GROUP 12_CLEAN INDIA

8/7/2019 GROUP 12_CLEAN INDIA

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CLEAN INDIAManaging of Solid Waste

1/1/2011

Group 12Edwin Jude

Hariom Singh

Kiran S Kumar

Kushal Sutodiya

Vineeth V


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AbstractDue to rapid urbanization and uncontrolled growth rate of population, solid waste

management has become acute in India. The current practices of the uncontrolled dumping

of waste on the outskirts of towns/cities have created a serious environmental and publichealth problem. Plastic waste which is biggest problem in waste management is recycled in

India in an unorganized way. 60% of the plastic-waste collected and segregated gets

recycled back into materials for further processing into consumer products, while the

balance is left unutilized.

The focus of the conference is to evaluate the present situation of Solid Waste Management

and Plastic Management in India based an approach to design a sustainable system to meet

the future challenge is presented. Some of the best practices like Amla Bharatam Campaign

are also detailed. The efforts by a community-based organization to promote a sustainable

integrated waste management in mega cities and lessons learnt from EXNORAs Zero Waste

Management Scheme in South Indian cities has also been outlined.

IntroductionSolid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally

solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. Generation of solid waste is not a new

phenomenon. It is as old as the human civilization. In the early days, before the advent of

the industrial revolution, the major constituents of wastes were domestic sewage and

agricultural residues, which were biodegradable in nature. Since population was less and

fallow land was in plenty, solid wastes could be conveniently disposed off in the

countryside either on open ground or were placed in pits covered with layers of earth.

Because of their biodegradable nature they used to get decomposed and assimilated in the

soil. However, with unparallel industrialization and consequent organization not only hasthe quantity of the solid waste increased

but its quality has also changed. Though

rural wastes continue to be made up of

domestic wastes and agricultural residues

Solid wastes are unwanted materials disposed

by mankind. Domestic, Commercial,

Institutional, Municipal, Bulky, Ashes and

Garbage are the types of wastes.


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mainly, waste from urban areas and the

industrial units contains diverse types of

materials that include toxic and hazardous

constituents.

Solid Waste Management may be defined as

the discipline associated with the control of generation, collection, storage, transfer and

transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the

best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other

environmental considerations.

Various problems are faced due to solid wastes disposal. Dumping of solid wastes in the

open could create aesthetic problems as the beauty of a place is destroyed. The garbage

forms a source of food for rats, flies, mosquitoes and the like. Hence typhoid, plague,

dysentery, diarrhoea epidemics could occur. Toxic hazardous substances in the wastes

would be harmful to human and animal health. The plastics if eaten by cows could be fatal.

Solid wastes could also pollute water and

their burning could lead to air pollution.

Segregation of municipalsolid wasteIn order to encourage the citizens,

municipal authority shall organize

awareness programs for segregation of

wastes and shall promote recycling or

reuse of segregated materials. The

municipal authority shall undertake phased

program to ensure community

participation in waste segregation. For this

purpose, the municipal authorities shall

arrange regular meetings at quarterly

The most commonly recognized methods for

the final disposal of solid wastes are:

Dumping on land Dumping in water Plowing into the soil Incineration


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intervals with representatives of local resident welfare associations and non-governmental

organizations.

Storage of municipal

solid wastesMunicipal authorities shall establish

and maintain storage facilities in such

a manner, as they do not create

unhygienic and unsanitary conditions

around it. Following criteria shall be

taken into account while establishing

and maintaining storage facilities,

namely: Storage facilities shall be created and established by taking into account quantities

of waste generation in a given area and the population densities. A storage facility

shall be so placed that it is accessible to users.

Storage facilities to be set up by municipal authorities or any other agency shall beso designed that wastes stored are not exposed to open atmosphere and shall be

aesthetically acceptable and user-friendly. Storage facilities or bins shall have easy to operate design for handling, transfer

and transportation of waste. Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be

painted green, those for storage of recyclable wastes shall be painted white and

those for storage of other wastes shall be painted black.

Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable due to constraints, manual

handling shall be carried out under proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.

Processing of municipal solid wastesMunicipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology or combination of such technologies

to make use of wastes so as to minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria shall be

adopted, namely


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The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermi-composting,anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization

of wastes.

Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow the route of recycling.Incineration with or without energy recovery can also be used for processing wastes

in specific cases.

Municipal authority or the operator of a facility wishing to use other state-of-the-arttechnologies shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get the standards

laid down before applying for grant of authorization.

Disposal of municipal solid wastesLand filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are

not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing. Land filling shall also be

carried out for residues of waste processing facilities as well as pre-processing rejects from

waste processing facilities. Land filling of mixed waste shall be avoided unless the same is

found unsuitable for waste processing. Under unavoidable circumstances or till installation

of alternate facilities, land filling shall be done following proper norms.

Managing Non-biodegradable solid waste (NBDSW)Non-biodegradable solid waste (NBDSW) or

refuse is a carpet word. It covers a variety of

materials ranging from asbestos to Zinc

batteries. Polythene and its related

compounds are the most commonly found

solid waste materials in urban environs. Many

non-biodegradable solid waste materials are

known to cause considerable environmental

hazards when released into land, water and

atmosphere.


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Coastal environment and social waste managementSolid waste related problems prevail more in megalopolis and the dangers reach great

heights in coastal cities. Solid wastes of domestic and industrial units are considered major

pollutants of coastal regions of India. Nearly 44000 m3 of domestic sewage and 440 m3 of

industrial waste are discharged every year into the seas of India.

NEERIs Contribution

towards SWM in India

Since last three decades, at National

Environmental Engineering Research

Institute (NEERI), SWM Division hasbeen carrying research, development

and expertise extension program to

improve the status of waste management in the country. In order to perform practice-

driven research, NEERI has been consistently working with the partnership of related

organizations in the country.

The prominent best practices evolved during the last five years, are described below:

Preparation of strategy paper on SWM in India; Long term planning of SWM; Bio-methanation of vegetable market wastes; Greenhouse gas inventory estimation for waste sector, its uncertainty analysis and

formulated measures to mitigate the same;

Utilization of landfill site for construction of Rail Car Depot; Site selection criteria for sanitary landfills; Utilization of residue from destruction of soiled currency notes.

NEERI has successfully developed strategic long-term plans for a number of cities including

metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Delhi and Islands like Lakshadweep and Port Blair. NEERI

is also assisting in implementation of the long-term plans.


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EXNORAS Zeros Waste

Management Scheme

EXNORA, a local non-governmental organization

(NGO) based on a zero waste management

scheme set up, run and financed by the

residents themselves. EXNORA, which is an

acronym for Excellent Novel Radical, has been

driving the environmentalist movement for

sustainable urban development In Chennai

(INDIA) since 1989. It has been promoting

community-based projects in areas where thelocal government is unable to provide sufficient service. EXNORA identified SWM as a

medium to promote a new model of society based on participative democracy. It is an

idealistic model because if it were to work as originally envisaged it suggests that citizens

would no longer need local government for the provision of basic needs such as a clean

environment. It stresses the need for local bodies to be more aware of peoples concerns

and for citizens to be more involved in civic affairs. This model has been implemented in

two cities viz. Chennai and Hyderabad. They show that motivated individuals can

successfully set up and manage waste collection systems that lead to overall environmental

improvements. The system advocated

by EXNORA seems to require

significant local resources, and

political and technical support which

are hard to find and sustain without

strong local leaders. This is based on

triangular contracts between the

municipality, the residents and

microenterprises and may provide a

good solution in dealing with the

technical and commercial aspects which communities find difficult.


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Amala Baharatham Campaign

It is a campaign aimed at cleaning Indias public

places and national highways. Through this

cleanliness drive, the Mata Amritanandamayi Math

(MAM) hopes to raise social awareness of

humanitys debt to our beautiful earth and nature.

Amma launched this project on her 57th Birthday celebrations on 27th Sep 2010. Amma

said that the MAM is ready to take up the responsibility of constructing toilets and

installing trash cans in government schools and along roads all over India if it has the

support and co-operation of state governments and other organizations.

Amma asks that all of us take a vow to clean our surroundings. Amma believes that if the

people, government and other organizations work together, this sacred endeavour will

certainly bear fruit. The project is first planned in Kerala and then move on to other states

of India.

It is said that India is growing, that it

is developing. However, in matters of

environmental cleanliness andhygiene, we are lagging behind by

centuries. The lack of cleanliness in

our roads and public bathrooms and

toilets is proof of this.

Our lack of cleanliness should never again become a cause for international

embarrassment. We should consider the task of keeping our homes, environment and

public places clean a sacred duty.

Just as we bathe daily in order to keep our bodies clean, and just as we use perfumes, we

should ensure that we maintain the cleanliness of our roads and public places, which are

parts of our countrys body.


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Solid waste management frameworkIt is critical to adopt a broad approach in developing a working framework for solid waste

management (SWM). This covers the social, economic, technology, political and

administrative dimensions. For example the social dimension of SWM involves waste

minimization; the economic dimension of SWM involves waste recycling; the technology

dimension of SWM involves waste disposal; and the political and administrative

dimensions cuts across all the three issues of minimization, recycling and disposal.

Waste

Minimization

Waste

Recycling

Waste

Disposal

SOCIAL ECONOMIC TECHNOLOGY

POLITICAL

ADMINISTRATIVE

The whole Indian culture of waste management needs to be put in place - from the micro-

level of household and neighborhood to the macro levels of city, state and nation. The

general assumption in India is that SWM should be done at the city-level, and as a result,

solutions tried out have been essentially end-of-pipe. But this approach essentially misses

the forest for the trees, in attempting piece-meal and ad hoc solutions to waste problems,

instead of taking a long-term holistic approach.

In reality there are a number of critical actions that need to be taken at each of the levels of

household, neighborhood, city and nation. Action to be taken can have social, technology,

economic, political or administrative dimensions. The following matrix has been

formulated to link the dimensions of

decision-making (social, technology,

economic, political and administrative)

with the levels of decision-making

(household, neighborhood, city, and nation)

- helps in categorizing the decisions, action

and related activities to be undertaken.

End-of-pipe refers to finding solutions to a

problem at the final stage of its cycle of

causes and effects. In the case of urban

waste, it means focusing on waste

disposal rather than waste recycling or

waste minimization


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The SWM Matrix

* Focal areas for action

The above matrix categorizes the various SWM activities and actions that should be taken -

allowing identifying weak areas - the lacks, gaps and mismatches, in policies, programs and

projects.

Four key issues emerge from the above discussion

1. The SWM MatrixThe advantage of the SWM matrix of scales and themes is its essential simplicity -

allowing for easy understanding and its adoption to various scales, and socio-

political and cultural situations. Gaps in existing SWM programs and initiatives can

also be identified. The matrix helps in understanding the interrelationships and

interconnectedness of the various issues involved.

2. End-of-Pipe v/s Life-CycleThere is a gradual shift from 'end-of

pipe' solutions that focus on waste

disposal, to a source based approach

that is aimed at 'life-cycle' analysis.

This places the responsibility not only

on households, but also in

Dimensions and

Levels of

decision-making

Household Neighborhood City Nation

Social * * *

Technology * * *

Economic * * * *

Political * * *

Administrative * * *

Life Cycle Analysis is a systematic set of

procedures for compiling and examining the

inputs and outputs of materials and energy and

the associated environmental impacts directly

attributable to the functioning of a product or

service system throughout its life cycle.


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manufacturers and retail businesses. Greater awareness at the local and community level

has forced businesses and industries to take a more environmental friendly approach to

their activities, including better management of the wastes that they produce, using a

more holistic life-cycle assessment.

3. Community-Local Government PartnershipAs a consequence of the above two points is the realization that collection and

processing of waste is not the exclusive domain of the local government - calling for

a more comprehensive partnership between the community and local governments

where each actor has a role to play towards waste minimization, waste recycling

and waste disposal.

4. SWM and the Larger Urban EnvironmentAs mentioned above, SWM is not an isolated, municipal problem that has to be done

by the local government. There is a need for a more comprehensive package of

measures. Critical to this approach is to integrate SWM activities within the larger

process of urban environmental management.

Design of Appropriate Waste Management System

An approach to design sustainable waste management system and operating guidelines is outlined

below-

Quantity and Characteristics: Quantity and characteristics of the waste are the major factors,

which decide magnitude of waste management problem. It is necessary to carry out weighment

exercise regularly to assess the quantityof waste. Future per capita quantity can be estimated with

the help of projected population and annual

increase of per capita quantity. On the basis of

the waste quantity, infrastructure requirement

can be estimated. It is also necessary to carry

out characterization studies frequently in order

to assess the changes in waste characteristics

due to ever-changing scenario. This data will

also serve as a basis for selection of

disposal/treatment option.


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Collection of Waste: Properly designed

collection bins and implements should be used

for collection and storage of waste. Wastes

should be collected frequently in order to avoid

accumulation, which leads to degradation of

environmental and aesthetic quality. Suggested

collection frequencies for cities with different

population ranges have been presented in

Table 3. Suggestion from the citizen as well as workers for improvement in the design of bins and

implements will be useful. Spacing and location of the bins should be fixed on the basis of the waste

load and public opinion. House to house collection system can be introduced gradually to ensure

environment friendly collection practices.

Transportation of Waste: Selection of properly designed vehicles is important. Various factors like

width of the road, transport volume, road conditions, etc. play important role in selection of

vehicles. Proper garage should beprovided to save the vehicles from wear and tear due to heat and

rain. Preventing maintenance system should be introduced which is useful for longer life of the

vehicles. Vehicle route should beproperly planned for proper utilization of manpower, saving of

fuel and reduction of time. Time and motion study should be conducted to reduce the non-

productive idle time of the vehicles and increaseproductivity.

Disposal of Waste: Sanitary landfill technique should be adopted for disposal for waste.

Compaction of waste should becarried out regularly preferably with bulldozer. A daily earth cover

of 15 cm thickness and final coverof 60 cm thickness should be applied over the compacted waste.

These practices will minimize migration of

leach ate through soil strata, suppress the foul

odor and improve the aesthetic quality.

Impervious clay liner/synthetic liner should be

provided at the bottom of the landfill for

protection ofgroundwater from environmental

pollution. Perforate polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

pipe can be provided for leachate collection. It

is also desirable to install gas collection and

flaring system to preventcontinuous escape of

methane in the surrounding atmosphere.


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Treatment/Recycling of Waste:Composting is

the process of decomposition and stabilization

of organic matter under controlled condition.

Since India is an agriculture-based country,

there is a need for popularization of the

product among the farmers and to exploit the

manure value of the product. Waste

minimization, throughsegregation of recyclable

materials like plastics, glass, metals, etc. is

another aspect, which needs special attention. NGOs may come forward to promote the activity.

Waste pickers may be trained so that the segregation of recyclable items can be done in a more

systematic and organized way.

Financial Structure: A new tax scheme can be introduced to meet the expenditure for

modernization of SWM system and to improve the financial status of municipal corporation.

Additional charges can be collected from theindividuals availing house-to-house collection facility.

Community Participation:Community participation is essential for smooth and efficient operation

of SWM system. In every area, citizen forums should be formed. These forums should comprise

citizens representatives, social workers and municipal officers. Immediate action based on

feedback from such forum will go a long way in improving the situation. Various programs should

be conducted for increasing publicawareness.

Conclusion

SWM is a vital, ongoing and large public service system, which needs to be efficiently provided to

the community to maintain aesthetic and public health standards. Municipal agencies will have to

plan and execute the system in keeping with the increasing urban areas and population. There has

to be a systematic effort in the improvement in various factors like institutional arrangement,

financial provisions, appropriate technology, operations management, human resource

development, public participation and awareness, and policy and legal framework for an integrated

SWM system. To achieve Cleanliness, which is next to Godliness, it is necessary to design and

operate an efficient SWM system. Public co-operation is essential for successful operation of such a

system.


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References

Solid Waste Management

www.wikipedia.orgNEERI

http://www.neeri.res.in/EXNORA Zero waste Management

http://www.exnora.inAmala Bharatam Campaign

www.amritatv.comFramework of SWM

http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/swm-matrix.htmlDesign of appropriate waste management system

http://www.adb.org
http://www.exnora.in/http://www.exnora.in/http://www.exnora.in/

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GROUP 12_CLEAN INDIA