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Growth Specification Morphogenesis Diseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional cues -Stem cell origin -Proliferation - Fusion -Genes -Therapies

GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

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Page 1: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

GrowthSpecification Morphogenesis Diseases

The Life of a Skeletal Muscle

-Genes-Exogenous or Autonomous ?

-Cell shape changes, migration- Identify positional cues

-Stem cell origin-Proliferation - Fusion

-Genes-Therapies

Page 2: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Initiation de la myogenèse.

D dermomyotome

sclerotome

myotome

epithelial somite

sclerotome

Neural tubemedial lip

S I

MyoD

Page 3: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Initiation de la myogenèse: modèle inductif

MyoD

Wnt-1 -3a, -4

SHH

Wnt-6Arguments expérimentaux:

-Micromanipulations chez le poulet : rotation de somites > myogenèse normale-Culture de PSM souris et poulet:+ rien > rien+ Wnt > un peu+ Wnt + SHH > beaucoup

Page 4: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Mais:Mais:Myogenèse normale sans signal Hh

WT Shh-/- Smo-/-

Myf5E9.5

Zhang et al. 2001 Cell 105: 781-792

Page 5: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

George-Weinstein M, Gerhart J, Reed R, Flynn J, Callihan B, Mattiacci M,

Miehle C, Foti G, Lash JW, Weintraub H. Skeletal myogenesis: the preferred Pathway of chick embryo epiblast cells in vitro. Dev Biol. 1996 Jan 10;173(1):279-91.

Induction de la myogenèse: modèle permissif?

Page 6: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Les gènes de détermination myogénique

Famille des bHLH Myogenic determinationMyoDMyf5Muscle differentiationMyogeninMRF4

Tous ont la capacité d’induire la myogenèse de cellules non myogéniques (gènes « maîtres »)

MyoD -/- et Myf5 -/- sont viables et fertilesMyoD:Myf5 -/- létal, pas de muscleMyogenin -/- et MRF4 -/- possèdent des myoblastes Myf5 ou MyoD-positifs, mais la différenciation ultérieure est arrêtée.

MyoD/Myf5: gènes de spécificationMyogenin/MRF4: gènes de différentiation

Page 7: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Et avant les gènes de détermination myogénique?

Poulet 3 jours, section transversale, anticorps anti Pax3. Remarquer les cellules migrant dans le mésenchyme de l’aile.

Pax3 et Pax7, exprimés de manière similaire (TN et somites ou muscles)

Page 8: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Skeletal muscles are ablated in the body of Sp/Myf5 double homozygous embryos

Tajbakhsh et al., 1996 Cell 89: 127-138

Pax3: rôle au cours de la migration des progéniteurs musculaires (membres)Collaboration de Myf5 et Pax3 pour la myogenèse des muscles du corps

Page 9: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

• Pediatric solid tumors of skeletal muscle in Human.

• Chromosomal translocation t(2;13)(q35;q14) PAX3-FKHR

PD L HDPAX3 (PAX7) (weak transactivation/repression)

1 479

PD LHD AD

8371PAX3-FKHR (strong transactivation)(PAX7-FKHR)

AD

1 655

FKHRFH

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcomas

Page 10: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Muscle satellite cells in Pax7 mutant mice

Pax7: phénotype chez l’adulte cellules souches (satellites) apoptotiquesPax3 : Pax 7 -/- pas de progéniteurs musculaires

Page 11: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Pax-7MHC

Early muscle morphogenesis

Dermomyotome

Myotome

Page 12: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

E 2.5

The Electroporation Technique

+ -

Lineage studies

- GFP reporter

Functional Studies

- GOF

- LOF (DN molecules, siRNAs)

Page 13: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

MEDIAL

LATERAL

ANTERIEUR

POSTERIEUR

NT

Page 14: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

MEDIAL LATERAL ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

NT NT NT NT

48h

Page 15: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

E 4.5

Medial

Caudal +Rostral

Lateral

The formation of the myotome

Page 16: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Questions

-Mechanisms regulating muscle growth:-Origin of muscle stem cells?-Proliferation and differentiation (common mechanisms in the embryo & adult)?

-Primary myotome morphogenesis:-organized cellular movements-positional information

Page 17: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Origine embryonnaire des cellules souches du muscle squelettique de l’adulte

Cellules satellites: Somites?Aorte dorsale?Moelle osseuse?Cellules « SP » SP

Sat. C.

Page 18: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Cellules souches du muscle squelettique de l’adulte: cellules satellites

5-12/fibre

Page 19: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

The EMT of the dermomyotome …

Phalloidin / F-actin staining

+12h +24h

+36h +48h

Dermis ?

mGFP / Ncadh

mGFP / Ncadh

MyMy

Page 20: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Actin / GFP

24 hours 36 hours 48 hours

… triggers the entry of a population of muscle progenitors in the primary myotome...

Page 21: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

« Parachutage » observé in vivo

Page 22: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Long term lineage: Quail-chick grafting

Page 23: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

A somitic origin for satellite cells

Page 24: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Morphogenesis and growth of the myotome

QuickTime™ et undécompresseur h264

sont requis pour visionner cette image.

Page 25: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Myotome primaire

bordures

(MyHC, MyoD, Myf5)

Partie centrale

EMT

Pax3-/-; Pax7-/-:NO progenitors

Page 26: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Fusion des myoblastes chez la Drosophile

Page 27: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Fusion des myoblastes chez la Drosophile

Page 28: GrowthSpecificationMorphogenesisDiseases The Life of a Skeletal Muscle -Genes -Exogenous or Autonomous ? -Cell shape changes, migration - Identify positional

Regulation of the fusion of muscle cells

?

1. Descriptive analysis of fusion in the chick embryo: When does fusion start?Determine which cell types fuse?

2. Identify chick homologs of Drosophila genes, perform ISH

In progress…

3. Functional analyses in the chick (GOF, LOF).