officially becomes the tenth province the following year by the Newfoundland Act.

1901 to 19031901 to 1903

1999 to Present1999 to Present

1905 to 19491905 to 1949

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Sources of Reference:

The Maple Leaf TartanThe Maple Leaf Tartan was declared an official national symbol on March 9, 2011.

Created in 1964 by David Weiser, the Maple Leaf Tartan was designed in anticipation of the 100th anniversary of Canada’s confederation in 1967.

Inspired by the colours of the maple leaf through the changing seasons, the tartan’s pattern incorporates the green of summer leaves, the gold of early autumn, the red of the first frost and finally, the brown tones of the fallen leaves before winter.

On October 21, 2010, the Minister of Canadian Heritage officially declared April 6th as Tartan Day because it was the anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, the Scottish declaration of independence. In Canada, the day originated in the late 1980s in Nova Scotia, where it was declared an official day by the provincial government. It then spread across the country, with many provinces joining in. Tartan Day celebrations include parades with pipe bands, highland dancing and sports, and other community gatherings with Scottish-themed events.

Over the past century, the following symbols have been formally adopted by the Government of Canada and are now considered official symbols of our country:

•The National Flag•The National Horse•The National Sports•The National Colours

•The Beaver•The Coat of Arms•The Maple Leaf Tartan•The Maple Tree•The National Anthem

1919Gregg Distributors, your Canadian source!GREGG DISTRIBUTORS LTD.Sources of Reference: www.wikipedia.org | www.slice.ca | www.narcity.com | www.readersdigest.ca | www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca | www.canada.ca | www.fabricville.com | www.chesapeakebay.net | www.pinterest.ca | www.notsohollowfarm.ca | www.bio.brandeis.edu | www.flickr.com | www.pinimg.com | www.cbc.ca | www.coinappraiser.com | www.sparks-auctions.com

The Coat of ArmsThe Canada Coat of Arms, or Arms of Canada, were originally adopted by proclamation of His Majesty King George V in 1921.

In 1994, a circular, red ribbon was added to the arms – displaying the motto of the Order of Canada: Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam. The English translation of the Latin text is “They desire a better country”, which is taken from the Epistle to the Hebrews (New Testament) 11:16.

The motto of the Dominion of Canada is A Mari Usque Ad Mare which is officially translated as “From Sea to Sea” and “D’un océan à l’autre ”. The phrase comes from the Latin translation of Psalm 72:8 in the Bible. “He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth.”

The present design of the Arms of Canada was drawn by Mrs. Cathy Bursey-Sabourin, Fraser Herald of Arms at the Canadian Heraldic Authority.

Symbols of the four founding nations of Canada featured on the shield: -The three royal lions of England, the royal lion of Scotland, the royal fleur-de-lis of France, and the royal Irish harp of Tara.-The lion of England holding the Royal Union Flag and the unicorn of Scotland carrying the flag of Royal France.-The floral emblems of the four founding nations: the English rose, the Scottish thistle, the French fleur-de-lis, and the Irish shamrock.-The Royal Crown at the top, indicating that these are the Arms of Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, commonly called the “Canada Coat of Arms”.

The Canada Coat of Arms are used on federal government possessions like buildings, official seals, money, passports, proclamations and publications. They are also on the rank badges of some members of the Canadian Armed Forces. The Arms of Canada are also used by federal institutions, including the Supreme Court of Canada, the Federal Court of Canada and the Tax Court of Canada to symbolize their judicial Tax Court of Canada to symbolize their judicial independence from the Government of Canada.independence from the Government of Canada.

The National Anthem

“O Canada” was proclaimed Canada’s national anthem on July 1, 1980, one century after it was first sung in the City of Québec on June 24, 1880.

The music was composed by Calixa Lavallée, a well-known composer born in Verchères, Quebec.

French lyrics to accompany the music were written by Adolphe-Basile Routhier, a poet and judge born in Saint-Placide, Quebec.The version on which the official English lyrics are based was written in 1908 by Robert Stanley Weir, a poet born in Hamilton, Ontario.

The National FlagOn February 15, 1965, the National Flag of Canada was raised for the first time over Parliament Hill.

The red-white-red pattern is based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada and the ribbon of the Canada General Service Medal of 1899, a British decoration given to those who defended Canada in 19th-century battles.

The leaf has 11 points, and the flag’s proportions are two by length and one by width.

February 15th is known as National Flag of Canada Day.

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The Hudson’s Bay Company put four beavers on the shield of its coats of arms in 1678 to show how important the hard-working rodent was to the company.

A coin was created - which was known as a “buck” - that was equal to the value of one male beaver pelt.

The BeaverThe beaver was given official status as an emblem of Canada when “An Act to provide for the recognition of the Beaver (Castor canadensis) as a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada” received royal assent on March 24, 1975. However, the beaver was a part of the Canadian identity long before Parliament passed the National Symbol of Canada Act.

After the early European explorers realized Canada was not the spice-rich Orient, the main profit-making attraction was the beaver population. In the late 1600s and early 1700s, the fashion of the day demanded fur hats, which needed beaver pelts. As these hats became more popular, the demand for the pelts grew. Both English and French fur traders sold beaver pelts in Europe at 20 times their original purchase price. There were an estimated six million beavers in Canada before the start of the fur trade. During its peak, 100,000 pelts were being shipped to Europe each year. The Canadian beaver was in danger of being wiped out. Luckily Europeans began a silk hats trend and the demand for beaver pelts all but disappeared. The trade of beaver pelts proved so profitable that many Canadians felt compelled to pay tribute to the buck-toothed animal.

The National HorseThe Canadian horse was declared by Parliament to be Canada’s national breed in 1909, it was not until May 2002 that it was recognized as the national horse of Canada by Act of Parliament.

The origins of the Canadian horse date back to 1665. At that time, the King of France sent horses from the royal stables to New France – the Norman and Breton horses were of mixed origin and included Arabian, Barb and Andalusian horses. Over the next century, the horse population of New France developed in isolation from other breeds, gradually becoming a breed of its own – the Canadian horse.

Threatened with extinction in the late 19th century, efforts were made in the late 1800s and throughout the 20th century to preserve the distinctive Canadian horse.

The Canadian horse is known for its great strength and endurance, resilience, intelligence, and good temper.

The National SportsThe Parliament of Canada declared ice hockey as the national winter sport and lacrosse as the national summer sport when it passed the National Sports of Canada Act on May 12, 1994.

The origins of ice hockey have been debated. In 2008, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) officially declared that the first game of organized ice hockey was played in Montreal in 1875. Many also consider ice hockey’s first rules to have been published by the Montreal Gazette in 1877. However, research reveals that organized ice hockey/bandy games were first played on skates in England and that the earliest rules were also published in England. Canada made important contributions to the game from the 1870s on. By the early 20th century, “Canadian rules” had reshaped the sport.

Lacrosse is one of the oldest organized sports in North America. While at one point it was a field game or ritual played by First Nations, it became popular among non-Indigenous peoples in the mid-1800s. When the National Lacrosse Association of Canada was formed in 1867, it was the Dominion of Canada’s first governing body of sport. Lacrosse was confirmed as Canada’s official summer sport in 1994. The Canadian national lacrosse teams (men and women) rank highly in the world standings, both in field and box lacrosse.

Composite photo of an 1893 hockey game at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal.

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Bohemond I of Antioch

Bohemond’s cross

The Maple TreeThe maple tree was not officially recognized as Canada’s arboreal emblem until 1996.

Canada’s arboreal emblem is the generic maple species.

Out of the 150 known species of maple (genus Acer), only 13 are native to North America. Ten of these grow in Canada: the sugar, black, silver, bigleaf, red, mountain, striped, Douglas, vine and Manitoba maples. At least one of the 10 species grows naturally in every province.

Maples contribute valuable wood products and sustain the maple sugar industry. They are ideal for promoting Canada as a world leader in the sustainable management of forests.

1. Sugar Maple2. Bigleaf Maple3. Mountain Maple4. Striped Maple5. Douglas Maple

The national coloursRed and white became Canada’s official colours, as a result of the proclamation of the Canada Coat of Arms by King George V in 1921. However, the history of the official colours dates back to the First Crusade in the 11th century.

Bohemond I, a Norman lord, had red crosses cut from cloaks and distributed to 10,000 crusaders. The crusaders wore the crosses on their clothes as a distinguishing mark, since they had no uniform to identify them.

In later crusades, each nation was identified by a cross of a different colour. For a long time, France used a red cross on its banners, while England carried a white cross. In the course of history, red and white alternated as the national colours of France and England.

Guess The Maple Leaf!(Answers Directly Below)

Maple Syrup Facts•Canada is the largest producer and exporter of maple products in the world. We account for 71% of the global market.•Québec represents 92% of Canadian production•Sap collection for maple production is only viable for about 6 weeks between March and April•No long-term damage is done to maple trees in the collection process (many tapped trees are well over 100 years old)•It takes approximately 30 to 45 L of maple sap to produce 1 L of pure maple syrup. This is a typical amount produced by one tree during one season.•In 2016 there were 47 million tree “taps” in Canada•In 2016 Canada produced 12.2 million gallons of syrup•The production of maple syrup products in 2016 amounted to $487 million•Canadian maple products are exported to over 50 countries throughout the world. The 2 largest importers are the United States of America and Germany.

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Sources of Reference:Sources of Reference: www.wikipedia.org | www.slice.ca | www.narcity.com | www.readersdigest.ca | www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca | historicplacesday.ca

National historic sites are places of profound importance to Canada. Located in every province and territory, national historic sites can be found

be sacred spaces, archaeological sites, battlefields, heritage houses, historic districts, places of scientific discovery, and much more.

Public history describes the many and diverse ways in which history is put to work in the world. Source: National Council on Public History

NNationaationallSites of CanadaSites of Canada

Historic

in almost any setting, from rural and urban to wilderness. These sites allow us to learn more about Canadian history, including the diverse cultural communities that make up Canada. They may

There are more than national historic sites; of these are administered by Parks Canada. In this brochure, we are featuring all of the sites in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan.

970171

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11 Fisgard Lighthouse & 22 Fort Rodd HillFort Rodd Hill is a coast artillery fort built in the late 1890s to defend Victoria and the Esquimalt Naval Base. The fort includes three gun batteries, underground magazines, command posts, guardhouses, barracks and searchlight emplacements. Fisgard Lighthouse was built in 1860 as the first permanent lighthouse on Canada’s west coast.

33 Fort LangleyBuilt in 1827, Fort Langley was a Hudson’s Bay Company fur trading post. Located on the banks of the Fraser River, it was once part of a trade route for the British Empire at the centre of a large population of Indigenous people. Fort Langley served as part of a network of fur trade forts operating in the New Caledonia and Columbia Districts (now British Columbia and northern Washington).

44 Gitwangak Battle HillGitwangak Battle Hill (formerly Kitwanga Fort) is the site of a former Gitwangak fortified village on the Kitwanga River in British Columbia, northeast of Terrace. During the late-1700s and early-1800s, Battle Hill was part of a complex trading network and the site of warfare between the Gitwangak (members of the Gitxsan) and other Aboriginal peoples of the Northwest Coast. The village was burned and abandoned in 1835.

55 Kootenae HouseThis historic spot was where trade began between the Ktunaxa (Kootenay) people and European fur traders in 1807, forever changing the course of First Nations and Canadian history. On this terraced grassland overlooking the Columbia Valley, the North West Company built the first fur trading post in the region and legendary explorer and surveyor David Thompson set off to survey the Columbia, the renowned “Great River of the West.”

66 Rogers PassRogers Pass was declared a National Historic Site in 1971 to commemorate the early route-finding, building and operation of the Canadian Pacific Railway’s main line between 1881 and 1917, and the Pass’ pivotal role in the development of Canada as a nation. The railway ended Canada’s dependence on its waterways as transportation routes and opened up the nation’s interior to settlement.

And others include:77 Fort St. James88 Gulf of Georgia Cannery99 Kicking Horse Pass

1010 SGang Gwaay Llnagaay (Nan Sdins)1111 Stanley Park1212 Twin Falls Tea House

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33 Fort LangleyFort Langley 88 Gulf of Georgia CanneryGulf of Georgia Cannery66 Rogers PassRogers Pass

Canada’s commitment to presenting history relies on three principles which influence all projects: Integrity: The principle of integrity is essential to public history at Parks Canada. Integrity means that history projects will be ethically undertaken and based on carefully planned historical research. This includes respecting the knowledge that individuals and groups choose to share through oral history and traditional knowledge. The relationships that we develop, both through the way we work and with our partners, are based on a foundation of honesty and respect.

Inclusiveness: Canadians are diverse and so are their histories. Inclusiveness means presenting different voices, perspectives and experiences. It also means cultivating relationships with diverse groups to ensure that history presentation reflects the spectrum of Canada’s history.

Relevance: History needs to be meaningful to audiences. Relevance means making connections between the past and the present to build understanding about the world we live in today. It means making connections between the past and the places we interpret through the stories we tell. Making history relevant can also illuminate how a local story connects with national and world history.

BRITISHCOLUMBIA

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11 Athabasca PassEstablishing transportation corridors to the Pacific Coast was vital to the fur trade. Guided through the Athabasca Pass by Thomas the Iroquois, David Thompson was instrumental in surveying many routes through the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The first northerly route through Howse Pass was quickly blocked by the Pikani Tribe in 1810 forcing Thompson to trek through a more challenging route through Athabasca Pass near Jasper, Alberta. It was used for nearly half a century as part of the main fur trade routes from Canada to the coast.

22 Frog LakeFrog Lake National Historic Site is situated along the south boundary of the Unipouheos 121 Indian Reserve, which is part of the Frog Lake First Nation. The area encompasses the cemetery, the archaeological remains of the historic Frog Lake Settlement, and the sites of the Woods Cree and Plains Cree camps in 1885.

33 Howse PassUsed by generations of First Nations as a route east from the Columbia River Valley through the rugged Rocky Mountains, Howse Pass now sees fewer travellers. It served the First Nations as a route through the mountains to bison, and was a short-lived gateway for European traders to the interior of British Columbia from trading posts in the foothills of Alberta.

44 Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray StationA cosmic ray station was built on Sulphur Mountain as part of the International Geophysical Year in 1957-1958 and Canadian scientists made important contributions to the research. Geophysicists studied cosmic rays and space particles entering the atmosphere from the station perched above the town of Banff, until 1978.

55 Yellowhead PassToday the Yellowhead Pass is a valley corridor containing a highway and railway beside crystal clear rivers, through dense forests under rugged peaks, which links Jasper town site and the provincial border of British Columbia. In the past the low elevation made for easy movement for Indigenous peoples, fur trappers, railways and explorers. The name Yellowhead is the nickname of a fair-haired Metis-Iroquois-freeman named Bostonais, active here in the early 1800s.

66 Bar U Ranch The Bar U Ranch is the only Parks Canada-administered National Historic Site that commemorates the importance of ranching to Canada. Founded in 1882 as the Northwest Cattle Company, the Bar U was one of the first and most enduring of the large corporate ranches established in southern Alberta.

7 7 First Oil Well in Western CanadaWestern Canada’s first oil well was discovered by John Lineham of the Rocky Mountain Development Co. in 1902. It had been drilling on the same site since 1901, and the oil was encountered at 1024 ft. While this was a small well that ran dry in 1904, its location signalled the presence of much larger fields that were later developed.

And others include:88 Abbot Pass Refuge Cabin99 Banff Park Museum

1010 Cave and Basin1111 Jasper House1212 Jasper Park Information Centre1313 Maligne Lake Chalet and Guest House1414 Rocky Mountain House1515 Skoki Ski Lodge

ALBERTA

44 Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray StationSulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station

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11 Athabasca PassAthabasca Pass

7 7 First Oil Well in Western CanadaFirst Oil Well in Western Canada

1515 Skoki Ski LodgeSkoki Ski Lodge

1010 Cave and BasinCave and Basin

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saskatchewan

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99 Fort WalshFort Walsh

1010 Motherwell HomesteadMotherwell Homestead

66 BatocheBatoche

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11 Battle of Tourond’s Coulee / Fish CreekThe Métis provisional government, increasingly frustrated by the lack of response to negotiate from Ottawa, began to prepare and arm for the protection of their lands. The Métis encounter with and defeat of North West Mounted Police at Duck Lake on March 26, 1885, convinced the Canadian government that the police force was inadequate to quell the insurgency. The North West Field Force, made up of Canadian militia from eastern Canada and Manitoba and led by General Frederick Middleton, was thus created and dispatched forth to Batoche in the North West Territories – the heart of the Métis homeland.

22 Fort BattlefordThis site commemorates the role of the North-West Mounted Police at the fort from 1876 to 1885 in extending the Canadian government’s interests in the west. The role of the fort during the North-West Rebellion/Resistance of 1885, included its role in the “siege” of Battleford, as a base for the military operations at Cut Knife Hill, Fort Pitt, and the search for mistahi-maskwa (Big Bear).

33 Fort EspErance Fort Espérance is of national historic significance because: •It was one of the earliest and most permanent of the North West Company’s posts in the Assiniboine basin •It was the main pemmican depot in the Company’s continental fur trade and provisioned brigades to the Churchill and Athabasca River regions

44 Fort LivingstoneFort Livingstone is of national significance because: •It was the first capital of the North-West Territories, 1876-1877 •It was the original headquarters and the first post built specifically for the North-West Mounted Police

55 Frenchman ButteThe area is marked by 98 defensive pits that were dug by the Cree warriors in 1885. The site is fairly heavily covered in aspen forest with views over the surrounding fields. There are almost no modern intrusions, thereby preserving a landscape that has changed little from 1885.

And others include:66 Batoche77 Cypress Hills Massacre88 Fort Pelly99 Fort Walsh

1010 Motherwell Homestead

BONUS BEAVER FACTSBONUS BEAVER FACTSRECORD HOLDERSRECORD HOLDERS SUPER SWIMMERSSUPER SWIMMERSCUTTING THROUGHCUTTING THROUGH

The beaver’s teeth never stop growing. Chewing The beaver’s teeth never stop growing. Chewing on tree trunks and branches helps keep the on tree trunks and branches helps keep the teeth from getting too long. A beaver’s front teeth from getting too long. A beaver’s front

teeth stick out in front of their lips. That way, teeth stick out in front of their lips. That way, beavers can cut and chew underwater wood beavers can cut and chew underwater wood

without getting water in their mouths. Beavers without getting water in their mouths. Beavers have a coating on their teeth that contains iron, have a coating on their teeth that contains iron,

which helps prevent tooth decay.which helps prevent tooth decay.

Beavers have clear membranes over their eyes Beavers have clear membranes over their eyes that help them to see underwater, like goggles.that help them to see underwater, like goggles.

The world’s longest beaver dam is found in The world’s longest beaver dam is found in Alberta’s Wood Buffalo National Park and Alberta’s Wood Buffalo National Park and

measures 850 metres. Dams usually average measures 850 metres. Dams usually average about 100 metres in length.about 100 metres in length.

What did the beaver What did the beaver say to the maple tree?say to the maple tree?

What did the beaver say What did the beaver say when it hit the wall?when it hit the wall?

“It’s been nice “It’s been nice gnawing you!”gnawing you!”

“Dam!”“Dam!”

Sources of Reference:www.canadiangeographic.ca

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Items may not be exactly as illustrated. Quantities on some items may be limited. Errors are subject to correction. ©2020 Gregg Distributors Ltd. All rights reserved.

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