Manifest Destiny: Americas Growth Spurt

Chapters 11-16Growth and Conflict: America Grows Up

A Second War for IndependenceThe War of 1812Election of 1808James Madison hand-picked to succeed JeffersonHighly qualified; lots of governmental experience (Continental Congress, Consitutional Convention, Jeffersons SoS) and well respected (Federalist papers, Father of the Constitution)Short, quiet, intellectual, and unassuming, he was dominated by both his party and his cabinet.

All men having power ought to be distrusted to a certain degree.

Effects of Napoleons WarContinental System + British Orders in Council + Impressment = Embargo Act of 1807 > Non-Intercourse Act > Macons Bill No. 2Macons Bill No. 2: If either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation

Betting on the Wrong HorseNapoleons foreign minister says that the French decrees might be lifted if Britain lifted its Orders in Council.Message was deliberately ambiguous Madison gambled that Britain would repeal its restrictions rather than see America trade exclusively with France.Powerful Britain had no reason to revoke its acts, and Madison was forced to reestablish the embargo on Britain

Fighting the Indianswar hawks hot-headed Congressmen from the South and West that called for war against Indians or the BritishBlamed British for inciting insurrection amongst the tribesTecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), attempted to organize a confederacy of all tribes east of the Mississippi, inspiring a revival of traditional culture.Defeated by William Henry Harrison, at the Battle of Tippecanoe.Effectively ended the Indian confederacy.

A Second War for IndependenceAmericasreasons for entering theWar of 1812:Freedom of the seasThe possibility of territorial expansionTo resolve Indian issuesDefeating Britain would increase Americas power and international standing. often called the "Second War for American Independence."

The initial goal was to conquer Canada no, really.War of 1812War Hawks demanded an invasion of Canada and the expulsion of Spain from Florida Believed that the British were instigating American Indian attacks Slaves escaping into FloridaThe attack was poorly planned and poorly executed by poor generals.The Americans lost.

The British press down towards Washington D.C. and set fire to the Capitol and the White HouseLies My Teacher Told MeDolley Madison did not run into the burning White House to save George Washingtons picture. The Truth: Dolley refused to leave the White House in the hours preceding the burning of Washington before being assured that the large portrait of George Washington wasremoved from the walls andtaken safely away frompotential destruction ordefacing by the encroachingenemy.

War Games!

Turning point of the warThe British Navy fired upon Fort McHenry for over 24 hoursThe hope was the Americans would panic, evacuate the fort and leave Baltimore defenseless. Americans fended off the attack and caused the British to retreatBattle of Baltimore

The sight of the American flag still flying at dawn inspired Francis Scott Key to pen The Star Spangled Banner.The National Anthem is Born!In 1814 we took a little trip,Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississipp'We took a little bacon and we took a little beans,And we met the bloody British near the town of New Orleans.Chorus:We fired our guns and the British kept a comin'.There wasn't nigh as many as they was a while ago.We fired once more and they begin to runnin',On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.We looked down the river and we see'd the British come...There must have been a hundred of 'em beatin' on the drum.They stepped so high and they made their bugles ring;While we stood beside our cotton bales and didn't say a thing.Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise.If we didn't fire a musket till we looked 'em in the eyes.We held our fire till we see'd their faces well;Then we opened up our squirrel guns and really gave 'em--Well.ChorusThey ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles,And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go.They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em 'em,On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.We fired our cannon till the barrel melted down,So we grabbed an alligator and we poured an other round.We put the ball between his teeth and powdered his behind,And when we touched the powder off the 'gator lost his mind.ChorusThey ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles,And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go.They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em,On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

Battle of New Orleans

The British targeted New Orleans, putting the entire Mississippi Valley in jeopardy.The Battle of New Orleans was the final major battle of the War of 1812. Commanded by Major General Andrew JacksonDefeated the British ArmyOccurred after the war had officially endedMade Jackson an instant celebrity and made Americans consider the war a WinBattle of New Orleans

A Federalist FuneralNew Englanders were strongly against the warHartford Convention: NE Federalists met to draw up a list of demands to end the war and prevent future hostilitiesWanted to require a 2/3 votefor an embargo, new state, or war. Supported a one-term president Abolition of the Three-fifths clause in the ConstitutionThere wassometalk of secession.Presented their demands just after news of Jacksons victory and the end of the war.Made them look like unpatriotic crybabiesThe Federalist Party never recovered

Treaty of GhentTheTreaty of Ghent(Dec. 1814)was an armistice (a cease-fire) that ended the War of 1812.Both sides simply agreed to lay down their arms. No land or loot was given or taken. The main issue of the war, impressment, was even left unmentioned.

Effects of the War:No geographical changes, and no major policy changes.The destruction of the power of Indian tribes. The British stopped (in practice) their policy of impressmentThe Federalist Party was deadNew war heroes emergedThere was an upsurge of patriotism and sense of national pride. The feeling of national unity was at its highest point yet.Theimportance of the war came in what the Americans wonrespect.Results of the War of 1812

Bell RingerWhat are some of the problems you think America will experience as it grows in size and population?James MadisonDates in Office: 1809-1817Nickname: Little Jemmy or His Little MajestyPolitical Party: Democratic-RepublicanMajor Events: Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 Hartford Convention

Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good FeelingsOnly one viable political party, supposedly the nation was politically unitedThere wasan upsweep of nationalism after the war.James Monroe nicknamed the era of good feelings president

Nascent NationalismKnickerbockers: American fiction writers nicknamed for Washington IrvingsThe Knickerbocker Tales.The Tale of Rip Van Winkle andThe Legend of Sleepy HollowJames Fenimore Cooper(The Last of the Mohicans)The first American histories and literary magazines were published.Painters began painting American landscape scenes (notmimicking European art).

Rush-Bagot AgreementA treaty between the United States and Britain, providing for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes region.The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America. The AmericanSystemHenry Clay, Speaker of the House, initiated theAmerican Systeman economic plan for the country.A strongbanking system.Set up aprotective tariffto boost American industry.Build a strongtransportation networkof roads and canals.When Clay asked for federal money for "internal improvements" (building roads, canals, etc.), many opposed the bill.South: felt the tariff only benefited the North; didnt see any benefits in paying taxes for roads and canals in other states.Since these things werenotin the Constitution, they should be left up to thestates(10th Amendment).

The nation's poor transportation network had been painfully visible during the War of 1812.Essentially, the West would be connected to the East. The South didn't care for or need roads as they used their river systems to ship goods to market.

26Cumberland RoadAKA: the National RoadRan from western Maryland to IllinoisOne of the first major improved highways in the US to be built by the federal government.

Western Growing PainsBy 1819, nine frontier states had joined the original 13. They'd mostly been admitted alternately, slave state then free state, etc.Westward movement fueled by cheap land and easier transportation"Wildcat banks: State chartered banks, usually in sparsely populated areas. Distributed their own currency and gave easy credit.

Panic of 1819The Panic of 1819 started an almost predictable chain of panics or recessions. An economic panic occurred nearly every 20 years during the 1800s (1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893).The BUS had become deeply involved with over-speculation (over-valuing, over-crediting) of frontier landsHit the West especially hardThe BUS called in loans to western "wildcat" banks, which caused them to go bankrupt; farmers lost their farms, and the B.U.S. was blamed.Causes a distrust of Eastern banks

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny- Common American idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific.Had our eyes set on California and Oregon even though other nations had partial claims to itPushing West

Thirteen Coloniesand Ceded Land

Louisiana Purchase

Treaty of 1818:Drew a border line at 49 from MN westward to the Rocky Mountains.For the time, Oregon would be jointly occupied.

Florida had long been a refuge for pirates, smugglers, escaped slaves, and others who wanted to escape American law. Local Indian tribes from Florida were attacking Americans as well.

Florida Cession

Florida CessionPresident Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to chase the Indians back into Florida. Jackson led his army across the border into Spanish territory (an act of war).Spain decided to make a deal, rather than go to war.America paid $5 million and got FloridaSpain gave up a claim to Oregon and America gave up a claim to TexasThe southern limit of Oregon was set at 42 latitude.Thanks!De nada.>:(

Missouri is a Sticky SubjectIn 1819, Missouri asked to join the U.S. as a slave state. Tallmadge Amendment: Proposed amendment to MOs statehood that would limit slaveryno more slaves be allowed into Missouri slaves born to Missouri slave parents would be gradually emancipated.This amendment was voted down in the Senate where southern states had an equal vote TheMissouri Compromise:Missouri would be admitted as a slave state; Maine would be admitted as a free state. Regardingfutureslave land, an east-west line was drawn at 3630. Allnew states north of the 3630 line would be free, new states southward would be slave.

Monroe Doctrine- Declared that the American continents should no longer be viewed as open to colonization.The Doctrine was issued most directly in response to Russia. It was applied toallEuropeans nations however.The Russians had started drawing back evenbeforethe doctrine. TheRusso-American Treaty of 1824set the southern boundary of Russian land at 54 40'.

Monroe Doctrine

James MonroeDates in Office: 1818 - 1825Nickname: The Era of Good Feelings PresidentPolitical Party: Democratic-RepublicanMajor Events:Panic of 1819Monroe DoctrineMissouri CompromiseThe purchase of Florida from Spain.The Rush-Bagot Agreement

The Corrupt BargainFour Candidates: Wm. H. Crawford, A. Jackson, H. Clay, J. Q. AdamsNo majority in electoral collegeJackson got the most votes, but not a majority. Adams came in second, then Crawford, then Clay.Vote goes to House of Reps.

The Corrupt BargainHenry Clay, as House Speaker, was in a unique position to influence the vote. Crawford was out (suffered a stroke)Jackson was Clay's main rival (they both were westerners) so Clay threw his support to Adams. Adams won.Adams later named Henry Clay to be Secretary of State. The ordeallookedsneaky and was thus called the "Corrupt Bargain."Corrupt or not, the 1824 election was a turning point. It energized the common man to get out and vote like he'd never done before.

John Quincy AdamsDates in Office: 1825-1829Nickname: Old Man Eloquent Political Party: Democratic-Republican (duh!)

Seen as honest, hard-working, and highly respected for his intelligence

irritablesarcastictactlessdisliked peopleOne of the leastsuccessful PresidentsJQ Adams: The Chuck Norris of the 1800s?Adams maintained a strict regiment of constant exercise that included a swift swim across the Potomac every morning. Even at 58 years old, Adams could reportedly swim the width of the Potomac in an hour. He kept a pet alligator in the East Wing of the White House.

JQA?JQs AdministrationWorked on developing the American System, consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvementsAdams presented an ambitious program for modernization that included roads, canals, a national university, an astronomical observatory, and other initiatives. It was rejected.

John Quincy AdamsDates in Office: 1825-1829Nickname: Old Man Eloquent Political Party: RepublicanMajor Events:Corrupt BargainUmmm. Thats about it.

Bell RingerWhat are some of the problems you think America will experience as it grows in size and population?Going Whole Hog for Jackson in 1828Andrew Jackson started campaigning for 1828 immediately following the corrupt bargain." Mudslinging came from both sidesAdams was dishonest and had procured the services of a servant girl for a Russian tsar's lust.Jackson was crude, rude, prone to whiskey (fairly true), and Rachel Jacksonwas an adulteress.The election itself was anti-climatic. Jackson won easily, 178 to 83 in the electoral vote. The votes split along sectional lines: the West and South for Jackson, the North for Adams.

Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManAndrew Jackson was born among the common people rather than the elite of society His parents were poor Irish immigrantsAt age 11 he went to boarding school, but found school too slow; he preferred sports and fighting instead.At age 13 he joined the South Carolina militia to fight in the Revolutionary war.

Jacksons DemocracyAt his inauguration gala, he opened the White House doors so his supporters could celebrate.Many states lowered or even eliminated the requirement that men own property to voteSpoils System: The practice of rewarding political supporters with public officeOut of Jacksons popularity, the former Democratic-Republican party was renamed the Democratic party.

Nullification CrisisTariff of AbominationsJohn C. Calhoun wrote the "South Carolina Exposition - said that the states could nullify (void) the tariff. Congress passed a lower tariffForce Bill(AKA "Bloody Bill): authorized the president to use force if necessary to collect the tariff.

Solving the Indian ProblemJackson wanted control of Indian lands East of the Mississippi to open for white settlement.In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act

Solving the Indian ProblemThe Cherokee hoped to avoid removal by assimilating to American ways of government, education, religion, and agriculture.In the end this was not enough to protect the Cherokee; the Cherokee sued the government for their freedomWorcester v. Georgia - Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Georgia law had no power to remove the Cherokee

John Marshall has made his ruling, let him enforce it!

Trail of TearsIn 1838 and 1839, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died.King Andrew IMany opponents felt Jackson had overstepped his bounds as PresidentWhigs: A political party originally formed to oppose JacksonCongress over the PresidentModernizationEconomic protectionism

Comparing PresidentsJohn Quincy AdamsShortChubbyBaldIrritableTactless

Andrew JacksonTallThinBushy iron-gray hairPassionateQuick-tempered

What makes someone a hero?Is it their determination?Is it their strength?Is it their appearance?Is it their just built into them?

What makes someone a villain?Is it their personality?Is it their actions?Is it their appearance?Is it their just built into them?Do we always see the bad?

Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManAndrew Jackson was the first president to be born in a log cabinHe was born among the common people rather than the elite of society His parents were poor Irish immigrantsAt age 11 he went to boarding school, but the quick witted boy found school too slow; he preferred sports and fighting insteadAt age 13 he joined the South Carolina militia to fight in the Revolutionary warHe was captured during the war and refused to clean the boots of a British officer!Jackson began to accumulate wealth, land, he had become a self-made man Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManJackson was adored by his soldiers who gave him the nickname Old Hickory because of his toughness and loyalty.Jackson was passionate in everything. He was prone to choke up while speaking in Congress, he had a temper and was in several duels (he had a bullet lodged in his chest for life from dueling), and always "went all out" in whatever he did.

Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManSmall farmers were losing out to bigger plantations owned by wealthy white people and worked by enslaved African AmericansWealth and political power seemed to be concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, and ordinary Americans felt left behind.Hoping for change these common people began to rally behind a reformer and war hero, Andrew JacksonThey believed Jackson would defend the rights of the common people and slave states.

Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManMany states lowered or even eliminated the requirement that men own property to hold officePolitical Parties were holding nominating conventions to allow members to choose their own candidatesThis period of expanding democracy is known as Jacksonian Democracy.

Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManAt his inauguration gala he flung open the White House doors (the People's House) for all to come in and party. The party quickly got rowdy until the punch was moved outside and the crowd followed. To the wealthy, this was the epitome of a democratic mobocracy.

Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManOut of Jacksons popularity, the former (Democratic) Republican party was renamed the Democratic party.The democratic symbol of a donkey comes from political satire of Andrew Jackson that said he was as stubborn as an ass.

Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManJacksonian democracy was built on the following general principles:Expanded SuffrageManifest DestinyPatronageStrict ConstructionismLaissez-faireEconomicsBankingJackson as a Hero of the Common ManSpoils System: The practice of rewarding political supporters with public officeJackson felt that this was a democratic system, that helped prevent against the development of an aristocratic, office-holding class.This meant government workers already in office had to be fired to make room for the new.Many said this wasn't right and criticized the spoils system. They also claimed that the people he put into office had no qualifications. Corruption also slid into the government.

Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManAndrew Jackson held the common western view of a distrust in banks Felt the bank only helped the wealthy, and that it was unconstitutionalThe B.U.S. minted "hard money" (actual metal money) whichthe wealthy preferred since it gave the economy stability. The farmers preferred"soft money" (paper money) that would lead to inflation, devalue the dollar, andmake loans easier to pay off.Henry Clay re- chartered the bank four years early; the thought was that Jackson would be in a lose-lose situationIf he vetoed it, the North would be angry and would not vote for his re-election in 1836.If he signed it, the South and West would be angry because he'd gone to Washington and "sold them out" to big business. Congress passed it andJackson vetoed the B.U.S. re-charter billsaying, "The Bankis trying to kill me, but I will kill it.

Jackson as a Hero of the Common ManJackson started withdrawing money from the B.U.S. and depositing it into local, "pet banks" or "wildcat banks."The B.U.S. led by Nicholas Biddle claimed the new 'Wildcat' banks were unstable and corrupt, and fought back by calling in loans from the wildcat banks to the B.U.S.The overall result was bank chaos, and often, bank foreclosure. Ironically, the common man, whom Jackson set out to defend, often lost his farm in the bank confusion.

Jackson: Hero or Villain?Congress had raised the tariff significantly in 1824, but wool manufacturers called for an even higher tariff.Jackson and his followers hated the tariff. They felt it was a tool of the rich to get richer by jacking up prices that the poor would have to pay. Jacksonians planned to hike the tariff to the sky-high rate of 45%, thinking it would never pass. The plan backfired and sectional warfare over the Tariff of Abominations began.New England liked the high tariff since it protected manufacturers.Daniel Webster(Mass.) became the North's main spokesperson.Southerners, and Westerners, hated it because it drove up the cost of thingsthat they purchased.John C. Calhoun(SC) became the South's main spokesperson.

Jackson: Hero or Villain?John C. Calhoun secretly wrote the "South Carolina Exposition" that took the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions to the next level. The Expositionsaid that the states, such as South Carolina,could nullify (or declare null and void) the tariff. This was a direct challenge to the federal government. Nullies: People in South Carolina that were against the tariff and sought to nullify it within their borders.Wore Palmetto ribbons on their hats in support of the Palmetto State, and threatened secession if the tariff was not lifted.A showdown had developed between the federal government and the states.Congress eased tensions with theTariff of 1832thatremoved the worst parts of the Tariff of 1828(AKA Tariff of Abominations). Still, the principle of nullification was under question. South Carolina again led the nullification charge"Nullies" sought the 2/3 majority needed in the SC legislature to nullify the tariff. They got the votes andSC officially voted to nullify the federal tariff.SC even threatened secession if Washington tried to impose the tariffoverthe nullification vote.Jackson: Hero or Villain?Andrew Jackson was not a president with whom to bluff or pick a fight. Jackson was the old fighter, dueler, and warrior.Privately, Jackson threatened to go to SC and start hanging the leaders. With any other president this would just be tough-talk; Jackson, however, just might actually do it.Publicly, he got the military ready. Civil war hung as a real possibility.Henry Clayproposed a compromise which settled the situation.Clay's personal motives were to prevent his foe Andrew Jackson from scoring a victory.Clay's compromise said thatthe tariff rate would be reduced by about 10% over 8 years. Despite debate, the compromise passed and violence was thwarted.Congress also passed theForce Bill(AKA "Bloody Bill" in the Carolinas)authorizing the president to use force if necessary to collect the tariff.Like a true compromise, the "winner" of the nullification crisis was unclear.South Carolina and the states didnotjoin behind the nullification cause like SC expected. But, South Carolina won in that, all by itself, it succeeded in driving the tariff down.The federal government won in the sense that it got SC to abide by the tariff (Ie. SC repealed its nullification law).Jackson would not allow defiance or disunion, and privately vowed to invade the state to preserve the union.A second political party formed, theNational Republicans (AKA: Whig) Party. The Whigs were a very diverse group, but they generallyDisliked Jackson (this was the main tie that bound them).Liked Henry Clay's American System, especially its internal improvements (building roads, canals, etc.).By this time, the "Era of Good Feelings" was over (with its one political party) andAmerica had a two-party system of politics.Birth of the Whigs

The Two-Party SystemDemocratswhigsGlorified the liberty of the individualGuarded against the advancement of the privileged in governmentClung to states rightsTended to be less prosperous

Glorified the natural harmony of society and the value of community.Guarded against leaders whose appeals to self-interest created conflict between classesPromoted the unity of the nationTended to be more prosperous

King AndrewHenry Clay, Daniel Webster, and other Whig leaders proclaimed themselves defenders of popular liberties against the usurpation of Jackson. Hostile cartoonists portrayed him as King Andrew I.Behind their accusations lay the fact that Jackson, unlike previous Presidents, did not defer to Congress in policy-making but used his power of the veto and his party leadership to assume command.Andrew Jackson used the veto more than the previous six Presidents combined.

Jacksons Second TermIn the 1832 election, it was Andrew Jackson for reelection being challenged by Henry Clay.The 1832 election also brought some political firsts:Theemergence of a third party, theAnti-Masonic Party.The Masons or Freemasons were (and still are) a secret society. Due to its secret nature, questions, mystery, and a skeptical air swirled around them.The Anti-Masonic Party was made up of a mix of various groups that were joined by (a) dislike of the Masons and/or (b) dislike of Jackson (who was a Mason).The use ofnational nominating conventions. This meant that thepeopleof each party nominated their candidate,notthe "big whigs" in a backroom choosing a candidate for the people.The use of a printedparty platform. This was done by the Anti-Masonic Party when they printed their positions on the issues. This would become the norm for all parties.The voting was anti-climatic. Jackson was loved by the people and easily won, 219 to 49 in the electoral vote.

Jackson as a VillainNative Americans had long lived in settlements stretching from Georgia to MississippiSince the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, America's policy had been to allow Native Americans to remain east of the Mississippi as long as they became assimilated or "civilized."Jackson and other political leaders however wanted this land to open settlement of the westAdding to Jacksons legacy was his reputation as a famous Indian fighterHe had no sympathy with Native American claims to land were they had always lived

Jackson as a VillainWith public support, Jackson reversed the Governments promise to respect Indian land claimsIn 1830, under pressure from Jackson, Congress passed the 1830 Indian Removal ActThis Act authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the WestIndian Territory created (modern day Oklahoma) where Native Americans were moved

Jackson as a VillainBureau of Indian Affairs: purpose was to ensure the Indians were properly moved off their landJackson would begin to force tribes off of their lands if they would not go peacefullyThe Choctaw were forced to sign the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek; lost over 7.5 million acres of landThey were moved in the winter with little supplies or food and traveled on foot; died on the journey

Jackson as a VillainThe Creek Indians chose to resist. U.S. sent federal troops to capture the IndiansSome 14,500 Creek were captured and led away in chains to their new reservationThe Chickasaw managed to negotiate a treaty for better supplies for their journey

Jackson as a VillainThe Cherokee had hope to prevent conflicts and avoid removalAssimilated to American ways: set up schools to learn English, invited missionaries, and learned how to read and write, developed their own government, modeled after U.S. ConstitutionIn the end this was not enough to protect the Cherokee

Jackson as a VillainCherokee sued the government for their freedomWorcester v. Georgia saw Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall rule that Georgia law had no power over the Cherokee

The Court has done its duty. Let the nation now do theirs.Justice Joseph StoryJackson as a VillainJackson chose to ignore the ruling and began to remove the CherokeeThis act by Jackson was a violation of his presidential oath to uphold the law of the land

John Marshall has made his ruling, let him enforce it!Jackson as a VillainIn all it is estimated that over 15,000 Indians lost their lives during the time of the Indian Removal Act

These are crying sins, for which we are answerable before a higher jurisdiction.

This land is your land,this land is my land

Trail of TearsIn 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died.

Trail of Tears

To Here:

From Here:Quote"I have no motive, my friends, to deceive you. I am sincerely desirous to promote your welfare. Listen to me, therefore, while I tell you that you cannot remain where you are now. It is impossible that you can flourish in the midst of a civilized community. You have but one remedy in your reach. And that is to remove to the West and join your countrymen." President Andrew Jackson, Washington, 1835, addressing Cherokee delegationQuote"Whole nations melt away like snowballs in the sun. The White men have surrounded us, leaving only a little spot of ground to stand upon, and it seems to be their intention to destroy us as a Nation."Chief Dragging Canoe, The Trail of Tears Cherokee Legacy, Rich-Heape Films, 2006Quote"I fought through the Civil War and have seen men shot to pieces and slaughtered by thousands, but the Cherokee removal was the cruelest work I ever knew." Georgia militiaman, Jahoda, 1939

What we did to the Native Americans is similar to what the Nazis did to the JewsAndrew JacksonDates in Office: 1829-1837Nickname: Old Hickory, King Mob, King Andrew IPolitical Party: DemocratMajor Events:President of the common man and the democratic mobocracySpoils SystemBiddles Bank WarTariff of Abominations, Nullification Crisis, and the Force BillIndian Removal ActTrail of TearsWorcester v. Georgia

Letter to the Treasury Dept. You are going to be writing a letter that contains at least three (3) reasons why ANDREW JACKSON should or should not stay on the $20 dollar bill. Use facts from your ANDREW JACKSON notes. (you may suggest another president to be on the $20 bill)

To Whom it May Concern:I am ___(name)________, and I am writing to you about the image of Andrew Jackson on the United States $20 dollar bill. I have three reason why I believe he is/isnt a good choice for our currency.